Revision no.

: PPT/2K605/03
CCNA
640-801
Internet Protocol
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TCP/IP Protocol
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) suit was created by the Department of Defense
(DoD).
Later TCP/IP was included with the Berkeley Software
Distribution of UNIX.
The Internet Protocol can be used to communicate across
any set of interconnected networks.
TCP/IP supports both LAN and WAN communications.
IP suite includes not only Layer 3 and 4 specifications but
also specifications for common applications like e-mail,
remote login, terminal emulation and file transfer.
The TCP/IP protocol stack maps closely to the OSI model in
the lower layers.
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The DoD Model
The Process / Application Layer
The Host-to-Host Layer
The Internet Layer
The Network Layer
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The DoD & OSI
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Host-to-Host
Internet
Network
Access
DoD Model OSI Model
Revision no.: PPT/2K605/03

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Process/Application Layer
The Process / Application layer defines protocols for node-
to-node application communication and also controls user-
interface specification.
A vast array of protocols combine at this layer of DoDs
Model to integrate the activities and duties of upper layer of
OSI.
Examples for this layer are :
Telnet, FTP, TFTP, NFS, SMTP, SNMP, DNS DHCP, BootP etc.
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Host-to-Host Layer
The Host-to-Host layer parallels the functions of the OSIs
Transport layer
It performs the following:
Defining protocols for setting up the level of transmission service for
Applications
It tackles issues like creating reliable end-to-end communication.
It ensures the error free delivery of data
It handles packet sequencing and maintains data integrity.
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Internet Layer
Internet Layer corresponds to the OSIs Network Layer.
It performs the following:
Designating the protocols relating to the logical transmission of
packets over the entire network.
It takes care of the addressing of hosts by giving them an IP address.
It handles routing of packets among multiple networks.
It also controls the communication flow between the two hosts.
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Network Access Layer
This layer is equivalent of the Data Link and Physical Layer of OSI
model.
It performs the following
It monitors the data exchange between the host and the network.
Network Access Layer overseas hardware addressing and defines
protocols for the physical transmission of the Data.
Lets have a look on how TCP/IP Protocol suit relates to the DoD
model layers.
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TCP/IP Protocol Suit at DoD
Process /
Application
Host-to-Host
Internet
Network
Access
Telnet
FTP LPD SNMP
X Window NFS SMTP TFTP
TCP UDP
ICMP
Ethernet
ARP RARP
IP
Fast
Ethernet
Token
Ring
FDDI
BootP
TCP/IP Protocol Suit
DoD Model
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Telnet
Telnet is used for Terminal Emulation.
It allows a user sitting on a remote machine to access the
resources of another machine.
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F T P (File Transfer Protocol)
It allows you to transfer files from one machine to another.
It also allows access to both directories and files.
It uses TCP for data transfer and hence slow but reliable.
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Network File System (NFS)
It is jewel of protocols specializing in file sharing.
It allows two different types of file systems to interoperate.
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T F T P (File Transfer Protocol)
This is striped down version of FTP.
It has no directory browsing abilities.
It can only send and receive files.
It uses UDP for data transfer and hence faster but not reliable.
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LPD (Line Printer Daemon)
The Line Printer Protocol is designed for Printer sharing.
The LPD along with the LPR (Line Printer Program) allows
print jobs to spooled and sent to the networks printers
using TCP/IP.
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X Window
X-windows defines a protocol for the writing of graphical
user interface-based client/Server application.
It allows a program to run on one computer and have it
display on another computer.
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Simple Network Management Protocol
SNMP enable a central management of Network.
Using SNMP an administrator can watch the entire network.
SNMP works with TCP/IP.
IT uses UDP for transportation of the data.
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DNS (Domain Name Service)
DNS resolves FQDN with IP address.
DNS allows you to use a domain name to specify and IP
address.
It maintains a database for IP address and Hostnames.
On every query it checks this database and resolves the IP.
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Bootstrap Protocol (BootP)
BootP stands for Bootstrap Protocol.
BootP is used by a diskless machine to learn the following:
Its own IP address
The IP address and host name of a server machine.
The boot filename of a file that is to be loaded into memory
and executed at boot-up.
BootP is an old program and is now called the DHCP.
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DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
The DHCP server dynamically assigns IP address to hosts.
All types of Hardware can be used as a DHCP server, even
a Cisco Router.
BootP can also send an operating system that a host can
boot from. DHCP can not perform this function.
Following information is provided by DHCP while host
registers for an IP address:
IP Address
Subnet mask
Domain name
Default gateway (router)
DNS
WINS information
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP works at Transport Layer
TCP is a connection oriented protocol.
TCP is responsible for breaking messages into segments
and reassembling them.
Supplies a virtual circuit between end-user application.
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d
.

