Periodicity of Elements and Periodic Table

CHAPTER 4 Definitions Periodic Table A table of elements obtained by arranging them in order of their increasing atomic number in which elements having similar properties are placed in the same group is called Periodic Table. Group The vertical column of elements in the periodic table are called Groups. Period The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called Periods. Periodicity The repetition of physical and chemical properties of elements periodically is called Periodicity of Properties. Periodic Law Physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic masses. Metal Elements which are good conductors of heat and electricity are malleable and ductile and have a metallic luster are called Metals like odium! Potassium! Gold! "opper etc. Non-Metals Elements which are non or bad conductor of heat and electricity are neither malleable or ductile and have no metallic luster are called #on$Metals like "arbon! #itrogen! "hlorine etc. Metalloids Metalloids are semi metals have the properties which are intermediate between a metal and non$ metal like %oron! ilicon! Germanium! Arsenic! Antimony etc.

Law of Triads A German "hemist! &obereiner '()*+,! arranged chemically similar elements in groups of three on the basis of their atomic masses called Triads and it was found that atomic mass of the middle element was appro-imately e.ual to the average of atomic masses of other two elements. This is known as /aw of Triads. Drawback or Defect As very few elements could be arranged in such groups! this classification did not get wide acceptance. Law of Octaves An English "hemist #ewland '()01, stated that if the elements were arranged in the ascending order of their atomic masses! every eight element will have similar properties to the first. This is knows as /aw of 2ctaves. Drawback or Defects 1. Noble gases were not discovered at that time and no place was reserved for the undiscovered noble gases. 2. In the same way no blank spaces for the undiscovered elements were present in his table. Mendeleyvs Period Table and Periodic Law ussian !hemist" #endeleyv$s %1&'( who wa working separately from )other #ayer published a table of elements. *ccording to #endeleyv$s when the element were arranged in order of their increasing atomic mases" the elements with similar properties were repeated after regular interval and were placed one above the other.* table obtained in this manner is called Periodic Table. #endeleyv$s stated this periodicity in the form of Periodic )aw. Important eatures of Mendeleyv!s Periodic Table The important features of #endeleyv$s Periodic table are+ Periods and Groups The hori,ontal rows which run from left to right in Periodic Table are called Periods and they are twelve in number. The vertical rows which run from top to bottom in periodic table are called groups and they are eight in number. "acant #paces #endeleyv$s left many vacant spaces for the still unknown elements. -or e.ample" ne.t to

!alcium %/0( should be Titanium %/&( but it resembled silicon %2&( instead of *luminium %21(. 2e left vacant space for element with atomic mass //. Discovery of New $lement #endeleyv$s discovered new elements and also guessed their atomic mass and properties. %tomic Mass &orrection #endeleyv$s corrected the atomic masses of certain elements on basis of their properties and provided proper place to them in the periodic table. Defects in Mendeleyv!s Periodic Table The #endeleyv$s Period Table has following defects+ Irre'ular Position of #ome $lements *ccording to #endeleyv$s Periodic )aw Potassium %34( should be placed before *rgon %/0( but he placed *rgon %/0( before Potassium %34( which goes against his law. Position of Isotopes #endeleyv$s periodic table gives no indication about the position of isotopes. #tructure of %tom #endeleyv$s Periodic table gives no idea about structure of atoms. Position of Lant(anides and %ctinides )anthanides and *ctinides have not been given proper place in Periodic Table. &oina'e and %lkali Metals *lkali metals and coinage metals with different properties are placed in the same group. This defect has been replaced by placing them into two sub groups. Modern Periodic Law and Modern Periodic Table Modern Periodic Law Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic number. #osely %1413( says that atomic mas is not fundamental property. 5ue to some defects present in #endeleyv$s periodic law" #osely introduced the concept of anomic number for the elements. E-ample 6hen isotopes were discovered" it was thought advisable to arrange the elements on basis of their atomic number instead o increasing atomic mases. Isotopes were needed different position in the #endeleyv$s periodic table. 2ence #endeleyv$s periodic law was modified. Modern Periodic Table 6hen #endeleyv$s periodic law was modified and new elements were discovered. This forcd the scientists to change #endeleyv$s periodic law.

The electronic configuration of atoms also played an important role in he arrangement of the modern periodic law. This form of periodic table is called 7)ong form of Periodic Table8 because it contains eighteen groups instead of eight but seven periods instead of twelve. Gro ! " T#e Al$ali Metals The elements of group I are called 7*lkali #etals8. The word alkali is derived from an *rabic word meaning *shes. $lements of Group I )ithium 9odium Potassium ubidium !esium -rancium Properties of Group I 1. They are mono atomic. 2. They e.ist in solid metallic state. 3. :uter most shell of these elements is incomplete having one electron. /. Elements of this group are highly reactive. ;. Elements of this group have large tendency to form compounds. '. Elements of this group are strongly electro<positive. Gro ! "" T#e Al$aline Eart# Metals The elements of group II are called *lkaline Earth #etals. These elements occur in nature as silicate mineral and their o.ides and hydro.ides are strongly basic. Therefore these elements are called *lkaline Earth #etals. $lements of Group II =eryllium #agnesium !alcium 9trontium =arium adium Properties of Group II 1. They are mono atomic. 2. They e.ist in solid state. 3. :uter most shell of these elements is incomplete having two electrons. /. Elements of this group are moderately reactive. ;. Elements of this group have moderate tendency to form compounds.

