ADVERBS - FUNCTION Adverbs modify, or tell us more bout ot!er "ords, usu lly verbs# E$ m%les T!

e bus moved slo"ly& T!e be rs te 'reedily& Sometimes t!ey tell us more bout d(e)tives# E$ m%les *ou loo+ bsolutely f bulous, T!ey ) - lso modify ot!er dverbs# E$ m%les S!e %l yed t!e violi- e$tremely "ell& *ou.re s%e +i-' too /uietly& 0o" dverbs re formed Rules 1& I- most ) ses, - dverb is formed by ddi-' .-ly. to - d(e)tive#Ad(e)tive )!e % /ui)+ slo" )!e %ly /ui)+ly slo"ly E$ m%les# Time 'oes /ui)+ly& 0e " l+ed slo"ly to t!e door& S!e )ert i-ly ! d - i-teresti-' life& 0e ) refully %i)+ed u% t!e slee%i-' )!ild& Rules If t!e d(e)tive e-ds i- .-y., re%l )e t!e .y. "it! .i. -d dd .-ly.#Ad(e)tive e sy -'ry ! %%y lu)+y e sily -'rily ! %%ily lu)+ily Adverb Adverb

If t!e d(e)tive e-ds i- -. ble., .-ible., or .-le., re%l )e t!e .-e. "it! .-y.#Ad(e)tive %rob ble terrible 'e-tle %rob bly terribly 'e-tly If t!e d(e)tive e-ds i- .-i)., dd .- lly.#Ad(e)tive b si) e)o-omi) tr 'i) b si) lly e)o-omi) lly tr 'i) lly Note# E$)e%tio-# %ubli) - %ubli)ly 2& Some dverbs ! ve t!e s me form s t!e d(e)tive#Ad(e)tive -d Adverb e rly f st ! rd !i'! l te -e r str i'!t "ro-' Com% re# It is f st ) r& 0e drives very f st& T!is is ! rd e$er)ise& 0e "or+s ! rd& 3e s " m -y !i'! buildi-'s& T!e bird fle" !i'! i- t!e s+y& 4& .3ell. -d .'ood. .3ell. is t!e dverb t! t )orres%o-ds to t!e d(e)tive .'ood.& Adverb

Adverb

E$ m%les# 0e is 'ood stude-t& 0e studies "ell& S!e is 'ood %i -ist& S!e %l ys t!e %i -o "ell& T!ey re 'ood s"immers& T!ey s"im "ell Com% r tive 5 Su%erl tive Rule I- 'e-er l, )om% r tive -d su%erl tive forms of dverbs re t!e s me s for d(e)tives# dd -er or -est to s!ort dverbs# Adverb Com% r tive Su%erl tive ! rd l te f st ! rder l ter f ster t!e ! rdest t!e l test t!e f stest E$ m%le# 6im "or+s ! rder t! - !is brot!er& Everyo-e i- t!e r )e r - f st, but 6o!- r - t!e f stest of ll& Rule 3it! dverbs e-di-' i- -ly, use more for t!e )om% r tive -d most for t!e su%erl tive# Adverb Com% r tive Su%erl tive /uietly slo"ly seriously more /uietly more slo"ly more seriously most /uietly most slo"ly most seriously E$ m%le# T!e te )!er s%o+e more slo"ly to !el% us to u-derst -d& Could you si-' more /uietly %le se7

Rule Some dverbs ! ve irre'ul r )om% r tive forms#Adverb b dly f r little "ell "orse f rt!er8furt!er less better "orst f rt!est8furt!est le st best E$ m%le# T!e little boy r - furt!er t! - !is frie-ds& *ou.re drivi-' "orse tod y t! - yesterd y , BE CAREFU9, Sometimes .most. ) - me - .very.# 3e "ere most 'r teful for your !el% I m most im%ressed by t!is %%li) tio-& ADVERBS OF :ANNER Rule Adverbs of m --er tell us !o" somet!i-' ! %%e-s& T!ey re usu lly %l )ed fter t!e m i- verb or fter t!e ob(e)t& E$ m%les# 0e s"ims "ell, ; fter t!e m i- verb< 0e r -&&& r %idly, slo"ly, /ui)+ly&& S!e s%o+e&&& softly, loudly, ''ressively&& 6 mes )ou'!ed loudly to ttr )t !er tte-tio-& 0e %l ys t!e flute be utifully& ; fter t!e ob(e)t< 0e te t!e )!o)ol te ) +e 'reedily& BE CAREFU9, T!e dverb s!ould -ot be %ut bet"ee- t!e verb -d t!e ob(e)t# E$ m%les 0e te 'reedily t!e )!o)ol te ) +e =i-)orre)t> 0e te t!e )!o)ol te ) +e 'reedily =)orre)t> Rule If t!ere is %re%ositio- before t!e ob(e)t, e&'& t, to" rds, "e ) - %l )e t!e dverb eit!er before t!e %re%ositio- or fter t!e ob(e)t& E$ m%les Com% r tive Su%erl tive

