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cfvqdltkjt,fv vbbqj thsvjhoveytt,pt ltcgjnehb ~f,cjkenehb` fkfeakt,f&&& vhtdkib vqdltkb thslhjekflff vcf]ekb^ vfvfcf[kbcb^ vfcofdkt,tkb^ uflfcf[flt,bc fvrhtab^ .dtkf cfmvbc vjsfdt& bub cftrktcbj vcf[ehb rb fh fhbc^ fhfvtl jcnfnbf^ hjvtkcfw .dtkfathb t[t,f&&& fv .jdkbc vjvwdtkvf ltcgjnehvf vtehdtj,fv^ trktcbbc fv rjynhjkvf lf xfhtdfv cfpjufljt,hbdb w[jdht,bc .dtkf cathjib itfqobf@& vfhskvflblt,kj,bc fhf,thtyb vbvltdht,b fh ehbult,jlyty fcts vlujvfhtj,fc lf .dtkufy^ cflfw rb flubkb /mjylf ofhvfnt,ek cf[fk[j vjhfj,fc^ hjujhw vfufkbsfl^ cth,bfcf lf dfkf[tsib ^ [fk[b ftdlt,lf ,thyekb ofhvjij,bc cftrktcbj vcf[eht,c lf vfs flubkpt bybiyt,jlyty vcf[ehyb flubkj,hbdb vjcf[ktj,blfy@& fctdt b.j dbsfht,f gjynjc ghjdbywbt,ibw&&& #dth lfdafhfd bv fvfphpty lf ecbfvjdyj itnfrt,t,bc itcf[t,^ hjvtkcfw flubkb /mjylf eybtib ,thyek cfvqdltkjt,fcf lf vbc vhtdkc ijhbc &&& ufycfresht,ekb obyffqvltuj,f ufeobtc mfkt,vf^ hjvkt,bw xfbrtnyty trktcbfib^ vfs ufyltdytc vqdltkt,b&&& vsfdfhb gfnhbfhmbc lf;byt,bsb vjs[jdybs gjhnfv ~jcvfktsbc vsfdhj,fv _ o&,&` uffupfdyf ,hfyt,f lf afif sfdfl uftvfhsf fv,j[t,eksf lfcfc]tkfl&&&@ lf tc wfkrtekb itvs[dtdf fh b.j& flubkj,hbdb vfhskvflblt,tkb fhf,thtyb vjcf[ktj,f ,thyekb cfgfnhbfhmjcufy sfdbc lfcfwfdfl vfcj,hbdfl bqt,lf vf/vflbfyj,fc se c[df htkbubfc@ ~ofst ,fofib^ lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 43`& dabmhj,s^ afmnb^ hjv fhphevbc cfyf[t,ib fhct,ek mfhsek cjakt,c \|++ cfereytibw /.fdlfs mfhsdtkb tgbcrjgjcb^ ,thtyb cfvqdltkjt,bc vbvfhs vfsb obyffqvltuj,bs fb[cyt,f& vfuhfv^ xfyc^ itvlujv vfs vbvfhsfw ufyf[jhwbtktc fhct,ekb rfyjyb lf bcbyb ,thty cfvqdltkjt,fc lfemdtvlt,fhtc& #,thyek trktcbfc lfmdtvlt,fht,ekb flubkj,hbdb vw[jdht,yb sfylfsfyj,bs ,thylt,jlyty& vfufkbsfl^ kfpb-mhbcnbfyb fewbkt,kfl ,thyek cf[tkcf lf udfhc fnfht,lf^ dfklt,ekb b.j obhdf kjwdf ,thyek tyfpt vjtcvbyf^ #ovbylf othbkb@ ,thyekfl trbs[f^ crjkfib ,thyek tyfpt tcofdkf& 12