Gro ! """ T#e %oron or Al &ini & 'a&ily The elements of group III e.ist in solid state. $lements of Group III =oron #etalloid *luminium #etal >allium #etal Indium #etal Thallium #etal Properties of Group III 1. They are mono atomic. 2. They e.ist in solid state. 3. :uter most shell of these elements is incomplete having three electrons. /. Elements of this group are ?uite reactive. ;. Elements of this group have moderate tendency to form compounds. Gro ! "( T#e Carbon and )ilicon 'a&ily $lements of Group I" !arbon 9ilicon >ermanium Tin )ead Properties of Group I" 1. They are mono atomic. 2. They e.ist in solid state. 3. :utermost shell of these elements is incomplete. /. Elements of this group are ?uite reactive. ;. Elements of this group have moderate tendency to form compounds. >roup @ A The Nitrogen -amily $lements of Group " Nitrogen Phosphorus *rsenic *ntimony =ismuth Properties of Group " 1. 9ome are mono atomic and some are di<atomic. 2. 9ome of them e.ist in gaseous and some are in solid state.

3. :utermost shell of these elements is incomplete having five electrons. /. elements of this group are ?uite reactive. ;. Elements of this group have ?uite tendency to form compound. Gro ! (" T#e *+y,en 'a&ily $lements of Group "I :.ygen 9ulphur 9elenium Tellurium Polonium Properties of Group "I 1. 9ome are mono atomic and some are di<atomic. 2. 9ome of them e.ist in gaseous and some are in solid state. 3. Elements of this group have ?uite tendency to form compounds. /. The tendency of forming covalent bond decreases from o.ygen to polonium. ;. There is a gradual decrease in the ioni,ation potential down the group. Gro ! ("" T#e Halo,en 'a&ily $lements of Group "II -luorine >as !hlorine >as =romine )i?uid Iodine 9olid *statine adioactive Properties of Group "II 1. They are diatomic e.cept *t. 2. 2alogens are very active non<metals. 3. :uter most shell of these elements is incomplete having seven electrons. /. Elements of this group are highly reactive. ;. There is a gradual decrease in the ioni,ation potential down the group. Transition Ele&ents Definition Elements in >roup I=" II=" through @II= are known as Transition Elements because they show their properties which are transitional between higly reactive and strong electro<positive elements of 9<block which form ionic compounds and p<block elements which form largely covalent compounds. Properties of Transition $lements 1. Transition Elements have incomplete inner electron shells.

2. They show variable valency. 3. They show similar behaviour. /. They all are metals. ;. They have strong inner atomic bonds. Gro ! -. T#e /oble Gases The elements of Group 3444 A are called 5#oble Gases6 or 54nert Gases6 or 57ero Group Elements6. $lements of Group ) 2elium Neon *rgon Brypton Cenon adon Properties of Group ) 1. They are mono atomic. 2. They e.ist in gaseous state. 3. :uter most shell of these elements is either complete or contains eight electrons. /. These elements are mostly chemically non<reactive. ;. These elements have no tendency to form compounds %only a few of these compounds are known(. Ato&ic Radi s Definition 2ne half of the distance between the nucleus of two identical atoms when these are in close contact with each other is called Atomic 8adius. *nit It is measured in angstrom unit *. Trend in Period The atomic radii decreases from left to right within a period in the periodic table. This is because nuclear charge increases with the increase of atomic number. =ut the number of shells remains same within a period. Trend in Group *tomic radius increases from top to bottom in a group. This is because" although nuclear charge increases from top to bottom but at the same time on new shell is also added for each successive element down the group.

"oni0ation Ener,y 1"2E3 or "oni0ation Potential 1"2P3 Definition The minimum energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated" gaseous atom in its ground state is called Ioni,ation Energy. *nit It is e.pressed in electron volts or kilo<Doules permole. 1 ev E 4'./4kD actors %ffectin' Ioni+ation $ner'y The ioni,ation energy of elements depends upon the following factors+ 1. Effect of Nuclear !harge on I.E The greater the nuclear charge the higher is the ioni,ation energy. 2. Effect of *tomic 9i,e The larger the si,e of atom the lower is the ioni,ation energy. Trend of I,$ in Period Ioni,ation energy increases from left to right in a period due to increase in nuclear change and decrease in atomic si,e. Trend of I,$ in Group I.E decreases from top to bottom in a group due to increase in atomic si,e. Electrone,ativity Definition The tendency of each atom in a covalent molecule to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself is known as its electronegativity. actors %ffectin' $lectrone'ativity Electronegativity depends upon the following factors+ *tomic si,e *tomic Number Electron *ffinity Ioni,ation Energy Trend or "ariation in t(e Period Electronegativity increases from left to right within a period due to increase in nuclear charge and decrease in atomic si,e. Trend or "ariation in t(e Group Electronegativity values decreases from top to bottom within a group due to increase in atomic si,e. Electron Affinity

Definition The energy change that occurs when an electron is gained by an atom in the gaseous state is known as Electron *ffinity. Electron *ffinity for the addition of first electron is negative i.e. energy is released but for further addition of electrons it is positive because energy has to be added to over come repulsion between negative ion and electron. *nit It is measured in BFGmol or in e.v per atom. actors %ffectin' $lectron %ffinity *tomic 9i,e Nuclear !harge Trend or "ariation of $lectron %ffinity in Group 5own the group in the periodic table" electron affinity decreases because the addition of a new shell to each atom decreases its force of attraction. Trend or "ariation of $lectron %ffinity in Period In a period" the electron affinity increases from left to right because the incoming successive atoms have higher nuclear charge and attract electron more towards itself.