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Introduction to Peacebuilding
Last Updated: April 25, 2013
Overview
The Introduction to Peacebuilding section aims to provide a concise overview of international peacebuilding, with a particular emphasis on the history of the notion, its core components and the main debates surrounding it. The section presents a wide array of perspectives and the evolution of thinking and practice that are shaping the course of peacebuilding. It also provides access to key resources, including academic and policy journals as well as information on universities, research centers, and networks around the world (including in the Global South) that are involved in the study and/or practice of peacebuilding. As the website continues to develop, further research will continuously enlarge and update this database.
History
The conceptual origins of peacebuilding A UN history of the notion Outside the UN: Multiple concepts and definitions Peacebuilding can be defined in many different ways. Scholars, policymakers, and field practitioners have developed different conceptions of peacebuilding, the timeline it is associated with, as well as the main priorities and tasks it entails. The historical development of the notion helps explain why this is the case.
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"The mechanisms that peace is based on should be built into the structure and be present as a reservoir for the system itself to draw up... More specifically, structures must be found that remove causes of wars and offer alternatives to war in situations where wars might occur."
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"The mechanisms that peace is based on should be built into the structure and be present as a reservoir for the system itself to draw up... More specifically, structures must be found that remove causes of wars and offer alternatives to war in situations where wars might occur." Johan Galtung In Johan Galtung, "Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, and Peacebuilding," in Peace, War and Defense: Essays in Peace Research, Vol II (Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1976), 297-298. Peacebuilding "is understood as a comprehensive concept that encompasses, generates, and sustains the full array of processes, approaches, and stages needed to transform conflict toward more sustainable, peaceful relationships. The term thus involves a wide range of activities that both precede and follow formal peace accords. Metaphorically, peace is seen not merely as a stage in time or a condition. It is a dynamic social construct." [...]"The process of building peace must rely on and operate within a framework and a time frame defined by sustainable transformation... a sustainable transformative approach suggests that the key lies in the relationship of the involved parties, with all that the term encompasses at the psychological, spiritual, social, economic, political and military levels." [...]"Cultivating an "infrastructure for peacebuilding" means that "we are not merely interested in 'ending' something that is not desired. We are oriented toward the building of relationships that in their totality form new patterns, processes, and structures." John Paul Lederach In Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1997), 20, 75, 84-85.
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In May 2007, the UN Secretary-General's Policy Committee agreed on the following conceptual basis for peacebuilding to inform UN practice: "Peacebuilding 1/19/2014
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functions. Peace-building is undertaken by an array of UN and non-UN actors, including the UN Agencies, Funds and Programs, the International Financial Institutions and NGOs."14 In May 2007, the UN Secretary-General's Policy Committee agreed on the following conceptual basis for peacebuilding to inform UN practice: "Peacebuilding involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace and development. Peacebuilding strategies must be coherent and tailored to specific needs of the country concerned, based on national ownership, and should comprise a carefully prioritized, sequenced, and therefore relatively narrow set of activities aimed at achieving the above objectives." "Peacebuilding is a process that facilitates the establishment of durable peace and tries to prevent the recurrence of violence by addressing root causes and effects of conflict through reconciliation, institution building, and political as well as economic transformation." An Agenda for Peace, 1992 "For countries emerging from conflict, peace-building offers the chance to establish new institutions, social, political and judicial, that can give impetus to development. [...] Pulling up the roots of conflict goes beyond immediate post-conflict requirements and the repair of war-torn societies. The underlying conditions that led to conflict must be addressed. As the causes of conflict are varied, so must be the means of addressing them. Peace-building means fostering a culture of peace. Land reform, water-sharing schemes, common economic enterprise zones, joint tourism projects and cultural exchanges can make a major difference. Restoring employment growth will be a strong inducement to the young to abandon the vocation of war." An Agenda for Development, 1994 "Activities undertaken on the far side of conflict to reassemble the foundations of peace and provide the tools for building on those foundations something that is more than just the absence of war." Brahimi Report, 2000 "The Peacebuilding Commission will marshal resources at the disposal of the international community to advise and propose integrated strategies for post-conflict recovery, focusing attention on reconstruction, institution-building and sustainable development, in countries emerging from conflict. The Commission will bring together the UN's broad capacities and experience in conflict prevention, mediation, peacekeeping, respect for human rights, the rule of law, humanitarian assistance, reconstruction and long-term development." Report of the Peacebuilding Commission on its first session, 2007 "The Peacebuilding Commission embodies all aspects of the UN's work: peace, development and human rights. By integrating them into one coherent approach you are helping to close gaps in the international response to countries emerging from conflict." Secretary General discourse at the UN PBC Retreat, January 18, 2008
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Johan Galtung, "Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, and Peacebuilding," in Peace, War and Defense: Essays in Peace Research, Vol. II, ed. Johan Galtung (Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1976), 297-298. John Paul Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1997), 20. John Paul Lederach, "Conflict Transformation in Protracted Internal Conflicts: The Case for a Comprehensive Framework," in Conflict Transformation, ed. Kumar Rupesinghe (New York: St. Martin's Press/ Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995): 201-222. John Paul Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1997), 75. Ibid., 84-85. See for instance Stathis N. Kalyvas, "'New' and 'Old' Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?" World Politics 54:1 (2001), 99-118.
