Energy Audit

Prof. Gabriel Pita

Energy Management
Energy loss in any industrial process or plant is inevitable; it
is a foregone conclusion.
Energy loss
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is a foregone conclusion.
But its economic and environmental impacts are not to be
taken lightly, thus explaining the growing need for industrial
energy efficiency.
Put simply, the level of energy efficiency a plant or process
can achieve is inversely proportionate to the energy loss
that occurs; the higher the loss, the lower the efficiency.
Energy Management
Where and how do most of the losses occur?
How much energy is actually lost ?
Are they controllable or recoverable?
Energy loss
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The answers to these questions remain well concealed in a
black box where once energy is input, we do not know what
really happens to it inside and how much the losses are.
It is only when we look into the black box and extract these
details that we are able to ascertain the performance of the
overall or process levels and respond more effectively to
the weaknesses in energy management.
Energy Management
Overall energy losses in a plant can result from losses due
to designs that do not incorporate energy efficient
specifications such as:
heat recovery option
operations that run on inefficient methods
poor or non-energy efficiency-conscious maintenance
Energy loss
Slide 4 of 53
poor or non-energy efficiency-conscious maintenance
programme
Reducing these losses will substantially increase the plant's
efficiency, but we need data to identify and quantify the
losses and subsequently suggest suitable techno-economic
solutions to minimize the losses. This data can be
acquired through energy audits.
Energy Management
Sankey Diagram as illustrative example for
energy chain efficiency.
Slide 5 of 53
Sankey Diagram as illustrative example for energy chain efficiency. Taken from GEA, 2012: Global Energy
Assessment Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK and New York, NY, USA
and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, p. 116
What is Energy Audit?
Energy Audit is a periodic examination of an
energy system to ensure that energy is
being used as efficient as possible. being used as efficient as possible.
Energy Management
Energy audit is a systematic study or survey to
identify how energy is being used in a building or
plant, and identifies energy savings opportunities.
Energy Audit
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Using proper audit methods and equipment, an
energy audit provides the energy manager with
essential information on how much, where and how
energy is used within an organization (factory or
building).
Energy Management
This will indicate the performance at the overall plant or
process level.
The energy manager can compare these performances
against past and future levels for a proper energy
management.
Energy Audit
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The main part of the energy audit report are energy
savings proposals comprising of technical and
economic analysis of projects.
Looking at the final output, an energy audit can also be
defined as a systematic search for energy conservation
opportunities.
Energy Management
The Sankey diagram shows the energy balance of
a house for a mid-winter week.
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Flows are in kWh, total amount 804 kWh. Energy sources/types are from the left (purchased heat,
domestic hot water, solar gains), energy consumption and losses to the right (heat loss through
windows, ceilings, walls).
Energy Management
The auditing process should identify
energy-management opportunities
EMOs
In many situations major cost savings can be achieved
through the implementation of no cost or low cost
measures, such as:
Changing energy tariff;
Rescheduling production activities to take advantage of
preferential tariffs;
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preferential tariffs;
Adjusting existing controls so that plant operation
matches the actual requirements of the building or
manufacturing process;
Implementing good housekeeping policies, in which staff
are encouraged to avoid energy-wasteful practices
Investing in small capital items such as thermostats and
time switches.
Some times it is necessary to undertake more capital
intense measures.
Energy Management
Energy audit can be categorized into two types:
namely walk-through or preliminary audit
detail audit.
Energy audit stages
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Sankey diagram for energy gains and losses in a
building.
Energy Management
Walk-through or preliminary audit comprises:
one day or half-day visit to a plant
the output is a simple report based on observation and
Walk-through or preliminary audit
Slide 12 of 53
the output is a simple report based on observation and
historical data provided during the visit.
The findings will be a general comment based on rule-
of-thumbs, energy best practices or the manufacturer's
data. It seek to establish the quantity and cost of
each form of energy used in a facility
Energy Management
Quick overview of energy use patterns
Provides guidance for energy accounting system
Provides personnel with perspectives of processes and
equipment
Preliminary Energy audit
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Identify energy intensive processes and equipment
Identify energy inefficiency ,if any
Set the stage for detailed energy survey
Energy Management
GUIDELINES FOR PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT
REPORT
Introduction
Overview of current systems in place
How much energy is being consumed;
What type of energy is being consumed
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What type of energy is being consumed
The performance of the facility compared with other similar facilities;
The characteristic performance of the facility
Scope of work for energy audit
Recommendations and the associated
costs and savings
Conclusions
Energy Management
Detail audit is carried out for the energy savings
proposal recommended in walk-through or
preliminary audit.
It will provide detailed data on the energy inputs
to, and energy flows within a facility and also
Detail audit
Slide 15 of 53
to, and energy flows within a facility and also
technical solution options and economic analysis
