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Chapter 12 Construction Fundamentals Introduction SECTION 12.1 Construction Systems and Impacts SECTION 12.

2 Construction Projects Chapter 12 Review and Assess

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION In what ways do construction technologies affect your life every day? Construction technology is the design and building of structures. Some structures have been so beautifully designed and built that they are considered great works of art. Other structures have become important historical or cultural symbols. Structures are built for many purposes. Some, such as houses and apartment buildings, provide us with places to live. Other structures are places to work, shop, or learn. Think of all the different buildings in your community. What are their purposes? Structures do not have to be buildings. Highways and bridges are also structures. These support transportation. What other structures can you name that are not buildings? What are their functions?

Famous BuildingsFor more than 200 years, the White House has stood as a symbol of the home of the President of the United States. President Washington oversaw the construction of the house, but he never lived in it. Name a famous building that you have visited. Photo Credit: Charles Smith/CORBIS STANDARDS THE NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY ITEEA STL 3 Students will develop an understanding of the relationships among technologies and the connections between technology and other fields of study. TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ITEEA STL 7 Students will develop an understanding of the influence of technology on history. THE DESIGNED WORLD ITEEA STL 20 Students will develop an understanding of and be able to select and use construction technologies. SCIENCE NSES G Students should develop understanding of science as a human endeavor, nature of scientific knowledge, historical perspectives. COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS MATHEMATICS Geometry Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry Understand similarity in terms of similarity transformations. LANGUAGE ARTS Reading

Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity Read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently.

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Reading Guide - Before You Read What is the purpose of construction technologies? What are some examples of constructed structures? Objectives

Categorize the major types of construction. Summarize the differences among the types of construction. Identify several types of structures. Compare the magnitude of different types of structures.

Main Idea Main Idea Construction technologies and the structures that are built using them have often defined entire civilizations. Structures include buildings, roads, tunnels, dams, canals, bridges, and many other projects. Over time, construction technologies have had many positive and negative effects on society. Reading Strategy 1. Use the notebook feature in to write down the colored headings from Chapter 12. 2. Write a predictive question under each heading that you can use to guide your reading. 3. As you read, answer your predictive questions in your notebook. 4. Ask your teacher to help with answers you could not find in this chapter. Go online to for downloadable graphic organizers.

Vocabulary - Content Vocabulary residential construction Academic Vocabulary stick construction dwelling commercial construction framework industrial construction element public works construction artificial dam canal

Chapter 12 - Construction Fundamentals Introduction SECTION 12.1 Construction Systems and Impacts SECTION 12.2 Construction Projects Chapter 12 Review and Assess

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SECTION 12.1 Construction Systems and Impacts The Construction System Like other technological systems, a construction system has inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. These all work together to achieve the goal of constructing a finished structure. (See Figure 12.1)

Figure 12.1 Construction System of a BuildingThe parts of a construction system are inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. When they all work properly, the result is a finished construction project. In what ways would a construction system for a bridge differ than the one shown? The inputs to a construction system include the seven technological resources that will be used in designing and building the structure: people, information, materials, tools and machines, energy, capital, and time.

The processes of construction include everything from planning the project and choosing the site where the project will be built to turning over a finished building to its new owner. The main output of a construction system is, of course, the finished structure. Depending on the purpose of the particular system, this can range anywhere from a backyard tree house to a whole new development of residential buildings. Other outputs include waste materials that must be recycled or disposed of properly. Feedback in construction systems is important. Even though people try to plan the best possible structures, they sometimes overlook important factors. For example, the people who actually use the building might realize there is not enough ventilation. To learn more about evolution of construction technology, go online to the Chapter 12 Learn More! Activity to view

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Career Center City Planner A city planner is responsible for deciding how cities and towns are laid out. This includes deciding what kind of structures will be allowed in various areas (residential, commercial, industrial), how goods and people will be transported in and out of the city, and how the water, sewer, electrical, transportation, and communication systems will all work in harmony to meet the needs of the people. Impacts and Effects of Construction Technology Impacts and Effects of Construction Technology Like other technologies, construction affects our lives in many ways, both positive and negative. For example, we would have far less variety in the grocery store without the highways that link farms to food processors to cities. Yet the noise and pollution that highways produce can cause people to leave the cities and move to the suburbs. The construction industry is one of the top areas of job growth in the United States. It is estimated that the industry will create 1.4 million new jobs by 2018. (See Figure 12.2.) What do you think that means for our country's economy? What could happen if construction slows down?

