EXPERIMENT NO.

1 SOLID-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AIM: To find mass transfer coefficient from diffusion of solid in a liquid mixture. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED: 1. Standard solution of NaOH (0.05 N) for measurement of moles lost and remaining. 2. A solid lump of benzoic acid bounded to an axle as a feed to the solution. 3. Motor moving at a low rpm (60 rpm). 4. Pipette for titration. 5. Standard measuring cylinders- for accurate readings of titration. 6. Vernier calipers to measure the dimensions of benzoic acid. PROCEDURE: 1. Measure the dimensions of the lump of benzoic acid to have an estimate of moles of Benzoic Acid present. 2. Connect the axle to the motor head and maintain a low rpm (around 60rpm). 3. Now prepare standard solution of NaOH. For our experiment we prepared 1200ml of 0.05N solution. 4. Prepare a standardized solution of Oxalic Acid. We made the solution of 0.046N concentration for this Experiment. 5. Now immerse the NaOH solution into the container with the benzoic acid rotating and immediately start the stopwatch. 6. Now after every 15 minutes collect 25 ml of solution from the stirred solution and titrate it against standard solution of Oxalic Acid. 7. After taking 8 readings at an interval of 15 minutes stop the experiment and measure the dimensions of solid of Benzoic Acid. THEORY: In most of the mass transfer operations, two insoluble phases are brought into contact in order to permit transfer of constituent substances between them. It is proven that rate of

OBSERVATIONS: 1. Initial Dimensions: Length: 2.92cm Outer Diameter: 3.01cm Inner Diameter (Rod) : 1.01 cm Area for Mass transfer: 40.22 cm2 3. Change in area of Benzoic acid Lamp: 12.31 4. Amount of Solution of NaOH : 1200 ml 5. Normality of NaOH solution: 0.05 N 6. Normality of Oxalic Acid Solution: 0.046 N 7. Ci = 3.14*10-2 8. Cb = 0 (because of continuous mixing) CALCULATIONS: 2. Final Dimensions: Length: 2.24cm Outer Diameter: 2.64cm Inner Diameter (Rod) : 1.01 cm Area for Mass Transfer: 27.91 cm2

1. Normality (NaOH) = 2. Moles of Benzoic acid Reacted = 3. N = 4. k = 5. kavg. = = = = 5.18E-05 = = 5.017E-05

= = 0.0118 moles = 1.628E-07

= 0.0385 N

diffusion within each phase is dependent upon the concentration gradient existing within it. At the same time the concentration gradients of the two-phase system are indicative of the departure from equilibrium, which exists between the phases. The following principles are common to all systems involving the distribution of substances between two insoluble phases: 1. At a fixed set of conditions, referring to temperature and pressure, there exist a set of equilibrium relationships. 2. For a system in equilibrium, there is no net diffusion of the components between the phases. 3. For a system not in equilibrium, diffusion of the components between the phases will occur so as to bring the system to a condition of equilibrium. If sufficient time is available, equilibrium concentrations will eventually prevail. Having proved that departure from equilibrium provides the driving force, for diffusion, we can study the rates of diffusion in terms of the driving forces. So for solid-liquid mass transfer we see that solid is getting diffused into the solution. There is concentration gradient because of difference in solute present in the solid and solute concentration in the bulk of solution. Now the flux of solute being diffused can be related to concentration gradient with the help of constant value called Mass Transfer Coefficient. Where: kc : is mass transfer coefficient NA : mass flux for the solute Ci : Concentration at the interphase Cb : Concentration in the bulk of solution

RESULTS: Moles Normality (NaOH) Time Area Volume left of Benzoic N Acid reacted
N Sec ml moles

Volume NaOH collected

Volume Oxalic Acid titrated

ml

ml

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

20.9 17.9 15.1 12.5 10 7.6 5.5 3.5

0.0385 0.0329 0.0278 0.0230 0.0184 0.0140 0.0101 0.0064

1800 2700 3600 4500 5400 6300 7200 8100

40.22 38.46 36.70 34.94 33.19 31.43 29.67 27.91

1175 1150 1125 1100 1075 1050 1025 1000

0.0118 0.0174 0.0227 0.0276 0.0323 0.0369 0.0409 0.0446

1.628E-07 1.630E-07 1.596E-07 1.559E-07 1.580E-07 1.604E-07 1.490E-07 1.511E-07

5.18E05 5.19E05 5.08E05 4.96E05 5.03E05 5.11E05 4.74E05 4.81E05

RESULTS: 1. Average mass transfer coefficient for the solid-liquid mass transfer = 5.017 * 10-5 CONCLUSION: 1. Generally the value for mass transfer coefficient for solid-liquid diffusion is in the order of 10-5, but the value obtained is higher. This can be explained by the fact that there is also mass transfer by reaction. Benzoic Acid reacts with NaOH to form salt, which enhances the efficiency of the transfer. 2. The titration is conducted with dilute oxalic acid to minimize error in the volume required of oxalic acid during titration and hence the normality of NaOH will be more accurate.