for the factory management to decide project
implementation or priority. A feasibility study will
be required to determine the viability of each
option.
Energy Management
Detailed evaluation of energy use pattern
By processes and equipment
Measurement of energy use parameters
Review of equipment operating characteristics
Detailed Energy Survey
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Review of equipment operating characteristics
Evaluation of efficiencies
Identify energy saving options and measures
Recommendation for implementation
Energy Management
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Energy Management
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Energy Management
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Energy Management
Introduction
Methodology and instrumentation
Detailed survey of the management and operation characteristics of a facility
The energy supply
The energy use within the facility
The plant and equipment within facility
Data analysis and findings including graphs and plots.
Determine the energy performance of a facility.
Identify and quantify the principal energy flows
GUIDELINES FOR DETAILED ENERGY
AUDIT REPORT
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Identified and quantify achievable energy cost savings
Summary of recommendations and the associated costs and
savings
Conclusion
Appendices
CD containing raw measurement data collected during the audit, in
a readable file format
Energy Management
EQUIPMENT
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Energy Management
Physical entities
Electricity
Mass flow
Temperature
Humidity
Flue gases composition
Equipment
Electrical analyzer
Anemometer (turbine, Pitot)
Thermometer
Humidity meter
O2, CO2, CO analyzer
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Flue gases composition
Luminance
Total dissolved solids
O2, CO2, CO analyzer
Luximeter
TDS meter
Energy Management
Slide 23 of 53
Energy Management
Measuring air velocity - flow
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Energy Management
Combustion Efficiency &
Environmental Analyzer
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Energy Management
Thermographic image
Infrared Temperature Measurement
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Energy Management
250
300
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400
450
P
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(
k
W
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Sbado 6 feira 5 feira 4 feira
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0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00
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Potncia Mdia Potncia Instantnea
Energy Management
20
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0
5
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12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00
P. Mdia P. Instantnea
Medies no compressor 793
Energy Management
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Energy Management
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from current
thermodinamic energy balances because some
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Slide 30 of 53
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have an
error of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do also
show errors.
Energy Management
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from current
thermodinamic energy balances because some
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Slide 31 of 53
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have an
error of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do also
show errors.
Energy Management
Energy audit objectives:
1 - Energy accountancy (data)
2 - Energy consumption (measurements)
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2 - Energy consumption (measurements)
Direct measurement
Energy balance (equation +
measures)
3 - Energy savings
Energy Management
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from current
thermodinamic energy balances because some
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Slide 33 of 53
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have an
error of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do also
show errors.
Energy Management
Problems in energy balances
The number of equations frequently
differs from the number of unknowns
N. equations > N. unknows
Not consider a measurement (a
Slide 34 of 53
Not consider a measurement (a
measurement results in an equation)
Create a chance to validate
equations
N. equations < N. Unknows
Requires estimatives
Energy Management
Wall
Losses
3
Example: Industrial heat generator
Slide 35 of 53
Electrical
resistance
2
1
Qelec
Energy Management
Equations and unknowns:
Mass and energy balance:
Loss H T C m Q T C m T C m
m m m
p p p
.
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
+ = + +
= +
&
Slide 36 of 53
p p p 3 3 2 2 1 1
Unknowns - measurements:
Good confidence: Q, T1, T2, T3
Less confidence: m1, m2
No confidence: m3, Heat loss
Energy Management
Case 1: Equilibrium
2 Equations = 2 Unknowns
Measurements accepted:
Slide 37 of 53
Measurements accepted:
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1, m2
Unknowns obtained by 2 eq.
System:
m3, Heat loss
Energy Management
Case 2: Less unknowns
2 Equations = 1 Unknown
Measurements accepted:
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1, m2, m3
Slide 38 of 53
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1, m2, m3
Unknown obtained by resolution:
Heat loss
Allows to create an error type
unknown:
Error of m3
Energy Management
Case 3: Less equations
2 Equations = 3 Unknowns
Measurements accepted:
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1
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Q, T1, T2, T3, m1
Unknowns obtained by resolution:
m2, m3, Loss
Requires more measurements (and
more equations, specific humidity):
Water balance:
Or assume a value for a unknown (!?)
3 3 2 2 1 1
w m w m w m = +
Energy Management
Frontier definition
Characterization of mass and energy
flows
Energy balance sequence:
Slide 40 of 53
flows
Equations identification
Definition of measurement plan
Equipment selection
Measurements
Validation
Energy Management
COMPRESSED AIR
ANALYSIS
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ANALYSIS
Atlas Copco
Energy Management