T!e )!ild r - ! %%ily to" rds !is mot!er& T!e )!ild r - to" rds !is mot!er ! %%ily& Rule Sometimes - dverb of m --er is %l )ed before verb ? ob(e)t to dd em%! sis# E$ m%les 0e 'e-tly "o+e t!e slee%i-' "om -& Some "riters %ut - dverb of m --er t t!e be'i--i-' of t!e se-te-)e to ) t)! our tte-tio- -d m +e us )urious# E$ m%les Slo"ly s!e %i)+ed u% t!e +-ife& Rule ;3e " -t to +-o" "! t ! %%e-ed slo"ly, "!o did it slo"ly, "!y t!ey did it slo"ly< 0o"ever, dverbs s!ould l" ys )ome AFTER i-tr -sitive verbs ;@verbs "!i)! ! ve -o ob(e)t<& E$ m%les T!e to"- 're" /ui)+ly 0e " ited % tie-tly Also, t!ese )ommo- dverbs re lmost l" ys %l )ed AFTER t!e verb# "ell b dly ! rd f st Rule T!e %ositio- of t!e dverb is im%ort -t "!e- t!ere is more t! - o-e verb i- se-te-)e& If t!e dverb is %l )ed fter )l use, t!e- it modifies t!e "!ole )tio- des)ribed by t!e )l use& Noti)e t!e differe-)e i- me -i-' bet"ee- t!e follo"i-' % irs of se-te-)es# S!e /ui)+ly 'reed to re-ty%e t!e letter ;@ !er 'reeme-t " s /ui)+< S!e 'reed to re-ty%e t!e letter /ui)+ly ;@ t!e re-ty%i-' " s /ui)+< 0e /uietly s+ed me to le ve t!e !ouse ;@ !is re/uest " s /uiet< 0e s+ed me to le ve t!e !ouse /uietly ;@ t!e le vi-' " s /uiet< ADVERBS OF A9ACE Rule Adverbs of %l )e tell us "!ere somet!i-' ! %%e-s& T!ey re usu lly %l )ed fter t!e m i- verb or fter t!e ob(e)t# E$ m%les#

fter t!e m i- verb# I loo+ed every"!ere 6o!- loo+ed " y, u%, do"-, rou-d&&& I.m 'oi-' !ome, out, b )+ Come ifter t!e ob(e)t# T!ey built !ouse -e rby S!e too+ t!e )!ild outside Commo- Adverbs of Al )e .0ere. -d .t!ere. 3it! verbs of moveme-t, !ere me -s to" rds or "it! t!e s%e +er# Come !ere ;@ to" rds me< It.s i- !ere ;@ )ome "it! me to see it< T!ere me -s " y from, or -ot "it! t!e s%e +er# Aut it t!ere ;@ " y from me< It.s i- t!ere ;@ 'o by yourself to see it< 0ere -d t!ere re )ombi-ed "it! %re%ositio-s to m +e m -y )ommo- dverbi l %!r ses# do"- !ere, do"- t!ereB over !ere, over t!ereB u-der !ere, u-der t!ereB u% !ere, u% t!ere 0ere -d t!ere re %l )ed t t!e be'i--i-' of t!e se-te-)e i- e$)l m tio-s or "!eem%! sis is -eeded& T!ey re follo"ed by t!e verb if t!e sub(e)t is -ou-# 0ere )omes t!e bus& ;follo"ed by t!e verb< Or by %ro-ou- if t!is is t!e sub(e)t ;it, s!e, !e et)&<# 0ere it is, ;follo"ed by t!e %ro-ou-< T!ere s!e 'oes, ;follo"ed by t!e %ro-ou-< NOTE# most )ommo- dverbs of %l )e lso fu-)tio- s %re%ositio-s& E$ m%les# bout, )ross, lo-', rou-d, be!i-d, by, do"-, i-, off, o-, over, rou-d, t!rou'!, u-der, u%& Co to Are%ositio-s or A!r s l Verbs

