Keys to the Study of Chemistry Chapter 1

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following is a substance in the sense of the word as used in your textbook ! a. air b. tap water c. sea water d. water e. toothpaste Select the best statement. ! a. #hysical changes may be re$ersed by changing the temperature. b. #hysical changes alter the composition of the substances in$ol$ed. c. #hysical properties are not $alid characteristics for identifying a substance. d. #hysical properties are mostly extensi$e in nature. e. #hysical changes are usually accompanied by chemical changes. Select the best statement. ! a. Chemical changes pro$ide the only $alid basis for identification of a substance. b. Chemical changes are easily re$ersed by altering the temperature of the system. c. Chemical changes always produce substances different from the starting materials. d. Chemical changes are associated primarily with extensi$e properties. e. Chemical changes are accompanied by changes in the total mass of the substances in$ol$ed. Which of the following is a chemical change ! a. boiling of water b. melting wax c. broiling a steak on a grill d. condensing water $apor into rainfall e. car$ing a piece of wood '. Water $apor is less dense than ice because ( a. molecules in the gas phase are in constant motion. b. molecules in the gas phase ha$e more potential energy than in solids. c. molecules in the gas phase ha$e more kinetic energy than in solids. d. gaseous molecules ha$e less mass. e. molecules in the gas phase ha$e more space between them than in solids. ). . *uring the swing of a frictionless pendulum+ what energy form,s- remain constant a. b. c. d. e. kinetic energy only potential energy only both kinetic energy and potential energy kinetic plus potential energy /one of the abo$e forms remains constant.

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1he most significant contribution to modern science made by alchemists was ( a. their fundamental work in the transmutation of the elements. b. their widespread acceptance of obser$ation and experimentation. c. their systematic method of naming substances. d. their understanding of the nature of chemical reactions. e. their disco$ery of phlogiston. Select the best statement about chemistry before 1233. a. b. c. d. e. 9. ! a. b. c. d. e. 4lchemy focused on ob5ecti$e experimentation rather than mystical explanations of processes. 1he phlogiston theory laid a $aluable theoretical basis for modern chemistry. 6a$oisier7s 8uantitati$e work on the role of oxygen in combustion was the beginning of modern chemistry. 1he interpretation of data by alchemists was not biased by their o$erall $iew of life. 4lchemists failed because they did not de$elop any practical chemical methods. Which of the following acti$ities is not a part of good science proposing a theory de$eloping a hypothesis making 8uantitati$e obser$ations designing experiments indulging in speculation

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1he distance between carbon atoms in ethylene is 1%& picometers. Which of the following expresses that distance in meters a. b. c. d. e. 1.%& 13:1% m 1.%& 13:1" m 1.%& 13:13 m 1.%& 13:0 m 1.%& 13:) m

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1he a$erage distance from !arth to the Sun is 1'3 megameters. What is that distance in meters a. b. c. d. e. 1.' 132 m 1.' 13) m 1.' 13' m 1.' 13% m 1.' 13:) m

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1he mass of a sample is ''3 milligrams. Which of the following expresses that mass in kilograms a. b. c. d. e. '.' 132 kg '.' 13' kg '.' 13:& kg '.' 13:) kg '.' 13:1 kg

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4 dose of medication was prescribed to be %' microliters. Which of the following expresses that $olume in centiliters a. b. c. d. e. %.' 13' c6 %.' 13& c6 %.' c6 %.' 13:& c6 %.' 13:% c6

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Which of the following represents the largest $olume a. b. c. d. e. 13+333 ;6 1333 p6 133 m6 13 n6 13 cm%

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<ou prepare 1333. m6 of tea and transfer it to a 1.33 8uart pitcher for storage. Which of the following statements is true a. b. c. d. e. 1he pitcher will be filled to 133= of its capacity with no tea spilled. 1he pitcher will be filled to about 9'= of its capacity. 1he pitcher will be filled to about '3= of its capacity. 1he pitcher will be completely filled and a small amount of tea will o$erflow. 1he pitcher will be completely filled and most of the tea will o$erflow.