=
2
1
vdP w
Physics of compression
Slide 42 of 53
1

(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|
=

1
1
1
2
1
P
P
T mC
W
p
Energy Management
Electrical measurements
150
200
250
P
o
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e
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c
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[
k
W
]
Funcionamento em carga Funcionamento em vazio
(
(
(

|
|
|

|

1
1
2
1

P
T mC
p
Slide 43 of 53
Example
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Tempo ([s]
P
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n
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e
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[
k
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]
t
1 t
2
t
3
(
(
(

|
|

\
1
1
2
1
P
T mC
p
Energy Management
Example 1: Boiler
Frontier anf flows
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Combustion
air
Natural gas
Flue gases
Water
Steam
Purge
Heat losses
CSC
Energy Management
DIRECT METHOD
( )
HV
h h m
steam
L m

water feed steam

boiler

=
Equations and measurements
Slide 45 of 53
Requires steam and combustible flow meters (feed
water meter is common)
HV L m

comb
boiler

=
Required data
Energy Management
LOSSES METHOD (empiric)

=
gases dry
Losses 100%
Boiler
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=
1%) ( Unburned
1%) ( purging Steam
3%) ( Walls
steam
gases dry
10%) ( gases Flue
Losses
Energy Management
LOSSES BY THE WALLS
Where nominal losses depends on the boiler size, typically
1,5%.
Functioning factor: by stack temperature
factor Funcioning
L
nominal - walls
walls
Losses
osses =
240
Slide 47 of 53
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
22-5-07 0:00 22-5-07 1:00 22-5-07 2:00 22-5-07 3:00 22-5-07 4:00 22-5-07 5:00 22-5-07 6:00 22-5-07 7:00
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
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[

C
]
Energy Management
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Gases
Is known the following data:
- Aluminum: flow and temp
- Air: temperature
- Combustion air: flow and temp
- Gases: temp, % O2
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Aluminum
Air
Comb. air
Melted aluminum
Propane
- Gases: temp, % O2
- Surfaces: temp, area
- Fan: electrical power
Energy Management
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Air
Gases
Heat losses
Frontier and flows
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Air
Aluminum Comb. air
Melted aluminum
Propane
Energy Management
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Equations
Air
Aluminum Comb. air
Gases
Heat losses
Propane
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+ + = +
= +
=
= + +
gases flue losses heat aluminum ventilator propane
gases flue in oxygen propane for oxygen air in oxygen air comb in oxygen
out aluminum in aluminum
gases flue air propane air comb
Q Q Q W Q (4)
m m m m (3)
m m (2)
m m m m (1)
& & & & &
& & & &
& &
& & & &
Melted aluminum
Energy Management
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Equations

= +
=
= + +
gases flue in oxygen propane for oxygen air in oxygen air comb in oxygen
out aluminum in aluminum
gases flue air propane air comb
m m m m (3)
m m (2)
m m m m (1)
& & & & &
& & & &
& &
& & & &
Slide 51 of 53