Ot!er dverbs of %l )e# e-di-' i- .-" rds., e$%ressi-' moveme-t i- % rti)ul r dire)tio-#b )+" rds for" rds do"-" rds u%" rds i-" rds out" rds -ort!" rds sout!" rds e st" rds "est" rds !ome" rds o-" rds E$ m%les# C ts do-.t usu lly " l+ b )+" rds& T!e s!i% s iled "est" rds& BE CAREFU9, .To" rds. is %re%ositio-, -ot - dverb, so it is l" ys follo"ed by -ou- or %ro-ou-# 0e " l+ed to" rds t!e ) r& S!e r - to" rds me& e$%ressi-' bot! moveme-t -d lo) tio-# !e d, bro d, overse s, u%!ill, do"-!ill, side" ys, i-doors, outdoors E$ m%les# T!e )!ild "e-t i-doors& 0e lived -d "or+ed bro d& ADVERBS OF DECREE Us 'e Adverbs of de'ree tell us bout t!e i-te-sity or de'ree of - )tio-, - d(e)tive or -ot!er dverb& Commo- dverbs of de'ree# Almost, -e rly, /uite, (ust, too, e-ou'!, ! rdly, s) r)ely, )om%letely, very, e$tremely& Adverbs of de'ree re usu lly %l )ed# before t!e d(e)tive or dverb t!ey re modifyi-'# e&'& T!e " ter " s e$tremely )old& before t!e m i- verb# e&'& 0e " s (ust le vi-'& S!e ! s lmost fi-is!ed& E$ m%les S!e does-.t /uite +-o" "! t s!e.ll do fter u-iversity&

T!ey re )om%letely e$! usted from t!e tri%& I m too tired to 'o out to-i'!t& 0e ! rdly -oti)ed "! t s!e " s s yi-'& E-ou'!, very, too E-ou'! s - dverb me -i-' .to t!e -e)ess ry de'ree. 'oes fter d(e)tives -d dverbs& E$ m%les Is your )offee !ot e-ou'!7 ; d(e)tive< 0e did-.t "or+ ! rd e-ou'!& ; dverb< It lso 'oes before -ou-s, -d me -s . s mu)! s is -e)ess ry.& I- t!is ) se it is -ot dverb, but .determi-er.& E$ m%les 3e ! ve e-ou'! bre d& T!ey do-.t ! ve e-ou'! food& Too s - dverb me -i-' .more t! - is -e)ess ry or useful. 'oes before d(e)tives -d dverbs, e&'& T!is )offee is too !ot& ; d(e)tive< 0e "or+s too ! rd& ; dverb< E-ou'! -d too "it! d(e)tives ) - be follo"ed by .for someo-e8somet!i-'.& E$ m%les T!e dress " s bi' e-ou'! for me& S!e.s -ot e$%erie-)ed e-ou'! for t!is (ob& T!e )offee " s too !ot for me& T!e dress " s too sm ll for !er& 3e ) - lso use .to ? i-fi-itive. fter e-ou'! -d too "it! d(e)tives8 dverb& E$ m%les T!e )offee " s too !ot to dri-+& 0e did-.t "or+ ! rd e-ou'! to % ss t!e e$ m& S!e.s -ot old e-ou'! to 'et m rried& *ou.re too you-' to ! ve 'r -d)!ildre-, Very 'oes before - dverb or d(e)tive to m +e it stro-'er& E$ m%les T!e 'irl " s very be utiful& ; d(e)tive< 0e "or+ed very /ui)+ly& ; dverb< If "e " -t to m +e -e' tive form of - d(e)tive or dverb, "e ) - use "ord of o%%osite me -i-', or -ot very& E$ m%les T!e 'irl " s u'ly OR T!e 'irl " s -ot very be utiful 0e "or+ed slo"ly OR 0e did-.t "or+ very /ui)+ly&