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>n an a$erage year the 4merican chemical industry produces more than 9.' million metric tons of sodium carbonate. ?$er half of this is used in the manufacture of glass while another third is used in the production of detergents and other chemicals. .ow many pounds of sodium carbonate are produced annually a. b. c. d. e. ".1 1313 lb &.% 139 lb 1.1 130 lb "." 13) lb ".1 13& lb

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4 large pi@@a has a diameter of 1' inches. !xpress this diameter in centimeters. a. b. c. d. e. %2 cm "& cm 12 cm 9.% cm '.9 cm

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1he a$erage distance between the !arth and the (oon is "&3+333 miles. !xpress this distance in kilometers. a. b. c. d. e. ).1 13' km '.% 13' km %.9 l3' km 1.' 13' km 9.& 13& km

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1he area of a 1'Ainch pi@@a is 10).0 in". !xpress this area in s8uare centimeters. a. b. c. d. e. 11&3. cm" &&2.2 cm" 9).2 cm" )9.'0 cm" "0.%9 cm"

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1he speed needed to escape the pull of !arth7s gra$ity is 11.% kmBs. What is this speed in miBh a. b. c. d. e. )'+'33 miBh "'+%33 miBh 12+"33 miBh 1+393 miBh '.3" 13:% miBh

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1he density of mercury+ the only metal to exist as a li8uid at room temperature+ is 1%.) gBcm %. What is that density in pounds per cubic inch a. b. c. d. e. 2&9 lbBin% &91 lbBin% %0) lbBin% 3.&91 lbBin% 1.2% 13:% lbBin%

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Ci$en that 1 inch D ".'& cm+ 1 cm% is e8ual to a. b. c. d. e. 1).& in% ).&' in% 3.%9& in% 3.1'' in% 3.3)13 in%

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4t a pressure of one billionth ,13:9- of atmospheric pressure+ there are about ".0 1313 molecules in one cubic centimeter of a gas. .ow many molecules is this per cubic meter a. b. c. d. e. ".0 131) ".0 131& ".0 131" ".0 132 ".0 13&

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>f the price of gold at the morning fixing in 6ondon was E'%13 per lb+ what would a kilogram of gold ha$e cost in F ,pounds- ,4ssume an exchange rate of E1.33 D F3.'&'a. b. c. d. e. F1%13 F%'13 F)%03 F13&33 F10133

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"'. Which of the following is not an S.>. base unit ( a. meter b. ampere c. second d. gram e. kel$in "). ! 1he S.>. base unit of mass is a. b. c. d. e. mg g kg metric ton lb

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"0. 1he S.>. prefix megaA ,(- means ! a. 13:) b. 13:% c. 13% d. 13) e. 139 1he S.>. unit of speed ,$elocity- is a. b. c. d. e. kmBh kmBs mBh mBs none of the abo$e

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Which of the following is an extensi$e property of oxygen ! a. boiling point b. temperature c. a$erage kinetic energy of molecules d. density e. mass 4 flask has a mass of 02."% g when empty and '9%.)% g when filled with water. When the same flask is filled with concentrated sulfuric acid+ ."S?&+ its mass is 13").'0 g. What is the density of concentrated sulfuric acid ,4ssume water has a density of 1.33 gBcm % at the temperature of the measurement.a. b. c. d. e. 1.99" gBcm% 1.2&3 gBcm% 1.0"9 gBcm% 1.'92 gBcm% 3.'&% gBcm%

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1alc is a mineral that has low conducti$ity for heat and electricity and that is not attacked by acid. >t is used as talcum powder and face powder. 4 sample of talc weighs %'.90 g in air and 1%.)' g in mineral oil ,d D 1.0' gBcm%-. What is the density of talc a. &.)1 gBcm% b. ".2" gBcm% c. ".)% gBcm% d. ".&& gBcm% e. 1.)1 gBcm% 4cetone+ which is used as a sol$ent and as a reactant in the manufacture of #lexiglas G+ boils at ').1C. What is the boiling point in degrees Hahrenheit a. b. c. d. e. 1'9H 1%%H 131H )9.3H &%.&H

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>sopropyl alcohol+ commonly known as rubbing alcohol+ boils at 2".&C. What is the boiling point in kel$ins a. b. c. d. e. %20.) K %''.) K %"%.) K 193.2 K :193.2 K

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4cetic acid boils at "&&."H. What is its boiling point in degrees Celsius a. %2".3C b. 1)0.0C c. 1'%.&C d. 110.9C e. 13%.0C Select the answer that expresses the result of this calculation with the correct number of significant figures.