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o

p
a
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t

o
f

t
h
i
s

m
a
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i
a
l

m
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b
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,

s
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m
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h
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t
h
e

p
r
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o
r

p
e
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m
i
s
s
i
o
n
.
TCP Segment Format
Bit 31 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 0
Code
bits (6)
Reserved
(6)
Data (varies)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Urgent (16) Checksum (16)
Window (16)
Header length
(4)
Acknowledgment number (32)
Sequence number (32)
Destination port (16) Source port (16)
2
4

b
y
t
e
s
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o
n
.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
A connectionless and unacknowledged protocol.
UDP is also responsible for transmitting messages.
But no checking for segment delivery is provided.
UDP depends on upper layer protocol for reliability.
TCP and UDP uses Port no. to listen to a particular services.
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o
n
.
UDP segment
Bit 31 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 0
Data (if any)
Checksum (16) Length (16)
Destination port (16) Source port (16)
8

b
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s
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s
i
o
n
.
Key Features of TCP and UDP
TCP UDP
Sequenced Unsequenced
Reliable Unreliable
Connection-oriented Connectionless
Virtual circuit Low overhead
Acknowledgments No acknowledgment
Windowing flow control No windowing or flow control
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o
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.
Some common services and port numbers Transport
layer protocol.
FTP TCP 21
Telnet TCP 23
SMTP TCP 25
DNS TCP & UDP 53
DNS uses UDP for name resolution and TCP for Server Zone
Transfers
TFTP UDP 69
POP3 UDP 110
News UDP 144
.
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n
.
Port Numbers
Some ports are reserved in both TCP and UDP
Port Numbers have the following assigned ranges:
Numbers below 1024 are considered well-knows ports
Numbers above 1024 are dynamically assigned ports
Registered ports are those registered for vender-specific
applications. Most of them are above 1024.
Maximum Port numbers can go upto 65,535.
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s
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o
n
.
The Internet Layer Protocols
Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
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i
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o
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.
Internet Protocol (IP)
Provides connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of datagrams.
IP is not concerned with the content of the datagrams.
It looks for a way to move the datagrams to their destination.
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.
IP header
Data (varies if any)
Fragment offset (13) Flags(3)
Priority and
Type of
Service (8)
Header
length (4)
Bit 31 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 0
Protocol (8)
Options (0 or 32 if any)
Destination IP address (32)
Source IP address (32)
Header checksum (16) Time to Live (8)
Identification (16)
Total length (16)
Version(
4)
2
0

