Gennum 3Gbs SDI

Enabling Brilliance
3Gb/s SDI for Transport of 1080p50/60, 3D, 4k and Beyond
John Hudson, Director Broadcast Technology
Interface History Analog Broadcast
70 years ago.(1940)
Interface History Analog to Digital
50+ years later.(1992)
Interface History SD to HD
9 years on.(2001)
Interface History First 3G demo(s)
6 years ago.(2006)
Interface History 3G demo(s)
200m @ 3G 1 year ago.(2011)
101 Passes @3G

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3Gb/s SDI Standards Quick Review

3G SDI first standardized in 2005 ITU-R BT.1120
Restricted to 1920 x 1080p50 YCbCr 4:2:2 10-bit
SMPTE 3G SDI standards first published in 2006 SMPTE ST 425:2006 Video, audio and ancillary data mapping for the 3G interface SMPTE ST 424:2006
Physical layer 3G equivalent of ST 292-1 (1.5Gb/s SDI)
SMPTE ST 297:2006
Optical interface standard covering all SDI rates from 143Mb/s through to 3Gb/s
3Gb/s SDI Standards Quick Review

SMPTE ST 424:20xx Currently in revision (almost complete)
Updates to change alignment jitter specification from 0.3UI to 0.2UI Provisions use of other connector types Changes cable loss recommendation from -20dB to <-30dB
SMPTE ST 425:2011 revision

Revised to include Digital Cinema production formats and add 32 channel audio support Split into multiple parts to accommodate future revisions for stereo and high resolution images 425-0 Index 425-1 Replaces current 425 425-2 A Stereo Pair of 1.5Gb/s images tie up with ST292-2 425-3 Single Images with payload up to 6 Gb/s, carried on 2 links 425-4 A Stereo pair of 3 Gb/s signals on 2 links 425-5 Single Image with payload upto12 Gb/s, carried on 4 links 425-6 A Stereo Pair of 6Gb/s signals, transported via 4 links .
NOTE: 425-2~425-6 discussed later in presentation

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3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1 Review

System Nomenclature
1080p60 1080p50 1080i60 1080i50 1080p30 1080p25 1080p24 720p60 720p50 720p30 720p25 720p24
Horizontal Pixels
1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280
Vertical lines
Frame Rate
Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2

3Gb/s 3Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s
Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4:4 12-bit 4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2

6Gb/s 6Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s
Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4

1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 720 720 720 720 720
60~60/1.001 50 30~30/1.001 25 30~30/1.001 25 24~24/1.001 60 60/1.001 50 30~30/1.001 25 24~24/1.001
Single image formats and payloads

SMPTE ST 425 the virtual interface
ST 425 establishes the concept of a 20-bit virtual interface consisting of 2 x 10bit data streams Data stream 1 and Data Stream 2
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SMPTE ST 425 the 3 mapping modes
Three different mapping modes are defined as Level A, Level B Dual Link (B-DL) and Level B Dual Stream (B-DS). Level A Is the direct mapping of an uncompressed images into a serial digital interface operating at a nominal rate of 3Gb/s Level B-DL Is the mapping of ST 372 dual-link data streams into a serial digital interface operating at a nominal rate of 3Gb/s Level B-DS Is the dual-stream mapping of two independent 1.5Gb/s video streams into a single serial digital interface operating at a nominal rate of 3Gb/s
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ST 352 Payload ID
Mandated for the 3Gb/s interface Each mapping mode and each image format carried on the link are uniquely identified using the SMPTE ST 352 Payload ID
Levels Of operation
Manufacturers should indicate which mapping format they support on their equipment
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SMPTE ST 425-2 Stereoscopic image transport on a single 3Gb/s link
ST 292-2:2011 carries a stereoscopic image pair on 2 x 1.5Gb/s SDI links in accordance with ST 292-1 ST 425-2:2012 uses the Level B-DS mapping mode of ST 425-1 to multiplex the Left eye and Right eye images from ST 292-2 on a single 3Gb/s link. When carrying Stereoscopic images in a Level B-DS multiplex, each image must be frame aligned prior to the link multiplex
ST 352 Payload ID
Each Left Eye and Right Eye image stream is individually identified on the ST 425-2 link using the ST 325 payload ID
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System Nomenclature
1080p60 1080p50 1080i60 1080i50 1080p30 1080p25 1080p24 720p60 720p50 720p30 720p25 720p24
Horizontal Pixels
1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280
Vertical lines
Frame Rate
Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2

Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4:4 12-bit 4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2

Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4

24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s
1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 720 720 720 720 720
60~60/1.001 50 30~30/1.001 25 30~30/1.001 25 24~24/1.001 60~60/1.001 50 30~30/1.001 25 24~24/1.001
Stereoscopic image formats and payloads
3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1/2 Things to Consider

General Issues for 1080p50/60
Both Level A and Level B-DL mapping modes have similar capabilities BUT they are not compatible For 1080p50/60, conversion between Level A and Level B-DL introduces a delay of at least one video line on each conversion Conversion of signals with embedded audio or other ancillary data may increase the delay and introduce additional complexity to correct the positioning or timing of some ancillary data packets Some devices process signals internally using a different standard to their own input/output standard. It always advisable to confirm these devices compensate for any conversion delay internally before installation
End-users should establish capabilities of proposed purchases before designing new installations Facility designers may wish to select one mapping format (Level A or Level B-DL) for each facilities routing / vision mixer signal cloud
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Switching Regions
For Level A and Level B-DS, the serial stream switch point is defined in SMPTE RP 168:2009 For Level B-DS (carriage of two 1.5Gb/s streams on a single 3Gb/s link), there is no requirement for frame alignment of each image. If the two images are not frame aligned, video switching could be adversely effected End-users and facility designers should always ensure that Level B-DS equipment guarantees frame alignment.
ST 352 Payload ID
The use of the SMPTE ST 352 Payload ID is mandatory due to the large number of different video formats that can be carried in the 3 Gb/s interface Without the payload ID, it is not possible to correctly identify all of the supported formats or mapping modes purely from inspection of the payload data End-users should ensure that any proposed new purchases support ST 352 payload ID before designing new installations
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Embedded audio
Level A, Level B-DL and Level B-DS can all carry up to 32 audio channels but channel assignments and identification are different Level A uses 8 separate audio groups (of 4 channels each) - in accordance with ST 299-2 - all 32 channels are uniquely identified Level B-DL uses two streams of 4 audio groups (of 4 channels each) - in accordance with ST 299-1 - identical channel numbers are used but channels 1~16 can only be differentiated from channels 17~32 at the ST 372 Dual-Link (Link A / Link B), level Level B-DS is similar to Level B-DL carrying to links of 16 channels but there is no defined channel assignment for this mapping
End-users and facility designers should ensure that audio embedders / deembedders correctly identify audio channel mapping in mixed Level A / Level B systems Extra care should be taken in 3G system upgrades to ensure that these new audio embedding capabilities are handled transparently throughout the plant
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Progressive signals and Corruption of Non PCM Audio
To prevent corruption of non PCM audio, a two-frame marker or Fr/2 reference signal should be used to delineate frame-pairs for all progressive signals SMPTE ST 2051:2010 defines a two-frame marker relationship between the mapped image format and the embedded Fr/2 audio service. This relationship is signaled via a HANC data packet The implementation of ST 2051 is not mandatory and equipment in the production chain that does not use the standard may strip the two-frame marker It may not be possible to upgrade all such existing equipment
End-users and facility designers should ensure that the ST 2051 two-frame marker is supported and passed throughout any progressive system where Non PCM audio is used
NOTE: See SMPTE RDD 19 for Guidelines on the Use of Dolby-E with Video Signals at Frame Rates Greater than 30 Hz
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3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Preamble

ST 424 3Gb/s SDI Signal/Data Serial Interface This standard defines the 3Gb/s SDI physical interface 10-bit multiplex Serialization Scrambling Coding Electrical specifications (eye shape, jitter, return loss..) Where the rubber hits the road Two really big important things not addressed:
(1) Over all System performance
AND THE REAL BIGGY (2) Bit Error Ratio (BER) probably the MOST important metric.
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3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Preamble

At the end of the day - what do we really care about ?
To design robust SDI systems we need to know lots of things

RP 184 Specification of Jitter in Bit-Serial Digital Systems RP 192 Jitter Measurement Procedures in Bit-Serial Digital Interfaces EG 34 Pathological Conditions in Serial Digital Video Systems RP 198 Bit-Serial Digital Check field for Use in High-Definition Interfaces
Design and implementation also requires a passing knowledge of Signal Integrity Issues NOTE: 32NF50 Jitter Study group currently revising all of the above standards
to accommodate 3Gb/s SDI
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3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