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1%.)3" 1.93 %.3) = &." 1.&390

a. b. c. d. e. 1%.%')2 1%.%'0 1%.%) 1%.& 1%

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Select the answer that expresses the result of this calculation with the correct number of significant figures and with correct units. 1).12 cm 9.)11& g I 1.&02% cm" D a. b. c. d. e. 13'." gBcm 13'." gBcm" 13'." gBcm 0".1% gBcm" 0".1% gBcm
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Which measurement is expressed to & significant figures a. b. c. d. e. 3.33&"% kg "&.3&9 cm 1%33 K 2"+%3) m )".&3 g

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!xpress 9)+%&" m using " significant figures. a. b. c. d. e. 9.)3 13& m 9.) 13& m 9.)3 13:& m 9.) 13:& m 9)333. m

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Select the answer with the correct number of decimal places for the following sumJ 1%.91& cm K "&%.1 cm K 1".33&)3 cm D a. b. c. d. e. ")9.312)3 cm ")9.312) cm ")9.319 cm ")9.3" cm ")9.3 cm

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1he appropriate number of significant figures in the result of 1'."%& 1'."32 is a. b. c. d. e. " % & ' )

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1he appropriate number of significant figures in the result of 1'."%& : 1'."32 is a. b. c. d. e. 1 " % & '

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1he result of ,%.2)"1 1.')%3- : '.92 is properly written as a. b. c. d. e. 3.3) 3.3') 3.3')' 3.3')&) 3.3')&)"

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4s chief chemist at Superior 4nalytical #roducts ,S4#- you must design an experiment to determine the density of an unknown li8uid to three ,%- significant figures. 1he density is of the order of 1 gBcm%. <ou ha$e approximately 0 m6 of the li8uid and only graduated cylinders and balances are a$ailable for your use. Which of the following combinations of e8uipment will allow you to meet but not exceed your goal a. b. c. d. e. Craduated cylinder with 3.1 m6 uncertaintyL balance with 3.1 g uncertainty Craduated cylinder with 3.31 m6 uncertaintyL balance with 3.1 g uncertainty Craduated cylinder with 3.31 m6 uncertaintyL balance with 3.31 g uncertainty Craduated cylinder with 3.331 m6 uncertaintyL balance with 3.331 g uncertainty Craduated cylinder with 3.1 m6 uncertaintyL balance with 3.331 g uncertainty

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Mud /. Chemist must determine the density of a mineral sample. .is four trials yield densities of &.00 gBcm%+ &.)0 gBcm%+ &.)9 gBcm%+ and &.21 gBcm%. >ndependent studies found the correct density to be &.0' gBcm%. Which of the following statements represents the best analysis of the data a. b. c. d. e. Mud7s results ha$e much greater accuracy than precision Mud7s results ha$e much greater precision than accuracy Mud7s results ha$e high accuracy and high precision Mud7s results ha$e low accuracy and low precision Mud7s e8uipment is faulty

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4s part of an experiment to determine the density of a new plastic de$eloped in her laboratory+ Sara 4nn *ippity measures the $olume of a solid sample. .er four trials yield $olumes of 1".%0 cm %+ 1".&1 cm%+ 1".%9 cm%+ and 1".%2 cm%. (easurements of other scientists in the lab gi$e an a$erage $olume of 1".&9 cm%. Which of the following statements represents the best analysis of the data a. b. c. d. e. Sara7s results ha$e low precision and high accuracy. Sara7s results ha$e high precision and high accuracy. Sara7s results ha$e greater precision than accuracy. Sara7s results ha$e greater accuracy than precision. Sara has been using a faulty instrument to measure the $olume.

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Which of the following correctly expresses '"+3%3." m in scientific notation a. b. c. d. e. '."3%3" 13& m '."3%3" 13' m '."3% 13& m '."3 13& m '." 13& m

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Which of the following correctly expresses 3.33333091% g in scientific notation a. b. c. d. 0.91% 13) g 0.91% 13' g 0.91% 13:' g 0.91% 13:) g

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0.91% 13:9 g

Short Answer Questions &2. ! Ci$e an example of a physical property and a chemical property of each of the followingJ a. b. c. &9. . '3. ( oxygen gas octane copper

Mriefly explain the relationship between hypothesis and experiment in the scientific method. Calculate ,to three significant figures- the numerical part of the con$ersion factors needed to carry out the following unit con$ersionsJ a. b. c. d. e. f. g. density in gBcm% to kgBm% speed in miBh to ftBs area in km" to mi" area in km" to cm" massBarea of aluminum foil in mgBcm" to gBm" number of gas molecules per unit $olume from Bm% to Bft% number of bacteria per unit area on a microscope slide from Bmm" to Bin"