See for instance the work undertaken by the team of the Small Arms Survey since 1999: (http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/home.html). See also Ted Gurr, "Ethnic Warfare on the Wane," Foreign Affairs 79:3 (May-June 2000): 52-64. The Human Security Report, http://www.humansecurityreport.org/ (February 2008). See the Human Security Report Project: http://www.hsrgroup.org/.
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For a clear distinction between the two concepts, see Hideaki Shinoda and Yuji Uesugi, "Conclusion: In Search for New Approaches of Peacebuilding" in Conflict and Human Security, ed. Hideaki Shinoda and Yuji Uesugi (Tokyo: Kokusai shoin, 2005), 291-296. United Nations General Assembly/Security Council, Report of the Peacebuilding Commission On Its First Session, June 2006 - June 2007 , A/62/137S/2007/458, 4.
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Original conceptions of the Peacebuilding Commission included a conflict prevention role, but it was subsequently dropped during the World Summit stage, because of the opposition expressed by some members who were concerned about the potential interference in sovereignty and internal affairs. Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse and Hugh Miall, Contemporary Conflict Resolution (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006), 30. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines, 18 January 2008, 18.
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because of the opposition expressed by some members who were concerned about the potential interference in sovereignty and internal affairs.
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Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse and Hugh Miall, Contemporary Conflict Resolution (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006), 30. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines, 18 January 2008, 18. Michael Barnett, et al., "Peacebuilding: What Is in a Name?": Global Governance 13:1 (2007): 36, 53. Ibid., 36, 53.
Operationalizing Peacebuilding
Peacebuilding is a broad project not limited to post-conflict situations Peacebuilding encompasses a wide array of activities and processes Peacebuilding aims at structural prevention of violent conflicts Peacebuilding includes both tangible and intangible dimensions Peacebuilding is an evolving field of study, policy and practice. It may appear more as a set of beliefs or injunctions than a coherent theory. Indeed, the notion covers a host of different meanings. Yet, considering its evolution for the last twenty years it is possible to identify elements that constitute a widely shared understanding of peacebuilding. Peacebuilding is generically defined as initiatives that are designed to prevent the eruption or return of armed conflict. It consists of actions undertaken by national actors, with the support of international actors, "to institutionalize peace, understood as the absence of armed conflict and a modicum of participatory politics. Post-conflict peacebuilding is the sub-set of such actions undertaken after the termination of armed hostilities."17 Peacebuilding refers to a process that relies heavily on the commitment and efforts by local actors/insiders to break away from conflict and create a state and society in which peace can be sustained. Outsiders support them by providing financial, technical and human resources.
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includes such phenomena as reconciliation between former antagonists, trust in public institutions, and new norms of dispute resolution. It is fair to say that most international peacebuilding initiatives have focused primarily on visible, tangible, and quantifiable outputs rather than on qualitative processes of change, which, admittedly, are much more difficult to induce and assess. "The Security Council recognizes that peacebuilding is aimed at preventing the outbreak, the recurrence or the continuation of armed conflict and therefore encompasses a wide range of political, development, humanitarian, and human rights programs and mechanisms. This requires short and long-term actions tailored to address the particular needs of societies sliding into conflict or emerging from it. These actions should focus on fostering sustainable development, the eradication of poverty and inequalities, transparent and accountable governance, the promotion of democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law and the promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence." UN Security Council Presidential Statement S/PRST/2001/5, February 20, 2001 "Peacebuilding involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace and development. Peacebuilding strategies must be coherent and tailored to the specific needs of the country concerned, based on national ownership, and should comprise a carefully prioritized, sequenced, and therefore relatively narrow set of activities aimed at achieving the above objectives." Conceptual basis for peacebuilding for the UN system adopted by the Secretary-General's Policy Committee in May 2007
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Charles T. Call and Elizabeth M. Cousens, "Ending Wars and Building Peace," Coping with Crisis (Working Paper Series, International Peace Academy, March 2007), 3. Ibid., 3-4. Ho-Won Jeong, Peacebuilding in Post conflict Societies: Strategy and Process (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005), 4.