Figure 12.2 Construction Jobs GrowthThis graph shows that a large number of jobs in the near future are going to be related to the construction industry. Give three reasons that may explain the employment trends you see in the bar graph. 12.1 Check Your Understanding Perform the following tasks. 1. Analyze some of the reasons why construction projects are started. 2. Create a diagram of a construction system for building a new home. 3. Apply Select a construction project that is going on near where you live. Give an example of at least one positive and one negative effect of the project. Extend Develop Communication Skills Speaking Your state is planning to build a new highway through a heavily forested area. Explain to a classmate your reasons for whether your state should or should not build the highway.

Chapter 12 - Construction Fundamentals

Introduction SECTION 12.1 Construction Systems and Impacts SECTION 12.2 Construction Projects Chapter 12 Review and Assess

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SECTION 12.2 Construction Projects Types of Projects Connection Green reSource Green Roof Many new buildings in large cities are being constructed with green roofs. Green roofs use soil and gravel in which grasses, flowers, and shrubs are planted. Not only are green roofs more aesthetically pleasing, they also provide additional benefits such as increased insulation, rainwater absorption, and even create new habitats for local wildlife. Construction projects can be organized into four types. These types include residential, commercial, industrial, and public works projects. Residential construction refers to the building of structures in which people live. Most residential structures house only one family or person (single-family). However, residential construction also includes structures with dwellings for two families on up to multi-floor apartment buildings housing many families. Most residential construction is done by fairly small construction companies. In the early years of the United States, people on the frontier built log houses. In the mid-1800s a new way of building developed, in which smaller, lighter pieces of wood were used for home construction. The wood was assembled into a framework. When the framing members for a building are assembled at the site where the building is to be located, it is often called stick construction. (See Figure 12.3.) Today stick construction is still the most common method for home construction. It is used in commercial construction too, even for the interiors of skyscrapers. However, walls, roofs, and other components for buildings are increasingly being assembled in factories and then shipped to the building site for assembly.

Figure 12.3 Building a HouseStick construction is still the most common way to build a house. However, framing members formed from sheet metal are increasingly being used instead of wood. What advantages are there for using metal sticks instead of wooden ones? What disadvantages are there? Photo Credit: Stockbyte/Getty Images

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Commercial construction involves building structures that are used for business. Supermarkets, shopping malls, restaurants, and office buildings are examples of commercial construction. Commercial projects are often large-scale, costing millions of dollars and employing many workers. A skyscraper is an example of commercial construction. (See Figure 12.4.) One reason developers prefer to build skyscrapers is because they do not require a lot of land compared to the amount of floor space that the multiple floors provide. In a large city, commercial property in a desirable location can be very expensive. Therefore structures are built up rather than out. In the suburbs building sites may be less expensive, so a larger footprint (the amount of land that the structure occupies)for the building is possible.

Figure 12.4 SkyscrapersChicago has many skyscrapers. Which two materials are most often used in constructing skyscrapers today? Photo Credit: Image Source The building materials and techniques used in commercial and industrial construction are somewhat different from those used in residential construction. These structures often use heavy steel posts and beams along with a large amount of concrete. Industrial construction includes the building of manufacturing plants and other industrial structures. Planning this type of construction relies not only on architects, but also on specialized engineering firms. Industrial structures are usually built by large construction firms that have many employees. Public works construction involves building structures intended for public use or benefit. This type of construction includes large projects such as dams, highways, bridges, tunnels, sewer systems, airports, hospitals, schools, and parks. (See Figure 12.5.) Check It Out! Recall four types of construction. Choose one type of construction and give three examples of projects where this type of construction is used.