mfhsekb tyf^ vbcb kfpehb lbfktmnt,b j]f[t,blfyfw rb bltdyt,jlf^ hjujhw eh]ekjsf tyf& vij,kbehb tybc ityfhxeyt,f v[jkjl bv kfpt,vf itcktc^ hjvkt,bw jltcqfw mfhsek trktcbfc tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty lf itvltu vecekvfyj,f vbbqtc& vij,kbehb tybc ityfhxeyt,fc w[flbf^ cfmfhsdtkjcsfy nthbnjhbekvf cbf[kjdtv ufw[jdtkt,ekvf trjyjvbehvf ehsbthsj,fv iteo.j [tkb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 43`& lf

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,thyekb tybc gjynehb lbfktmnbs^ hjvtkbw #byfhxeyt,c b,thbek rfdrfcbehb tyt,bcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tk .dtkf fahbrfnc&&& vbc ktmcbrfib cfrvfjl ,tdhbf mfhsdtkehb bhbc cbn.dt,b@ ~bmdt^ ud& 8`& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv vfhskvflblt,tkb kfpt,b fv;fvfl ,thyt,fl fqbhbw[t,bfy^ sehmvf bcnjhbrjct,vf bwbfy^ hjv #\+ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib sehmvfyt,bc ~ctk]ert,bc^ o&,&` vjcdkfvlt xhlbkj-fqvjcfdkts sehmtsib zfh,j,lyty mfhsdtkt,b lf kfpt,b^ vfs tyfpt kfgfhfrj,lf vjcf[ktj,bc evhfdktcj,f^ kfpehb f[kjf mfhseksfy lf ofhvjflutyc vtuhekb tybc rbkjc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 14`& fvbnjvfw #eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv fmfehb t&o& ,thyt,b cbyfvldbktib c[df fhfdbyff^ se fhf kfpt,b^ hjvkt,vfw ,bpfynbbc gthbjlib vbbqtc mhbcnbfyj,f lf vfc itvltu sfdbct,ehfl byfhxeyt,lyty vfc@ _ othlf thsb vrdktdfhb vwbht fpbbcf \+\ c-ib ~bmdt^ ud& 25`& vwbht fpbtk mfhsdtkj,fc ew[j fhfthjdyek cf[tkvobajib vj[dtlhbs lf,ytekt,c t&o& #sehmt,bcf@ lf #,thyt,bc@ ufhlf rbltd eidbfs c[df [fk[t,bw^ vfs ijhbc t&o& rhjvkt,b^ bcbyb afhekfl mhbcnbfylt,jlyty^ jabwbfkehfl rb vecekvfyeh otcxdtekt,t,c fqfchekt,lyty ~bmdt^ ud& 25`& vfs fuhtsdt rhbgnjmhbcnbfyt,cfw eojlt,lyty& uflfudfht,ekb mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy^ fuhtsdt^ sfdbfysb ofhvjij,bs [tvibyt,bw& #/tvibyb vjcf[ktj,bc yf[tdfhpt vtnb kfpt,bcfufy itlut,f^ [jkj lfyfhxtyb yfobkb ofhvjflutyc yfhtd [fk[c^ vfs tsyjutytpib vsfdfhb hjkb bsfvfif cjv[eh-uhbujhbfyekvf trktcbfv^ hjvtkcfw^ hjujhw xfyc^ vbtrtlkf kfpsf ufhrdtekb yfobkb^ hjujhw tc [lt,f xhlbkjfqvjcfdkts fyfnjkbbc c[df yfobkt,ibw@& #&&&vfsb tyf cjv[ehbc^ kfp-mfhsekbcf lf sehmekb tyt,bc yfhtdbf&&& bpvbhib vfs #cjvt[tdt@-c eojlt,ty&&& ,fdidt,c jabwbfkeh sehmek-vecekvfyeh cf[tkt,sfy