+ + = +
gases flue losses heat aluminum ventilator propane
Q Q Q W Q (4)
& & & & &
Energy Management
WATERAUDIT & CONSERVATION
Industry has recognized 'Water Audit' as a
important tool for water resource management
Water Audit study is a qualitative and quantitative
analysis of water consumption to identify means of
reuse and recycling of water. This study includes
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reuse and recycling of water. This study includes
segregation of effluent streams and schemes for
effectively treating them to enable byproduct
recovery. Water Audits encourage social
responsibility by identifying wasteful use, enables
estimation of the saving potential they not only
promote water conservation but also deliver cost
savings, but also companies to safeguard public
health and property, improve external relations and
reduce legal liability.
Energy Management
preliminary energy audit of your home
Main processes involved in a preliminary audit
Collecting data
Analyzing data
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Analyzing data
Presenting data
Establishing priorities and making recommendations.
Energy Management
Collecting Building Information:
a)General building characteristics such as floor areas, numbers of
end-users, construction details, building orientation, building
facade, etc.;
b) Local Meteorological data
Collecting data
Slide 54 of 53
b) Local Meteorological data
c) Check for air leaks, insulation,..
c)Technical characteristics of energy consuming
equipment/systems;
d)Record of EMOs already implemented or to be implemented;
e)Energy consumption bills in previous three years.
Energy Management
Equipments:
Slide 55 of 53
Energy Management
Categora o tipo de artefacto y su potencia nominal en W
Potencia
nominal del
aparato
N de aparatos
Horas utilizado
diariamente
Consumo en
kwh
Lmparas de bajo consumo y tubos
fluorescentes
9 W 0
11 W 0
15 W 0
20 W 0
Lmparas incandescentes
25 W 0
40 W 0
60 W 0
75 W 0
Calefactores de cuarzo, halgenas o
aire caliente
1600 W 0
1300 W 0
1100 W 0
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aire caliente
1100 W 0
0
Lavarropas automtico alimentado con
agua fra.
2000 W 0
0
Otros lavarropas
350 W 0
0
Radiadores de aceite
1000 W 0
1500 W 0
0
0
Termos elctricos
1500 W 0
0
0
0
Energy Management
Televisores
90 W 0
125 W 0
0
0
Planchas
1500 W 0
1300 W 0
0
0
Cargador celular 13 W 0
Secador de pelo 1200 W 0
Equipo musical 150 W 0
Radio pequea 11 W 0
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Radio pequea 11 W 0
Microondas 1000 W 0
Batidora - Licuadora 600 W 0
0
0
Computador 50 W 0
Impresora 500 W 0
Scanner 300 W 0
Fax 120 W 0
Refrigeradores, freezer o
refrigeradores con freezer
170 W 0
250 W 0
0
0
Consumo Total Aproximado (Kwh) 0
Energy Management
Slide 58 of 53
Energy Management
Electrodomstico
Potencia Elctrica
(Watts)
Horas (da) Energa Wh (da)
Energa kWh
(da)
Energa Wh
(mes)
5 Bombillas de 75 W
(Potencia total 75
Wx5=375W)
75 4 1500 1,50 45,0
2 Bombillas de 60 W
(Potencia total 60
Wx2=120W)
60 1 120 0,12 3,60
Televisor de 21 140 5 700 0,70 21,0
Equipo de Sonido 200 1 200 0,20 6,0
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Horno de Microondas 1200 0,50 (30 min) 600 0,60 18,0
Coffee Maker 800 0,50 (30 min) 400 0,40 12,0
Olla Arrocera 700 0,50 (30 min) 350 0,35 10,5
Cocina discos
pequeos (2 discos)
1000 0,75 (45 min) 750 0,75 22,5
Cocina discos
grandes (4 discos)
1800
0,75 (45
minutos)
1350 1,35 40.5
Refrigeradora 290 9 2610 2,61 78,3
Termoducha 4000 0,50 2000 2,0 60,0
Lavadora (10 das al
mes)
385 3 1155 1,15 11,6
Total Energa Elctrica (kWh) 329 kWh
Energy Management
Analyzing data
The most important source of energy data is the energy invoice.
At lest one year of all energy invoices , electricity, gas, , should
be analyzed.
Any estimated meter readings should be identified, since this can
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result in misleading data. To overcome this problems additional
invoices should be collected which cover the same months as
the estimated invoice, but for years prior to the audit period.
Energy Management
Electricity invoices:
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Energy Management
Muito Alta Tenso (MAT)
Alta Tenso (AT)
Mdia Tenso (MT)
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Mdia Tenso (MT)