Michael Lund, What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Assessing the Record of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, Charting Future Directions, (prepared for the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 2003), 13. An organization of 4 pillars is proposed in: Dan Utstein, Towards a Strategic Framework for Peacebuilding: Getting Their Act Together: Overview of the Joint Utstein Study of Peacebuilding, Figure 2: The Peacebuilding Palette, 10, 28. Necla Tschirgi, Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Revisited: Achievements, Limitations, and Challenges, (WSP International/IPA Policy Report: 2004), 9. OECD DAC/CDA, Encouraging Effective Evaluation of Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities: Towards DAC Guidance (2007), 18. Similar distinctions were suggested by former Secretary-General Kofi Annan in his two Conflict Prevention reports published in 2001 and 2006.
Debates
"Negative" or "positive" peace Peacebuilding as "stabilization" or "transformation" Peacebuilding as a broad or targeted agenda Phases and benchmarking: when to begin and when to end? Peacebuilding and its pre-conditions Peacebuilding as liberal peace and its critics Despite the common elements identified in the previous section, there are ongoing debates among practitioners and analysts as to the meaning and the scope of peacebuilding, and the most effective ways to implement it. As a result, while embracing the idea of peacebuilding, they also tend to operate under considerably different interpretations of what it means. As underlined by some analysts, "the willingness of so many diverse constituencies with divergent and sometimes conflicting interests to rally around peacebuilding also suggests that one of the concept's talents is to camouflage divisions over how to handle the post conflict challenge. In this respect, it functions much like a favored political symbol"24 - an ambiguous concept that brings together disparate and often divergent actors. This diversity of views can be summarized around a certain number of key issues that are largely interrelated in the debates: "Negative" or "positive" peace Peacebuilding as "stabilization" or "transformation" Peacebuilding as a broad or targeted agenda Phases and benchmarking: when to begin and when to end? Peacebuilding and its preconditions Peacebuilding as "liberal peace" and its critics These debates manifest in each sectoral intervention. In fact, many discussions do not cross those sectoral and disciplinary boundaries and remain in relatively close circles. This disconnect between fields of expertise partly explains why we still know so little about how and why peacebuilding works - or not. This has been reinforced by a persistent deficit in empirical and micro-level analyses, which thus explains why most discussions on peacebuilding are general and speculative, generating confusion about strategy. The Utstein study evaluated 366 peacebuilding projects financed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Norway, and the Netherlands and concluded that "... more than 55 percent of the projects do not show any link to a broader strategy for the country in which they are implemented. Some projects are not linked to a broader strategy because there is no strategy for them to be linked to. In other cases, the broader strategy exists but projects show no connection to it... There is no known way of reliably assessing the impact of peacebuilding projects."25 This aligns with findings established by leading practitioners that multiple peace initiatives do not simply "add up" to peace "writ large."26 It can be concluded that much still needs to be done to understand the multiple connections and disconnections between micro- and macro-dimensions of peacebuilding, and between local and external efforts.27
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Charles T. Call and Elizabeth M. Cousens identify three approaches to peacebuilding: Maximalist: Addressing Root Causes of Conflict; Minimalist: No Renewed Armed Conflict; Middle Ground : No Renewed Armed Conflict plus Decent Governance. The debate between the "minimalist" and "maximalist" approaches is closely related to the perennial debate in conflict resolution between "conflict managers" and "conflict transformers." The former believe that the most realistic approach to conflict is to end armed violence, produce a political settlement, and create minimal conditions of security and political order. Conflict transformers, on the other hand, argue that a relapse into conflict is more likely if the root/structural causes that brought about the conflict in the first place are not addressed. In this view, interventions that seek to address only the symptoms of the violence are not sufficient to produce lasting peace. These considerations have very concrete operational implications in terms of the extent of the reforms to engage, the duration of the programs to support them and the criteria which will serve to monitor their implementation.
