Boonma Boo All

THESIS
A STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION COST & TIME OF ROOF PLANT

STRUCTURE
BOONMA BOONYAVIROD
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of

The Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil Engineering)
Graduate School, Kasetsart University
2006
ISBN 974-16-1042-4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research would never been succeeded unless the help and support are
received from many people. The author would like to express his profound
appreciation and deepest gratitude to Assoc.Prof.Dr Santi Chinanuwatwong as
chairman of thesis committee, Assoc.Prof.Dr.Prasert Suwanvitaya, Dr.Wiwat
Saengthien as member of thesis committee for his invaluable advice, his enthusiasm
in giving enlightening instruction and recommendations, friendly discussions and
continuous encouragement throughout the course of study
.
The author would like to express his thanks to Mr. Kanoksak K and Mr. Pichet
L. (Thai Nishimatsu Construction Co.,ltd) for offering valuable suggestions, providing
estimating data of construction cost and construction time to conduct the research. His
thanks also express to Mr. Pinit Karntikoon (Thai Nishimatsu Construction Co.,ltd) for
the value illustrations. Many thanks are also extended to all of his friend and
classmates here in Kasetsart University for their nice and continuous encouragement
throughout his period of study
.
Sincere gratitude is due to Kasetsart University for providing and excellent
learning environment.
Finally, the author would like to express his deep appreciation to his mother
and his father who continuously gave him the best support of all kinds without asking
anything in return. Their moral support and love always deserve remembrance. The
author would like to dedicate any contributions of this work to his loving parents.
Boonma Boonyavirod
January 2006
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES..
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
iv
INTRODUCTION.
General ..
Statement of Problem
Objectives ....
LITERATURE REVIEWS...
General .
Type of roof trusses...
Fabrication
Cost Estimation.
14
Detailed Estimation Method
14
Preliminary Method.
14
Estimation for Structural Steel..
15
Procedure of Estimation
15
Truss Optimization
15
Optimization Document
16
Literature Review Conclusion..
18
MATERIALS AND METHODS..
20
Materials
20
Methods
20
RESULTS
23
DISCUSSSION
26
CONCLUSION
28
RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK
30
LITERATURE CITED
31
APPENDIX.
33
Appendix A Sample of Truss Figures..
34
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (contd)
Page
Appendix B Sample of Calculation Table...
40
Appendix C Element Valuation...
42
Appendix D Figures of Studied Truss.
52
Appendix E Name of Truss..
55
Appendix F Designed Truss Breakdown System
58
Appendix G Effect of Truss Shape..
60
Appendix H Design Results.
62
Appendix I Results Deviation..
67
Appendix J Design Calculation...
70
Appendix K Relative Graph.
171
Appendix L Full Truss Breakdown Model.
192
Appendix M Diagram of Main Procedure.
194
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Appendix Table
Page
B1
Design Calculation..
41
C1
Tube Element Valuation.....
43
C2
Square Tube Element Valuation.....
45
C3
Angle Element Valuation....
47
C4
Channel Element Valuation.....
48
C5
H-Beam Element Valuation.....
49
E1
Name of Designed Truss......
56
G1
Effect of Truss Shape.......
61
H1
Designed Weight Result......
63
H2
Designed Painting Result.....
64
H3
Equation Weight Result.......
65
H4
Equation Painting Result......
66
I1
Weight Result Deviation......
68
I1
Painting Result Deviation.....
69
J1
Design Calculation ....
71
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
Truss by Leonard Church & Charless Edward..
Truss by Clifford D.Williams & Ernest C. Harris ....
Types of Truss by SK Dugg..
Structural Pattern..
Plate preparation for butt weld.
10
Plate Chamfered and set up for butt welding...
11
Type of corner joints ...
11
Preparation for pieces of work
12
Fillet weld details.
13
10
Type of solid rivet..
14
Appendix Figure
A1
Bridgestone Factory Project...
35
A2
Bridgestone Factory Project...
35
A3
Bridgestone Tire Manufacturing Factory Project..
36
A4
G-Steel Factory Project..
36
A5
HATC (Honda Cars Factory).
37
A6
Kikuwa Factory Project
37
A7
Kobe Factory Project
38
A8
Kobe Factory Project
38
A9
Mitsui Hygiene Materials Factory Project
39
C1
Tube Element Valuation...
42
C2
Square Tube Element Valuation ..
44
C3
Angle Tube Element Valuation ...
46
C4
Channel Tube Element Valuation ..
48
C5
Channel Tube Element Valuation
49
D1
Double Triangular Truss..
52
D2
Triangular Truss...
53
D2
Designd Truss Breakdown System..
58
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
Appendix Figure
K1 Weight per square meter of roof for 12 m. span length vary on external ratio 172
K6 Weight per square meter of roof for 12 m. span length vary on internal ratio 176
K11 Painting area per square meter of roof for 12 m. span length vary on
external ratio
182
external ratio
183
external ratio
184
external ratio
185
external ratio
186
internal ratio.
187
internal ratio.
188
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
Appendix Figure
internal ratio.
189
internal ratio.
190
internal ratio.
191
L1
Full Truss Breakdown Model.
193
M1 Diagram of Main Procedure.......
195
1
A STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION COST & TIME
OF ROOF PLANT STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
General
The prerequisite industrial plants are in necessitation for rapid industry
expansion owing to the inadequate existed plants. Unavoidability of the industrial
increasing and economic growth are main propelled factors in industrial plant
construction increasing. Construction cost is the primary expense prior of further
considered investment factors.
Truss is the most popular design for the roof structure particularly on long
span length due to the more economical cost comparing to other type of structure.
The proper truss design would benefits the more investment. Roof truss structures
are always designed in various types and shape forms of truss on various types of
element selection in order to mitigate the cost and time. Nevertheless economical
truss patterns which subject to construction cost and times should be clarified.
Statement of Problem
Various important factors should be considered for optimum roof truss
design. Main considerations are on depth of truss per span length ratio, Vertical
chord length per horizontal chord length (internal shape), shape of element and
shape of truss. Difference in various factors will result in the difference in term of
amount of materials used, labours cost, fabrication as well as the installation.
2
Study on the various roof trusses on various factories found a lot of different
patterns employed. Nevertheless some patterns of truss are frequently employed
merely, Triangular and Double Triangular. The others shape forms can be found in
particular projects depending on the needs for architectural aspect.
The basic problem of this study is to discover the relation among various
concern factors as well as the sensitivity in order to estimate the direct cost of truss
on various patterns with the most economical element type and to discover the most
economical truss pattern.
Objectives
Main objective of this study is to identify the most economical form of roof
truss structure with low slope, which result in optimisation on the cost and time of
roof truss structure.
The objectives of this research are as following;
1. To find a rough estimate weight and painting area in order to evaluate
the approximate cost on various patterns of roof structure on the most economical
element type.
2. To find a rough estimate weight and painting area in order to evaluate

the approximate time on various forms of roof structure on the most economical
element type.
3. To find the Sensitivity of External Ratio and Internal Ratio.
4. To find the Most Proper Pattern of roof truss in scope range.
Scope of Work
1. Double Triangular Truss and Single Triangular Truss Form with low
slope (less than 5 percents) roof of industrial plant etc are the main scope of this
study.
2. This study concentrates on only roof truss structure.
3. Truss with 12m., 18 m., 24 m., 30 m. and 36 m Clear Span Supports vary
on 1:10, 1:12.5, 1:15, 1:17.5 and 1:20 Depth per Span Length Ratio (External Ratio)
with 1:1, 1:1.25, 1:1.5, 1:1.75, 1:2, 1:2.25 and 1:2.5 Vertical Element Length per
Horizontal Element Length (Internal Ratio) are truss aspects.
4. Material for truss will be steel solely with different five types of Element
Shape Tube, Square Tube, Angle, Channel and I-shape
5. Frame-to-Frame distance is 6 meters
6. The condition of fabrication and installation are out of scope.
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
General
The study of construction cost and time of each type of truss relates to the
patterns and types of roof truss and that always used. Each type of truss has
different cost and time in construction. For Obtaining the costs it needs to know the
estimating procedure for getting the result closely to result it should be. For
fabrication, there are many methods difference in method may result in different
cost and time of construction.
Type of roof trusses
The main function of a roof truss is to support the roof covering and any
external loads. The framing details are usually arranged in order to transfer the load
to the truss at the points of intersection of the main members.
Normally, trusses can be divided into many types. However, Church &
Edward (1930) following divided trusses, in their textbook Design of steel
structures, as showed in Figure 1
(a) English Truss
(b) King Post
(c) Belgran
(d) Frink
(e) Cressent
(f) Flat Warren
(g) Saw Tooth
Figure 1 Types of Truss by Church & Edward (1930)
6
They suggested the use of truss as following;
a) English and Belgian truss generally are built of wood or combination
between wood and steel.
b) The King Post truss will be used for only short span and is usually built
of wood or a combination of wood and steel for tension members.
c) Belgran is used for general purpose
d) The most suitable form of truss for ordinary building in Fink type.
e) The Crescent truss is used for longer span or where a maximum of
headroom is necessary such as in railway terminal, barns, etc.
f) Flat Warren propers for flat roofs and long spans for proper slope for
adequate drainage.
g) Saw-tooth is used in factory buildings for amount of light.
Williams & Harris (1957) classified roof truss into 4 types.
(a) Flat
(b) Fink
(c) Hawe
(d) Warren
Figure 2 Types of Truss by Clifford D.Williams & Ernest C. Harris (1957)

Furthermore in many factories, rigid frames were selected as main structure.
Williams & Harris (1957) described that rigid frames could be used for all types of
structure, such as bridges, building frame, crane supports and other industrial
frames. Duggal (n.d.) classified truss, in his text book Design of Steel Structures ,
in to 12 types as showed in figure 3.
Figure 4 shows industrial building frame by Duggal (n.d.)
(a) Fink Truss
(c) Warren Truss Small Pitch

Large Span
(e) Lattice Truss Large Span
(g) Belgian Truss
(i) Short Span

Steep Slape
Sclssor Truss
(b) Flat Pratt Truss Medium Pitch

Large Span
(d) Triangular Pratt Truss
(f) Saw Tooth or North

Light Truss
(h) Bow String Truss
(j) Cresgent
Truss
(l) Quadrangle
Truss
Span < 30 m.
(k) Three Hinged
Arch Truss
Figure 3 Types of Truss by SK Duggal (n.d.)
Figure 4 Industrial Building Structural Frame by SK Duggal (n.d.)

Fabrication
Cost and time of installation in each truss depend on many factors and
fabrication is one of the important factors. There are many methods to fabricate
truss, in A textbook for technicians and craftsman
Flood (1977) described about fabrication, welding & metal jointing
processes that metals could be jointed by various methods such as; electric welding,
gas welding, riveting, bolting, soldering, adhesive bonding and self-secured.
Figure 5 showed plate preparation for but weld by Flood (1977)
10
(a)
Less Than 3 mm. Closs Butt, no gap
(b)
3 mm. to 6 mm. No preparation ,
1.5 to 3 mm. gap
(c)
6 mm. to 18 mm. Single V, 1.5 to
3 mm. Gap Roof face 1 mm.
(d)
Over 18 mm. Double V, 1.5 to 3 mm.

Gap Roof face 1 mm.
Alternative Shape
(e)
Over 18 mm. Single U, 1.5 to 3 mm.
Gap Roof face 1 mm.
(f)
Symbol
(BS499)
Over 18 mm. Double U, 1.5 to 3 mm.
Gap Roof face 1 mm.
( ) Plate Preparation for butt welds in carbon steel
Figure 5 Plate Preparation for butt welds (Flood,1977)
11
He suggested that the plate should be chamfered for more efficiency of butt weld
joint as showed in figure 6
60-70 degree Prep
Roof face
Parent metal
thickness
Roof Gab
Plate Chamfered and set up for butt welding
Figure 6 Plate Chamfers (Flood,1977)
Flood also classified T-joint in several types by following figure
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
Figure 7 Types of T-joint (Flood,1977)
12
For Corner joints he classified into three types as showed in Figure 8
a) Open Coner
45
(b) Single bevel

Closed
A feature of this type of

joint is its use where sharp
corners are a design criteria
60
(c) Double bevel

Closed Coner
Figure 8 Types of corner joint (Flood,1977)

Flood (1977) stated that difference in method of fabrication and preparation
for pieces of works will result in different time and cost.
13
Toe
Concave reinforcement
Vertical Leg
Throat length
Toe
Heel
Horizontal Leg
(a) Convex
Toe
Convex reinforcement
Vertical Leg
Throat length
Toe
Heel
Horizontal Leg
(b) Concave
Fillet weld details
Figure 9 Details of Fillet Weld (Flood,1977)
14
(a)
Universal
(b)
Snap
Universal
(c)
Pan
(d)
CounterSunk
(e)
(f)
Flat
Steeple
Universal Universal
(g)
Roundhead
Countersunk
Figure 10 Types of solid rivet (Flood,1977)

Cost Estimation
Estimation is necessary for detail & rough and each type has several sub
item in order to obtain the result that is to close to the exact cost as Dagotino (n.d.)
classified cost estimate into two methods as following
Detailed Estimation Method

This method includes determination of the quantities and costs of everything
required to complete the work including materials, labors, equipment, insurance,
bonds and overhead, as well as an expected profit. This method normally used for
competitive bidding. Each item will be broken down into its parts and estimated.
Detailed Estimation Method requires identification of costs that come from usage of
various equipment types. Estimated quantities, costs of material, labor cost, type of
equipment, individual process time needs, project duration, overhead as well as
profit will be all considered as important factors to the accuracy of estimation.
Preliminary Method: Area and Volume Methods (Rough Estimation)
This method computes the number of cubic feet contains in the building and
multiplies by assumed cost per cubic foot.
These methods are preliminary (approximate) methods, used by architects
and engineers.
15
Estimating for Structural Steel
Structural steel is purchased by weight (ton) and the cost per ton varies
depending on the type and shape of required steel, and labor operations are different
for each type. The estimate of the field cost of erecting structural steel will vary
depending on weather condition, prompt delivery of all materials, equipment
available, sizing of pieces of work and amount of riveting and welding required.
Dagostino. (n.d.) explained about steel estimating that type of materials will
be taken off as well the quantity of each material type that is able to earn from
length multiply by unit weight of each. Any other necessary specific equipment
required must be also taken into account. Labours work hours are to be calculated
including.
Procedures of Estimation
1. Take off the various types and shapes.
2. Determine the pounds of each type required.
3. The cost per ton times the required weight will be the material cost.
4. Determine the work hours and equipment required and their respective
costs.
Truss Optimisation
Fundamentals of truss optimisation involve many design variables, such as
sizes of member, nodal coordinates and connectivity pattern of member by using
various method such as Linear Programming, Non-linear Programmring or
Dynamic Programming to gain the most economic structure. For topology
optimisation design in many decades, there are two types of topology optimisation
which have been investigated: Deletion of Members: The procedure consists of
initially interconnecting all the nodes of structure completely, followed by a step-
16
wise procedure of optimising the structure for geometry and cross-sectional
dimensions. Members with vary small force are deleted from the current structure
and the result structure is re-optimisation in the next step. The procedure is
terminated when sufficient convergence of the objective function is attained.
Addition of members in this procedure initiated by Spillers, which optimise for
geometry and cross-sectional dimensions. A node is introduced in an external
member and connecting this node to an existing node opposite to the member on
which the new node is introduced forms a new member. The new structure is
optimised for geometry and cross-sectional dimensions. The procedure is repeated
until a minimum weight is attained. However, many studies include the following
review never find the relationship between pattern of optimum form of structure
and construction time.
Optimization Document
Michell (1904) demonstrated that there was a unique geometry for the
structure of minimum weight, under each of the loading arrangements he proposed.
He showed that such structure was built up of orthogonal net of pin-jointed
members shapes like the slip-line field in plastic theory.
Dorn and his colleagues (1964) used the linear programmring technique to
optimise both the topology and geometry of some simple structures and obtained
interesting and unconventional results. Reliability of the solutions produced through
linear programing was in question because all the non-linear constrain equations
and the objective function had to be approximately liberalized for the apply of
linear programming.
Goff (1966) presented methods of optimisation of determinate roof truss