The 10-bit multiplex the first step to 3G serial Data stream 1 and Data stream 2 of the 20-bit virtual interface defined in ST 425-1, are multiplexed into a single 10-bit parallel data stream
Level A mapping
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The 10-bit multiplex the first step to 3G serial Data stream 1 and Data stream 2 of the 20-bit virtual interface defined in ST 425-1, are multiplexed into a single 10-bit parallel data stream
Level B mapping
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The SMPTE scrambler
Pot-hole pathological
Wash board pathological
SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal October 2011: Pathological Check Codes and the SMPTE Scrambler in the HD Age By David Brown and John Hudson
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Pot-Hole pathological
The concatenated TRS produced in the 10-bit multiplex increases the generation of pot-hole pathological when the signal is serialized and scrambled
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Pot-Hole pathological The longest run length as measured in bits is a concern for receiver PLL circuits which, will tend to drift without transitions The longest run length as measured in ns is a concern for equalizer DC-restoration circuits where the extreme lack of DC balance can affect the ability of the adaptive DC restoration circuit to compensate
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Wash-board pathological EQ + PLL stress signals SMPTE RP 198 HD check-field washboard pathological, which can persist for an entire video line.
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Pathological considerations Level A / Level B
For out of service testing of 3Gb/s links, different pathological test patterns are required for each of the mapping modes Bit-Serial Digital Check-Field pattern as defined in SMPTE RP198 is applicable for Level A. SMPTE is revising RP 198 to include Level B stress patterns For stress testing system performance with the RP 198 check field pattern, ANC data insertion such as Audio should be disabled
End-users and facility designers should commission systems using appropriate stress signals
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Electrical specifications Transmitter Eye Diagram Like all SDI standards, ST 424 provides transmitter electrical specifications only and is measured at the end of a 1m cable
* ST 424:20xx revision sets alignment jitter to 0.2UI

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Return loss What Is it ? Return loss is a a measure of the 75 ohm-ness of the SDI circuit or network over frequency It provides a measure of the efficiency of a system to transmit, pass or receive a signal by detecting how much of the transmitted signal is reflected back Measured with a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
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Return loss Is it important ? A return loss of 10 dB means that 32% of the signal was reflected back, and 15 dB means 18% of the signal is reflected back.
Reflections cause Inter Symbol Interference ISI which degrades the system jitter performance and hence reduces error free cable length Compensation networks form a los-pass filter which attenuates the signal hence reducing cable length
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Return loss Is it important ?
Top - return loss of two patch-panels Bottom - return loss of typical cables / connectors
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Return loss Is it important ?
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Insertion Loss (frequency loss)
SKIN EFFECT means that as frequencies increase, electrons migrate to the outer surface of the conductor. When only using the outer surface, the volume through which electrons can flow is reduced and resistance increases
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Insertion Loss (frequency loss) Attenuation proportional to F 3G cable reach 70% of HD cable reach Thinner cables for increased density increase attenuation
Current EQ performance Next gen performance
Insertion loss of typical cables / connectors at 1.5GHz

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All 75 ohm All ST 424 compliant
Insertion loss at 1.5GHz

~0.3 dB / m ~0.5dB 1.5dB~2dB BNC in, patch in, mechanics of patch, patch out, BNC out 1.5dB~2dB BNC in, barrel, BNC out 7db~8dB
Comment
Belden 1694A ~2m ~5m Belden 1694A Only use if you really have to ~5m Belden 1694A Dont use !! ~28m Belden 1694A Dont use !!
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Jitter Specifications
Jitter template
ST 424 under revision - 0.2UI in new standard

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Intrinsic jitter as defined in RP 184 includes all jitter sources in a system The ST 424 jitter template only addresses the output of a transmit device
SMPTE 32NF50 Jitter Study group considering new ways to specify and measure jitter in SDI SYSTEMS
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Causes of jitter
Duty Cycle distortion
ISI due to bandwidth limitations
Periodic jitter due to coupling
ISI due to reflections

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For robust system design all jitter effects should be considered cumulative
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Jitter reduction accomplished by the SDI re-clocking circuit within the serial domain Jitter is terminated in end-equipment using parallel domain processing
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Testing testing 1,2,3. - High bandwidth Real times scope - Spectrum Analyzer - BERT - Eye diagrams (repetitive volts vs. time) Trend (time error vs. time) Histograms (hits vs. time error) Spectrum (time error vs. frequency) Bathtub curve
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Fortunately
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3Gb/s System Performance Putting it all together
Loss budget existing EQ technology