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Figure 12.5 Airport ConstructionAirports need a large amount of space. Such construction projects are massive undertakings. What do you think may be some possible issues people encounter when constructing an airport? Photo Credit: AFP/Getty Images Types of Structures Construction technology includes many types of structures. Here are brief descriptions of the major types. The other chapters in this unit will describe how these structures are planned and built.

Buildings A building is usually defined as a structure with a roof and walls, thereby providing shelter from the weather and elements. It may be temporary or permanent. Schools, stores, houses, and theaters look very different from each other, but they are all buildings. Roads Road construction includes the building of highways, streets, and other types of roads. Major roads through and around cities are highways. They can vary in width from two lanes to eight. An expressway is a limited-access highway with fewer places where vehicles can enter. Interstate highways pass through more than one state. (See Figure 12.6.)

Figure 12.6 Road ConstructionA Boston project known as the big dig moved six lanes of above-ground roads underground and added lanes. It was considered one of the largest and most expensive road construction projects ever in the United States. What types of problems do you think may occur with a construction project of this size? Photo Credit: Boston Globe/Getty Images

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Figure 12.7 Tunnel ConstructionBuilding the 31-mile-long Channel Tunnel, also known as the Chunnel, under the English Channel required a large construction site. Note all the elaborate equipment needed for this project. Since this tunnel was built under the water, what types of issues do you think workers encountered during the construction of this project? Photo Credit: qaphotos.com/Alamy

Whether designing skyscrapers or suspension bridges, the effect of the force of gravity is an important factor to consider. Gravity affects which materials are used, where the construction projects are located, and how often and what type of maintenance needs to be done after the project is finished to keep the public safe.

Photo Credit: Ingram Publishing CONNECTION Calculating Distance - When reading an ordinary road map, you often need to calculate the distance from one location to another. Road maps usually have a small box with a map scale and a brief explanation of how to read the mile markers. The easiest method is simply to measure the distance using the scale that is provided and then calculate the actual distance.

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Tunnels A tunnel is an underground passageway. Tunnels are built to allow people, vehicles, or materials to pass through or under an obstruction. (See Figure 12.7.) For example, tunnels may be built under busy city streets for subways. They may be built under rivers or through mountains for railroads or highways. A tunnel may also be built to carry water around a dam. Dams A dam is a structure built across a body of water to control or block its flow. The water that collects behind the dam creates a reservoir. A reservoir is a lake in which water is stored for use. This is one of the main reasons for building a dam: to provide a dependable water supply for nearby communities. Dams also prevent floods during times of heavy rainfall or high amounts of melting snow. Turbines can be installed in dams to generate electricity. Dams are built from earth, concrete, steel, masonry, or wood. Usually a combination of materials is used. Canals Canals are artificial waterways built for irrigation or navigation. Irrigation canals carry water from a place where it is plentiful to another place where water is needed. Such canals supply water to land that otherwise could not be used to grow crops. Navigation canals connect two bodies of water. Navigation canals allow boats, barges, and ships to move goods and people, usually from one body of water to another. Canals may be constructed where a nearby river is too shallow for boats to navigate.

Bridges Bridges are structures built to allow people and vehicles to pass over something. When we think of bridges, we most often think of those built over water. However, bridges may also extend over valleys, highways, or railroad tracks. Some of the different types of bridges are beam, arch, truss, cantilever, suspension, cable-stayed, and movable.

12.2 Check Your Understanding Perform the following tasks. 1. Analyze the four major types of construction projects. Which of these categories is the most expensive to build and maintain? Explain your answer using examples from the text. 2. Evaluate each of the types of structures on their importance to society, and give two examples of positive impacts for each type. 3. Apply You are working for an engineering firm that has been tasked with designing a tunnel that will cut through a mountain. List three difficulties that workers may encounter when doing a construction project of this magnitude. Extend Develop Communication Skills Writing Choose a type of structure from the text. Research a local or famous example.