where geometry was also a design variable; joint locations were considered as the
state variables. The basis of their decomposition was that the force in various
members for a given truss arrangement are depend only upon the location of the
adjacent joints. GOFF (1966) considered the location of the nodes on the vertical
axes as the state variable for the cantilevered truss with single point load acting on
17
the tip of the cantilevered truss with single point load acting on the tip of the
cantilever.
Palmer and Sheppard (1970) were the first who considered the topology as
well as geometry, as design variables, using dynamic programming for cantilever
trusses. The topology optimisation was performed iteratively where different
topologies were produced at each iteration. The cantilevered trusses considered
were loaded at the tip only.
Mole (1973) optimisesed the configuration of a statically determinate

cantilever truss of a predefined external shape using dynamic programming. His
method involved a partial optimisation of topology and geometry for point load
applied at the tip of the cantilever. Mole's algorithm compared truss with different
topologies in one computation and selected the best unlike Palmer's where the
topology optimisation is essentially iterative procedure
Shamal (1974) solved a paralleled chord supported truss in which the
horizontal location of panel points and the number of panels were the variables. The
algorithm accepted discrete member lengths and produced trusses with different
topologies in one computation, compared them and selected the optimal one. Unlike
the previous works reported, SHAMAL considered a uniformly distributed load
applied along the top chord of the truss.
Gero and Kaneshalingam (1980) presented a computation procedure to
optimise the structure design of a stable, statically determinate truss which
incorporates the three criteria (i) free manipulation of topology of the structure and
its optimisation considering the topology, geometry and cross-sectional dimensions
as variables, (ii)selection of cross-sectional dimensions from a list of available
sections and materials, obtained from manufacturers' handbooks, and (iii) the use of
a multi-attribute multi-objective function rather than the singer-attribute objective
function considered by others.
18
Literature Review Conclusion
There are various types of truss classified by individual author Charch &
Edward (1930) classified into 7 types by functional purpose. William & Haris
(1957) classified into 4 types (no purpose statement). Duggul (n.d.) classified into
13 types. Nevertheless there is no suggestion about the shape form of truss or
important factors which impact to the cost of truss. Joint connection also influence
on time and cost of truss fabrication, Flood (1977) classified welding into 7 types 1).
Electric welding. 2). Gas welding. 3). Riveting. 4). Bolting. 5). Soldering. 6).
Adhesive bonding.7). Self-secured. Plate preparation also impacts on cost and
time. However the joint detailing is out of study scope. For cost estimation,
Dagosito (n.d.) explained on Detailed Estimation Method that material quantities ,
labor cost, equipment cost and overhead have to be taken into account and also
profits for obtaining the most total accurate construction cost. On the contrary,
Rough Estimation obtain from estimated area contains in building multiplies by
assumed cost per area.
Estimation for structural steel, the cost is derived from 2 items 1). Steel
2). Erection which influence by various factors such as weather, delivery of
materials, equipment, sizing of pieces of work and amount of joint. The simple
method was proposed by classifying of each type of joint times by total element
length time by weight per length equals to material cost then plus work hours and
equipment which equal to labor cost.
For truss optimisation, various studys of optimisation concentrate by
deletion of member or optimize for geometry and cross-sectional dimension.
Nonetheless the author concentrates on study on the typical structure and monitor
the sensitive factors among element shape, internal ratio and external ratio by
applying on single major truss form, 5 types of element, 7 internal ratio and 5
external ratio. The element sizing will be divided into 2 parts 1) Upper &Lower
Chords 2) Vertical & Diagonal chords
19
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
1.Microfeap Program Education Edition, Version II Module P 1 (Release
3.2)
2.Computer with Pentium R 4 CPU 2.00GHz, 2.02 GHz 128 MB of RAM
Methods
Guild Line for Studying
The studying on the effect of truss shape between Double triangular shape
and Single triangular shape shall be performed in order to identify the most
interesting shape for primary selection. Subsequently, valuation for the most
economical element type will be processed in order to identify the most proper
element type being employed for further study. Radious of gyration per cross
section, painting area per weight of various sections will be considered as important
factors of element type valuation.
Presumed criteria on condition of studying for calculation
Unit Cost: use average cost from subcontractors 40 Bahts per kilogram for
fabrication and installation work and 250 Bahts per square meter for painting work.
Unit Time: use average time from subcontractors 150 Tons per month with
20 welders and full facilities for fabrication and installation work (250
kg/8hr/person and 120 sqm/8hr/person for painting work or 30 kg/hr and 15
sqm./hr).
Condition of work would be presumed as outdoor installation without rain
and there is adequate space area for most of the time works proceeding.
20
Design Criteria
Design Method: Allowable Stress Design
Maximum deflection at mid of span: L/360
Slope for roof: 3 %
Steel: A36
Number of Support: 2 supports
Condition of support: One side is hinge support another side is roller
support.
Type of joint connection welding
Detailed Procedure
1. To generate the 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 meters span length truss with
different external and internal ratio of Double triangular and Single triangular shape
to assess the affect of truss shape
2. To evaluate the most worthwhile element section type
3. All aspect of truss in scope shall be analysed the internal forces.
4. Elements subjected to maximum force will be designed and applied by
the most proper one which acquired from second step
5. To discover the relation among various concerned factors as well as
sensitivity
6. To derive the target relative equation of weight and painting area per
square meter of roof
7. To test the sample model to insist the target relative equation
21
The methodology is divided in to seven main steps.
Figure M 1 show diagram of procedure
Collecting data
The unit cost & time for fabrication, installation and painting work are
evaluated from experience sub-contractors.
Design various truss.
Roof truss structure designed will be applied on double triangular shape
form with 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 meter span length, various on internal ratio 1:1, 1:1.25,
1:1.5, 1:1.75, 1:2, 1:2.25, 1:2.5 and various on depth of truss to span length ratio
1:10, 1:12.5, 1:15, 1:17.5, 1:20 including 5 different types of element form
considered. The minimum element cross-section area and maximum radius of
gyration will be applied on the element subjected to the maximum load as well as
slenderness ratio consideration.
Figure F 1 show diagram of studied truss and L 1 show full diagram of
truss
Calculate the construction cost and construction time.
After all of truss forms (175 forms) have been designed the construction
cost and time per square meter of roof will be calculated.
Relation between cost and various changeable factors
Possible relative equation acquisition for cost and time estimation
Model Verification
The derived relative equation shall be verified and proper rectification
would be employed.
22
Result Conclusion
Summarization of the practical universal equation and the possible
particular optimum equation including the sensitivity of internal ratio and external
ratio(depth of truss/span length ratio, vertical element length ratio per horizontal
element length) as well as the most economical pattern.
23
RESULTS
Effect of Truss Shape Valuaion
Afterward of trial design on both Double Triangular and Triangular Shape
Truss on every span length with different external and internal ratio, the results
illustrate the slightly different in term of cost and time by the resemble element
sizing as demonstrate in Appendix Table G1. The resemble element sizing result in
indifferent of cost and time which would come from solely 3% slope. The Double
Triangular shape shall be selected for further studied owning to the more practical
fabrication reason.
Proper Element Type Selection
Various element types were studied on worthwhile economical selection
through ratio of radious of gyration per cross-section and ratio of painting area per
steel weight simultaneously as illustrate in Appendix Table C1-C5. The maximum
average ratio of radious of gyration per cross-section has yielded to Tube Element,
the minimum average ratio of painting area per steel weight has yielded to Square
Tube Element. Nevertheless the more of Tube sizing diversity allow the more
flexible design to the nearest critical section and the average ratio of painting area
per steel weight of Tube Element as well as Square Tube Element are resemble.
The result shows slightly difference in term of total cost. Consequently the further
deep study shall be proceeded mainly on Tube element.
Cost Result and Relative Equation
Cost = (Material Unit Cost x Material Amount Function) + (Painting Unit
Cost x Painting Amount Function)
Time = (Material Unit Time x Material Amount Function) + (Painting Unit
Time x Painting Amount Function)
24
Material amount function (Kilogram per Square Meter of Roof)
= 0.338 X1 + 0.214 X2 0.0718 X3 0.687(1)
Painting amount function (Painting area per Square Meter of Roof)
= 0.00836 X1 + 0.003911 X2 0.0631 X3 + 0.2(2)
For 40 Baht per kilogram and 250 Baht per Paintinging Square meter
Cost per Square Meter of Roof
= 15.611 X1 + 9.537 X2 18.647 X3 + 22.52(3)
For 30 Kilogram per hour and 15 Paintinging Square meter per hour
Or 2 Minute per kilogram and 4 Minute per Square meter
Time per Square Meter of Roof
= 0.709 X1 + 0.444 X2 0.574 X3 0.396.(4)
Equation Verification
Average percent variation of weight is 4.856
Average percent variation of painting area is 1.475
Factorss Sensitivity for External and Internal Ratio

Derived equation of Material amount function illustrate that External Ratio
is more sensitive than Internal Ratio. However, for Painting amount function,
derived equation demonstrate that Internal Ratio is more sensitive than External
Ratio. Cost and Time function illustrate sensitivity in the same manner with
Material amount function.
25
The most economical pattern in scope range
From relative equation, the minimum External Ratio and maximum Internal Ratio
will result in minimum construction Cost and Time. Minimum External Ratio or
Depth of truss per span length ratio yield to1/10 and Maximum Internal Ratio or
Vertical Chord Length per Horizontal Chord Length yield to 1 / 2.25.
Where :
X1 = Span length in meter (12, 18, 24, 30 or 36)
X2 = External Ratio or Depth per Span Ratio (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5 or 20)
X3 = Internal Ratio or Vertical Chord Length per Horizontal Chord Length
(1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25 or 2.5)
26
DISCUSSION
Shape of truss effect to the weight and painting area, in this study two
patterns of truss were selected to be studied, Triangular and Double Triangular
shape. Design comparing (see appendix G) illustrate the resemble element sizing,
nevertheless Double Triangular is more practical in term of fabrication owing to the
more identical length of element since the Double Triangular was further studied.
Type of element also significantly effect to the weight and painting area,
element cross section which provide the maximum radius of gyration per cross
section ratio simultaneously the minimum painting area per cross section area.
Refer to the market sizing, above ratio had been calculated (see appendix C). Tube
element and Square Tube element provide the maximum radius of gyration per
cross section ratio and Square Tube elements have slightly advantage on Tube
element in term of painting area per cross section area. Nonetheless Tube Element
have advantage on Square Tube Element in term of more flexible selection
according to the more market size. Hence the most attractive element yielded to the
Tube Element.
Deviation of calculation result (see appendix H) and actual design is caused
by the limitation of element cross-section selection owning to the sizing produced
which effect to each truss design in obtaining consequently comely weight per
square meter of roof and also painting are per square meter of roof. Approximate
Estimation Equations are formed with above limitation which cause of deviation
between actual design result and calculated result from obtained equation.
Sensitivity Analysis
Major Aim of this study is to obtain the approximate cost and time
estimation equation through weight and painting area per square meter of roof
where the main effective factors are shape of truss, type of element, span length,
depth of truss per span length ratio and vertical chord length per horizontal chord
length ratio. All of these factors result in the different effect in term of weight and
painting area, this study aim to focus on the most practical in term of fabrication
27
work, optimum weight and optimum painting area which directly effect to
construction cost and time. Shape of truss was the primary factor to be considered
and valuated, two type which is selected to be studied is Triangular and Double
Triangular Shape as both are popular used and as the most simple format which
need no rather high technique to fabricate. Double Triangular Truss has advantage
on Triangular in term of most of the vertical and diagonal chord length is equal
since benefit the suitable cutting work and fabrication further there is solely slightly
different in term of weight and painting area. Hence the Double Triangular Truss
was focused on further study.
Type of Element Chord effect to the weight and painting area of total
structure apparently. Difference in shape of element cause difference in radius of
gyration and weight, also difference in cross section area. The most worthwhile
type of cross section was studied. H-beam, Angle and Channel have less flexibility
in term of shape selection due to limitation of sizing in market. The aforesaid cause
in over designing unavoidable. Furthermore the average radius of gyration per cross
section is less than Tube element and Square Tube Element. Painting area was also
considered in term of painting area per weight of steel, the more ratios figure
indicate the more painting cost for equal weight. Tube Element was considered for
further study owing to the more flexible selection for designing. The most average
radius of gyration per cross section and proper painting area per weight of steel are
also worthwhile.
Span length, depth of truss per span length ratio and vertical chord length
per horizontal chord length ratio were taken into account for relative study on
weight and painting area effect. Even though Tube Element is the most flexible in
term of more various sections to be selected in designing, the undesirable excess is
still in many case which will effect to the formation of relative equation and cause
detectable deviation in some case since the comparative table between actual design
and figure from relative equations are present here in appendix H to be guideline
and notification of usage.
28
CONCLUSION
Afterward of study, the proper equation for estimation of construction cost
mainly composing of fabrication portion and painting work portion multiply by
Cost of fabrication per kilogram and Cost of painting per square meter of painting
area on each portion result in approximate total cost per square meter of roof.
Rough construction time obtain by the same manner which need multiplying by
Time of fabrication per kilogram and Time of painting work per square meter of
painting. Equations are as follow;
Proper Equation of Cost
Ct = UCw x (0.338 X1 + 0.214 X2 0.0718 X3 0.687) + UCp x (0.00836
X1 + 0.003911 X2 0.0631 X3 + 0.2)
Proper Equation of Time
Dt =UTw x (0.338 X1 + 0.214 X2 0.0718 X3 0.687) + UTp x (0.00836
X1 + 0.003911 X2 0.0631 X3 + 0.2)
Sensitivity
External Ratio is more sensitive than Internal Ratio for Material amount
function, Cost Function and Time function. Nevertheless Internal Ratio is more
sensitive than External Ratio for Painting Area amount function.
The most economical pattern
The most economic pattern yields to 1/ 10 External Ratio and 1 / 2.25
Internal Ratio
Where :
X1 = Span length
X2 = External Ratio
29
X3 = Internal Ratio
Ct = Total Cost per area of roof
UCw = Unit Cost of Fabrication
UCp = Unit Cost of Painting Work
Dt
= Total Time per area of roof
UTw = Unit Time of Fabrication

UTp = Unit Time of Painting Work
30
RECOMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK
This study focus on effect of span length, depth per span length, vertical
chord length per horizontal chord length including shape of element and shape of
truss on average total construction cost and time. Varying on each factor in
different rate of construction cost and time change.
Trend and rate of cost and time change on each various effected factor
could be monitored and used as guideline of making decision on proper truss
selection for designer. Slope of roof truss was not included in scope of this study.
Concerning on slope change would us more flexibility in making decision of truss
pattern selection. In order to obtain the most proper pattern of truss for economical
reason.
Gable is also another interesting type of structure to be studied on as
comparative structure for alternative design for designer. Author strongly
recommend including gable structure in scope of study for future study.
31
LITERATURE CITED
Azevedo, A. F. M. 1995 Second-order structural optimization. Ph. D. thesis,
University of Porto
Clifford, D. Williams and Ernest, C. Harris. 1957 Structural design in
metals.,Fenn College
Charles, G. Salmon and John, E. Johnson. 1995 Steel structures design and
behavior. The University of Wisconsin
C R Flood. 1977 Fabrication, Welding & Metal joining processes. Canterbury
College of Technology
Deniel, C. Schinler. 2001. Densign of partially restrained steel frames using
advanced analysis and an object-oriented evolutionary algorithm. MS
thesis, Marquette University
Dorn, W.S. , Gomory, R.E. and Greenberg, H.F 1968. Automation design of optimal
structure. De Mecanique Journal. Vol 3, March 1968. pp 25-52
Frank R. Dagostino. n.d. Estimating in building construction. Dean Industrial and

Engineering Technology
Goff, R.F.D. Decision theory and shape of structure. 1966. Journal of the Rloyal
Aeronautical Society, Vol 70 , March1966 . pp 448-452
J.S. Gero and K. Kaneshalingam. 1980. Truss design by Topology optimisation.