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Different reasons therefore underlie the general movement toward putting some limits on the concept of peacebuilding . "A line needs to be drawn between peacebuilding and maximizing various levels of social, economic and political development possible in a given society. Otherwise, if the term peacebuilding
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from the primary arena where these governments have more voice. This view is regularly echoed by NGOs concerned about the increasing use of development budgets for security programs. Different reasons therefore underlie the general movement toward putting some limits on the concept of peacebuilding . "A line needs to be drawn between peacebuilding and maximizing various levels of social, economic and political development possible in a given society. Otherwise, if the term peacebuilding becomes a synonym of all the positive things we would want to include in development in order to reduce any and all of a society's ills, it becomes useless for guiding knowledge gathering and practical purposes."39 Many have recommended to better prioritize and sequence peacebuilding interventions, some going so far as advocating a "security first" approach. At the UN, a more complex understanding of peacebuilding is evidenced by the adoption by the Secretary-General's Policy Committee, on 22 May 2007, of a conceptual basis for peacebuilding for the UN system. "Peacebuilding involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace and development." Specific emphasis is given to prioritizing and sequencing a "relatively narrow set of activities." Yet, establishing such a hierarchy of goals and activities requires an overall political strategy, which does not always exist.40 In some views, this may mean making difficult but necessary choices. Certain ills and sufferings may be unaddressed because they are not perceived as imminent threats to peace. The "conflict transformer" perspective requires adding a different lens. Decisions must be made about which problems need to be solved first, along with an examination of the society's current capacities to deal with challenges in a nonviolent manner. This examination enables us to define priorities for supporting capacity development and would also require identifying key actors of change.
Dan Smith, Towards a Strategic Framework for Peacebuilding: Getting Their Act Together: Overview of the Joint Utstein Study of Peacebuilding , (Commissioned by the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRIO-International Peace Research Institute, 2004), 10-11. Mary B. Anderson and Lara Olson, Confronting War: Critical Lessons for Peace Practitioner, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Collaborative for Development Action, 2003), 89. Beatrice Pouligny, Simon Chesterman and Albrecht Schnabel, eds. After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities (Tokyo/New York/Paris: United Nations University Press, 2007), 15; see also: Beatrice Pouligny, Peace Operations Seen from Below: UN Missions and Local People (London: Hurst / Bloomfield (CT): Kumarian Press, 2006).
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Eva Bertram, "Reinventing Governments: The Promise and Perils of United Nations Peace Building," The Journal of Conflict Resolution 39, no. 3 (September 1995): 388-9.
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John Covey, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard R. Hawley, eds., introduction to The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for
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Eva Bertram, "Reinventing Governments: The Promise and Perils of United Nations Peace Building," The Journal of Conflict Resolution 39, no. 3 (September 1995): 388-9. John Covey, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Leonard R. Hawley, eds., introduction to The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2005). Toshiya Hoshino, "The Peacekeeping Equation: Human Security and Peacebuilding," Gaiko Forum (Winter 2007): 24. OECD DAC/CDA, Encouraging Effective Evaluation of Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities: Towards DAC Guidance (2007), 49-50; Alex Austin, Martina Fischer and Oliver Wils, eds., Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment: Critical Views on Theory and Practice (Berghof Center for Constructive Conflict Management Dialogue Series, 2003); Christopher R. Mitchell, Conflict, Social Change, and Conflict Resolution: An Enquiry (Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, November 2005).
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Pouligny, et al., After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities, 1-16, 273-4.
Nicole Ball, "The Challenge of Rebuilding War-Torn Societies," in Turbulent Peace: The Challenge of Managing International Conflict, ed. Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2005), 619. Barnett, et al., "Peacebuilding: What Is in a Name?," 44-45. Carolyn McAskie (Assistant Secretary-General for Peacebuilding Support), "The International Peacebuilding Challenge: Can New Players and New Approaches Bring New Results?" (Lloyd Shaw Lecture on Public Affairs, Dalhousie University, Canada, November 2, 2007). Barnett, et al., "Peacebuilding: What Is in a Name?," 44-45. Pouligny, Peace Operations Seen from Below: UN Missions and Local People, op.cit. Lund, "What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Assessing the Record of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, Charting Future Directions," 27-28.
