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ECE !"" E#periment $$$ %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents

*pdated, lpt, +eb "!

Introduction
$n t&is e#ercise we will tr, to (erif, %&'(enin and Norton e)ui(alents in t&e laborator, using actual components and sources. -ou will be as.ed to ma.e calculations, and t&en to ma.e measurements to (erif, t&at t&ese calculations are (alid. %&is laborator, e#ercise is a stud, of e)ui(alent circuits. E)ui(alent circuits are common t&roug&out circuits and electronics. /n e)ui(alent circuit is used to replace anot&er circuit, or part of a circuit, and is in some wa, simpler, easier to anal,0e, or more useful in t&at particular case. $f t&e circuit t&at is substituted is trul, e)ui(alent, t&e be&a(ior outside t&e e)ui(alent circuit remains t&e same before and after t&e replacement. $t is e)ui(alent in no ot&er sense, &owe(er, and t&e be&a(ior within t&e e)ui(alent circuit ma, be unrelated to t&e circuit it replaces.

Research Question Can t&e t&eor, of %&e(enin and Norton E)ui(alent Circuits be (erified using actual circuit components in t&e laborator,1

ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents

Components Required
3 456 resistors (number re)uired in parent&eses)7 8"4 6 (!) <8"4 6 (!) !4. 6 (:) . 4. 6 ( ) .84. 6 (!) 9. 4. 6 (!) :.;4. 6 (!) !"4. 6 (:) !!4. 6 (!) 4. 6 ( ) 84. 6 (!) =.>4. 6 (!) >94. 6 (!)

!.=4. 6 (!) !=4. 6 (!)

Methods
$n t&is e#periment we will ma.e measurements necessar, to find t&e %&e(enin and Norton E)ui(alent Circuits at a specified pair of terminals for two different circuits. 5e will compare t&e measurement results to calculations of t&e %&e(enin and Norton e)ui(alents. $n addition, we will measure t&e current t&roug& t&ree load resistors connected to t&e circuit, and we will compare t&ese currents wit& t&e currents predicted b, t&e E)ui(alent circuits. Data %&e data we collect will be t&e open circuit (oltage and s&ort circuit current needed to calculate t&e e)ui(alent circuits. 5e will also measure load current t&roug& t&ree resistors connected to t&e circuits. Data Analysis 5e will use t&e t&eor, of %&e(enin and Norton E)ui(alent Circuits to calculate t&e %&e(enin and Norton E)ui(alents. $nformation on &ow to perform t&ese calculations can be found in t&e ECE 2100 NERD folder a(ailable on t&e course website.

ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents

Pre-Lab
!. Step !. Calculate t&e %&e(enin and Norton E)ui(alents for t&e circuit s&own in +igure ! following t&e instructions in t&at step. . Step . Calculate t&e currents e#pected b, connecting resistors to Circuit !, as described in Step . :. Step 8. Calculate t&e %&e(enin and Norton E)ui(alents for t&e circuit s&own in +igure following t&e instructions in t&at step. <. Step 9. Calculate t&e currents e#pected b, connecting resistors to Circuit , as described in Step 9.

ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents

Procedure and Results Calculated Thevenin and Norton Equivalents: Circuit 1

!. Calculate t&e %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents for t&e circuit s&own in +igure ! wit& respect to terminals a and b. ?ecord ,our answers in t&e form of e)ui(alent circuit diagrams, t&at is, draw and label t&e %&e(enin (oltage and resistance, and t&e Norton current and resistance, and clearl, label t&e terminals a and b in eac& case.

!"4.]

. 4.6

.84.6

!=4.6

+ -

=.>4.]
94@6

9. 4.6

!4.6 b

Figure 1: +irst of %wo Circuits *sed in t&e E#periment.

. /ssume t&at resistors wit& (alues of !4. 6, . 4. 6, and !"4. 6 are to be connected, one at a time, to terminals a and b in t&e circuit in +igure !. Calculate t&e currents t&at would flow t&roug& eac& of t&ese resistors and record t&ese (alues in %able !. $n Step > ,ou will measure t&ese currents.

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ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents Table 1: Current AeasurementB Circuit ! !4. 6 calculated current measured current . 4. 6 !"4. 6

Measured Thevenin and Norton Equivalents: Circuit 1

:. Cuild t&e circuit in +igure ! on ,our protot,ping board. Aeasure t&e open circuit (oltage and t&e s&ort circuit current bet een the terminals a and b. ?ecord ,our measurements in %able . /lso, find t&e percent error between t&e measured (alues and t&e (alues calculated from part !. *se t&e calculated (alues as a reference. Table !: Dpen Circuit @oltage and S&ort Circuit CurrentB Circuit ! Aeasured (alues
vOC i SC

Calculated from part !

%error

<. +ind t&e %&'(enin and Norton e)ui(alents for t&is circuit using measurements made in part :. ?ecord ,our answers in t&e form of e)ui(alent circuit diagrams.

ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents =. Aeasure t&e %&'(enin resistance b, connecting an o&mmeter at terminals a, b E but see the note belo "irst#$ ?ecord ,our answer in t&e table below. +ind t&e percent error between t&is measurement and t&e (alue obtained from calculations of t&e open circuit (oltage and s&ort circuit current. *se t&e calculated (alue as a reference. %o find t&e e)ui(alent resistance ,ou need to Fdeacti(ateF t&e independent sources in ,our circuit. Ce careful &ereG %urning t&e power suppl, off ma, not gi(e ,ou t&e results ,ou e#pect, because t&e output of t&e power suppl, does not be&a(e li.e a s&ort circuit w&en its power is remo(ed. /not&er li.el, suggestion is to turn t&e input (oltage from t&e power suppl, to 0ero. Howe(er, if it does not go to e#actl, 0ero, it will be&a(e as a source in t&e circuit. %&is will cause errors in ,our o&mmeter reading. The proper procedure here is to remo%e the po er suppl& "rom the circuit and replace the connection ith a ire 'short circuit($ Cut again, be carefulG Do not short the output of the DC po er supplyB t&is can damage t&e suppl,. Table ): %&'(enin ?esistance for circuit ! Aeasured in part = %&'(enin resistance Dbtained from Calculated
v OC , i SC

%error

>. Connect a !4. 6 resistor bet een terminals a and b in t&e circuit of +igure !, and measure t&e current t&roug& it. ?epeat t&is step using a . 4. 6 resistor and a !"4. 6 resistor. ?ecord ,our measurements in %able !.

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ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents

Calculated Thevenin and Norton Equivalents: Circuit 2

8. Calculate t&e %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents for t&e circuit in +igure wit& respect to terminals a and b. ?ecord ,our answers in t&e form of e)ui(alent circuit diagrams.

!.=4.]

!.=4.]

!"4.6

+ -

94@6 !"4.] ! 4@6

!"4.6

!=4.]

+ -

=.>4.]

!4.6 9. 4.]

:.;4.6 b

Figure !: Second Circuit *sed in t&is E#periment

ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents 9. /ssume t&at resistors wit& (alues of !4. 6, . 4. 6, and !"4. 6 are to be connected bet een terminals a and b in t&e circuit in +igure , one at a time. Calculate t&e currents t&at would flow t&roug& eac& of t&ese resistors and record t&ese (alues in %able <. $n Step ! ,ou will measure t&ese currents. Table *: Current AeasurementB Circuit Calculated current Aeasured current !4. 6 . 4. 6 !"4. 6

Measured Thevenin and Norton Equivalents: Circuit 2

;. Cuild t&e circuit in +igure on ,our protot,ping board. Note in particular t&e power supplies

and be sure t&at bot& of t&em are FfloatingF wit& respect to ground. (%o be floating means t&at neit&er side of t&e suppl, is connected to ground.) Aeasure t&e open circuit (oltage and t&e s&ort circuit current between terminals a and b using ,our multimeter. ?ecord ,our measurements in %able =. /lso, find t&e percent difference between t&e measured (alues and t&e (alues calculated from t&e circuit of part 8. *se t&e calculated (alues as a reference. Table +: Dpen Circuit @oltage and S&ort Circuit CurrentB Circuit Aeasured (alues
vOC

Calculated from part 8

%error

i SC

ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents !". +ind t&e %&'(enin and Norton e)ui(alents for t&is circuit using ,our measurements in part ;. ?ecord ,our answers in t&e form of e)ui(alent circuit diagrams.

!!. Aeasure t&e %&'(enin resistance using t&e o&mmeter (see t&e description in Step = as to &ow to do t&is). ?ecord ,our answer in t&e table below. +ind t&e percent error between t&is measurement and t&e (alue obtained from calculations of t&e open circuit (oltage and s&ort circuit current. *se t&e calculated (alue as a reference. Table ,: %&'(enin ?esistanceB Circuit Aeasured in part = %&'(enin resistance Dbtained from calculated vOC, iSC %error

! . Connect a !4. 6 resistor bet een terminals a and b and measure t&e current t&roug& it. ?epeat t&is step using a . 4. 6 resistor and a !"4. 6 resistor. ?ecord ,our measurements in %able <.

ECE !"" E#periment $$$ 2 %&'(enin and Norton E)ui(alents

Conclusions
!. %&ere are alwa,s some errors in(ol(ed in ma.ing measurements. %&e important t&ing is to be able to recogni0e w&en t&e errors are in a reasonable range and w&en t&e, are not. /re ,our errors reasonable1 E#plain ,our answer in terms of t&e percent errors generated in t&is lab. . How does t&e c&aracteri0ation of t&e circuit as a %&'(enin or Norton's e)ui(alent simplif, t&e prediction of t&e response of a circuit1 :. Consider an /C wall plug. $s it better to model t&is source as a %&'(enin e)ui(alent or as a Norton E)ui(alent1 E#plain w&,. <. /gain consider an /C wall plug. $s t&is source more li.e an ideal (oltage source or li.e an ideal current source1 E#plain w&,.

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