MS thesis, University of Sydney
32
Leonard Church Urquhart and Charles Edward ORourke: 1930. Design of steel
structure. Cornell University
Michell, A.G.M. 1904. The limit of economy of material in frame structures.
Philosophical Magazine Series 6 Vol. 8, 1904. pp. 589-597
Mole, R.H. 1973. The minimum weight structural optimisation of pin-jointed truss
cantilever of given external shape Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol.15, 1973, pp .4963
Palmer, A.C. and Sheppard, D.J. 1970. Optimisation the shape of pin-jointed
Structure. Institution of Civil Engineering Proceedings. Vol. 47, 1970, pp. 363376
Radford, A.D. 1979. A design model for the physical environment in building.,
Ph. D. thesis, University of Sydney
R. Sudachan. 2000. Gemetic algorithms and application to the optimization of

Space truss. MS thesis, Indian Institute of technology
Sharma, L.K. 1974. The optimum design of roof trusses. M.Bdg.Sc. Thesis,
University of Sydney
S K Duggal. n.d. Design of steel structure. M N R Engineering College
SPillers,W.R. 1977. Iterative Structural densign. SM Archives. Vol. 2,1977, pp. 369401
33
APPENDICES
34
APPENDIX A
35
Appendix Figure A1 Project Name: Bridgestone Factory Chonburi

Source: Nishimatsu Construction Company (2005)
Appendix Figure A2 Project Name: Bridgestone Factory Chonburi

36
Appendix Figure A3 Project Name: Bridgestone Tire Manufacturing

Appendix Figure A4 Project Name: G-Steel Factory Rayong

37
Appendix Figure A5 Project Name: HATC (Honda Cars Factory) Ayuthaya

Appendix Figure A6 Project Name: Kikuwa Factory Nonthaburi

38
Appendix Figure A7 Project Name: Kobe Factory Nonthaburi

Appendix Figure A8 Project Name: Kobe Factory Nonthaburi

39
Appendix Figure A9 Project Name: Mitsui Hygiene Materials Factory Nonthaburi

40
APPENDIX B
41
Appendix Table B1 Design Calculation
Element
Set
Force
Horizontal Compression
Cord
Tension
Diagonal Compression
Cord
Tension
Maximum
Force (kg)
Element
Length
(cm.)
15780
15780
7020
8100
120
120
120
120
Element Cross
Radius of
Section
Gyration (cm.)
Area(sqcm.)
12.26
3.45
5.76
2.03
Appendix Table B1 Calculation (Contd)
KL/R
F.S.
Fa(1)
(KL/R<
128)
34.78
59.11
-
1.77
1.83
-
1364.42
1224.46
-
Fa(2)(128<K
L/R<200)for
compression
or tension
Allowable
Load(1)
(Kg.)
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
1500
1500
16727.73
7052.86
-
0
18390.00
0.00
8640.00
42
APPENDIX C
43
Appendix Table C1 Tube Element Valuation
Tube
Element
Cross
(Diameter Section
x Thk.)
(sqcm.)
(mm. x mm.)
21.7x2
27.2x2
27.2x2.3
34x2.3
42.7x2.3
42.7x2.8
48.6x2.3
48.6x2.8
48.6x3.2
60.5x2.3
60.5x3.2
60.5x4
76.3x2.8
76.3x3.2
76.3x4
89.1x2.8
89.1x3.2
89.1x4
101.6x3.2
101.6x4
101.6x5
114.3x3.2
114.3x3.6
114.3x4.5
114.3x5.6
139.8x3.6
139.8x4
139.8x4.5
139.8x6
165.2x4.5
1.24
1.58
1.80
2.29
2.92
3.51
3.35
4.03
4.56
4.21
5.76
7.10
6.47
7.35
9.09
7.59
8.64
10.69
9.89
12.26
15.17
11.17
12.52
15.52
19.12
15.40
17.07
19.13
25.22
22.72
Radius of
Radius of
Perimeter
Gyration/
Gyration
(cm.)
Cross
(cm.)
Section
6.82
8.55
8.55
10.69
13.42
13.42
15.27
15.27
15.27
19.01
19.01
19.01
23.98
23.98
23.98
28.00
28.00
28.00
31.93
31.93
31.93
35.92
35.92
35.92
35.92
43.94
43.94
43.94
43.94
51.92
0.70
0.89
0.88
1.12
1.43
1.41
1.64
1.62
1.61
2.06
2.03
2.00
2.60
2.59
2.56
3.05
3.04
3.01
3.48
3.45
3.42
3.93
3.92
3.89
3.85
4.82
4.80
4.79
4.74
5.68
0.57
0.56
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.40
0.49
0.40
0.35
0.49
0.35
0.28
0.40
0.35
0.28
0.40
0.35
0.28
0.35
0.28
0.23
0.35
0.31
0.25
0.20
0.31
0.28
0.25
0.19
0.25
Weight
(kg/m)
Painting
Area(sqm)/
Weight1kg
0.97
1.24
1.41
1.80
2.29
2.76
2.63
3.16
3.58
3.30
4.52
5.57
5.08
5.77
7.13
5.96
6.78
8.39
7.76
9.63
11.90
8.77
9.83
12.20
15.00
12.10
13.40
15.00
19.80
17.80
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
44
Appendix Table C1 Tube Element Valuation (Contd)
Tube
Radius of
Element
Cross
Radius of
Perimeter
Gyration/
(Diameter Section
Gyration
(cm.)
Cross
x Thk.)
(sqcm.)
(cm.)
Section
(mm. x mm.)
165.2x5
165.2x6
165.2x7
190.7x4.5
190.7x5
190.7x6
190.7x7
216.3x4.5
216.3x6
216.3x7
216.3x8
267.4x6
267.4x7
267.4x8
267.4x9
25.16
30.01
34.79
26.32
29.17
34.82
40.40
29.94
39.61
46.03
52.35
49.27
57.27
65.19
73.06
51.92
51.92
51.92
59.93
59.93
59.93
59.93
67.98
67.98
67.98
67.98
84.04
84.04
84.04
84.04
5.67
5.63
5.60
6.59
6.57
6.53
6.50
7.49
7.44
7.40
7.37
9.24
9.21
9.18
9.14
Average
0.23
0.19
0.16
0.25
0.23
0.19
0.16
0.25
0.19
0.16
0.14
0.19
0.16
0.14
0.13
Painting
Weight
Area(sqm)/
(kg/m)
Weight1kg
19.80
23.60
27.30
20.70
22.90
27.30
31.70
23.50
31.10
36.10
41.10
38.70
45.00
51.20
57.40
0.30
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.035
Approximate Material and Painting Cost per one kilogram of steel can be calculated
as following.
Steel
Painting Area
Unit
Kg.
Sqm./Kg.
Quantity
1
0.035
Unit Cost Total Cost

40
40
250
8.75
Total
48.75
45
Appendix Table C2 Square Tube Element Valuation
Square Tube
Radius of
Cross
Radius of
Perimeter
Element
Gyration/
Section
Gyration
(cm.)
(mm. x mm. x
Cross
(sqcm.)
(cm.)
mm.)
Section
300x300x6
300x300x4.5
250x250x8
250x250x6
250x250x5
200x200x8
200x200x6
175x175x6
175x175x5
150x150x6
150x150x5
150x150x4.5
125x125x6
125x125x5
125x125x4.5
125x125x3.2
100x100x4.5
100x100x4
100x100x3.2
100x100x2.3
125x75x4
90x90x2.3
80x80x3.2
80x80x2.3
75x75x3.2
75x75x2.3
60x60x3.2
60x60x2.3
60x60x1.6
50x50x3.2
69.63
52.67
75.79
57.63
48.36
59.79
45.63
39.63
33.36
33.63
28.36
25.67
27.63
23.36
21.17
15.33
16.67
14.95
12.13
8.85
10.85
7.93
9.57
7.01
8.93
6.55
7.01
5.17
3.67
5.73
120.00
120.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
80.00
80.00
70.00
70.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
36.00
36.00
32.00
32.00
30.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
20.00
12.00
12.00
9.82
9.92
9.97
7.78
7.88
6.86
6.91
5.84
5.89
5.91
4.82
4.86
4.89
4.95
3.87
3.89
3.93
3.97
3.52
3.56
3.11
3.16
2.91
2.95
2.30
2.34
2.37
1.89
0.17
0.23
0.13
0.17
0.21
0.13
0.17
0.17
0.21
0.17
0.21
0.23
0.17
0.21
0.23
0.32
0.23
0.26
0.32
0.45
0.32
0.45
0.33
0.45
0.33
0.45
0.33
0.45
0.65
0.33
Weight
(kg/m)
Painting
Area(sqm)/
Weight1kg
54.70
41.30
59.50
45.20
38.00
46.90
35.80
31.10
26.20
26.40
22.30
20.10
21.70
18.30
16.60
12.00
13.10
11.70
9.52
6.95
11.70
11.70
9.52
9.52
6.95
6.95
5.69
5.69
4.01
4.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.05
46
Appendix Table C2 Square Tube Element Valuation (Contd)
Square Tube
Cross
Element
Section
(mm. x mm.
(sqcm.)
x mm.)
50x50x2.3
50x50x1.6
4.25
3.03
Radius of
Radius of
Perimeter
Gyration/
Gyration
(cm.)
Cross
(cm.)
Section
20.00
20.00
Average
1.93
1.96
0.45
0.65
Weight
(kg/m)
Painting
Area(sqm)/
Weight1kg
7.01
7.01
0.03
0.03
0.30
0.032
as following.
Steel
Painting Area
Unit
Kg.
Sqm./Kg.
Quantity
1
0.032

40
40
250
8
Total
48
47
Appendix Table C3 Angle Element Valuation
Angle
Cross
Element
Section
(mm. x mm.
(sqcm.)
X mm.)
25x25x3
30x30x3
40x40x3
40x40x5
45x45x4
45x45x5
50x50x4
50x50x5
50x50x6
60x60x4
60x60x5
65x65x5
65x65x6
65x65x8
70x70x6
75x75x6
75x75x9
75x75x12
80x80x6
90x90x6
90x90x7
90x90x10
90x90x13
100x100x7
100x100x10
100x100x13
120x120x8
130x130x9
130x130x12
130x130x15
1.43
1.73
2.34
3.76
3.49
4.30
3.89
4.80
5.64
4.69
5.80
6.37
7.53
9.76
8.13
8.73
12.69
16.56
9.33
10.55
12.22
17.00
21.71
13.62
19.00
24.31
18.76
22.74
29.76
36.75
Radius of
Radius of
Perimeter
Gyration/
Gyration
(cm.)
Cross
(cm.)
Section
10.00
12.00
16.00
16.00
18.00
18.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
24.00
24.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
28.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
32.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
48.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
0.75
0.91
1.23
1.20
1.36
1.36
1.53
1.52
1.50
1.85
1.84
1.99
1.98
1.94
2.14
2.30
2.25
2.22
2.46
2.77
2.76
2.71
2.68
3.08
3.04
3.00
3.71
4.01
3.96
3.96
0.52
0.53
0.53
0.32
0.39
0.32
0.39
0.32
0.27
0.39
0.32
0.31
0.26
0.20
0.26
0.26
0.18
0.13
0.26
0.26
0.23
0.16
0.12
0.23
0.16
0.12
0.20
0.18
0.13
0.11
Weight
(kg/m)
Painting
Area(sqm)/
Weight1kg
1.12
1.36
1.83
2.95
2.74
3.38
3.06
3.77
4.43
3.68
4.55
5.00
5.91
7.66
6.38
6.85
9.96
13.00
7.32
8.28
9.59
13.30
17.00
10.70
14.90
19.10
14.70
17.90
23.40
28.80
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
48
Appendix Table C3 Angle Element Valuation (Contd)
Angle
Cross
Element
Section
(mm. x mm.
(sqcm.)
X mm.)
Perimeter
(cm.)
150x150x12 34.77
150x150x15 42.74
150x150x19 53.38
175x175x12 40.52
175x175x15 50.21
200x200x15 57.75
200x200x20 76.00
200x200x25 93.75
250x250x25 119.40
250x250x35 162.60
60.00
60.00
60.00
70.00
70.00
80.00
80.00
80.00
100.00
100.00
Radius of
Radius of
Gyration/
Gyration
Cross
(cm.)
Section
Average
4.61
4.56
4.52
5.38
5.35
6.14
6.09
6.04
7.63
7.49
0.13
0.11
0.08
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.05
Weight
(kg/m)
Painting
Area(sqm)/
Weight1kg
27.30
33.60
41.90
31.80
39.40
45.30
59.70
73.60
93.70
128.00
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.22
0.04
as following.
Steel
Painting Area
Unit
Kg.
Sqm./Kg.
Quantity
1
0.04

40
40
250
10
Total
50
49
Appendix Table C4 Channel Element Valuation
Channel
Radius of
Cross
Radius of
Perimeter
Element
Gyration/
Section
Gyration
(cm.)
(mm. x mm. x
Cross
(sqcm.)
(cm.)
mm.)
Section
75x40x5
100x50x5
125x65x6
150x75x6
150x75x9
180x75x7
200x80x7
200x90x8
250x90x9
250x90x11
300x90x9
300x90x10
380x100x10.5
380x100x13
380x100x13
8.82
11.92
17.11
23.71
30.59
27.20
31.33
38.65
44.07
51.17
48.57
55.74
69.39
78.96
85.71
31.00
40.00
51.00
60.00
60.00
66.00
72.00
76.00
86.00
86.00
96.00
96.00
116.00
116.00
116.00
2.92
3.97
4.98
6.03
5.86
7.12
7.88
8.02
9.74
9.56
11.50
11.50
14.50
14.10
14.30
Average
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.25
0.19
0.26
0.25
0.21
0.22
0.19
0.24
0.21
0.21
0.18
0.17
Weight
(kg/m)
Painting
Area(sqm)/
Weight1kg
6.92
9.36
13.40
18.60
24.00
21.40
24.60
30.30
34.60
40.20
38.10
43.80
54.50
62.00
67.30
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.23
0.03
as following.
Steel
Painting Area
Unit
Kg.
Sqm./Kg.
Quantity
1
0.03

40
40
250
7.50
Total
47.50
50
Appendix Table C5 H-Beam Element Valuation
Radius of
H-Beam
Cross
Radius of
Perimeter
Gyration/
Element
Section
Gyration
(cm.)
(mm. x mm. x (sqcm.)
Cross
(cm.)
mm.)
Section
100x50x5
100x100x6
125x60x6
125x125x6.5
150x75x5
150x100x6
150x150x7
175x90x5
175x175x7.5
200x100x4.5
200x100x5.5
200x150x6
200x200x8
200x200x12
250x125x5
250x125x6
250x175x7
250x250x9
250x250x14
300x150x5.5
300x150x6.5
300x200x8
300x300x12
300x300x10
350x175x6
350x175x7
350x250x9
Average
11.85
21.90
16.84
30.31
17.85
26.84
40.14
23.04
51.21
23.18
27.16
39.01
63.53
71.53
32.68
37.66
56.24
92.18
104.7
40.8
46.78
72.38
107.7
119.8
52.68
63.14
101.5
40.00
60.00
49.00
75.00
60.00
70.00
90.00
71.00
105.00
80.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
120.00
100.00
100.00
120.00
150.00
150.00
120.00
120.00
140.00
180.00
180.00
140.00
140.00
170.00
3.98
4.18
4.95
5.29
6.11
6.17
6.39
7.26
7.50
8.26
8.24
8.30
8.62
8.35
10.40
10.40
10.40
10.80
10.50
12.40
12.40
12.50
12.50
13.10
14.50
14.70
14.60
0.34
0.19
0.29
0.17
0.34
0.23
0.16
0.32
0.15
0.36
0.30
0.21
0.14
0.12
0.32
0.28
0.18
0.12
0.10
0.30
0.27
0.17
0.12
0.11
0.28
0.23
0.14
0.22
Weight
(kg/m)
Painting
Area(sqm)/
Weight1kg
13.20
17.20
13.20
23.80
14.00
21.10
31.50
18.10
40.20
18.20
21.30
30.60
49.90
56.20
25.70
29.60
44.10
72.40
82.20
32.00
36.70
56.80
84.50
94.00
41.40
49.60
79.70
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
51
as following.
Steel
Painting Area
Unit
Kg.
Sqm./Kg.
Quantity
1
0.04

40
40
250
10
Total
50
52
APPENDIX D
53
VERTICAL OF
TRUSS
DEPTH OF TRUSS
Slope less than 5 %
HORIZONTAL OF
TRUSS
SPAN LENGTH
Appendix Figure D1 Double Triangular Truss

Horizontal is Horizontal Chord Length
54
VERTICAL OF
TRUSS
DEPTH OF TRUSS
Slope less than 5 %
HORIZONTAL OF
TRUSS
SPAN LENGTH
Appendix Figure D2 Triangular Truss

Horizontal is Horizontal Chord Length
55
APPENDIX E
56
NAME OF TRUSS
XX XXX-XXX
:
Span Length :
Span Length-External Ratio-Internal Ratio

Distance between supports in meters (12, 18, 24, 30 and 36)
External Ratio : The Ratio of Truss Depth and Span Length
(1:10, 1:12.5, 1:15, 1:17.5 and 1:20), multiply by 100 for
Span Length and employ last 3 digits.
Internal Ratio :
The Ratio of Vertical Element Length and Horizontal

Element Length of Truss (1:1, 1:1.25, 1:1.5, 1:1.75, 1:2,
1:2.25 and 1:2.5), multiply by 100 for Horizontal Element
Length and employ last 3 digits
Table 1 illustrates the name of truss which were designed according to the
criteria in scope of study composing with 5 span lengths (12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 m.),
5 external ratios (1:10, 1:12.5, 1:15, 1:17.5 and 1:20), 7 internal ratios (1:1, 1:1.25,
1:1.5, 1:1.75, 1:2, 1:2.25 and 1:2.5)
Example.
12100100 stands for Truss with 12m. span length, 1:10 External Ratio and
1:1 Internal Ratio
24150125 stands for Truss with 24 m. span length, 1:15 External Ratio and
1:1.25 Internal Ratio
36200250 stands for Truss with 36 m. span length, 1:20 External Ratio and
1:2.5 Internal Ratio
57
Appendix Table E1 Name of Designed Truss
External Internal
Ratio
Ratio
1.:1
1.:1.25
1.:10
1.:1.5
1.:1.75
1.:2.5
1.:1
1.:1.25
1.:12.5
1.:1.5
1.:1.75
1.:2.5
1.:1
1.:1.25
1.:15
1.:1.5
1.:1.75
1.:2.5
1.:1
1.:1.25
1.:17.5
1.:1.5
1.:1.75
1.:2.5
1.:1
1.:1.25
1.:20
1.:1.5
1.:1.75
1.:2.5
12
12100100
12100125
12100150
12100175
12100250
12125100
12125125
12125150
12125175
12125250
12150100
12150125
12150150
12150175
12150250
12175100
12175125
12175150
12175175
12175250
12200100
12200125
12200150
12200175
12200250
Span Length (m.)