Baixa Tenso (BT)
Baixa Tenso Normal acima de 20,7kVA
(BTN)
Baixa Tenso Normal at 20,7kVA (BTN)
Energy Management
Slide 63 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 64 of 53
Energy Management
Consumo em quilowatt-hora (kWh): De modo a dar cumprimento s diretrizes europeias, os consumos de Gs
Natural passaram a ser faturados em unidade de energia - quilowatt-hora (kWh), em vez de unidade de volume -
metro cbico (m
3
).
Fator de converso de m
3
para kWh: Para se obter o consumo faturado em kWh a partir de m
3
de Gs Natural
necessrio aplicar um fator de converso que calculado a partir da seguinte frmula:
Fator de Converso (m3 para kWh) = PCS x Fct x Fcp
Em que:
PCS = Poder Calorfico Superior do Gs Natural. Valor correspondente mdia aritmtica dos valores de PCS
mensal, relativos a todos os meses j concludos e englobados no perodo de faturao. Os valores de PCS mensal
so determinados pela mdia aritmtica dos valores de PCS dirio correspondentes.
Fct= Fator de correo por temperatura calculado pela frmula 273,15/(273,15+Tgs), em que Tgs corresponde
temperatura mdia, em C, da zona de distribuio.
Fcp = Fator de correo por presso calculado pela frmula (Pr+1013,25)/1013,25, em que Pr a presso relativa de
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Fcp = Fator de correo por presso calculado pela frmula (Pr+1013,25)/1013,25, em que Pr a presso relativa de
fornecimento em mbar.
Escales tarifrios
De acordo com o Regulamento tarifrio, a atualizao de preos efetuada anualmente, a cada ano gs (um ano gs
completo decorre de 1 de julho a 30 de junho do ano seguinte), para os clientes com consumo at 10.000 m
3
/ano.
Findo cada ano gs, a ERSE aprova os preos a vigorar para o ano gs seguinte.
Os clientes so enquadrados nos escales, tendo em considerao o seu histrico de consumo dos ltimos 12
meses,
Escales nacionais (m
3
/ano)
1 2 3 4
0-220 221-500 501-1.000 1.001-10.000
Energy Management
Tarifas de Venda a Clientes Finais em Baixa Presso < 10.000 m
3
/ ano
1. Este tarifrio est em vigor para o 2. Trimestre do ano gs 2013-2014 (01.10.2013 a
31.12.2013). O ano gs 2013-2014 corresponde ao perodo compreendido entre 01.07.2013 e
30.06.2014.
2. IVA aplicvel taxa de 23%.
3. Desde 1 de janeiro de 2013, o fornecimento de gs natural sujeito a um Imposto Especial
sobre o Consumo. Se utilizado como combustvel (fogo, esquentador, caldeira) o imposto de
0,001080 /kWh; se consumido como carburante de 0,010224 /kWh. A utilizao de gs
natural como carburante dever ser declarada pelo cliente.
4. No dispensa a consulta do site da Entidade Reguladora dos Servios Energticos
Slide 66 of 53
Escalo
Consumo
anual (m3)
Termo tarifrio
fixo ( /dia)
Energia ( /
kWh)
Escalo 1 0 - 220 0,0732 0,0755
Escalo 2 221 - 500 0,1170 0,0700
Escalo 3 501 - 1.000 0,1732 0,0658
Escalo 4 1.001 - 10.000 0,1819 0,0588
4. No dispensa a consulta do site da Entidade Reguladora dos Servios Energticos
(www.erse.pt).
Energy Management
Household Energy Use: Where
Does the Money Go?
Slide 67 of 53
http://greenworldpics.com/2009/02/18/household-energy-use-where-does-the-money-go/
Energy Management
1Introduction
This part aims to describe the following topics:
a)The building audited - numbers of floors, floor areas, usage, occupancy, hours of
operation, year built, etc., layouts and schematics to be attached as appendix;
b)Objectives, such as studying the building energy consumption with a view to
identifying EMOs for implementation, setting target savings, considering long term
energy management program, etc.;
Format of Energy Audit Report
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energy management program, etc.;
c)Scope of audit, covering the installations to be studied such as HVAC Installation,
Electrical Installation, Lift & Escalator systems, Plumbing & Drainage Systems or
any particular equipment/systems, the depth of the study, the parties involved (end-
user, building management, O&M personnel, etc.); and
d)Members of the audit team, and audit consultant employed, if any.
Energy Management
Format of Energy Audit Report
2 Description of Equipment/Systems Audited
This part aims to focus on the following issues:
a)Describe equipment/systems audited, their corresponding capacities and ratings,
design conditions, etc., equipment schedules, schematics and layout drawings to be
included as appendix.