Tschirgi, "Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Revisited: Achievements, Limitations, and Challenges," 9; Covey et al., eds., The Quest for Viable Peace: International Intervention and Strategies for Conflict Transformation , introduction. Bertram, "Reinventing Governments: The Promise and Perils of United Nations Peace Building," 415. James Dobbins, et al., America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003), 165. Ibid., 161. Oliver P. Richmond, "The Globalization of Responses to Conflict and the Peacebuilding Consensus," Cooperation and Conflict 39 , no. 2 (2004): 129-150.
See, for example, Roland Paris, At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Michael Barnett, "Building a Republic Peace: Stabilizing States after War," International Security 30, no. 4 (Spring 2006): 87-112; Michael Pugh, "The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective," International Journal of Peace Studies 10, no. 2 (Autumn/Winter 2005): 23-42; Chandra Lekha Sriram, "Justice as Peace? Liberal Peacebuilding and Strategies of Transitional Justice," Global Society 21 , issue 4 (October 2007): 579-591.
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See, in particular, Alejandro Bendana, "From Peace-Building to State-Building: One Step Forward and Two Backwards?" Centro de Estudios Internacionales, Managua, Nicaragua (Presentation "Nation-Building, State-Building and International Intervention: Between 'Liberation' and Symptom Relief," CERI, Paris, October 15, 2004); Sabine Kurtenbach, "Why Is Liberal Peace-building So Difficult? Some Lessons from Central America," GIGA Research Unit: Institute of Latin American Studies, no. 59, (September 2007); Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake, "The International Post/Conflict Industry: Myths, Market Imperfections and the Need for a New Reconstruction Paradigm," International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka, http://www.lines-magazine.org/articles/darini.htm; Murithi, Tim, "African Approaches to Building Peace and Social Solidarity," African Journal on Conflict Resolution 6, no. 2 (2006): 9-34.
Actors
Insiders vs. outsiders The "locals": A micro-sociological analysis The "international peacebuilding community": A micro-sociological analysis Different modalities of action Different sectors of activities A new international actor: The UN Peacebuilding Commission Resources: Online external reviews of the work of the Peacebuilding Commission International peacebuilding consists of a wide array of actors with divergent and sometimes conflicting interests, values, purposes, organizational forms and modalities of action. These various stakeholders can be differentiated on the basis of: Their position as local vs. external actors (which we will re-label here as "insiders/outsiders"); A micro analysis of who they are: the "locals" and the "international peacebuilding community"; Their modalities of action; Their sectors of activities. There is no universally recognized way of categorizing peacebuilding actors. Most resources and directories classify them according to categories which actually combine - sometimes incompletely - some of these criteria. Access to a few directories is provided at the end of that section.
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But one should never forget how fluid those local socio-political arenas may be. Distinguishing between different types or levels of leadership is not always easy and the understanding one may have at a certain time may no longer be valid a few months later. Therefore, the understanding of local contexts needs not only to be as broad as possible, taking account of all social practices and daily power relations, but dynamic. Outsiders who go in a foreign country to work as peacebuilders do not always have that capacity. Yet, it is as important as any technical expertise they may have on a specific dimension of peacebuilding.
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All of these compose what is often referred to as the "international community," which is far from unified. Despite the term's simplicity, neither insiders nor outsiders are convinced by that excessive reference which conceals more than it reveals, even if local discourses may play on appearances. Indeed, the degree of consistency between these actors, and even more between insiders and outsiders as well as their modalities of interaction differ largely, even in time, in each given context. "External actors come to post-conflict peacebuilding with multiple agendas and motivations - which are not necessarily compatible with or driven by the political realities on the ground. Proper mechanisms need to be established to ensure that external and internal actors work within a coherent strategy, establish priorities, and mobilize the necessary recourses."51 The UN Security Council Resolution 1645 (2005) stresses "the primary responsibility of national and transitional Governments and authorities of countries emerging from conflict or at risk of relapsing into conflict, where they are established, in identifying their priorities and strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding, with a view to ensuring national ownership." Analysts have however, drawn attention to the dangers of making "national ownership" a policy mantra which can lead to donors privileging the formal institutions of the state without sufficient attention to the informal sector.52 National ownership thus must include the widest array of stakeholders, towards ensuring a sustained, societally owned peace.