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Jitter budget existing EQ technology no margin

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Jitter budget existing EQ technology de-rate for error free operation

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Jitter budget existing EQ technology factor in 3dB safety margin

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3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Things to Consider

Channel (cable and connector) considerations Although a return loss figure outside ST 424 specification will not necessarily stop a link from working, it may influence the length of cable that can successfully be compensated by the receiver cable equaliser With really inferior return loss figures, shorter cables lengths may prevent the link from working due to the small attenuation of reflections of the short cable. Adding a few tens of metres to the cable length may in fact allow the link to work normally At 3 Gb/s the bits are about 7.5 cm long in a cable treat all circuit interconnections as transmission lines Connector discontinuities become twice as significant Select connectors cables and patch panels designed to exceed SMPTE ST 424 return loss requirements with at least 3dB of margin Dont use plastic cable ties on coax cables as they create return loss discontinuities when over tightened
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Receiver dynamics and robustness
At 3 Gb/s cable losses increase by 40% (over HD), the signal bandwidth doubles, the crosstalk potential increases and amplifier gain is harder to achieve at the higher bandwidth. Transmission loss 30 dB at clock frequency for 2.97 Gbit/s operation The current generation cable equalizers are capable of 35 to 40 dB gain at this frequency To enable proper recovery of the serial data, a system (from the transmitter to receiver), must have a reasonably gentle frequency response roll-off out to three times the clock rate Plan installations with regard to the overall link losses of 30~35 dB at clock frequency to ensure sufficient safety margin for reliable operation The dynamics of the input and its robustness for clock recovery should always be tested using the SDI check field stress signal defined in RP 198
SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal October 2011: Pathological Check Codes and the SMPTE Scrambler in the HD Age By David Brown and John Hudson
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SMPTE 297:2006
This standard defines an optical fiber system for transmitting bit-serial digital signals It is intended for transmitting SMPTE ST 259 signals (143 through 360 Mb/s), SMPTE ST 344 signals (540Mb/s), SMPTE ST 292-1/-2 signals (1.485 Gb/s and 1.485/1.001 Gb/s) and SMPTE ST 424 signals (2.970 Gb/s and 2.970/1.001 Gb/s) In addition to optical specification, ST 297 also mandates laser safety testing and that all optical interfaces are labelled to indicate safety compliance, application and interoperability
Lasers are all class 1 as defined in IEC 60825-1 (2001-08).
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SMPTE 297:2006
Connector Label examples: An angle polished low-power (short-haul) transmitter that supports ST 259and ST 292-1/-2 signals at an optical wavelength of 1310 nm is labelled L-APC-AC1310 A PC polished receiver that supports ST 424 signals at a wavelength of 850nm is labelled PC-D-850 A indicates support of ST 259 signals B indicates support of ST 344 signals C indicates support of ST 292-1/-2 signals D indicates support for ST 424 signals
It also has a really good glossary of terms and lots of informative annexes providing background information
SMPTE 32NF50 Interface WG is also working on an optical interface EG EG 2069 which provides a thorough background in optical SDI interfaces
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Transmitter specifications
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Receiver specifications
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Comparison of optical sources
VCSELs Typical Link Distances Cost Advantages 200m 400m Low cost Typically used in lower cost lower power Multimode installations Shorter link distance over multimode fiber FP Laser 10km 30km Mid cost Ideal for low cost point to point on single mode fiber DFB Laser 30km 80km High cost Used for medium and long haul applications, as well as in wavelength division multiplexing High cost High Power
Disadvantages
Not suitable for wavelength division multiplexing, dispersion limited at high data rates
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Optical connectors
In a connector, only the light that is coupled into the fiber will propagate. To reduce losses the connector must be properly mated, aligned and of course be clean
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Ferrules, coupling, polish and cleaning
Gaps in the connectors cause 2 main problems; insertion loss and back reflection (optical return loss). Light that is not coupled into the receiving fiber core is insertion loss
Typical Insertion Loss Typical ORL
Connector
Air Gap
1.0 dB
15 dB
Compatible
Flat PC
.5 dB
28 dB
PC
.3 dB
45 dB or better
APC
.5 dB
60 dB
SMPTE 297 recommends a PC polish although SPC (Super Physical Contact), UPC (Ultra Physical Contact), and APC can be used but must be clearly labeled 57