24
18
30
18100100 24100100 30100100
18100125 24100125 30100125
18100150 24100150 30100150
18100175 24100175 30100175
18100250 24100250 30100250
18125100 24125100 30125100
18125125 24125125 30125125
18125150 24125150 30125150
18125175 24125175 30125175
18125250 24125250 30125250
18150100 24150100 30150100
18150125 24150125 30150125
18150150 24150150 30150150
18150175 24150175 30150175
18150250 24150250 30150250
18175100 24175100 30175100
18175125 24175125 30175125
18175150 24175150 30175150
18175175 24175175 30175175
18175250 24175250 30175250
18200100 24200100 30200100
18200125 24200125 30200125
18200150 24200150 30200150
18200175 24200175 30200175
18200250 24200250 30200250
36
36100100
36100125
36100150
36100175
36100250
36125100
36125125
36125150
36125175
36125250
36150100
36150125
36150150
36150175
36150250
36175100
36175125
36175150
36175175
36175250
36200100
36200125
36200150
36200175
36200250
58
APPENDIX F
59
Scope of Study
175-DesignTruss
XX-XXX-XXX
35-12m.Span
Length
12-XX-XXX
35-18m.Span
Length
18-XX-XXX
35-24m.Span
Length
24-XX-XXX
35-30m.Span
Length
30-XX-XXX
35-36m.Span
Length
36-XX-XXX
Identical Model as 12 m. spa n length truss
7-1:10
External Ratio
12-10-XXX
7-1:12.5
External Ratio
12-15-XXX
7-1:15
External Ratio
12-15-XXX
7-1:17.5
External Ratio
12-15-XXX
7-1:20
External Ratio
12-15-XXX
Identical Model as 1: 10 External Ratio truss
1-1:1
InternalRatio
12-10-100
1-1:1.25
InternalRatio
12-10-125
1-1:1.5
InternalRatio
12-10-150
1-1:1.75
InternalRatio
12-10-175
1-1:2
InternalRatio
12-10-200
Appendix Figure F1 Designed Truss Breakdown Model
1-1:2.52
InternalRatio
12-10-225
1-1:2.5
InternalRatio
12-10-250
60
APPENDIX G
61
Appendix Table G1 Effect of Truss Shape
Truss
Pattern
Weight
(Kg.)
Painting Area
(Sqm.)
Percent
Percent
Weight
Area
Difference Difference
Double
Double
Triangular
Triangular
Triangular
Triangular
12100100
5.37
5.55
0.21
0.22
3.35
4.76
18125200
8.81
9.13
0.28
0.29
3.63
3.57
24150225
9.54
9.87
0.30
0.31
3.46
3.33
30175125
12.67
13.42
0.39
0.42
5.92
7.69
36200100
17.79
19.22
0.67
0.73
8.04
8.96
62
APPENDIX H
63
Appendix Table H1 Designed Weight Result
Span(m.)
12
18
24
30
36
Internal
Ratio
1V:1H
1V:1.25H
1V:1.5H
1V:1.75H
1V:2H
1V:2.25H
1V:2.5H
1V:1H
1V:1.25H
1V:1.5H
1V:1.75H
1V:2H
1V:2.25H
1V:2.5H
1V:1H
1V:1.25H
1V:1.5H
1V:1.75H
1V:2H
1V:2.25H
1V:2.5H
1V:1H
1V:1.25H
1V:1.5H
1V:1.75H
1V:2H
1V:2.25H
1V:2.5H
1V:1H
1V:1.25H
1V:1.5H
1V:1.75H
1V:2H
1V:2.25H
1V:2.5H
Weight per area of roof (Kg./ Sqm.)

External Ratio
1V:10H 1V:12.5H 1V:15H 1V:17.5H
5.37
6.52
7.22
10.99
5.13
5.80
6.55
7.64
5.41
6.96
6.04
7.38
5.67
5.78
6.51
7.37
6.02
5.37
6.55
7.41
6.07
5.77
6.70
6.74
5.08
6.37
6.71
6.95
6.98
9.84
9.78
10.53
7.29
8.41
9.22
9.47
8.04
8.10
8.97
9.22
7.48
13.15
9.10
9.59
7.29
8.78
8.78
10.03
8.85
8.41
9.10
0.88
8.47
8.47
9.47
9.84
7.75
10.08
10.37
10.76
8.09
8.87
11.44
10.42
8.19
9.11
9.11
9.93
8.58
8.77
9.40
9.74
8.58
9.55
9.16
10.13
9.01
9.06
9.55
9.11
9.06
9.16
9.55
10.90
10.78
12.13
13.04
14.03
10.66
10.59
13.88
12.69
10.74
11.97
12.41
13.60
11.02
11.06
12.49
13.52
11.81
12.21
12.41
13.60
12.13
11.10
12.49
12.05
11.06
12.25
12.96
12.45
13.72
16.07
17.51
18.48
13.12
13.72
15.90
17.11
13.45
14.56
14.56
16.10
13.42
14.66
14.56
15.67
14.73
15.40
15.67
15.73
15.33
14.43
16.84
15.00
16.04
16.00
15.90
12.58
1V:20H
7.13
6.66
7.34
7.42
7.07
7.42
7.28
9.97
9.35
9.22
9.66
13.33
9.66
9.91
10.18
10.22
10.08
9.79
9.69
9.79
9.98
13.48
12.65
12.33
13.60
12.89
13.44
12.73
17.78
16.97
16.10
15.77
15.47
16.54
16.34
64
Appendix Table H2 Designed Painting Result
Painting Area per area of roof (Sqm./ Sqm.)
External Ratio
Internal
Span(m.)
Ratio
1V:10H 1V:12.5H 1V:15H 1V:17.5H
1V:1H
0.213
0.251
0.290
0.409
1V:1.25H
0.218
0.239
0.284
0.330
1V:1.5H
0.189
0.217
0.204
0.243
12
1V:1.75H
0.207
0.250
0.249
0.277
1V:2H
0.215
0.217
0.231
0.278
1V:2.25H
0.217
0.200
0.202
0.215
1V:2.5H
0.210
0.240
0.197
0.251
1V:1H
0.289
0.428
0.382
0.408
1V:1.25H
0.281
0.361
0.352
0.362
1V:1.5H
0.248
0.264
0.331
0.349
18
1V:1.75H
0.277
0.492
0.282
0.300
1V:2H
0.235
0.282
0.316
0.309
1V:2.25H
0.328
0.265
0.280
0.285
1V:2.5H
0.284
0.285
0.262
0.311
1V:1H
0.305
0.438
0.413
0.417
1V:1.25H
0.306
0.339
0.449
0.395
1V:1.5H
0.265
0.295
0.337
0.369
24
1V:1.75H
0.321
0.280
0.294
0.305
1V:2H
0.321
0.298
0.340
0.314
1V:2.25H
0.334
0.278
0.303
0.295
1V:2.5H
0.279
0.300
0.265
0.258
1V:1H
0.408
0.468
0.497
0.528
1V:1.25H
0.393
0.341
0.432
0.391
1V:1.5H
0.397
0.375
0.376
0.415
30
1V:1.75H
0.304
0.370
0.378
0.343
1V:2H
0.314
0.413
0.393
0.345
1V:2.25H
0.334
0.372
0.396
0.320
1V:2.5H
0.305
0.386
0.376
0.353
1V:1H
0.469
0.573
0.590
0.614
1V:1.25H
0.472
0.480
0.533
0.463
1V:1.5H
0.497
0.403
0.402
0.434
36
1V:1.75H
0.463
0.405
0.402
0.489
1V:2H
0.515
0.494
0.489
0.491
1V:2.25H
0.490
0.363
0.407
0.376
1V:2.5H
0.388
0.386
0.436
0.488
1V:20H
0.281
0.284
0.281
0.279
0.265
0.274
0.231
0.391
0.359
0.348
0.302
0.413
0.320
0.263
0.399
0.386
0.377
0.306
0.299
0.323
0.266
0.426
0.463
0.373
0.345
0.326
0.392
0.368
0.719
0.459
0.434
0.492
0.374
0.375
0.468
65
Appendix Table H3 Equation Weight Result