b
y
t
e
s
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.
The Protocol field in an IP header
Protocol
Numbers
Internet
Layer
Transport
Layer
IP
UDP TCP
6 17
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.
Possible Protocols Found in the Protocol Field of
an IP Header
Protocol Protocol Number
ICMP 1
IGRP 9
EIGRSP 88
OSPF 89
IPv6 41
GRE 47
IPX in IP 111
Layer 2 tunnel (L2TP) 115
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o
n
.
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
ICMP messages are carried in IP datagrams and used to
send error and control messages.
The following are some common events and messages that
ICMP relates to:
Destination Unreachable
Buffer Full
Hops
Ping
Traceroute
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n
.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
ARP works at Internet Layer of DoD Model
It is used to resolve MAC address with the help of a known IP address.
All resolved MAC addresses are maintained in ARP cache table is maintained.
To send a datagram this ARP cache table is checked and if not found then a
broadcast is sent along with the IP address.
Machine with that IP address responds and the MAC address is cached.
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i
o
n
.
RARP (Reverse ARP)
This also works at Internet Layer.
It works exactly opposite of ARP.
It resolves an IP address with the help of a known MAC address.
DHCP is the example of an RARP implementation.
Workstations get their IP address from a RARP server or DHCP
server with the help of RARP.
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i
o
n
.
Binary to Decimal and Hexadecimal Conversion
Binary to Decimal Memorization Chart
Binary Value Decimal Value
10000000 128
11000000 192
11100000 224
11110000 240
11111000 248
11111100 252
11111110 254
11111111 255
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s
i
o
n
.
Binary to Decimal and Hexadecimal Conversion
(contd.)
Hex to Binary to Decimal Chart
Hexadecimal Value Binary Value Decimal Value
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15
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IP Addressing
IP Terminology
Bits
Bytes
Octet
Network Address
Broadcast Address
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o
n
.
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
Research Class E:
Multicast Class D:
Host Network Network Network Class C:
Host Host Network Network Class B:
Host Host Host Network Class A:
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
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i
o
n
.
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme (contd.)
Network Address Range: Class A
The Class A range of network addresses:
00000000 = 0
01111111 = 127
Network Address Range: Class B
The Class B range of network addresses:
10000000 = 128
10111111 = 191
Network Address Range: Class C
The Class C range of network addresses:
11000000 = 192
11011111 = 223
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A
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.
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme (contd.)
Network Address Ranges: Classes D and E
The addresses between 224 and 255 are reserved for Class D and E
networks. Class D (224239) is used for multicast addresses and Class
E (240255) for scientific purposes .
Network Addresses: Special Purpose
Some IP addresses are reserved for special purposes, so network
administrators cant ever assign these addresses to nodes.
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.
Reserved IP Addresses
Broadcast to all nodes on the current network;
sometimes called an all 1s broadcast or
limited broadcast.
Entire IP address set to all 1s (same as
255.255.255.255)
Used by Cisco routers to designate the default
route. Could also mean any network.
Entire IP address set to all 0s
Interpreted to mean all nodes on the specified
network; for example, 128.2.255.255 means
all nodes on network 128.2 (Class B address).
Node address of all 1s
Interpreted to mean network address or any
host on specified network.
Node address of all 0s
Reserved for loopback tests. Designates the
local node and allows that node to send a test
packet to itself without generating network
traffic.
Network 127.0.0.1
Interpreted to mean all networks.
Network address of all 1s
Interpreted to mean this network or segment.
Network address of all 0s
Function
Address
Revision no.: PPT/2K605/03

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.
Private IP Addresses
192.168.0.0 through
192.168.255.255
Class C
172.16.0.0 through
172.31.255.255
Class B
10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 Class A
Reserved address space Address Class
Reserved IP Address Space
Revision no.: PPT/2K605/03

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.
Broadcast Addresses
These are packets sent from a single source,
and transmitted to many devices on different
networks.
Multicast
These are sent to a single destination host. Unicast
These are sent to all nodes on the network. Broadcasts (layer
3)
These are sent to all nodes on a LAN. Layer 2 broadcasts
Revision no.: PPT/2K605/03

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.
Introduction to Network Address
Translation (NAT)
In NAT terminology, the inside network is the set of networks that
are subject to translation. The outside network refers to all other
addressesusually those located on the Internet.
NAT operates on a Cisco routergenerally only connecting two
networks togetherand translates your private (inside local)
addresses within the internal network, into public (inside global)
addresses before any packets are forwarded to another network.
Revision no.: PPT/2K605/03

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.
Introduction to Network Address
Translation (NAT) (contd.)
There are different flavors of NAT:
Static NAT:- Designed to allow one-to-one mapping between local
and global addresses. This flavor requires you to have one real
Internet IP address for every host on your network.
Dynamic NAT:- Designed to map an unregistered IP address to a
registered IP address from out of a pool of registered IP addresses.
You dont have to statically configure your router to map an inside to
an outside address as in static NAT, but you do have to have enough
real IP addresses for everyone who wants to send packets to and from
the Internet.
Overloading:- This is the most popular type of NAT configuration.
Overloading is a form of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered
IP addresses to a single registered IP address (many-to-one) by using
different ports. Therefore, its also known as port address translation