thsfl fktdty #ibyfeh@ vjatht,bs cf[tkt,c^ tc cf[tkt,b firfhfl kfpehbf^ hjujhw ;qthflj,bs^ bct ibyffhcbsfw& vfu&% sesf-vsdfht^ ,eh,f-qfvehf^ vesbrf-ltkabyb^ seyb-lfsdb^ vew[b-dfhcrdkfdb lf f&i& y& vfhb kfptsib vjupfehj,bc fyufhbiib fcf[tkt,c /tvibyeh udfht,c^ hjvkt,bw ibyffhcbc vb[tldbs fctdt kfpehbf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 60`& mfhsdtksf fhvtybpt,f jcvfktsib fhff ufcfrdbhb^ hflufyfw fv mdt.ybc vsfdhj,fv vcufcdfl ,thyekbcf^ epfhvfpfhb ghbdbktubt,b vbfybzf rjycnfynbytgjkbc cjv[eh cfgfnhbfhmjc& vcufdcfl ,thtyb vqdlkt,bcf^ cjvt[ vqdlkt,cfw vbybzt,ekb /mjylfs .jdtkudfhb eakt,t,b _ - ~i& kjvcft^ #f[fkwb[ehb mhjybrt,b@^ ud& 24`& mhbcnbfyj,bc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl mfhsdtkb vrdblhb vjcf[ktj,f c[dflfc[df pjvt,c vbvfhsfdlf _ #cfcekbthj gbhsf lf vjmfkfmtsf yfobkb [ibhfl mhbnbfyj,bc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl bqt,lf uhbujhbfyj,fc^ rfsjkbrj,fc^ eahj [ibhfl tmdtvlt,fht,jlf rjycnfynbytgjkbc gfnhbfhmc lf vfsbdt vecekvfy sfyfnjvtksf sdfkib [lt,jlf itcf,fvbcfl% cjv[fl^ ahfyufl lf ,thyfl& mfhsdtkt,b rb #cojhtl fvbc ufvj vecekvfy mfhsdtkc eojlt,lyty sfsfhc fy sehmc ~bvbc vb[tldbs lf se bckfvbc hjvtk vbvlbyfhtj,fc fqbfht,lf _ ibbpvc se ceybpvc`& mfhsdtkc^ hjvtkcfw uhbujhbfyj,f 14

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fhfvtl&&& rfdrfcbfib@& #lf,heyt,f@ itbkt,f bm^ cfblfyfw uftvupfdhyty& ehevt,b #lf,heylyty@ sfdbfys yfvldbk cfvij,kjib^ cojhtl rfdrfcbf _ cfmfhsdtkj vbfxylfs vfs sfdbfys cfvij,kjl lf fhf cf,thytsb& fv v[hbd fqcfybiyfdbf wyj,bkb sehmjkjubc^ jsfh ububytbidbkbc lfrdbhdt,f bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv cf,thytsib uflfcf[kt,ek ~rthjl^ stcfkjybrbc cfyf[t,ib vw[jdht,` ehevt,c sehvt bmfeht,b mfhsdtkt,c ~ueh]t,c^ utjhubfyt,c` eojlt,lyty lf hfvltybvt fctsb #mfhsekb@ cjatkbw fhct,ekf bm^ itmvybkb ehevt,bc vbth& ehevt,c uekb cfmfhsdtkjcfrty hjv vbeotdlfs^ bmblfyfw xfyc^ hjv hectsib 1917 okbc jmnjv,hbc uflfnhbfkt,bc itvltu vstkb hectsbc bvgthbfib lf cf,zjsf rfdibhib ecfcnbrtcb fstbcnehb ht;bvb lfv.fhlf^ hjvtkbw t,hjlf trktcbfc& tc bwjlf vstkvf vcjakbjv lf w[flbf^ bwjlyty ehevt,vfw^ kjpfybc ~1922-23 okt,bc` rjyathtywbbc itvlujv ehevt,b fye ,thyt,b itsfy[vt,bc sfyf[vfl cf,thytsib eylf uflfcekb.dyty cfw[jdht,kfl^ bcbyb fh tsfy[vt,bfy fv rjyathtywbbc uflfo.dtnbkt,fc lf qhvfl vjhoveyt _ vfhskvflblt,tkb [fk[b vblbc fstbcneh cf[tkvobajib& v[jkjl vbobc .bdbkcf lf ztivfhbnb cfvij,kjc cb.dfhekbc lfafhek uhyj,fc ittkj ftekt,byf bcbyb cf,thytsbc yfwdkfl cfmfhsdtkjib xfvjcekb.dyty _ #lf,heyt,ekb.dyty@& #dfhfelj,ty^ hjv shbfktsb ehevsf^ ufycfresht,bs dtk mfhsekb ghjdbywbt,blfy vjcekb ubevbi[fytkt,bcf lf gfctyt,bc tsyjutytpib ufhrdtekb hjkb itfchektc kfpt,vf& vfsc .jafib itvjyf[ekbf dtkb mfhsekb nhflbwbt,bw@ ~bmdt^ ud& 160`&

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17

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ht[tkt,bc trktcbfib ~fqflubytc 1877 o&` vqdlkt,fl lbl[fyc mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty& \\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib mfhsdtkb vqdltkb lfhxbf itcwdfkf ,thtyvf vqdltkvf lf lfbo.j cfresfhb vhtdkbc vjvhfdkt,f& dbyw uflfdbljlf ,thyek udfhpt lf ,thyfl xftotht,jlf^ bub vfs cfvjs[eh w[jdht,fc cf,thytsblfy ufvjupfdybk ,hby]c^ cfgjyc^ cehcfscf lf c[df cbrtstc /gbhlt,jlf lf echekt,lf rbltwf ~b& f[efidbkb^ ,thyekb f[fkityt,b&&& ud& 164`& mfhsdtkt,b hectsbc vtabc vsfdhj,fc gjkbnbrehfl fhfcfbvtlj [fk[fl /.fdlf vbxytekb^ cfmfhsdtkjc cfcfpqdhj v[fhtt,ib wlbkj,lf #thsuekb vjv[htt,bc@ _ cjv[t,bcf lf ,thyt,bc lfaeyt,fc& tc b.j ths-thsb vbptpbw \+\ c-ib mfhsdtksf ufuhbujhbfyt,bcf lf uf,thyt,bcf^ vfuhfv vfbyw mfhsdtksf ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbf cfresfh vbof-o.fkpt egbhdtktcfl ufvjodtekb b.j thjdyekb sdbsitvtwyt,bcf lf sdbsituyt,bc lf,fkb ljybs&

uf,thyt,eksf udfht,b mfhsdtkt,b^ hjujhw fqybiyekb b.j^ bhbsflfl uf,thylyty jcvfktsbc bvgthbfib^ rthjl bc vfhskvflblt,kt,b^ hjvtkybw^ jcvfktsbc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb rfyjyt,bc sfyf[vfl^ lfemdtvlt,fhtc rjycnfynbytgjkbc ,thyek cfgfnhbfhmjc& rjycnfynbytgjkc vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb mfhsekb vhtdkb ufexylf^ hfvtse jcvfksf vbth lfg.hj,bkb vtc[tsb ~mdtvj uehbfcsfy thsfl` lblb mdt.fyf b.j^ ufhlf fvbcf^ mfhsdtksf