Equation Weight per area of roof (Kg./ Sqm.)
External Ratio
Internal
Span(m.)
Ratio
1V:10H 1V:12.5H 1V:15H 1V:17.5H
1V:1H
5.44
5.97
6.51
7.04
1V:1.25H
5.42
5.95
6.49
7.02
1V:1.5H
5.40
5.94
6.47
7.01
12
1V:1.75H
5.38
5.92
6.45
6.99
1V:2H
5.37
5.90
6.44
6.97
1V:2.25H
5.35
5.88
6.42
6.95
1V:2.5H
5.33
5.86
6.40
6.93
1V:1H
7.47
8.00
8.54
9.07
1V:1.25H
7.45
7.98
8.52
9.05
1V:1.5H
7.43
7.96
8.50
9.03
18
1V:1.75H
7.41
7.95
8.48
9.02
1V:2H
7.39
7.93
8.46
9.00
1V:2.25H
7.38
7.91
8.45
8.98
1V:2.5H
7.36
7.89
8.43
8.96
1V:1H
9.49
10.03
10.56
11.10
1V:1.25H
9.48
10.01
10.55
11.08
1V:1.5H
9.46
9.99
10.53
11.06
24
1V:1.75H
9.44
9.97
10.51
11.04
1V:2H
9.42
9.96
10.49
11.03
1V:2.25H
9.40
9.94
10.47
11.01
1V:2.5H
9.39
9.92
10.46
10.99
1V:1H
11.52
12.06
12.59
13.13
1V:1.25H
11.50
12.04
12.57
13.11
1V:1.5H
11.49
12.02
12.56
13.09
30
1V:1.75H
11.47
12.00
12.54
13.07
1V:2H
11.45
11.98
12.52
13.05
1V:2.25H
11.43
11.97
12.50
13.04
1V:2.5H
11.41
11.95
12.48
13.02
1V:1H
13.55
14.08
14.62
15.15
1V:1.25H
13.53
14.07
14.60
15.14
1V:1.5H
13.51
14.05
14.58
15.12
36
1V:1.75H
13.50
14.03
14.57
15.10
1V:2H
13.48
14.01
14.55
15.08
1V:2.25H
13.46
13.99
14.53
15.06
1V:2.5H
13.44
13.98
14.51
15.05
1V:20H
7.58
7.56
7.54
7.52
7.51
7.49
7.47
9.61
9.59
9.57
9.55
9.53
9.52
9.50
11.63
11.62
11.60
11.58
11.56
11.54
11.53
13.66
13.64
13.63
13.61
13.59
13.57
13.55
15.69
15.67
15.65
15.64
15.62
15.60
15.58
66
Appendix Table H4 Equation Painting Result
Equation Painting Area per area of roof (Sqm./ Sqm.)
External Ratio
Internal
Span(m.)
Ratio
1V:10H 1V:12.5H 1V:15H 1V:17.5H
1V:1H
0.276
0.286
0.296
0.306
1V:1.25H
0.261
0.270
0.280
0.290
1V:1.5H
0.245
0.255
0.264
0.274
12
1V:1.75H
0.229
0.239
0.249
0.258
1V:2H
0.213
0.223
0.233
0.243
1V:2.25H
0.197
0.207
0.217
0.227
1V:2.5H
0.182
0.191
0.201
0.211
1V:1H
0.327
0.336
0.346
0.356
1V:1.25H
0.311
0.321
0.330
0.340
1V:1.5H
0.295
0.305
0.315
0.324
18
1V:1.75H
0.279
0.289
0.299
0.309
1V:2H
0.263
0.273
0.283
0.293
1V:2.25H
0.248
0.257
0.267
0.277
1V:2.5H
0.232
0.242
0.251
0.261
1V:1H
0.377
0.386
0.396
0.406
1V:1.25H
0.361
0.371
0.381
0.390
1V:1.5H
0.345
0.355
0.365
0.375
24
1V:1.75H
0.329
0.339
0.349
0.359
1V:2H
0.314
0.323
0.333
0.343
1V:2.25H
0.298
0.308
0.317
0.327
1V:2.5H
0.282
0.292
0.302
0.311
1V:1H
0.427
0.437
0.446
0.456
1V:1.25H
0.411
0.421
0.431
0.440
1V:1.5H
0.395
0.405
0.415
0.425
30
1V:1.75H
0.380
0.389
0.399
0.409
1V:2H
0.364
0.374
0.383
0.393
1V:2.25H
0.348
0.358
0.368
0.377
1V:2.5H
0.332
0.342
0.352
0.362
1V:1H
0.477
0.487
0.497
0.506
1V:1.25H
0.461
0.471
0.481
0.491
1V:1.5H
0.446
0.455
0.465
0.475
36
1V:1.75H
0.430
0.440
0.449
0.459
1V:2H
0.414
0.424
0.434
0.443
1V:2.25H
0.398
0.408
0.418
0.428
1V:2.5H
0.382
0.392
0.402
0.412
1V:20H
0.315
0.300
0.284
0.268
0.252
0.237
0.221
0.366
0.350
0.334
0.318
0.303
0.287
0.271
0.416
0.400
0.384
0.369
0.353
0.337
0.321
0.466
0.450
0.434
0.419
0.403
0.387
0.371
0.516
0.500
0.485
0.469
0.453
0.437
0.422
67
APPENDIX I
68
Appendix Table I1 Weight Result Deviation
Percent Variation Weight per area of roof (Kg./ Sqm.)
External Ratio
Internal
Span(m.)
Ratio
1V:10H 1V:12.5H 1V:15H 1V:17.5H
1V:1H
-1.197
8.461
9.898
35.922
1V:1.25H
-5.666
-2.655
0.933
8.068
1V:1.5H
0.120
14.712
-7.061
5.051
12
1V:1.75H
5.046
-2.343
0.821
5.182
1V:2H
10.849
-9.818
1.755
5.871
1V:2.25H
11.913
-2.030
4.198
-3.117
1V:2.5H
-4.987
7.895
4.590
0.246
1V:1H
-6.985
18.727
12.740
13.855
1V:1.25H
-2.167
5.094
7.628
4.410
1V:1.5H
7.560
1.666
5.263
2.021
18
1V:1.75H
0.867
39.551
6.758
6.025
1V:2H
-1.428
9.746
3.656
10.290
1V:2.25H
16.632
5.948
7.152
-915.104
1V:2.5H
13.166
6.851
11.007
8.951
1V:1H
-22.444
0.504
-1.865
-3.168
1V:1.25H
-17.090
-12.886
7.787
-6.355
1V:1.5H
-15.485
-9.686
-15.559
-11.362
24
1V:1.75H
-10.056
-13.724
-11.794
-13.394
1V:2H
-9.847
-4.299
-14.556
-8.876
1V:2.25H
-4.333
-9.679
-9.716
-20.841
1V:2.5H
-3.576
-8.322
-9.528
-0.805
1V:1H
-6.838
0.623
3.469
6.474
1V:1.25H
-7.861
-13.723
9.390
-3.321
1V:1.5H
-6.898
-0.393
-1.176
3.739
30
1V:1.75H
-4.043
-8.507
-0.390
3.307
1V:2H
3.091
1.857
-0.887
4.003
1V:2.25H
5.773
-7.796
-0.103
-8.164
1V:2.5H
-3.183
2.467
3.709
-4.575
1V:1H
1.250
12.352
16.517
18.016
1V:1.25H
-3.159
-2.518
8.176
11.530
1V:1.5H
-0.453
3.510
-0.164
6.112
36
1V:1.75H
-0.570
4.295
-0.041
3.613
1V:2H
8.486
8.999
7.143
4.139
1V:2.25H
12.208
2.986
13.724
-0.460
1V:2.5H
16.176
12.657
8.740
-19.605
1V:20H
-6.201
-13.438
-2.807
-1.357
-6.103
-0.874
-2.560
3.642
-2.590
-3.781
1.091
28.495
1.463
4.123
-14.321
-13.603
-15.064
-18.298
-19.296
-17.931
-15.462
-1.346
-7.875
-10.505
-0.063
-5.466
-0.977
-6.498
11.759
7.679
2.790
0.836
-0.984
5.679
4.627
Note that minus means actual design result is less than result from equation.
69
Appendix Table I1 Painting Result Deviation
Percent Variation Painting Area per area of roof (Sqm./ Sqm.)
External Ratio
Internal
Span(m.)
Ratio
1V:10H 1V:12.5H 1V:15H 1V:17.5H 1V:20H
1V:1H
-30.021
-13.800
-2.120
25.277
-12.358
1V:1.25H
-19.355
-13.020
1.511
12.144
-5.529
1V:1.5H
-29.532
-17.144
-29.806
-12.922
-1.081
12
1V:1.75H
-10.767
4.642
0.340
6.724
3.889
1V:2H
0.960
-2.575
-0.691
12.874
4.644
1V:2.25H
9.176
-3.462
-7.389
-5.445
13.754
1V:2.5H
13.285
20.248
-1.995
15.991
4.450
1V:1H
-12.910
21.365
9.488
12.711
6.490
1V:1.25H
-10.488
11.253
6.238
6.025
2.489
1V:1.5H
-19.056
-15.492
5.093
6.956
4.063
18
1V:1.75H
-0.634
41.306
-5.835
-2.905
-5.412
1V:2H
-11.953
3.135
10.430
5.289
26.787
1V:2.25H
24.440
2.879
4.400
2.888
10.270
1V:2.5H
18.452
15.297
3.934
16.099
-3.162
1V:1H
-23.615
11.788
3.940
2.547
-4.103
1V:1.25H
-17.819
-9.314
15.188
1.288
-3.546
1V:1.5H
-30.132
-20.272
-8.216
-1.539
-1.988
24
1V:1.75H
-2.758
-20.920
-18.661
-17.712
-20.408
1V:2H
2.295
-8.469
2.096
-9.195
-17.844
1V:2.25H
10.696
-10.745
-4.830
-10.816
-4.313
1V:2.5H
-1.276
2.757
-14.034
-20.803
-20.947
1V:1H
-4.638
6.618
10.228
13.564
-9.363
1V:1.25H
-4.523
-23.355
0.205
-12.675
2.795
1V:1.5H
0.319
-8.019
-10.359
-2.445
-16.531
30
1V:1.75H
-24.699
-5.101
-5.709
-19.204
-21.305
1V:2H
-15.901
9.585
2.487
-13.901
-23.588
1V:2.25H
-4.297
3.900
7.144
-17.813
1.208
1V:2.5H
-9.007
11.487
6.500
-2.437
-0.822
1V:1H
-1.817
15.097
15.818
17.495
28.220
1V:1.25H
2.178
1.924
9.776
-5.903
-8.928
1V:1.5H
10.280
-13.106
-15.628
-9.408
-11.661
36
1V:1.75H
7.108
-8.489
-11.848
6.078
4.773
1V:2H
19.573
14.208
11.348
9.767
-21.213
1V:2.25H
18.795
-12.388
-2.681
-13.841
-16.646
1V:2.5H
1.485
-1.518
7.747
15.672
9.974
Note that minus means actual design result is less than result from equation.
70
APPENDIX J
71
Appendix Table J1 Calculation Sheet
12-100-100
Element
Set
Force
Horizon Compression
Element
Element Cross Radius of
Maximum
Length Section Gyration KL/R F.S.
Force (kg)
(cm.)
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
15780
120
15780
120
7020
120
Chord
Tension
12-100-125
8100
167
15780
150
15780
150
7020
120
9000
189
Chord
Tension
Horizon Compression
Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
12.26
3.45
34.78 1.77
-
5.76
2.03
59.11 1.83
-
12.26
3.45
2.6
43.48 1.79
-
6.465
46.15 1.80
-
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1364.42
-
1500
1224.46
-
1500
1318.22
-
1500
1303.13
-
1500
16727.73
18390.00
7052.86
0.00
8640
16161.37
18390.00
8424.72
0.00
9697.5
Horizon stands for Horizontal Chord.

71
72
Appendix Table J1 Calculation Sheet (Contd)

12-100-150
Element
Set
Force
Horizon Compression
Element
Maximum
Length Section Gyration KL/R
Force (kg)
(cm.)
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
15780
180
15780
180
7020
120
Chord
Tension
12-100-175
9780
213
15780
210
15780
210
7020
120
10680
239
Chord
Tension
Horizon Compression
Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
12.52
7.1
15.17
7.349
3.92
3.42
2.59
F.S.
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
45.92
1.79
1304.47
60.00
1.83
1218.74
61.40
1.83
1209.62
46.33
1.80
1302.11
1500
1500
1500
1500
16331.98
18780.00
8653.09
0.00
10650
18349.96
22755.00
9569.19
0.00
11023.5

72
73

12-100-200
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)
Horizon Compression 15780

Chord
15780
240
7020
120
Chord
Tension
12-100-225
11460
265
270
Chord
Tension
240
Tension
Chord
Tension
15780
270
7020
120
12240
292
Element
Cross Radius of
Section Gyration KL/R
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
F.S.
70.18
1.85
1150.30
39.47
1.78
1340.04
78.95
1.87
1087.08
39.47
1.78
1340.04
15.17
8.636
15.17
8.636
3.42
3.04
3.42
3.04
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1500
1500
1500
1500
17450.06
22755.00
11572.62
0.00
12954
16490.96
22755.00
11572.62
0.00
12954

73
74

12-100-250
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
300
15780
300
7020
120
9600
320
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
F.S.
77.12
1.86
1100.56
46.15
1.80
1303.13
15.52
6.46
3.89
2.6
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
<200)for
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
Load(2) or
compression or Load(1)
<128)
Tension
tension
(Kg.)
(Kg.)
1500
1500
17080.70
23280.00
8418.20
0.00
9690
74
75

12-125-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum Element
Cross Radius of
Force Length Section Gyration KL/R
(kg)
(cm.)
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)

Chord
19800
96
7020
96
Chord
Tension
12-125-125
8340
134
120
Chord
Tension
96
Tension
Chord
Tension
19800
120
7020
96
9180
151
15.17
5.76
15.17
6.465
3.42
2.03
3.42
2.6
F.S.
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
28.07
1.75
1396.96
47.29
1.80
1296.59
35.09
1.77
1362.87
36.92
1.77
1353.46
1500
1500
1500
1500
21191.91
22755.00
7468.37
0.00
8640
20674.74
22755.00
8750.10
0.00
9697.5

75
76

12-125-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
19800
144
7020
96
Chord
Tension
12-125-175
10200
171
168
Chord
Tension
144
Tension
Chord
Tension
19800
168
7020
96
11100
191
Element
Radius
Cross
of
Section
KL/R
Gyration
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
F.S.
42.11
1.78
1325.81
48.00
1.80
1292.48
34.85
1.77
1364.05
31.48
1.76
1380.80
15.17
7.1
15.4
7.591
3.42
4.82
3.05
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1500
1500
1500
1500
20112.48
22755.00
9176.60
0.00
10650
21006.38
23100.00
10481.65
0.00
11386.5

76
77

12-125-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
19800
192
7020
96
Chord
Tension
12-125-225
7200
212
216
Chord
Tension
192
Tension
Chord
Tension
19800
216
7020
96
13020
234
Element
Radius
Cross
of
KL/R
Section
Gyration
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
F.S.
Fa(1)(KL/R
<128)
39.83
1.78
1338.12
47.29
1.80
1296.59
44.81
1.79
1310.74
37.50
1.77
1350.46
15.4
5.76
15.4
9.085
4.82
2.03
4.82
2.56
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1500
1500
1500
1500
20607.03
23100.00
7468.37
0.00
8640
20185.39
23100.00
12268.91
0.00
13627.5

77
78

12-125-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
240
19800
240
7020
96
13800
256
Element
Cross Radius of
(cm.)
Area
(sqcm.)
F.S.
Fa(1)(KL/R
<128)
50.00
1.80
1280.73
27.59
1.75
1399.20
17.07
9.892
4.8
3.48
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1500
1500
21862.07
25605.00
13840.88
0.00
14838
78
79

12-150-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
23640
80
7020
80
Chord
Tension
12-150-125
5928
112
96
Chord
Tension
80
Tension
Chord
Tension
23640
96
7020
80
9240
123
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
17.07
4.8
16.67 1.71
-
5.76
2.03
4.8
2.6
20.00 1.72
-
6.465
39.41 1.78
-
17.07
F.S.
30.77 1.75
-
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1445.59
-
1500
1340.39
-
1500
1432.28
-
1500
1384.21
-
1500
24676.20
25605.00
7720.65
0.00
8640
24448.98
25605.00
8948.93
0.00
9697.5

79
80

12-150-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
23640
120
7020
80
Chord
Tension
12-150-175
10380
142
140
Chord
Tension
120
Tension
Chord
Tension
23640
140
7020
80
11400
163
Element
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Cross
Radius of
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Section Gyration KL/R F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
Area
(cm.)
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
(sqcm.)
17.07
4.8
25.00 1.74
-
7.1
40.00 1.78
-
17.07
4.8
3.04
29.17 1.75
-
8.636
26.32 1.74
-
1410.90
-
1500
1337.23
-
1500
1391.84
-
1500
1405.00
-
1500
24084.07
25605.00
9494.33
0.00
10650
23758.66
25605.00
12133.59
0.00
12954

80
81

12-150-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
23640
160
7020
80
Chord
Tension
12-150-225
12360
184
180
Chord
Tension
160
Tension
Chord
Tension
23640
180
7020
80
13380
195
Element
Cross Radius of
(cm.)
Area
(sqcm.)
19.12
3.85
41.56 1.78
-
8.636
3.04
3.85
2.56
46.75 1.80
-
9.085
26.32 1.74
-
19.12
F.S.
31.25 1.76
-
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1328.80
-
1500
1405.00
-
1500
1299.69
-
1500
1381.89
-
1500
25406.62
28680.00
12133.59
0.00
12954
24850.09
28680.00
12554.49
0.00
13627.5
81
82

12-150-250
Element
Set
Force
Horizon Compression
Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
Element
Maximum
Force (kg)
(cm.)
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
23640
200
23640
200
7020
80
14520
215
19.12
3.85
51.95 1.81
-
10.69
3.01
F.S.
26.58 1.74
-
Fa(1)(KL/R
<128)
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1269.08
-
1500
1403.81
-
1500
24264.74
28680.00
15006.75
0.00
16035
82
83

12-175-100
Element
Set
Force
Horizon Compression
Element
Maximum
Force (kg)
(cm.)
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
27840
69
27840
69
7020
68.5
Chord
Tension
12-175-125
8580
87
Horizon Compression
27840
86
27840
86
7020
68.5
9480
108
Chord
Chord
Tension
Tension
Chord
Tension
22.72
5.68
12.15 1.70
-
5.76
2.03
5.68
2.6
15.14 1.71
-
6.465
33.74 1.76
-
22.72
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
26.35 1.74
-
1462.39
-
1500
1369.63
-
1500
1451.42
-
1500
1404.86
-
1500
33225.43
34080.00
7889.09
0.00
8640
32976.34
34080.00
9082.44
0.00
9697.5

83
84

12-175-150
Element
Set
Force
Horizon Compression
Element
Maximum
Force (kg)
(cm.)
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
27840
102
27840
102
7020
68.5
Chord
Tension
12-175-175
10560
122
Horizon Compression
27840
120
27840
120
7020
68.5
11640
136
Chord
Chord
Tension
Tension
Chord
Tension
22.72
5.68
17.96 1.72
-
7.1
5.68
3.04
21.13 1.73
-
8.636
34.25 1.76
-
22.72
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
22.53 1.73
-
1440.52
-
1500
1367.10
-
1500
1427.61
-
1500
1421.66
-
1500
32728.70
34080.00
9706.41
0.00
10650
32435.21
34080.00
12277.43
0.00
12954

84
85

12-175-200
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
27840
137
7020
68.5
Cord
Tension
12-175-225
12720
151
154
Chord
Tension
137
Tension
Chord
Tension
27840
154
7020
68.5
13620
172
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
24.12 1.74
-
8.636
3.04
5.68
2.56
27.11 1.74
-
9.085
22.53 1.73
-
22.72
F.S.
26.76 1.74
-
Fa(1)(KL/R
<128)
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
1414.78
-
1500
1421.66
-
1500
1401.37
32143.90
34080.00
12277.43
0.00
12954
31839.21
1500
34080.00
1402.99
15115.44
12746.20
137323.77
1500
13627.5

85
86

12-175-250
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
171
27840
171
7020
68.5
14820
187
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
9.892
5.68
3.48
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
30.11
1.75
1387.39
19.68
1.72
1433.57
1500
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
31521.47
34080.00
14180.90
0.00
14838
86
87

12-200-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
27624
60
7020
60
Chord
Tension
12-200-125
8040
84
75
Chord
Tension
60
Tension
Chord
Tension
27624
75
7020
60
9600
95
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
F.S.
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(KL/R
<200)for
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
12.53
1.70
1461.04
29.56
1.75
1390.00
15.66
1.71
1449.47
23.08
1.73
1419.32
19.13
5.76
19.13
6.465
4.79
2.03
4.79
2.6
1500
1500
1500
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
27949.64
28695.00
8006.38
0.00
8640
27728.28
28695.00
9175.90
0.00
9697.5
87
88

12-200-150
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
27624
90
7020
60
Chord
Tension
12-200-175
10680
107
105
Chord
Tension
90
Tension
Chord
Tension
27624
105
7020
60
11760
119
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
7.349
22.72
8.636
5.68
2.59
5.68
3.04
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
15.85
1.71
1448.75
23.17
1.73
1418.93
18.49
1.72
1438.42
19.74
1.72
1433.36
1500
1500
1500
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
32915.62
34080.00
10427.75
0.00
11023.5
32680.87
34080.00
12378.46
0.00
12954
88
89

12-200-200
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
27624
120
7020
60
Chord
Tension
12-200-225
12900
133
135
Chord
Tension
120
Tension
Chord
Tension
27624
135
7020
60
14040
146
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
8.636
22.72
9.892
5.68
3.04
5.68
3.48
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
21.13
1.73
1427.61
19.74
1.72
1433.36
23.77
1.74
1416.32
17.24
1.72
1443.35
1500
1500
1500
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
32435.21
34080.00
12378.46
0.00
12954
32178.87
34080.00
14277.60
0.00
14838
89
90