Anatomy of optical Fiber
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Signal degradation in Fiber
losses due to absorption, scattering and dispersion
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SFP optical modules
The small form-factor pluggable (SFP) module combines transmitter and/or receiver functions in a compact, flexible and cost effective package. Provides a self contained, hot pluggable, electrical to optical or optical to electrical converter.
Due to its compact size and flexibility, the SFP form factor. has become the
most common module used in video transport.
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Broadcast Video Pin assignment
SFP modules are based on MSA (INF-8074i) developed by the datacom / telecom industry, SFP modules used in broadcast applications have a number of differences
MSA Pin Assignment
Broadcast Video Pin Assignment
Broadcast video SFP modules are not compatible with datacom MSA SFP modules
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Typical optical module specifications
< 10km links

SMPTE 297
Transmitter optical output power Transmitter extinction ratio Spectral line width 3G-SDI receiver sensitivity Transmitter jitter
10km+ & CWDM links

SMPTE 297 0 dBm 5 dB < 1 nm -17 dBm 90ps Typical Module 0 dBm 7.5 dB < 0.6 nm -22/-30 dBm 60ps
Typical Module -5 dBm 7.5 dB < 4 nm -18 dBm 60ps
-12 dBm 5 dB < 4 nm -17 dBm 90ps
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM
multiple DFB lasers are tuned to specific wavelengths which are grouped together with optical filters (Optical MUX) and travel independently along the fiber Each wavelength can operate at an independent bit rate and will not interfere with any of the other signals.
NOTE: DFB lasers have a narrower optical spectrum than FP lasers which helps to reduce optical cross talk between wavelengths in the fiber
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM
Course Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) uses wavelengths separated by 20nm beginning at 1270nm to 1610nm There are a total of 18 wavelengths available but 2 wavelengths (1390nm and 1410 nm) are not typically used as they overlap the water absorption peak
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Distance, or reach, of an optical SDI signal depends on:
Power (or link) budget of a Tx/Rx pair Power budget (in dB) is: Transmit Power [the guaranteed end of life (EOL) average output optical power of the transmit laser] minus Receive Sensitivity [the guaranteed end of life (EOL) power level at which satisfactory error performance can be achieved with a known data pattern] The loss limited reach of a fiber link is calculated by dividing the power budget by the fiber loss at the wavelength of interest @ 1310nm on single mode fiber the optical signal degrades by 0.35 dB per km
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Distance, or reach, of an optical SDI signal also depends on:
Dispersion tolerance of a Tx/Rx pair Transmitter wavelength Fiber type Receive tolerance to Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) Data rate Using a wide spectral width 1310nm laser transmitter offers a worst case link distance of 10km for 3G-SDI A narrow spectral width laser transmitter allows longer link distances, up to 100km but this depends on power budget!
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3Gb/s Fiber System Performance - Putting it all together
Loss Budget 1310nm FP transmitter minimum output power -5dBm, spectral width 4 nm PIN Receiver minimum sensitivity (pathological) of -18 dBm 2 connectors with a .5 dB loss/ connector The worst case, EOL power budget is therefore: Transmitter power - 5 dBm Receiver Power - (-18 dBm) Connector loss (2x .5) -1 System margin -3 . EOL power budget = 9 dB The estimated reach is 9/0.35 = 25.7km
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3Gb/s Fiber System Performance - Putting it all together
Dispersion penalty Dispersion at 1280nm = -3.93ps/nm.km Dispersion at 1340nm = 3.24ps/nm.km We choose the worst case absolute dispersion of 3.93ps/nm.km For a 2dB dispersion penalty, the dispersion limited link length is determined by the following equation: Where B is the bit rate, D is the dispersion (ps/nm.km) and is the source line width (nm). At 3.0Gbps, the length is reduced to 10.5km.
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To ensure network integrity and robustness of optical links
Verify that the components under test comply to the SMPTE specifications over all operating conditions Receiver overload is a critical specification as it determines how well a receiver will interoperate with transmitters over short runs of fiber. SMPTE 297 specifies a preferred overload level of 0 dBm Measure jitter versus input power across the receiver operating range to reveal if jitter peaking occurs. This is a common problem with many optical receivers that are designed with traditional datacom components Evaluate transmitters at the voltage and temperature corners of their specifications as some lasers can vary significantly over temperature and voltage A rule of thumb used in optical data communications systems is that the system should be error free when the transmitter is faced with 0.2UI of total jitter Always factor in at least 3dB of loss budget margin when planning and designing an optical system Always test with pathological signals optical transmitters and receivers not specifically designed for broadcast applications are not robust to low transition density signals 69