Chapter 12 - Construction Fundamentals Introduction SECTION 12.1 Construction Systems and Impacts SECTION 12.2 Construction Projects Chapter 12 Review and Assess

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CHAPTER 12 Think Like an Engineer Engineering Design Process: Design a Highway Design Brief Highway construction occurs in response to local or regional transportation needs. Roads may have become more heavily traveled, accidents may have increased, or traffic tie-ups may be a daily commuter problem. New roads or changes in the existing roads could solve these problems or cause new ones. Each community must consider many issues when designing a highway.

1. Identify a Problem or Opportunity 1. Identify a Problem or Opportunity Select a road in your community that needs improvement. Make a map of it, redesign it, and create a new map showing your improvements. For the road you have selected, write a statement that describes the problem you are going to solve.

2. Define the Project Constraints 2. Define the Project Constraints You must create two maps, one of the current road and one showing your improvements. The maps must use the appropriate civil engineering symbols and show traffic patterns, road design features, and environmentally sensitive areas next to or within a mile or less from the highway. The maps may be drawn with technical drawing instruments or on a computer using CAD software. The maps must show the key features along the road. 3. Research and Brainstorming 1. Discuss possible highway construction solutions with your team. It may help to study similar local roads that have already been improved. Ask: What are some real-life examples of highway design solutions? How can we design a highway that includes some or all of these characteristics? 2. Brainstorm ideas for presenting your highway construction solution to your classmates. Come up with no more than two ways to display your maps. 4. Development and Prototyping 1. Propose experiments and designs. For example, wider shoulders and the addition of guardrails might be used in a design for decreasing traffic accidents. Choose among alternative solutions for the map design. Choose the map design that the team feels will be most effective in your presentation. 2. Implement your proposed solution. Decide on the process you will use for making the map. Gather all materials you may need. Then, make a map of the original road. Make sure that your group takes into account all of the data that was collected about the road. 5. Testing, Analysis, and Optimization 1. Compare the map of the original road to your team's map with the new road design. Ask: Does the solution shown on the map solve the problem? What impacts and effects will result from this solution? Are all of the impacts and effects positive? 2. Refine your design. Change the design of the map if needed. 3. After making any changes or improvements to the map, create your final version.

6. Evaluation and Presentation 6. Evaluation and Presentation Present your finished map showing your highway construction solution to the class. Compare the old and new maps and explain the advantages and disadvantages of your design. Be prepared to answer questions about possible impacts. Turn in your assignment to your teacher. Be sure to include the name of your activity, your statement of the problem, a description of how you solved the problem, and your drawings.

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Connect Activity Center Go to the Activity Center to review chapter vocabulary. Main Ideas

Construction technology is the design and building of structures. Like other technological systems, a construction system has inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. There are four major types of construction. Structures can be categorized into six major types. The construction industry includes a wide variety of jobs.

Understanding Concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are the four major types of construction? Give an example of each. Name and describe six types of structures. Name and describe three types of tunnels. Give two reasons for building a canal. List the seven types of bridges.

Thinking Critically 1. Describe What impacts might occur if a road that goes directly through the center of a town, like the one shown in the photo, were to be replaced with a highway that would go around the town? 2. Explain What are some things that need to be considered when deciding what type of bridge to build? 3. Evaluate What are some of the factors you would consider if you had to decide whether or not to build a dam in a specific location? 4. Compare and Contrast Discuss negative and positive impacts of construction (highways, dams, etc.) on farming. 5. Describe What construction careers might be good for someone who likes to work outdoors?

Photo Credit: Stockdisc/Digital Vision Problem Solving 1. Math Nick wants to install a 13 24 driveway. If he intends to pour the concrete 4 thick, how many cubic yards of concrete will he need? 2. Structures Which cities are home to these famous structures: the Chrysler Building, the Space Needle, Burj Khalifa, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Parthenon? Choose one of the structures and describe what types of environmental construction constraints were present when it was built. Explain how you would have solved the problem.

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