12-200-250
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
150
27624
150
7020
60
15120
160
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
10.69
5.68
3.01
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
26.41
1.74
1404.58
19.93
1.72
1432.55
1500
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
31912.09
34080.00
15313.96
0.00
16035
90
91

18-100-100
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
21300
180
9180
180
Chord
Tension
18-100-125
10860
251
225
Chord
Tension
180
Tension
Chord
Tension
21300
225
9180
180
12000
284
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
15.17
3.42
52.63 1.81
-
7.591
3.05
4.8
3.04
46.88 1.80
-
8.636
59.02 1.83
-
17.07
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
59.21 1.83
-
1264.94
-
1500
1225.08
-
1500
1298.99
-
1500
1223.83
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
19189.12
22755.00
9299.56
0.00
11386.5
22173.76
25605.00
10569.01
0.00
12954

91
92

18-100-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
21300
270
9180
180
Chord
Tension
18-100-175
13080
320
315
Chord
Tension
270
Tension
Chord
Tension
21300
315
9180
180
14220
358
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
19.12
3.85
70.13 1.85
-
9.085
2.56
4.79
3.48
65.76 1.84
-
9.892
70.31 1.85
-
19.13
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
51.72 1.81
-
1150.62
-
1500
1149.34
-
1500
1180.64
-
1500
1270.43
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
21999.84
28680.00
10441.78
0.00
13627.5
22585.64
28695.00
12567.06
0.00
14838
92
93

18-100-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)
Level Compression 21300
360
Cord
21300
360
9180
180
Cord
Tension
18-100-225
13500
398
Level Compression 21300
405
Cord
21300
405
9180
180
16320
438
Tension
Tension
Cord
Tension
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
19.13
4.79
75.16 1.86
-
9.085
2.56
5.68
3.93
71.30 1.85
-
11.17
70.31 1.85
-
22.72
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
45.80 1.79
-
1114.87
-
1500
1149.34
-
1500
1142.39
-
1500
1305.14
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
21327.54
28695.00
10441.78
0.00
13627.5
25955.15
34080.00
14578.39
0.00
16755

93
94

18-100-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
450
21300
450
9180
180
17280
480
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
79.23 1.87
-
12.52
3.92
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
45.92 1.79
-
1085.01
-
1500
1304.47
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
24651.43
34080.00
16331.98
0.00
18780
94
95

18-125-100
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26640
144
9180
144
Chord
Tension
18-125-125
11100
201
180
Chord
Tension
144
Tension
Chord
Tension
26640
180
9180
144
6180
227
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
25.35 1.74
-
7.591
3.05
5.68
3.05
31.69 1.76
-
7.591
47.21 1.80
-
22.72
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
47.21 1.80
-
1409.33
-
1500
1297.04
-
1500
1379.76
-
1500
1297.04
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
32020.04
34080.00
9845.84
0.00
11386.5
31348.07
34080.00
9845.84
0.00
11386.5
95
96

18-125-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26640
216
9180
144
Chord
Tension
18-125-175
13560
256
252
Chord
Tension
216
Tension
Chord
Tension
26640
252
9180
144
14820
287
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
38.03 1.77
-
9.085
2.56
5.68
3.48
44.37 1.79
-
9.892
56.25 1.82
-
22.72
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
41.38 1.78
-
1347.69
-
1500
1242.61
-
1500
1313.26
-
1500
1329.77
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
30619.59
34080.00
11289.15
0.00
13627.5
29837.17
34080.00
13154.13
0.00
14838
96
97

18-125-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26640
288
9180
144
Chord
Tension
18-125-225
16020
351
324
Chord
Tension
288
Tension
Chord
Tension
26640
324
9180
144
17280
351
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
50.70 1.81
-
10.69
3.01
5.68
3.45
57.04 1.82
-
12.26
47.84 1.80
-
22.72
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
41.74 1.78
-
1276.54
-
1500
1293.41
-
1500
1237.63
-
1500
1327.81
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
29003.02
34080.00
13826.51
0.00
16035
28119.03
34080.00
16278.97
0.00
18390
97
98

18-125-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
360
26640
360
9180
144
18420
384
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
63.38 1.84
-
12.52
3.92
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
36.73 1.77
-
1196.60
-
1500
1354.43
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
27186.72
34080.00
16957.50
0.00
18780
98
99

18-150-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
31800
121
9180
121
Chord
Tension
18-150-125
8100
168
144
Chord
Tension
121
Tension
Chord
Tension
31800
144
9180
121
12240
185
Element
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Cross Radius of
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
Area
(cm.)
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
21.30 1.73
-
7.349
2.59
46.72 1.80
-
22.72
5.68
3.04
25.35 1.74
-
8.636
39.80 1.78
-
1426.87
-
1500
1299.89
-
1500
1409.33
-
1500
1338.29
-
1500
32418.45
34080.00
9552.91
0.00
11023.5
32020.04
34080.00
11557.44
0.00
12954
99
100

18-150-150
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum Element
Cross Radius of
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.) Area(scqm. (cm.)
)

Chord
31800
180
9180
121
Chord
Tension
18-150-175
13800
214
210
Chord
Tension
180
Tension
Chord
Tension
31800
210
9180
121
15180
239
25.16
5.67
31.75 1.76
-
9.892
3.48
5.67
3.01
37.04 1.77
-
10.69
34.77 1.77
-
25.16
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
40.20 1.78
-
1379.48
-
1500
1364.48
-
1500
1352.87
-
1500
1336.16
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
34707.83
37740.00
13497.42
0.00
14838
34038.12
37740.00
14283.53
0.00
16035

100
101

18-150-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
31800
240
9180
121
Chord
Tension
18-150-225
16500
266
270
Chord
Tension
240
Tension
Chord
Tension
31800
270
9180
121
17820
293
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
25.16
5.67
42.33 1.79
-
11.17
3.93
5.67
3.45
47.62 1.80
-
12.26
30.79 1.75
-
25.16
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
35.07 1.77
-
1324.58
-
1500
1384.12
-
1500
1294.69
-
1500
1362.95
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
33326.50
37740.00
15460.59
0.00
16755
32574.44
37740.00
16709.74
0.00
18390

101
102

18-150-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
300
31800
300
9180
121
19200
320
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
6.59
45.52 1.79
-
15.17
3.42
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
35.38 1.77
-
1306.72
-
1500
1361.38
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
34392.84
39480.00
20652.20
0.00
22755
102
103

18-175-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37320
103
9180
103
Chord
Tension
18-175-125
11400
144
128
Chord
Tension
103
Tension
Chord
Tension
37320
128
9180
103
12600
162
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
8.636
26.32
8.636
6.59
3.04
6.59
3.04
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
15.63
1.71
1449.57
33.88
1.76
1368.95
19.42
1.72
1434.63
33.88
1.76
1368.95
1500
1500
1500
1500
38152.73
39480.00
11822.21
0.00
12954
37759.59
39480.00
11822.21
0.00
12954

103
104

18-175-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37320
154
9180
103
Chord
Tension
18-175-175
13800
183
180
Chord
Tension
154
Tension
Chord
Tension
37320
180
9180
103
15540
205
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
6.59
23.37 1.73
-
9.892
3.48
6.57
3.01
27.40 1.75
-
10.69
29.60 1.75
-
29.17
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
34.22 1.76
-
1418.06
-
1500
1389.80
-
1500
1400.07
-
1500
1367.25
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
37323.27
39480.00
13747.92
0.00
14838
40840.00
43755.00
14615.94
0.00
16035

104
105

18-175-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37320
206
9180
103
Chord
Tension
18-175-225
16980
228
231
Chord
Tension
206
Tension
Chord
Tension
37320
231
9180
103
18420
250
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
6.57
31.35 1.76
-
12.26
3.45
6.57
3.92
35.16 1.77
-
12.52
29.86 1.75
-
29.17
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
26.28 1.74
-
1381.39
-
1500
1388.58
-
1500
1362.50
-
1500
1405.18
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
40295.02
43755.00
17024.00
0.00
18390
39744.26
43755.00
17592.90
0.00
18780

105
106

18-175-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
257
37320
257
9180
103
19800
274
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
6.57
39.12 1.78
-
15.4
4.82
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
21.37 1.73
-
1341.94
-
1500
1426.59
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
39144.45
43755.00
21969.48
0.00
23100
106
107

18-200-100
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37560
90
9180
90
Chord
Tension
18-200-125
10740
125
113
Chord
Tension
90
Tension
Chord
Tension
37560
113
9180
90
12600
142
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
6.59
13.66 1.71
-
7.349
2.59
6.59
3.04
17.15 1.72
-
8.636
34.75 1.77
-
26.32
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
29.61 1.75
-
1456.94
-
1500
1364.59
-
1500
1443.72
-
1500
1389.77
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
38346.64
39480.00
10028.34
0.00
11023.5
37998.63
39480.00
12002.02
0.00
12954

107
108

18-200-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37560
135
9180
90
Chord
Tension
18-200-175
14220
160
158
Chord
Tension
135
Tension
Chord
Tension
37560
158
9180
90
15720
179
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
6.59
20.49 1.73
-
9.892
3.48
6.57
3.01
24.05 1.74
-
10.69
25.86 1.74
-
29.17
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
29.90 1.75
-
1430.27
-
1500
1407.05
-
1500
1415.10
-
1500
1388.37
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
37644.84
39480.00
13918.52
0.00
14838
41278.33
43755.00
14841.63
0.00
16035

108
109

18-200-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37560
180
9180
90
Chord
Tension
18-200-225
17220
199
203
Chord
Tension
180
Tension
Chord
Tension
37560
203
9180
90
18720
219
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
6.57
27.40 1.75
-
12.26
3.45
6.57
3.92
30.90 1.75
-
12.52
26.09 1.74
-
29.17
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
22.96 1.73
-
1400.07
-
1500
1406.04
-
1500
1383.59
-
1500
1419.83
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
40840.00
43755.00
17237.99
0.00
18390
40359.36
43755.00
17776.23
0.00
18780

109
110

18-200-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
225
37560
225
9180
90
20160
240
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
6.57
34.25 1.76
-
15.17
3.42
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
26.32 1.74
-
1367.12
-
1500
1405.00
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
39878.79
43755.00
21313.87
0.00
22755
110
111

24-100-100
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
21300
240
9180
240
Cord
Tension
24-100-125
10860
334
300
Chord
Tension
240
Tension
Chord
Tension
21300
300
9180
240
12000
379
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
17.07
4.8
50.00 1.80
-
7.349
2.59
4.79
3.04
62.63 1.83
-
8.636
92.66 1.89
-
19.13
Fa(2)(128<KL/R Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(1)
F.S.
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
78.95 1.87
-
1280.73
-
1500
980.47
-
1500
1201.56
-
1500
1087.08
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
21862.07
25605.00
7205.49
0.00
11023.5
22985.88
28695.00
9388.00
0.00
12954

111
112

24-100-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
21300
360
9180
240
Chord
Tension
24-100-175
13080
427
420
Chord
Tension
360
Tension
Chord
Tension
21300
420
9180
240
14220
478
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
19.13
4.79
75.16 1.86
-
9.085
2.56
5.68
3.48
73.94 1.86
-
9.892
93.75 1.89
-
22.72
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
68.97 1.85
-
1114.87
-
1500
971.63
-
1500
1123.62
-
1500
1158.72
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
21327.54
28695.00
8827.24
0.00
13627.5
25528.55
34080.00
11462.03
0.00
14838

112
113

24-100-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
21300
480
9180
240
Chord
Tension
24-100-225
13500
530
540
Chord
Tension
480
Tension
Chord
Tension
21300
540
9180
240
16320
585
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
84.51 1.88
-
9.892
3.48
5.68
3.93
95.07 1.89
-
11.17
68.97 1.85
-
22.72
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
61.07 1.83
-
1045.01
-
1500
1158.72
-
1500
960.79
-
1500
1211.81
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
23742.55
34080.00
11462.03
0.00
14838
21829.19
34080.00
13535.89
0.00
16755

113
114

24-100-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
600
21300
600
9180
240
17280
640
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
25.16
5.67
105.82 1.91
-
12.26
3.45
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
69.57 1.85
-
869.22
-
1500
1154.55
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
21869.60
37740.00
14154.84
0.00
18390
114
115

24-125-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26640
192
9180
192
Chord
Tension
24-125-125
11100
268
240
Chord
Tension
192
Tension
Chord
Tension
26640
240
9180
192
6180
151
Element
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Cross Radius of
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
Area
(cm.)
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
33.80 1.76
-
7.591
3.05
62.95 1.84
-
22.72
5.68
3.04
42.25 1.79
-
8.636
63.16 1.84
-
1369.34
-
1500
1199.45
-
1500
1324.99
-
1500
1198.07
-
1500
31111.39
34080.00
9104.99
0.00
11386.5
30103.83
34080.00
10346.57
0.00
12954

115
116

24-125-150
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26640
288
9180
192
Chord
Tension
24-125-175
13560
341
336
Chord
Tension
288
Tension
Chord
Tension
26640
336
9180
192
14820
382
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
9.085
22.72
10.69
5.68
2.56
5.68
3.01
Fa(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R <200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression
(Kg.)
or tension
50.70
1.81
1276.54
75.00
1.86
1116.01
59.15
1.83
1224.19
63.79
1.84
1193.89
1500
1500
1500
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
29003.02
34080.00
10138.92
0.00
13627.5
27813.56
34080.00
12762.70
0.00
16035
116
117

24-125-200
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26640
384
9180
192
Chord
Tension
24-125-225
16020
424
432
Chord
Tension
384
Tension
Chord
Tension
26640
432
9180
192
17280
468
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
25.16
10.69
25.16
12.26
5.67
3.01
5.67
3.45
Fa(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R <200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression
(Kg.)
or tension
67.72
1.85
1167.27
63.79
1.84
1193.89
76.19
1.86
1107.36
55.65
1.82
1246.35
1500
1500
1500
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
29368.49
37740.00
12762.70
0.00
16035
27861.28
37740.00
15280.26
0.00
18390

117
118

24-125-250
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
480
26640
480
9180
192
18420
512
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
25.16
12.52
5.67
3.92
Fa(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R <200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression
(Kg.)
or tension
84.66
1.88
1043.86
48.98
1.80
1286.75
1500
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
26263.46
37740.00
16110.14
0.00
18780
118
119

24-150-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
31800
161
9180
161
Chord
Tension
24-150-125
8100
224
192
Chord
Tension
161
Tension
Chord
Tension
31800
192
9180
161
12240
247
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
25.16
5.76
25.16
8.636
5.67
2.03
5.67
3.04
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
28.40
1.75
1395.45
79.31
1.87
1084.38
33.86
1.76
1369.04
52.96
1.81
1262.94
1500
1500
1500
1500
35109.55
37740.00
6246.01
0.00
8640
34445.08
37740.00
10906.73
0.00
12954

119
120

24-150-150
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Cord
31800
240
9180
161
Cord
Tension
24-150-175
13800
285
280
Cord
Tension
240
Tension
Cord
Tension
31800
280
9180
161
15180
319
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
25.16
9.892
25.16
10.69
5.67
3.48
5.67
3.01
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
42.33
1.79
1324.58
46.26
1.80
1302.49
49.38
1.80
1284.38
53.49
1.81
1259.72
1500
1500
1500
1500
33326.50
37740.00
12884.28
0.00
14838
32315.00
37740.00
13466.36
0.00
16035

120
121

24-150-200
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
31800
320
9180
161
Chord
Tension
24-150-225
16500
354
360
Chord
Tension
320
Tension
Chord
Tension
31800
360
9180
161
17820
390
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
11.17
26.32
12.26
6.59
3.93
6.59
3.45
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
48.56
1.80
1289.22
40.97
1.78
1332.01
54.63
1.82
1252.71
46.67
1.80
1300.19
1500
1500
1500
1500
33932.29
39480.00
14878.60
0.00
16755
32971.24
39480.00
15940.31
0.00
18390

121
122

24-150-250
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
400
31800
400
9180
161
19200
427
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
15.17
6.59
3.42
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
60.70
1.83
1214.22
47.08
1.80
1297.83
1500
1500
31958.28
39480.00
19688.11
0.00
22755
122
123