To ensure network integrity and robustness of optical links Test with pathological signals optical transmitters and receivers designed for datacom applications do not handle low transition signals well and bit errors will occur Safety and reliability Understand local area laser safety requirements. In various jurisdictions, standards bodies, legislation, and government regulations define classes of laser according to the risks associated with them, and define required safety measures for people who may be exposed to those lasers SMPTE ST 297 compliant optical transmitters are considered Class 1 lasers in accordance with the IEC 60825-1 standard. These lasers are considered low powered devices safe from all potential hazards under normal use. However, since most wavelengths are in the infrared band, they are invisible to the human eye and there is no eye aversion response and care should be taken although there is little risk to a health impact. To ensure reliable links, it is recommended that components used in an optical system are qualified to the GR-468-CORE document.
SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal October 2011: Optical SDI Networks: Evaluating Robustness in Your SDI Network
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Enabling Brilliance
3Gb/s SDI - Beyond HD John Hudson, Director Broadcast Technology
Synopsis
Traditional broadcast infrastructures only had to support one version each of SDTV and HDTV, plus extensions such as RGB 4:4:4 for better chroma keys. Now we need 4:4:4:4 for external keys, 12-bits for digital cinema, stereoscopic 3D, a 3D disparity channel, Quad-Full HD, faster frame rates, etc. How do we accommodate these new demands and stay future proof with our core infrastructure?
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Bandwidth drivers
New production formats & 3DTV drive higher bandwidths
Real-time video transport applications that drive the need for higher interface bandwidth include: 3D TV at 1080p 3D TV at 720p and 1080i with per pixel Depth, Disparity & Occlusion data 1080p50/60 at 4:4:4(:4) sampling and higher bit-depths 4k D-Cinema and UHDTV production image formats 8K UHDTV production image formats High Frame rate production for D-Cinema.etc
Other applications that drive higher bandwidths - Link concatenation

Intra facility distribution links that can carry multiple real-time interfaces n x SDI links over a single robust interface Multiple singled links over a single robust interface Combine multiple basic SDI streams into a single interface Increases effective port count density Ideal for routers and other centralized distribution equipment Great for space constrained applications i.e. OB vans
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Image formats, Payloads and interfaces

System Nomenclature 1080p60 1080p59.94 1080p50 1080i60 1080i59.94 1080i50 1080p30 1080p29.97 1080p25 1080p24 1080p23.98 720p60 720p59.94 720p50 720p30 720p29.97 720p25 720p24 720p23.98 Horizontal Pixels Vertical Pixels Frames per Second Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2 Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4
1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280
1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720
60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001 60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001
3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s
12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s
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3D Image formats, Payloads and interfaces

System Nomenclature 1080p60 1080p59.94 1080p50 1080i60 1080i59.94 1080i50 1080p30 1080p29.97 1080p25 1080p24 1080p23.98 720p60 720p59.94 720p50 720p30 720p29.97 720p25 720p24 720p23.98 Horizontal Pixels Vertical Pixels Frames per Second Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2 (Le + Re) 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2 (Le + Re) 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4 (Le + Re) 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s
1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280
1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720
60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001 60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001
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4k / 8k Image formats, Payloads and interfaces

System Nomenclature 4320p60 4320p59.94 4320p50 4320p30 4320p29.97 4320p25 4320p24 4320p23.98 2160p60 2160p59.94 2160p50 2160p30 2160p29.97 2160p25 2160p24 2160p23.98 Horizontal Pixels 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 Vertical Pixels 4320 4320 4320 4320 4320 4320 4320 4320 2160 2160 2160 2160 2160 2160 2160 2160 Frames per Second 60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001 60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001 Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2 96Gb/s 96Gb/s 96Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4 192 Gb/s 192 Gb/s 192 Gb/s 96Gb/s 96Gb/s 96Gb/s 96Gb/s 96Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s
NOTE: 4:4:4 12-bit support (no alpha) = 108Gb/s. UHDTV also support 4:2:0 for reduced bandwidth
76
Bandwidth Drivers
Today, real time streaming interface bandwidths for high resolution formats already approaches 200Gb/s BUT Existing broadcast infrastructure has migrated to 3G SDI
Typically 10~15 year ROI expected from core infrastructure capital investment Unlikely that a change in core infrastructure data rate would be appreciated any time soon !!.
How do we accommodate these new demands and stay future proof with our core infrastructure?
77
77
Options under consideration / in progress

