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T.6.0
Analysing electrolysis of Electrolysis of molten compound Understanding properties of electrolyte and nonelectrolytes Analysing Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1. Give 3 examples of Voltaic cell. 2. What type of energy change occurs in a voltaic cell? 3. Describe an experiment of a simple voltaic cell. 4. Describe the structure of Daniel cell.
1. List three industries using electrolysis process. 2. Give an example of metal extracted using electrolysis process. Then explain how the electrochemical process occurs.
T. 6.1 Example
Molten: NaCl Na+ + ClPb2+ + 2Br2Al3+ + 3O2-
PbBr2 Al2O3
Electrolyte
Formation of ions in the solution Definition Aqueous solution: H2O HCl H+ + ClOr HCl + H2O H3O+ + ClH2O H2SO4 H2O 2H+ + SO42H+ + OH-
Non-electrolyte
E.g.:
T. 6.2
Explanation of electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide 1. PbBr2 Pb2+ + 2Br2+ and Br2. Ions in the molten are Pb 2+ 3. Pb move to cathode, Br move to anode. 2+ 4. Pb discharged at cathode accepted 2e to form an atom of copper. Br- eliminated 1 electron to form a bromine atom. 2 bromine atoms combine to form bromine molecule. 5. Pb2+ + 2e Pb 2BrBr2 + 2e 6. Chemical equation Pb2+ + 2BrPb + Br2 7. Grey sediment formed at cathode, brown gas formed at anode. Definition of electrolysis Experiment: electrolysis of molten lead bromide.
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T. 6.3
carbon
ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS * 6.3.1 The factors to determine which ion to be discharge
Explanation to the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate aqueous. 1. CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42H2O H+ + OH2. The ions present: Cu2+ , SO42- , H+ ,OH3. Cu2+ and H+ move to cathode, SO42- and OH- move to anode. 4. Cu2+ discharged at cathode by accepted 2 electrons to form copper atom while OHdischarged at anode by eliminating electrons to form water and oxygen. 5. Cu2+ + 2e Cu 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e 6. Overall equation 2Cu2+ + 4OH2H2O + O2 6. Brown sediment formed at cathode and bubbles formed at anode.
6.3.1
S.E.K Kation
S.E.K
Anion
K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ increasing discharge capacities
Electrolysis of dilute copper (II) sulphate 1. There are Cu2+, SO42- , H+ and OHions in the electrolyte. 2+ 2. At cathode, Cu is chosen to be discharge because it is located below H+ in Electrochemical Series. 3. At anode, OH ion is chosen due because it is below SO42- in Electrochemical Series. A Example
Location of ion in electrochemical series Anode and cation are from the same metal.
Type of electrode
Experiment Experiment A
Carbon Carbon Copper Concentrated CuCl2 Using carbon as anode, chloride ions are discharged at anode to form chlorine gas. But if using copper as anode, anode copper Cu eliminate electron to form Cu2+ Conc. CuCl2 Carbon
At anode, using concentrated CuCl2, Cl- is discharged because its concentration is higher than OH- . But using dilute CuCl2, OH- ion is discharged.
T.6.4
Molten Al2O3
Metal plating
Pure copper
T. 6.5
Explanation to the formation of electrical energy in a simple voltaic cell and Daniells Cell. 1. Zink more electropositive than copper. 2 Zink atom eliminate 2e to form Zn2+ Zn Zn2+ + 2e 3. Electrode of zinc becomes thinner 4. Electrode of zinc become terminal negative (electron donor) 5. The electrons move to the electrode copper through the circuit. 6. At copper electrode, Cu2+ from the electrolyte receives electrons to form coppers atom. Cu2+ + 2e Cu 7. Overall equation Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu 8. The mass of electrode copper increase. Cu
G
Zn Cu
Zn
Porous pot
Dilute CuSO4
Simple cell
Dilute ZnSO4
Experiment:
Other examples
Daniel Cell
VOLTAIC CELL
Other examples
Other cells
T. 6.6 Tick in the table to show where displacement process occurred. Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) Cu Pb Sn Fe M g Zn To build Electrochemical series using metal displacement reaction.
Experiment
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES The important of electrochemical series To build electrochemical series using Simple Cells (voltage comparison) V Metal P Metal Q
If metal X is able to displace metal Y from salt solution of X, It is shows that metal X is located above metal Y in the electrochemical series.
Metal located higher in electrochemical series (more electropositive) shall eliminate electrons to be the negative terminal. Those electrons are moving to the other terminal called the positive terminal. The potential difference occurs between the two terminals called Voltage. The more the distance between two metals, the higher the voltage produced.
Metal P Metal Q Al Zn Fe Cu Ag Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Zn
Electron direction Al to Cu
Terminal (-) Al
Terminal (+) Cu