24-175-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37320
137
9180
137
Chord
Tension
24-175-125
11400
191
171
Chord
Tension
137
Tension
Chord
Tension
37320
171
9180
137
12600
216
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
8.636
29.17
8.636
6.59
3.04
6.57
3.04
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
20.79
1.73
1429.02
45.07
1.79
1309.31
26.03
1.74
1406.30
45.07
1.79
1309.31
1500
1500
1500
1500
37611.68
39480.00
11307.23
0.00
12954
41021.88
43755.00
11307.23
0.00
12954

123
124

24-175-150
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37320
206
9180
137
Chord
Tension
24-175-175
13800
244
240
Chord
Tension
206
Tension
Chord
Tension
37320
240
9180
137
15540
273
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
9.892
29.17
10.69
6.57
3.48
6.57
3.01
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
31.35
1.76
1381.39
39.37
1.78
1340.61
36.53
1.77
1355.49
45.51
1.79
1306.77
1500
1500
1500
1500
40295.02
43755.00
13261.30
0.00
14838
39539.71
43755.00
13969.35
0.00
16035

124
125

24-175-200
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37320
274
9180
137
Chord
Tension
24-175-225
16980
303
308
Chord
Tension
274
Tension
Chord
Tension
37320
308
9180
137
18420
333
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
12.26
29.17
12.52
6.57
3.45
6.57
3.92
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
41.70
1.78
1328.00
39.71
1.78
1338.78
46.88
1.80
1298.96
34.95
1.77
1363.57
1500
1500
1500
1500
38737.74
43755.00
16413.46
0.00
18390
37890.75
43755.00
17071.94
0.00
18780

125
126

24-175-250
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
343
37320
343
9180
137
19800
366
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.79
15.17
5.6
3.42
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
61.25
1.83
1210.62
40.06
1.78
1336.92
1500
1500
42117.63
52185.00
20281.00
0.00
22755
126
127

24-200-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37560
120
9180
120
Chord
Tension
24-200-125
10740
167
150
Chord
Tension
120
Tension
Chord
Tension
37560
150
9180
120
12600
173
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
7.349
29.17
8.636
6.59
2.59
6.57
3.04
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
18.21
1.72
1439.52
46.33
1.80
1302.11
22.83
1.73
1420.38
39.47
1.78
1340.04
1500
1500
1500
1500
37888.25
39480.00
9569.19
0.00
11023.5
41432.43
43755.00
11572.62
0.00
12954

127
128

24-200-150
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37560
180
9180
120
Chord
Tension
24-200-175
14220
213
210
Chord
Tension
180
Tension
Chord
Tension
37560
210
9180
120
15720
239
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
9.892
29.17
10.69
6.57
3.48
6.57
3.01
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
27.40
1.75
1400.07
34.48
1.76
1365.93
31.96
1.76
1378.42
39.87
1.78
1337.94
1500
1500
1500
1500
40840.00
43755.00
13511.77
0.00
14838
40208.64
43755.00
14302.59
0.00
16035

128
129

24-200-200
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
37560
240
9180
120
Chord
Tension
24-200-225
17220
265
270
Chord
Tension
240
Tension
Chord
Tension
37560
270
9180
120
18720
292
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
12.26
29.17
12.52
6.57
3.45
6.57
3.92
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
36.53
1.77
1355.49
34.78
1.77
1364.42
41.10
1.78
1331.31
30.61
1.75
1384.97
1500
1500
1500
1500
39539.71
43755.00
16727.73
0.00
18390
38834.46
43755.00
17339.77
0.00
18780

129
130

24-200-250
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
Chord
Tension
300
37560
300
9180
120
20160
320
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
15.17
6.57
3.42
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
45.66
1.79
1305.93
35.09
1.77
1362.87
1500
1500
38094.01
43755.00
20674.74
0.00
22755
130
131

30-100-100
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26820
300
Diagonal Compression 11340
300
Chord
Tension
30-100-125
13560
418
375
Chord
Tension
300
26820
375
300
Chord
Tension
Tension
14940
473
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
22.72
5.68
52.82 1.81
-
11.17
3.93
5.67
3.93
66.14 1.84
-
11.17
76.34 1.86
-
25.16
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
76.34 1.86
-
1263.81
-
1500
1106.30
-
1500
1178.10
-
1500
1106.30
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
28713.81
34080.00
12357.41
0.00
16755
29640.92
37740.00
12357.41
0.00
16755

131
132

30-100-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26820
450
300
Chord
Tension
30-100-175
16320
533
525
Chord
Tension
450
26820
525
300
Chord
Tension
Tension
19080
663
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
25.16
5.67
79.37 1.87
-
11.17
3.93
6.59
3.42
79.67 1.87
-
15.17
76.34 1.86
-
26.32
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
87.72 1.88
-
1083.97
-
1500
1106.30
-
1500
1081.73
-
1500
1019.99
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
27272.68
37740.00
12357.41
0.00
16755
28471.00
39480.00
15473.30
0.00
22755

132
133

30-100-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26820
600
300
Chord
Tension
30-100-225
19080
663
675
Chord
Tension
600
26820
675
300
Chord
Tension
Tension
20400
731
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
6.57
91.32 1.89
-
15.17
3.42
7.49
3.42
90.12 1.89
-
15.17
87.72 1.88
-
29.94
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
87.72 1.88
-
991.30
-
1500
1019.99
-
1500
1000.96
-
1500
1019.99
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
28916.32
43755.00
15473.30
0.00
22755
29968.71
44910.00
15473.30
0.00
22755
133
134

30-100-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
26820
750
300
Chord
Tension
750
Tension
21600
800
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.94
7.49
100.13 1.90
-
15.17
3.42
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
87.72 1.88
-
918.41
-
1500
1019.99
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
27497.26
44910.00
15473.30
0.00
22755
134
135

30-125-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
33480
240
240
Chord
Tension
30-125-125
13860
334
300
Chord
Tension
240
33480
300
240
Chord
Tension
Tension
15360
379
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
9.892
26.32
10.69
6.59
3.48
6.59
3.01
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
36.42
1.77
1356.06
68.97
1.85
1158.72
45.52
1.79
1306.72
79.73
1.87
1081.22
1500
1500
1500
1500
35691.60
39480.00
11462.03
0.00
14838
34392.84
39480.00
11558.21
0.00
16035

135
136

30-125-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
33480
360
240
Chord
Tension
30-125-175
16920
427
420
Chord
Tension
360
33480
420
240
Chord
Tension
Tension
18480
478
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
6.57
54.79 1.82
-
12.26
3.45
6.57
3.92
63.93 1.84
-
12.52
69.57 1.85
-
29.17
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
61.22 1.83
-
1251.68
-
1500
1154.55
-
1500
1192.96
-
1500
1210.79
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
36511.46
43755.00
14154.84
0.00
18390
34798.69
43755.00
15159.10
0.00
18780

136
137

30-125-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
33480
480
240
Chord
Tension
30-125-225
20100
530
540
Chord
Tension
480
33480
540
240
Chord
Tension
Tension
21600
585
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.94
7.49
64.09 1.84
-
15.4
4.82
7.49
4.82
72.10 1.85
-
15.4
49.79 1.80
-
29.94
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
49.79 1.80
-
1191.90
-
1500
1281.96
-
1500
1136.79
-
1500
1281.96
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
35685.61
44910.00
19742.18
0.00
23100
34035.46
44910.00
19742.18
0.00
23100

137
138

30-125-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
33480
600
240
Chord
Tension
600
Tension
23040
640
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.82
6.53
91.88 1.89
-
15.4
4.82
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
49.79 1.80
-
986.79
-
1500
1281.96
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
34360.12
52230.00
19742.18
0.00
23100
138
139

30-150-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
39960
201
201
Chord
Tension
30-150-125
10080
280
240
Chord
Tension
201
39960
240
201
Chord
Tension
Tension
15240
308
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.17
9.892
34.82
10.69
6.57
3.48
6.53
3.01
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
30.59
1.75
1385.05
57.76
1.82
1233.10
36.75
1.77
1354.34
66.78
1.84
1173.75
1500
1500
1500
1500
40402.05
43755.00
12197.83
0.00
14838
47157.98
52230.00
12547.36
0.00
16035

139
140

30-150-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
39960
300
201
Chord
Tension
30-150-175
17220
356
350
Chord
Tension
300
39960
350
201
Chord
Tension
Tension
17220
360
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.82
6.53
45.94 1.79
-
12.26
3.45
6.53
3.45
53.60 1.81
-
12.26
58.26 1.82
-
34.82
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
58.26 1.82
-
1304.34
-
1500
1229.91
-
1500
1259.04
-
1500
1229.91
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
45417.04
52230.00
15078.66
0.00
18390
43839.77
52230.00
15078.66
0.00
18390

140
141

30-150-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
39960
400
201
Chord
Tension
30-150-225
20580
442
450
Chord
Tension
400
39960
450
201
Chord
Tension
Tension
22260
488
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.82
6.53
61.26 1.83
-
15.4
4.82
6.53
4.82
68.91 1.85
-
15.4
41.70 1.78
-
34.82
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
41.70 1.78
-
1210.59
-
1500
1328.02
-
1500
1159.08
-
1500
1328.02
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
42152.64
52230.00
20451.48
0.00
23100
40359.25
52230.00
20451.48
0.00
23100

141
142

30-150-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
Tension
500
39960
500
201
Horizon
533
Tension
24000
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
7.44
67.20 1.84
-
17.07
4.8
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
41.88 1.78
-
1170.83
-
1500
1327.07
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
46376.75
59415.00
22653.05
0.00
25605
142
143

30-175-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
46860
171
171
Chord
Tension
30-175-125
14184
239
214
Chord
Tension
171
46860
214
171
Chord
Tension
Tension
15900
270
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.82
9.892
34.82
10.69
6.53
3.48
6.53
3.01
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
26.19
1.74
1405.58
49.14
1.80
1285.82
32.77
1.76
1374.46
56.81
1.82
1239.09
1500
1500
1500
1500
48942.44
52230.00
12719.35
0.00
14838
47858.60
52230.00
13245.90
0.00
16035

143
144

30-175-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
46860
257
171
Chord
Tension
30-175-175
17580
305
300
Chord
Tension
257
46860
300
171
Chord
Tension
Tension
19380
341
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
7.44
34.54 1.76
-
12.26
3.45
7.44
3.42
40.32 1.78
-
15.17
49.57 1.80
-
39.61
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
50.00 1.80
-
1365.62
-
1500
1283.30
-
1500
1335.50
-
1500
1280.73
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
54092.41
59415.00
15733.30
0.00
18390
52898.97
59415.00
19428.68
0.00
22755

144
145

30-175-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
46860
343
171
Chord
Tension
30-175-225
21180
380
385
Chord
Tension
343
46860
385
171
Chord
Tension
Tension
22920
417
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
7.44
46.10 1.80
-
15.17
3.42
7.44
3.89
51.75 1.81
-
15.52
50.00 1.80
-
39.61
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
43.96 1.79
-
1303.42
-
1500
1280.73
-
1500
1270.29
-
1500
1315.54
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
51628.56
59415.00
19428.68
0.00
22755
50316.07
59415.00
20417.15
0.00
23280

145
146

30-175-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
46860
429
171
Chord
Tension
429
Tension
24720
457
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
7.44
57.66 1.82
-
17.07
4.8
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(1)
F.S.
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
35.63 1.77
-
1233.72
-
1500
1360.14
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
48867.58
59415.00
23217.52
0.00
25605
146
147

30-200-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
47340
150
150
Chord
Tension
30-200-125
13440
209
188
Chord
Tension
150
47340
188
150
Chord
Tension
Tension
16020
237
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.82
9.085
34.82
11.17
6.53
3.48
6.53
3.93
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
22.97
1.73
1419.78
43.10
1.79
1320.30
28.79
1.75
1393.61
38.17
1.77
1346.96
1500
1500
1500
1500
49436.61
52230.00
11994.94
0.00
13627.5
48525.33
52230.00
15045.53
0.00
16755

147
148

30-200-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Cord
47340
225
150
Cord
Tension
30-200-175
17820
267
263
Cord
Tension
225
47340
263
150
Cord
Tension
Tension
19620
299
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.82
6.53
34.46 1.76
-
12.26
3.45
7.44
3.42
35.35 1.77
-
15.17
43.48 1.79
-
39.61
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
43.86 1.79
-
1366.06
-
1500
1318.22
-
1500
1361.54
-
1500
1316.09
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
47566.26
52230.00
16161.37
0.00
18390
53930.62
59415.00
19965.13
0.00
22755

148
149

30-200-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
47340
300
150
Chord
Tension
30-200-225
21480
331
338
Chord
Tension
300
47340
338
150
Chord
Tension
Tension
23340
365
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
7.44
40.32 1.78
-
15.17
3.42
7.44
4.8
45.43 1.79
-
17.07
43.86 1.79
-
39.61
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
31.25 1.76
-
1335.50
-
1500
1316.09
-
1500
1307.25
-
1500
1381.89
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
52898.97
59415.00
19965.13
0.00
22755
51780.15
59415.00
23588.90
0.00
25605

149
150

30-200-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
47340
375
150
Chord
Tension
375
Tension
25200
400
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
7.44
50.40 1.81
-
17.07
4.8
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
31.25 1.76
-
1278.34
-
1500
1381.89
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
50634.86
59415.00
23588.90
0.00
25605
150
151

36-100-100
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
32280
360
360
Chord
Tension
36-100-125
16260
502
450
Chord
Tension
360
32280
450
360
Chord
Tension
Tension
18000
568
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
26.32
6.59
54.63 1.82
-
17.07
4.8
6.57
4.82
68.49 1.85
-
15.4
75.00 1.86
-
29.17
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
74.69 1.86
-
1252.71
-
1500
1116.01
-
1500
1161.98
-
1500
1118.25
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
32971.24
39480.00
19050.23
0.00
25605
33895.02
43755.00
17221.11
0.00
23100

151
152

36-100-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
32280
540
360
Chord
Tension
36-100-175
19620
640
630
Chord
Tension
540
32280
630
360
Chord
Tension
Tension
21300
716
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
29.94
7.49
72.10 1.85
-
15.4
4.82
6.53
4.82
96.48 1.90
-
15.4
74.69 1.86
-
34.82
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
74.69 1.86
-
1136.79
-
1500
1118.25
-
1500
949.14
-
1500
1118.25
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
34035.46
44910.00
17221.11
0.00
23100
33049.19
52230.00
17221.11
0.00
23100

152
153

36-100-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
32280
720
360
Chord
Tension
36-100-225
22920
796
810
Chord
Tension
720
32280
810
360
Chord
Tension
Tension
24480
877
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
7.44
96.77 1.90
-
15.4
4.82
7.44
4.8
108.87 1.91
-
17.07
74.69 1.86
-
39.61
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
75.00 1.86
-
946.68
-
1500
1118.25
-
1500
842.12
-
1500
1116.01
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
37497.91
59415.00
17221.11
0.00
23100
33356.42
59415.00
19050.23
0.00
25605

153
154

36-100-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
32280
900
360
Chord
Tension
900
Tension
25920
960
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
121.62 1.92
-
19.12
3.85
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
93.51 1.89
-
723.27
-
1500
973.62
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
33292.32
69045.00
18615.54
0.00
28680
154
155

36-125-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
40260
288
288
Chord
Tension
36-125-125
16620
401
360
Chord
Tension
288
40260
360
288
Chord
Tension
Tension
18420
454
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.79
12.52
34.79
12.52
5.6
3.92
5.6
3.92
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
51.43
1.81
1272.20
73.47
1.86
1127.01
64.29
1.84
1190.57
73.47
1.86
1127.01
1500
1500
1500
1500
44259.99
52185.00
14110.21
0.00
18780
41419.80
52185.00
14110.21
0.00
18780

155
156

36-125-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
40260
432
288
Chord
Tension
36-125-175
20400
512
504
Chord
Tension
432
40260
504
288
Chord
Tension
Tension
22200
573
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
34.82
6.53
66.16 1.84
-
15.17
3.42
7.44
3.42
67.74 1.85
-
15.17
84.21 1.88
-
39.61
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
84.21 1.88
-
1177.97
-
1500
1047.29
-
1500
1167.15
-
1500
1047.29
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
41016.93
52230.00
15887.38
0.00
22755
46230.89
59415.00
15887.38
0.00
22755