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1he S.>. unit of energy is the 5oule+ N. 1 N D 1 kgm"Bs". 4nother energy unit+ the erg+ was once in widespread use. 1 erg D 1 gcm"Bs". Calculate the number of ergs in 1 N+ showing all your working. Classify the following properties of hydrogen gas as either intensi$e or extensi$e. a. b. c. d. the mass of the gas sample the a$erage speed of a molecule in the sample temperature density e. number of molecules present

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4n e$acuated "0) m6 glass bulb weighs 1"9.)%0' g. Hilled with an unknown gas+ the bulb weighs 1%3.3%12 g. Calculate the gas density in gB6+ and express it with an appropriate number of significant figures. Ose the relationship between temperatures in Celsius and Hahrenheit to calculate the temperature at which a. b. the numerical $alue is the same on both scales. the Hahrenheit number is exactly twice the Celsius number.

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Write the following numbers and results in scientific notation+ with appropriate significant figures. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. )'& 1"%&')3 3.333333)0% 3.33"'93 "33.& ")3.3 r"+ where r D 2.0 cm "%."& K 12.) : '

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Write the following numbers and results in standard notation+ with appropriate significant figures. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. 0.2' 13:% 0.2' 13& '.9"3 13% 0.2' 131" 1313 0.33 13:' circumference of a circle+ "r+ where r D 2.0 cm ).)") 13:%& ).3""1& 13"% ".9909 132 '."% 13:)

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>n each of the sets below+ choose the one 8uantity or number which is exact. a. i. the human population ii. the distance in light years from the sun to 4lpha Centauri+ a nearby star iii. the winning time for the 133 m dash in the ?lympic Cames b. i. the weight of a particular one cent coin in g ii. the boiling point of lead+ in C iii. the number of cm in 1 yd c. i. the measured $alue of the speed of light ,".992... 132 mBsii. ,%.1&1...iii. the $olume of milk in a 1Agallon 5ug

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True/False Questions '2. ! '9. ! )3. ( )1. ! )". ( )%. ! )&. ! )'. ! )). ! )0. ( )2. ( 1he ripening of fruit+ once picked+ is an example of physical change. 4n important aim in much chemical work is to use macroscopic measurements in order to gain an understanding of the microscopic world. 1he potential energy of a car mo$ing on a le$el road does not depend on its speed. When a wooden match burns in air+ chemical potential energy is con$erted to kinetic energy. When applying the scientific method+ it is important to a$oid any form of hypothesis. When applying the scientific method+ a model or theory should be based on experimental data. 1he numerical $alue of any temperature expressed in Celsius is always different from the numerical $alue of the same temperature in Hahrenheit. 1he numerical $alue of any temperature expressed in Celsius is always different from the numerical $alue of the same temperature in kel$in. 1he number ).3&&2+ rounded to % decimal places+ becomes ).3&'. 1he number ).3&&2+ rounded to " decimal places+ becomes ).3'. 1he weight of a coin measured as 1.9)"%' g on one balance is definitely more accurate than a weight measurement of 1.9' g on another balance.

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Keys to the Study of Chemistry Chapter 1 4nswer Key

1. ". %. &. '. ). 0. 2. 9. 13. 11. 1". 1%. 1&. 1'. 1). &2. d a c c e d b c e c a c e c d a 10. 12. 19. "3. "1. "". "%. "&. "'. "). "0. "2. "9. %3. %1. %". a c a b d e a c d c d d e b b b %%. %&. %'. %). %0. %2. %9. &3. &1. &". &%. &&. &'. &). &0. b d e c e b e d b a c a c a d

4nswers could all be the same+ but some possibilities are a. boiling point+ reaction with sodium b. boiling point+ reaction with oxygen c. electrical conducti$ity+ reaction with nitric acid 4 hypothesis should be capable of leading to a prediction which is testable by experiment. >f the experimental result differs from the prediction+ the hypothesis should be modified. '3. a. 13% ,exactlyb. 1.&0 c. 3.%2) d. 1313 ,exactlye. 13 ,exactlyf. 3.3"2% g. )&'

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1 N D 130 erg a. b. c. d. e. ! > > > !

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1.&% gB6 a. b. &3.H D : &3.C %"3.H D 1)3.C

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a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. a. b. c. H 1 1 1 H 1 H 1 1 H H

).'& 13" 1."%&') 13) ).0% 13:0 ".'93 13:% ".33& 13" ".)33 13" ".& 13" cm" %.0 131 3.3302' 02'33 '9"3. 02' 3.3333033 '' cm ""933 i iii ii

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