Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
General Definition
Modulation
- a process of mixing two sinusoidal signals, it includes a low frequency signal being imposed onto a higher frequency carrier signal.
INFORMATION MODULATED SIGNAL
CARRIER
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Mathematical relationship to Practical concepts
James Rodney P. Santiago
Basic AM
Linear combination of the signal and carrier. ecarrier
eoutput
esignal
carrier
signal
Definition
AM is a method that employs Non-Linear combination of the information and carrier.
Percentage Modulation A measure of the extent of the carrier voltage variation with respect to the signal. % Modulation = = = (Es/Ec)x100% Emin Emax x 100% Emin + Emax Es/Ec
Mathematical Expression
Vc = Vc Sinc t ; Vm = Vm Sinm t
Vm
Vc
Mathematical Analysis
Condition : Initially, a Carrier is without a modulating information ; therefore it has a constant Vc. Upon the application of the information, the instantaneous voltage is now changed to Vm. The instantaneous change in Carrier amplitude (A) is Vm Sinm t. Modulation index is the ratio of the Vm over Vc, it is a number between 1 & 0.
INFORMATION
MODULATED SIGNAL
fc
Carrier
CARRIER
Spectrum
Modulated
fc
Spectrum
Mathematical Analysis
From the previous conditions : Let us derive the double sideband AM modulator
A = Vc + Vm
Vc = Vc Sinc t ; Vm = Vm Sinm t
Vm
Vc
Practical Explanation
Since DSBM simply is a sum and difference of information to the carrier, we can simply express it as :
Information Carrier - Low frequency - Higher frequency
Practical Explanation
Computing for the Bandwidth
Assuming there is only one sideband on the upper and lower part with respect to the carrier.
multiply
INFORMATION
Spectrum
fc
CARRIER
CARRIER
90 Phase Shift
Carrier
Add
Spectrum
Modulated
fc
Spectrum
multiply
James Rodney P. Santiago
General Illustration
Tower Design
0.5H
0.5H
James Rodney P. Santiago
0.5H 120
120
Anchor
120
Anchor
Insulated Tower
Very simple AM tower implementation of which the current is 90 from the top (can be from the base if tower height is less than 90). Compare the effect of the velocity of propagation in relation to the physical and electrical height of the tower.
General Definition
AM Transmission operates at quarter wavelength due to the physical difficulties in constructing the structure
/4
Electrical /4
10
20
50
5000
CONDUCTIVITIES
/4
Electrical /4
ia = Ia sin (G y)
ia Ia G Y = = = = current in amperes at height y. max. current in amperes tower height in degress height in degrees of the current element ia.
Grounded Towers, Shunt Fed and Folded Monopoles Structures with grounded base can be utilized as an AM radiator, the base impedance of such is zero, impedance increases as the elevation of the feed point increases.
Top Loading
For towers that are electrically short (< 90), top loading can improve its BW and radiation performance.
Earth Mat
There are 120 Cu conductors laid on the base of the tower to increase conductivity and generate a better electrical image of the /4 tower.
FREQUENCY MODULATION
Mathematical relationship to Practical concepts
James Rodney P. Santiago GMA Network Inc. Technical Specialist SBETP-Vice President
FM BAND OF FREQUENCIES
The standard range of frequencies for FM :
88 to 108 MHz
2 0 0 K H z
75Khz LSB
75Khz USB
FM Frequency Allocations
PRE-EMPHASIS
F = 1/ 2RC
F = Frequency (Hz) R = Resistance (Ohms) C = Capacitance (Farads)
FM Channel
FM Stereo
LSB L+R Signal
P I L O T
C A R R I E R
S u p p r e s s e d C a r r i e r
Reference : National Association of Broadcasters Handbook Stereo Generator by Forest Cook http://www.ntc.gov.ph