Multiple options are already being explored
Multi-link interfaces 32NF40 Multi-link AHG standardizing dual and quad link 3G interfaces. Potential to follow on with additional work Follow on work could include 6Gb/s, 12Gb/s and 24Gb/s serial interface rates Mezzanine compression 4:1 / 8:1 / 16:1 compression Two options are currently in the process of being standardized to support higher resolution image formats VC-2 (Dirac Codec) HQ profile mainly for 444 and higher bit depth VC-5 (CineForm codec) higher bit depth, higher resolution images Many other possible candidates J2K.H.264 etc but nothing proposed Move core infrastructure to higher serial link bandwidths ST 435: 10.692Gb/s currently in revision to support multi-link (Dual, Quad and Octal) CWDM optical interfaces NHK ST 2036-3 revised to take advantage of multi-link ST 435 (CWDM) ST 2062 25Gb/s optical interface builds on ST 435 (dual-link)
78
Multi-link Standardization
SMPTE TC-32NF40 Ad-Hoc Group 3G Multilink Interfaces
ST425, the 3G Standard, is becoming a suite of standards: 425-0 Index 425-1 Single Images with a payload of 3Gb/s or a pair of unrelated
1.5Gb/s signals
425-2 A Stereo Pair of 1.5Gb/s images 425-3 A Single Image with a payload of ~6 Gb/s, carried on 2 links 425-4 A Stereo pair of 3 Gb/s signals, carried on 2 links 425-5 A Single Image with payload of ~ 2 Gb/s, carried on 4 links 425-6 A Stereo Pair of 6Gb/s signals, carried on 4 links
79
Document Map
80
Single Image formats, Payloads and interfaces

System Nomenclature 1080p60 1080p59.94 1080p50 1080i60 1080i59.94 1080i50 1080p30 1080p29.97 1080p25 1080p24 1080p23.98 720p60 720p59.94 720p50 720p30 720p29.97 720p25 720p24 720p23.98 Horizontal Pixels Vertical Pixels Frames per Second Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2 Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2 6Gb/s Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4
1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280
1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720
60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001 60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001
ST 3Gb/s 425-1
3Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s
3Gb/s
ST 6Gb/s 425-3
6Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s
ST12Gb/s 425-5
12Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s
12Gb/s
ST1.5Gb/s 292-1
1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s 1.5Gb/s
ST 3Gb/s 425-1
3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s
3Gb/s
ST 6Gb/s 425-3
6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s
81
3D Image formats, Payloads and interfaces

System Nomenclature 1080p60 1080p59.94 1080p50 1080i60 1080i59.94 1080i50 1080p30 1080p29.97 1080p25 1080p24 1080p23.98 720p60 720p59.94 720p50 720p30 720p29.97 720p25 720p24 720p23.98 Horizontal Pixels Vertical Pixels Frames per Second Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2 (Le + Re) Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2 (Le + Re) 12Gb/s Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4 (Le + Re) 24 Gb/s ST ?? 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s
1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1920 / 2048 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280
1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720
60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001 60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001
ST 6Gb/s 425-4
6Gb/s 6Gb/s 3Gb/s
ST 425-6 12Gb/s
6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s
12Gb/s
ST 3Gb/s 425-2 3Gb/s ST 292-2

3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s 3Gb/s
ST6Gb/s 425-4
6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s
6Gb/s
ST 425-6 12Gb/s
12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s 12Gb/s
12Gb/s
82
4k / 8k Image formats, Payloads and interfaces

System Nomenclature 4320p60 4320p59.94 4320p50 4320p30 4320p29.97 4320p25 4320p24 4320p23.98 2160p60 2160p59.94 2160p50 2160p30 2160p29.97 2160p25 2160p24 2160p23.98 Horizontal Pixels Vertical Pixels 4320 4320 4320 4320 4320 4320 4320 4320 2160 2160 2160 2160 2160 2160 2160 2160 Frames per Second 60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001 60 60/1.001 50 30 30/1.001 25 24 24/1.001 Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 24 Gb/s Gb/s ST24 2036-3 242062 Gb/s ST 24 Gb/s 24 Gb/s Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2 96Gb/s Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4 192 Gb/s
7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 7680 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096 3840 / 4096
ST 2036-3
ST 96Gb/s 2036-3
96Gb/s 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s Gb/s ST48 2036-3 48 Gb/s 48 Gb/s 24 Gb/s ST 2036-3 24 Gb/s ST 2048-3 24 Gb/s ST 2062
ST ??
192 Gb/s 96Gb/s 96Gb/s 96Gb/s
192 Gb/s
ST96Gb/s 2036-3
96Gb/s Gb/s ST48 2036-3 Gb/s ST48 2048-3 48 Gb/s 24 Gb/s
ST12Gb/s 425-5 ST 12Gb/s 2046-3 ST 12Gb/s 2048-3