156
157

36-125-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
40260
576
288
Chord
Tension
36-125-225
24060
636
648
Chord
Tension
576
40260
648
288
Chord
Tension
Tension
25920
701
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
7.44
77.42 1.86
-
17.07
4.8
7.44
3.85
87.10 1.88
-
19.12
60.00 1.83
-
39.61
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
74.81 1.86
-
1098.37
-
1500
1218.74
-
1500
1024.88
-
1500
1117.41
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
43506.37
59415.00
20803.98
0.00
25605
40595.55
59415.00
21364.96
0.00
28680

157
158

36-125-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
40260
720
288
Chord
Tension
720
Tension
27660
768
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
97.30 1.90
-
19.12
3.85
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
74.81 1.86
-
942.31
-
1500
1117.41
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
43374.75
69045.00
21364.96
0.00
28680
158
159

36-150-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
48060
241
241
Chord
Tension
36-150-125
12060
336
288
Chord
Tension
241
48060
288
241
Chord
Tension
Tension
18360
370
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
39.61
12.26
39.61
12.26
7.44
3.45
7.44
3.45
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
32.39
1.76
1376.32
69.86
1.85
1152.54
38.71
1.78
1344.10
69.86
1.85
1152.54
1500
1500
1500
1500
54516.19
59415.00
14130.10
0.00
18390
53239.90
59415.00
14130.10
0.00
18390

159
160

36-150-150
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum Element
Cross Radius of
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.) Area(sqcm. (cm.)
)

Chord
48060
360
241
Chord
Tension
36-150-175
20700
427
420
Chord
Tension
360
48060
420
241
Chord
Tension
Tension
22740
478
39.61
7.44
48.39 1.80
-
15.17
3.42
7.44
3.42
56.45 1.82
-
15.17
70.47 1.85
-
39.61
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
70.47 1.85
-
1290.22
-
1500
1148.26
-
1500
1241.35
-
1500
1148.26
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
51105.71
59415.00
17419.04
0.00
22755
49169.87
59415.00
17419.04
0.00
22755

160
161

36-150-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Cord
48060
480
241
Cord
Tension
36-150-225
24780
531
540
Cord
Tension
480
48060
540
241
Cord
Tension
Tension
27300
585
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
64.86 1.84
-
17.07
4.8
7.4
3.85
72.97 1.86
-
19.12
50.21 1.81
-
46.03
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
62.60 1.83
-
1186.69
-
1500
1279.49
-
1500
1130.56
-
1500
1201.78
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
54623.13
69045.00
21840.96
0.00
25605
52039.59
69045.00
22978.04
0.00
28680

161
162

36-150-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
48060
600
241
Chord
Tension
600
Tension
28800
640
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
81.08 1.87
-
22.72
5.68
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
42.43 1.79
-
1071.11
-
1500
1324.02
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
49303.39
69045.00
30081.83
0.00
34080
162
163

36-175-100
Element
Set
Force
Element
Maximum
Length
Force (kg)
(cm.)

Chord
56160
206
206
Chord
Tension
36-175-125
17040
286
257
Chord
Tension
206
56160
257
206
Chord
Tension
Tension
19020
324
Element
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Cross Radius of
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
Area
(cm.)
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
27.84 1.75
-
12.26
3.45
59.71 1.83
-
46.03
7.4
3.42
34.73 1.77
-
15.17
60.23 1.83
-
1398.04
-
1500
1220.62
-
1500
1364.68
-
1500
1217.23
-
1500
64351.67
69045.00
14964.76
0.00
18390
62816.35
69045.00
18465.40
0.00
22755

163
164

36-175-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
56160
308
206
Chord
Tension
36-175-175
21000
365
360
Chord
Tension
308
56160
360
206
Chord
Tension
Tension
23280
409
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
41.62 1.78
-
15.17
3.42
7.4
4.8
48.65 1.80
-
17.07
60.23 1.83
-
46.03
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(1)
F.S.
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
42.92 1.79
-
1328.45
-
1500
1217.23
-
1500
1288.69
-
1500
1321.34
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
61148.70
69045.00
18465.40
0.00
22755
59318.53
69045.00
22555.20
0.00
25605

164
165

36-175-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
56160
411
206
Chord
Tension
36-175-225
25380
454
463
Chord
Tension
411
56160
463
206
Chord
Tension
Tension
27540
501
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
55.54 1.82
-
17.07
4.8
9.24
3.85
50.11 1.81
-
19.12
42.92 1.79
-
49.27
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
(Kg.)
tension
53.51 1.81
-
1247.05
-
1500
1321.34
-
1500
1280.09
-
1500
1259.61
-
1500
Allowable
Load(2) or
Tension
(Kg.)
57401.56
69045.00
22555.20
0.00
25605
63069.96
73905.00
24083.65
0.00
28680

165
166

36-175-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
56160
515
206
Chord
Tension
515
Tension
16140
548
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
49.27
9.24
55.74 1.82
-
11.17
3.93
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
52.42 1.81
-
1245.83
-
1500
1266.24
-
1500
61381.98
73905.00
14143.88
0.00
16755
166
167

36-200-100
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
57120
180
180
Chord
Tension
36-200-125
16140
251
225
Chord
Tension
180
57120
225
180
Chord
Tension
Tension
19260
284
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
24.32 1.74
-
11.17
3.93
7.4
3.42
30.41 1.75
-
15.17
45.80 1.79
-
46.03
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
52.63 1.81
-
1413.89
-
1500
1305.14
-
1500
1385.96
-
1500
1264.94
-
1500
65081.18
69045.00
14578.39
0.00
16755
63795.59
69045.00
19189.12
0.00
22755

167
168

36-200-150
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
57120
270
180
Chord
Tension
36-200-175
21360
320
315
Chord
Tension
270
57120
315
180
Chord
Tension
Tension
23640
358
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
36.49 1.77
-
15.17
3.42
7.4
4.8
42.57 1.79
-
17.07
52.63 1.81
-
46.03
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
37.50 1.77
-
1355.72
-
1500
1264.94
-
1500
1323.26
-
1500
1350.46
-
1500
62403.56
69045.00
19189.12
0.00
22755
60909.83
69045.00
23052.31
0.00
25605

168
169

36-200-200
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
57120
360
180
Chord
Tension
36-200-225
25800
398
405
Chord
Tension
360
57120
405
180
Chord
Tension
Tension
28080
438
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
46.03
7.4
48.65 1.80
-
19.12
3.85
7.4
3.85
54.73 1.82
-
19.12
46.75 1.80
-
46.03
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
46.75 1.80
-
1288.69
-
1500
1299.69
-
1500
1252.08
-
1500
1299.69
-
1500
59318.53
69045.00
24850.09
0.00
28680
57633.20
69045.00
24850.09
0.00
28680

169
170

36-200-250
Element
Set
Force
Maximum Element
Force
Length
(kg)
(cm.)

Chord
57120
450
180
Chord
Tension
450
Tension
30240
480
Element
Cross Radius of
Area
(cm.)
(sqcm.)
49.27
9.24
48.70 1.80
-
22.72
5.68
Fa(2)(128<KL/R
Allowable
Allowable
Fa(1)(KL/R
<200)for
Load(2) or
F.S.
Load(1)
<128)
compression or
Tension
(Kg.)
tension
(Kg.)
31.69 1.76
-
1288.38
-
1500
1379.76
-
1500
63478.70
73905.00
31348.07
0.00
34080
170
171
APPENDIX K
172
Weight per square meter of roof for

12 m. Span Length
8.00
Weight per square meter of Roof
Internal Ratio 1
Internal Ratio 1.25
7.50
Internal Ratio 1.5

Internal Ratio 1.75
7.00
Internal Ratio 2
Internal Ratio 2.25
6.50
Internal Ratio 2.5
6.00
5.50
5.00
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
Appendix Figure K1 Weight per square meter of roof for 12 m. span length vary on external ratio
172
173

18 m. Span Length
Internal Ratio 1
Weight per square meter of Roof
10.00
9.50
Internal Ratio 1.25

Internal Ratio 1.5
9.00
Internal Ratio 1.75

Internal Ratio 2
8.50
Internal Ratio 2.25

Internal Ratio 2.5
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
173
174

24 m. Span Length
Weight per square meter of roof
12.00
Internal Ratio 1
Internal Ratio 1.25
11.50
Internal Ratio 1.5
11.00
Internal Ratio 1.75

Internal Ratio 2
10.50
Internal Ratio 2.25
10.00
Internal Ratio 2.5
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
174
175

30 m. Span Length
14.00
Internal Ratio 1
Internal Ratio 1.25
13.50
Internal Ratio 1.5

Internal Ratio 1.75
13.00
Internal Ratio 2
Internal Ratio 2.25
12.50
Internal Ratio 2.5

12.00
11.50
11.00
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
175
176

36 m. Span Length
Internal Ratio 1
16.00
Internal Ratio 1.25

15.00
Internal Ratio 1.5

Internal Ratio 1.75
14.00
Internal Ratio 2
13.00
Internal Ratio 2.25

Internal Ratio 2.5
12.00
11.00
10.00
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
176
177

12 m. Span Length
External Ratio 1
9.00
External Ratio 1.25

8.50
External Ratio 1.5
8.00
External Ratio 1.75

External Ratio 2
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
Appendix Figure K6 Weight per square meter of roof for 12 m. span length vary on internal ratio
177
178

18 m. Span Length
External Ratio 1
External Ratio 1.25
External Ratio 1.5
External Ratio 1.75
External Ratio 2
10.00
9.50
9.00
8.50
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
178
179

24 m. Span Length
12.00
11.50
External Ratio 1
11.00
External Ratio 1.25

External Ratio 1.5
10.50
External Ratio 1.75

External Ratio 2
10.00
9.50
9.00
8.50
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
179
180

30 m. Span Length
14.00
External Ratio 1
External Ratio 1.25
13.50
External Ratio 1.5

External Ratio 1.75
13.00
External Ratio 2
12.50
12.00
11.50
11.00
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
180
181

36 m. Span Length
16.00
External Ratio 1
External Ratio 1.25
External Ratio 1.5
15.50
External Ratio 1.75

External Ratio 2
15.00
14.50
14.00
13.50
13.00
0.5
1.5
Internal Ratio
2.5
181
182
Painting area per square meter for

12 m. Span Length
Internal Ratio 1
Internal Ratio 1.25
Internal Ratio 1.5
Internal Ratio 1.75
Internal Ratio 2
Internal Ratio 2.25
Internal Ratio 2.5
0.350
Painting area per square meter of roof
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
182
Appendix Figure K11 Painting area per square meter of roof for 12 m. span length vary on external ratio
183

18 m. Span Length
0.400
Internal Ratio 1
Internal Ratio 1.25
Internal Ratio 1.5
Internal Ratio 1.75
0.350
0.300
0.250
Internal Ratio 2
0.200
Internal Ratio 2.25

Internal Ratio 2.5
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
183
184

24 m. Span Length
0.450
Internal Ratio 1
0.400
Internal Ratio 1.25

Internal Ratio 1.5
0.350
Internal Ratio 1.75
0.300
Internal Ratio 2
0.250
Internal Ratio 2.25

Internal Ratio 2.5
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
184
185

30 m. Span Length
0.500
Internal Ratio 1
0.450
Internal Ratio 1.25
0.400
Internal Ratio 1.5
0.350
Internal Ratio 1.75
0.300
Internal Ratio 2
0.250
Internal Ratio 2.25

Internal Ratio 2.5
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
185
186

36 m. Span Length
0.600
Internal Ratio 1
Internal Ratio 1.25
0.500
Internal Ratio 1.5

Internal Ratio 1.75
0.400
Internal Ratio 2
Internal Ratio 2.25
0.300
Internal Ratio 2.5
0.200
0.100
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
External Ratio
186
187

12 m. Span Length
0.350
External Ratio 1
0.300
External Ratio 1.25

External Ratio 1.5
External Ratio 1.75
External Ratio 2
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
Appendix Figure K16 Painting area per square meter of roof for 12 m. span length vary on internal ratio
187
188

18 m. Span Length
0.400
External Ratio 1
0.350
External Ratio 1.25

External Ratio 1.5
External Ratio 1.75
External Ratio 2
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
188
189
Painting area per square meter

of roof

24 m. Span Length
0.450
External Ratio 1
0.400
External Ratio 1.25

External Ratio 1.5
0.350
External Ratio 1.75
0.300
External Ratio 2
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
189
190

30 m. Span Length
0.500
External Ratio 1
0.450
External Ratio 1.25
0.400
External Ratio 1.5
0.350
External Ratio 1.75
0.300
External Ratio 2
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
190
191

36 m. Span Length
0.600
External Ratio 1
External Ratio 1.25
External Ratio 1.5
External Ratio 1.75
External Ratio 2
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Internal Ratio
191
192
APPENDIX L
193
ScopeofStudy
1750-Truss
875Double
TriangularTruss
875TriangularTruss
Identical Model as Triangular Truss

175Tube Element
175SquareTube
Element
175Angle Element
175H-Beam
Element
175Channel Element
Identical Model as Tube Element

35-12m.Span
Length
12-XX-XXX
35-18m.Span
Length
18-XX-XXX
35-24m.Span
Length
24-XX-XXX
35-30m.Span
Length
30-XX-XXX
35-36m.Span
Length
36-XX-XXX
Identical Model as 12 m. span length Truss

7-1:10External
Ratio
12-10-XXX
7-1:15External
Ratio
12-15-XXX
7-1:10External
Ratio
12-15-XXX
7-1:10External
Ratio
12-15-XXX
7-1:10External
Ratio
12-15-XXX
Identical Model as 1 : 10 External Ratio Truss

1-1:1Internal
Ratio
12-10-100
1-1:1.25Internal 1-1:1.5Internal
Ratio
Ratio
12-10-125
12-10-125
1-1:1.75Internal 1-1:1.75Internal 1-1:1.75Internal 1-1:2.5Internal

Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
12-10-125
12-10-125
12-10-125
12-10-250
Appendix Figure L1 Full Truss Breakdown Model
194
APPENDIX M
195
DataCollecting
VariousTruss
Designing
Cost &Time
Calculation
RelativeEquation
Acquisition
VariousTruss
Designing
ModelVerification
ModelVerification
Appendix Figure M1 Diagram of Main Procedures
196

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THESIS

A STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION COST & TIME OF ROOF PLANT

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of

Type of roof trusses...

Detailed Estimation Method

Estimation for Structural Steel..

Literature Review Conclusion..

MATERIALS AND METHODS..

RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK

Appendix A Sample of Truss Figures..

Appendix C Element Valuation...

Appendix D Figures of Studied Truss.

Appendix E Name of Truss..

Appendix F Designed Truss Breakdown System

Appendix G Effect of Truss Shape..

Appendix H Design Results.

Appendix I Results Deviation..

Appendix J Design Calculation...

Appendix K Relative Graph.

Appendix L Full Truss Breakdown Model.

Appendix M Diagram of Main Procedure.

Tube Element Valuation.....

Square Tube Element Valuation.....

Angle Element Valuation....

Channel Element Valuation.....

H-Beam Element Valuation.....

Name of Designed Truss......

Effect of Truss Shape.......

Designed Weight Result......

Designed Painting Result.....

Equation Weight Result.......

Equation Painting Result......

Weight Result Deviation......

Painting Result Deviation.....

Design Calculation ....

Truss by Leonard Church & Charless Edward..

Truss by Clifford D.Williams & Ernest C. Harris ....

Types of Truss by SK Dugg..

Plate preparation for butt weld.

Plate Chamfered and set up for butt welding...

Type of corner joints ...

Preparation for pieces of work

Fillet weld details.

Type of solid rivet..

Bridgestone Factory Project...

Bridgestone Factory Project...

Bridgestone Tire Manufacturing Factory Project..

G-Steel Factory Project..

HATC (Honda Cars Factory).

Kikuwa Factory Project

Kobe Factory Project

Kobe Factory Project

Mitsui Hygiene Materials Factory Project

Tube Element Valuation...

Square Tube Element Valuation ..

Angle Tube Element Valuation ...

Channel Tube Element Valuation ..

Channel Tube Element Valuation

Double Triangular Truss..

Designd Truss Breakdown System..

Full Truss Breakdown Model.

M1 Diagram of Main Procedure.......

2. To find a rough estimate weight and painting area in order to evaluate