b)Make use of information provided by the building management, O&M personnel
and end-users and site surveys.
c)State the design conditions if known, and if not known the conditions adopted as
base reference and calculations in the audit.
It should include the following contents:-
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It should include the following contents:-
a)Zoning of systems according to building height or usage ;
b)HVAC Installation for different areas type of system e.g. VAV, CAV, FCU, etc.;
types of controls; type and numbers of chillers, pumps, heat rejection methods, etc.
and their locations;
c)Lighting Installation type of lighting for different areas and type of control and
zoning;
d)Electrical Installation numbers of transformers and low voltage main switch-
boards and their locations and size or ratings of main distribution cables/bus ducts;
e)Lift Installation and Escalator Installation capacity, zoning, quantity, floors/areas
served and types of control, types of drive;
f)Plumbing and Drainage System;
g)Hot Water System type of system; and
h)Other notable energy consuming equipment/systems.
Energy Management
3 Findings
This part aims to focus on description of the results of the site surveys and
should include:
a)Findings in a systematic format such as in order of systems(e.g. first on HVAC
Installation, then on Lighting Installation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from
lowest level to top floor), or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office,
common corridor, lift lobby, etc.);
Format of Energy Audit Report
Slide 70 of 53
common corridor, lift lobby, etc.);
b)Descriptions of floors/areas with special requirements (e.g.24-hour operation,
low space temperature for computer room, etc.);
c)Calculation on cooling load, heating load, lighting load, electrical load and
annual energy consumption (detailed calculations should be included as
appendix);
d)Findings on O&M procedures and practices; and
e)Preliminary identification of possible EMOs against corresponding findings. The
descriptions should focus on issues related to possible EMOs and provide
systematic numbering to findings for purpose of easy cross-reference.
Energy Management
4 - Analysis and Identification of Energy Management Opportunities
This part focuses on the detailed analysis and identification of EMOs and should
include:
a)Comparison on actual performances of equipment/systems against original design (if
information available) and/or actual site measurements for any discrepancies and
identify the causes thereof;
b)Possible EMOs and corresponding substantiations(calculations on achievable
energy savings and detailed descriptions as appendix);
c)Implementation costs for EMOs (making reference to corresponding reference
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c)Implementation costs for EMOs (making reference to corresponding reference
numbers assigned to the findings detailed calculations, schematics and drawings
included as appendix);ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
d)Comparison on the different solutions to the same EMOs ,as appropriate;
e)Classification of the EMOs into categories (Cat. I, Cat. II or Cat. III);
f)Listing of EMOs in a systematic format such as in order of system (e.g. first on HVAC
Installation, then on Lighting Installation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from lowest
level to top floor) or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office, common
corridor, lift lobby, etc.);
g) Program for implementation of the EMOs;
h)Identification of areas for further study, if any;
i)Indication of parties concerned in the implementation of EMOs and the difficulties that
may encounter and general methodologies to overcome them; and
j)Initial investment and payback of each EMO in the summary.
Energy Management
5 - Recommendations
This part aims to focus on:
a) The initial investment and payback period of each EMO.
b) The summary of recommendations in a systematic order.
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b) The summary of recommendations in a systematic order.
c) Grouping items of similar nature/location/usage together or group
according to their categories (Cat. I, Cat. II andCat. III).
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