6Gb/s
ST6Gb/s 425-3
6Gb/s 6Gb/s 6Gb/s
ST12Gb/s 425-5 ST 12Gb/s 2036-3 ST 2048-3 12Gb/s

12Gb/s
12Gb/s
ST24 2036-3 Gb/s ST24 2048-3 Gb/s ST 2062 24 Gb/s

24 Gb/s
83
Current Infrastructure trends

SDI optical interface gaining traction
Many new installations already opting for optical transport at 3Gb/s SFP+ module format factor widely accepted (high density hot-pluggable form factor)
84
Current Infrastructure trends

How do we accommodate these new demands and stay future proof with our core infrastructure? Evolution not revolution maintain SDI compatibility
Existing infrastructure has migrated to 3G SDI In the short term - any required increase in bandwidth should re-purpose / extend rather than replace Build on the huge SDI legacy by moving to multi-link 3G SDI interfaces where appropriate ..
Multi-link copper (coax) interfaces at 6Gb/s and 12Gb/s

Dual and quad 3Gb/s links Ideal for existing coax and optical based infrastructure Proven technique for higher bandwidth real time video image transport
85
Future Infrastructure trends ?

Link concatenation over optical interfaces
CWDM up to 18 wavelengths at 3 Gb/s already happening 6Gb/s, 12Gb/s, 24Gb/s (optical) serial interface SFP / SFP+ optical modules support
Migrate 6Gb/s and 12Gb/s multi-link interfaces to single-link 6Gb/s and 12Gb/s interface
single-link 24Gb/s optical interfaces in the future
Migrate single link optical interfaces to multi-link optical interfaces based on the same hierarchical concatenation concept as multi-link 3Gb/s SDI
Single and dual interfaces for 6/12, 12/24 and 24/48 Gb/s (SFP+) Quad interfaces 24, 48, 96 Gb/s (QSFP+) NOTE: QSFP+ form factor [developed for 50GbE / 100GbE applications] creates quadlink optical solutions for 4 x 10Gb and 4 x 25G
86

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Enabling Brilliance

3Gb/s SDI for Transport of 1080p50/60, 3D, 4k and Beyond

John Hudson, Director Broadcast Technology

Interface History Analog Broadcast

Interface History Analog to Digital

50+ years later.(1992)

Interface History First 3G demo(s)

Interface History 3G demo(s)

200m @ 3G 1 year ago.(2011)

101 Passes @3G

3Gb/s SDI Standards Quick Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards Quick Review

SMPTE ST 425:2011 revision

NOTE: 425-2~425-6 discussed later in presentation

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1 Review

Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2

Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4:4 12-bit 4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2

Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4

60~60/1.001 50 30~30/1.001 25 30~30/1.001 25 24~24/1.001 60 60/1.001 50 30~30/1.001 25 24~24/1.001

Single image formats and payloads

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-2 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-2 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-2 Review

Total Payload 10-bit 4:2:2

Total Payload 10-bit 4:4:4:4 12-bit 4:4:4 12-bit 4:2:2

Total Payload 12-bit 4:4:4:4

60~60/1.001 50 30~30/1.001 25 30~30/1.001 25 24~24/1.001 60~60/1.001 50 30~30/1.001 25 24~24/1.001

Stereoscopic image formats and payloads

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1/2 Things to Consider

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1/2 Things to Consider

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1/2 Things to Consider

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 425-1/2 Things to Consider

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Preamble

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Preamble

To design robust SDI systems we need to know lots of things

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

Wash board pathological

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

* ST 424:20xx revision sets alignment jitter to 0.2UI

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

Insertion loss of typical cables / connectors at 1.5GHz

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

Insertion loss at 1.5GHz

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

ST 424 under revision - 0.2UI in new standard

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

3Gb/s SDI Standards ST 424 Review

Duty Cycle distortion