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The PBC is supported in its work by the Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO). The PBSO serves as the secretariat of the PBC and is mandated to help better coordinate peacebuilding activities across the UN system, including by consolidating peacebuilding best practices. The PBSO facilitates the development of the peacebuilding frameworks for countries on the PBC agenda and supports the work of the Working Group on Lessons-Learned. The New Peacebuilding Architecture With the establishment in June 2006 of the UN Peacebuilding Commission, a new Peacebuilding Architecture was put in place within the organization comprising the Peacebuilding Commission, the Peacebuilding Fund and the Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO). These three bodies work together to: Design and coordinate peacebuilding strategies; Sustain peace in conflict-affected countries by garnering international support for nationally owned and led peacebuilding efforts; Provide effective support to countries in the transition from war to lasting peace. The Peacebuilding Commission - a 31-member, intergovernmental body - is charged with bringing together all relevant actors to advise on and propose integrated strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery. Its standing organizational committee consists of members of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the General Assembly, and top providers of contributions, military personnel and civilian police to UN missions. As the second pillar of the peacebuilding architecture, the Peacebuilding Fund - a multi-year standing fund for post-conflict peacebuilding, funded by voluntary contributions - aims to ensure the immediate release of resources needed to launch peacebuilding activities, as well as the availability of appropriate financing for recovery. The Fund, which is designed to provide the initial seed money for peacebuilding, had nearly $184 million in commitments as of September 2007, towards and initial target of $250 million. The Peacebuilding Support Office - the third pillar of the peacebuilding architecture, manages the Peacebuilding Fund, supports the Secretary-General's agenda for peacebuilding, and serves as interlocutor between the UN system and the Commission. Its substantive but non-operational mandate includes assisting the Commission in designing strategies and working within the system to ensure those strategies are implemented.
Mary B. Anderson and Lara Olson, Confronting War: Critical Lessons for Peace Practitioners (Cambridge, MA: CDA, 2003), 36.
Roberta Culbertson and Beatrice Pouligny, "Re-imagining Peace After Mass Crime: A Dialogical Exchange Between Insider and Outsider Knowledge," in Pouligny, et al., After Mass Crime: Rebuilding States and Communities (Tokyo/New York/Paris: United Nations University Press, 2007), 271-287. Beatrice Pouligny, "Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peace Building: Ambiguities of International Programs Aimed at Building 'New Societies,'" Security Dialogue 36 , no 4 (December 2005): 447-462. See Pouligny, Peace Operations Seen from Below: UN Missions and Local People, 42-95. Tschirgi, "Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Revisited: Achievements, Limitations, and Challenges," 9.
Tschirgi, Necla, "The Security Development Nexus: From Rhetoric to Understanding Complex Dynamics," The Swiss Yearbook of Development Policy, Vol 2/06 (Fall 2006). See Report of the Secretary-General, "No Exit Without Strategy: Security Council Decision-Making and the Closure or Transition of UN Peacekeeping Operations," 20 April 2001, S/2001/394. "Security Council Addresses Comprehensive Approach," Security Council 4278th Meeting, SC/7014, 21 February 2001. Print Entire Introduction to Peacebuilding History The conceptual origins of peacebuilding
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Print Entire Introduction to Peacebuilding History The conceptual origins of peacebuilding A UN history of the notion Outside the UN: Multiple concepts and definitions Operationalizing Peacebuilding Peacebuilding is a broad project not limited to post-conflict situations Peacebuilding encompasses a wide array of activities and processes Peacebuilding aims at structural prevention of violent conflicts Peacebuilding includes both tangible and intangible dimensions Debates "Negative" or "positive" peace Peacebuilding as "stabilization" or "transformation" Peacebuilding as a broad or targeted agenda Phases and benchmarking: when to begin and when to end? Peacebuilding and its pre-conditions Peacebuilding as liberal peace and its critics Actors Insiders vs. outsiders The "locals": A micro-sociological analysis The "international peacebuilding community": A micro-sociological analysis Different modalities of action Different sectors of activities A new international actor: The UN Peacebuilding Commission Resources: Online external reviews of the work of the Peacebuilding Commission International Association for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research (aisbl). Copyright 2007-2008. www.peacebuildinginitiative.org
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