BE CAREFU9, T!ere is bi' differe-)e bet"ee- too -d very& Very e$%resses f )t# 0e s%e +s very /ui)+ly& Too su''ests t!ere is %roblem# 0e s%e +s too /ui)+ly ;for me to u-derst -d<& Ot!er dverbs li+e very T!ese )ommo- dverbs re used li+e very -d -ot very, -d re listed i- order of stre-'t!, from %ositive to -e' tive# e$tremely, es%e)i lly, % rti)ul rly, %retty, r t!er, /uite, f irly, r t!er, -ot es%e)i lly, -ot % rti)ul rly& Note# r t!er ) - be %ositive or -e' tive, de%e-di-' o- t!e d(e)tive or dverb t! t follo"s# Aositive# T!e te )!er " s r t!er -i)e& Ne' tive# T!e film " s r t!er dis %%oi-ti-'& Note o- i-versio- "it! -e' tive dverbs Norm lly t!e sub(e)t 'oes before t!e verb# SUB6ECT I S!e left 'oes 0o"ever, some -e' tive dverbs ) - ) use - i-versio- - t!e order is reversed -d t!e verb 'oes before t!e sub(e)t E$ m%les I ! ve -ever see- su)! )our 'e& Never ! ve I see- su)! )our 'e& S!e r rely left t!e !ouse& R rely did s!e le ve t!e !ouse& Ne' tive i-versio- is used i- "riti-', -ot i- s%e +i-'& Ot!er dverbs -d dverbi l e$%ressio-s t! t ) - be used li+e t!is# seldom, s) r)ely, ! rdly, -ot o-ly &&&&& but lso, -o soo-er &&&&& t! -, -ot u-til, u-der -o )ir)umst -)es& ADVERBS OF CERTAINT* Adverbs of )ert i-ty e$%ress !o" )ert i- or sure "e feel bout - )tio- or eve-t& VERB

Us 'e Commo- dverbs of )ert i-ty# )ert i-ly, defi-itely, %rob bly, u-doubtedly, surely 1& Adverbs of )ert i-ty 'o before t!e m i- verb but fter t!e verb .to be.# 0e defi-itely left t!e !ouse t!is mor-i-'& 0e is %rob bly i- t!e % r+& 2& 3it! ot!er u$ili ry verb, t!ese dverbs 'o bet"ee- t!e u$ili ry -d t!e m i- verb# 0e ! s )ert i-ly for'otte- t!e meeti-'& 0e "ill %rob bly remember tomorro"& 4& Sometimes t!ese dverbs ) - be %l )ed t t!e be'i--i-' of t!e se-te-)e# U-doubtedly, 3i-sto- C!ur)!ill " s 're t %oliti)i -& BE CAREFU9, "it! surely& 3!e- it is %l )ed t t!e be'i--i-' of t!e se-te-)e, it me -s t!e s%e +er t!i-+s somet!i-' is true, but is loo+i-' for )o-firm tio-# Surely you.ve 'ot bi)y)le7 RE9ATIVE ADVERBS Rule T!e follo"i-' dverbs ) - be used to (oi- se-te-)es or )l uses& T!ey re%l )e t!e more form l stru)ture of %re%ositio- ? "!i)! i- rel tive )l use# "!ere, "!e-, "!y E$ m%les# T! t.s t!e rest ur -t "!ere "e met for t!e first time& ;"!ere @ t8i- "!i)!< I remember t!e d y "!e- "e first met& ;"!e- @ o- "!i)!< T!ere " s very !ot summer t!e ye r "!e- !e " s bor-& ;"!e- @ i- "!i)!< Tell me ;t!e re so-< "!y you "ere l te !ome& ;"!y @ for "!i)!, but )ould re%l )e t!e "!ole %!r se .t!e re so- for "!i)!.< ADVERBS OF TI:E Adverbs of Time Adverbs of time tell us "!e- - )tio- ! %%e-ed, but lso for !o" lo-', -d !o" ofte-& E$ m%les 3!e-# tod y, yesterd y, l ter, -o", l st ye r For !o" lo-'# ll d y, -ot lo-', for "!ile, si-)e l st ye r

0o" ofte-# sometimes, fre/ue-tly, -ever, ofte-, ye rly D3!e-D dverbs re usu lly %l )ed t t!e e-d of t!e se-te-)e# E$ m%les Coldilo)+s "e-t to t!e Be rs. !ouse yesterd y& I.m 'oi-' to tidy my room tomorro"& T!is is D-eutr lD %ositio-, but some D"!e-D dverbs ) - be %ut i- ot!er %ositio-s to 'ive differe-t em%! sis Com% re# 9 ter Coldilo)+s te some %orrid'e& ;t!e time is more im%ort -t< Coldilo)+s l ter te some %orrid'e& ;t!is is more form l, li+e %oli)em -.s re%ort< Coldilo)+s te some %orrid'e l ter& ;t!is is -eutr l, -o % rti)ul r em%! sis< DFor !o" lo-'D dverbs re usu lly %l )ed t t!e e-d of t!e se-te-)e# E$ m%les S!e st yed i- t!e Be rs. !ouse ll d y& :y mot!er lived i- Fr -)e for ye r& Noti)e# .for. is l" ys follo"ed by - e$%ressio- of dur tio-# E$ m%les for t!ree d ys, for "ee+, for sever l ye rs, for t"o )e-turies& .si-)e. is l" ys follo"ed by - e$%ressio- of %oi-t i- time# E$ m%les si-)e :o-d y, si-)e 1EEF, si-)e t!e l st " r& D0o" ofte-D dverbs e$%ressi-' t!e fre/ue-)y of - )tio- re usu lly %l )ed before t!e m i- verb but fter u$ili ry verbs ;su)! s be, ! ve, m y, must<# E$ m%les I ofte- e t ve'et ri - food& ;before t!e m i- verb< 0e -ever dri-+s mil+& ;before t!e m i- verb< *ou must l" ys f ste- your se t belt& ; fter t!e u$ili ry must< S!e is -ever se -si)+&; fter t!e u$ili ry is< I ! ve -ever for'otte- my first +iss& ; fter t!e u$ili ry ! ve -d before t!e m i- verb for'otte-< Some ot!er D!o" ofte-D dverbs e$%ress t!e e$ )t -umber of times - )tio- ! %%e-s -d re usu lly %l )ed t t!e e-d of t!e se-te-)e# E$ m%les

T!is m ' Gi-e is %ublis!ed mo-t!ly& 0e visits !is mot!er o-)e "ee+& 3!e- fre/ue-)y dverb is %l )ed t t!e e-d of se-te-)e it is mu)! stro-'er& Com% re# S!e re'ul rly visits Fr -)e& S!e visits Fr -)e re'ul rly& Adverbs t! t ) - be used i- t!ese t"o %ositio-s# fre/ue-tly, 'e-er lly, -orm lly, o)) sio- lly, ofte-, re'ul rly, sometimes, usu lly .*et. -d .still. *et is used i- /uestio-s -d i- -e' tive se-te-)es, -d is %l )ed t t!e e-d of t!e se-te-)e or fter -ot& E$ m%les 0 ve you fi-is!ed your "or+ yet7 ;@ sim%le re/uest for i-form tio-< No, -ot yet& ;@ sim%le -e' tive -s"er< T!ey ! ve-.t met !im yet& ;@ sim%le -e' tive st teme-t< 0 ve-.t you fi-is!ed yet7 ;@ e$%ressi-' sli'!t sur%rise< Still e$%resses )o-ti-uityB it is used i- %ositive se-te-)es -d /uestio-s, -d is %l )ed before t!e m i- verb -d fter u$ili ry verbs ;su)! s be, ! ve, mi'!t, "ill< E$ m%les I m still !u-'ry& S!e is still " iti-' for you Are you still !ere7 Do you still "or+ for t!e BBC7 ORDER OF ADVERBS OF TI:E If you -eed to use more t! - o-e dverb of time t t!e e-d of se-te-)e, use t!em i- t!is order# 1# .!o" lo-'. 2# .!o" ofte-. 4# ."!e-. ;t!i-+ of .lo".< E$ m%le# 1 ? 2 # I "or+ ;1< for five !ours ;2< every d y

2 ? 4 # T!e m ' Gi-e " s %ublis!ed ;2< "ee+ly ;4< l st ye r& 1 ? 4 # I " s bro d ;1< for t"o mo-t!s ;4< l st ye r& 1 ? 2 ? 4 # S!e "or+ed i- !os%it l ;1< for t"o d ys ;2< every "ee+ ;4< l st ye r&