ufycf[kt,bc tsybrehb cfpqdht,b fqotdlf tdahfnfvlt^ se fhfc dbn.dbs kfpbcnfybc dhwtk mdt.fyfpt^ hjvtkbw bhbsflfl fctdt mfhsdtkehb njvt,bs b.j lfcf[kt,ekb& jcvfktsib uf,thyt,ekb mfhsdtkt,bc udfht,b sbsmvbc ewyj,bf^ cfvfubthjl itlfht,bs ertsff wyj,bkb bv mfhsdtksf udfht,b^ hjvkt,bw \+\ cfereytcf lf \\ c& lfcfo.bcib uf,thylyty s,bkbcbc ue,thybbc nthbnjhbfpt& fvfsufy yfobkj,hbd itcofdkbkbf hfvltybvt cjakbc uf,thyt,ek vjcf[ktsf udfht,b^ rthjl obyo.fhjcf^ ht[fcf lf c[dfufy& afmnbehfl tc vfcfkf ]th]thj,bs lfeveifdt,tk-itecofdktkbf& ufvjyfrkbcbf v[jkjl bfrj, f[efidbkbc ihjvt,b% #tsybrehb ghjwtct,b ufhbcbc vbofpt@^ #vyfsj,b@^ 1988^ =6* #mdtvj mfhskbc tsyjcb bcnjhbek fcgtmnib@^ #vyfsj,b@^ 1988^ =10* #,thyekb f[fkityt,b mdtvj mfhskib@^ #vyfsj,b@^ 1989^ =12& fv ihjvt,bs dbcfhut,kts xdty lf fy,fybc vb[tldbs fvjdothts cfmfhsdtkjib uf,thyt,eksf udfht,b ~]th vbsbst,ekbf dtkb udfhb^ itvltu rb _ f[kflvbqt,ekb`& fhblfidbkb _ fhblfidbkb _ fhlfjqkb _ fheljdb fckfybidbkb _ fckfyjdb fckfvfpbidbkb _ fckfvfpjdb fbdfpfidbkb _ fbdfpjdb fytcbidbkb _ fvjcjdb fvfyfsfidbkb _ fvfyfsjdb _ nhfgeynjdb ,fhfsfidbkb _ lfyfxbtdb _ ,fhfsjdb 20

,fkf,fybidbkb _ ,fkf,fyjdb ,thtybidbkb _ ueh]btdb ~1` ,jcnfyfidbkb _ ,jcnfyxjqkb _ ,jcnfy]btdb ,thefidbkb _ ,thjdb ,bzbfidbkb _ ,bl;jtdb uf,fidbkb _ uf,fjqkb ubjhufidbkb _ ubjhubjqkb ubujkfidbkb _ ubujkjdb df[nfyubidbkb ~udfhb fh itewdkbf^ thjdyt,fib ,thtyb eothbf` pfpfidbkb _ pfpjdb stdljhfidbkb _ stdljhjqkb _ atljhjdb _ fyjpjdb sjaehbt ~udfhb fh itewdkbf^ thjdyt,bs #,thtybf@` sjvfidbkb _ njvfpjdb stshft _ ueh]btdb ~++` sfsfhfidbkb _ sfsfhjqkb _ sfsfhjdb bjhlfyfidbkb _ xekaftdb bcfyfvbidbkb _ cbvjyjdb bcfrft _ af[jhjdb rfkft _ rfkfbxjqkb _ rfkfbxtdb rjcnfyfidbkb _ rjcnfyjdb rtrtkbidbkb ~udfhb fh itewdkbf^ thjdyt,bs #,thtybf@` kfpfhbidbkb _ kfpfhjqkb _ kfpfhblb vfpvfybidbkb _ vfpvbyjqkb _ vfpveljdb vehvfybidbkb _ vehvfyjdb vehflfidbkb _ vehfljqkb _ vehfljdb vbhpfidbkb _ vbhpfjqkb _ vbhpjtdb vthf,bidbkb _ vfhf,jqkb _ vfhf,jdb ybrjkfcidbkb _ ybrjkfjqkb ybrjkft _ ybrjlvjdb gtnhbfidbkb _ gtnhtjqkb _ lbvjtdb cfrfkbt _ ~udfhb fh itewdkbf^ thjdyt,bs #,thtybf@` ctabfidbkb _ ctabfyjdb cf,ft _ ~udfhb fh itewdkbf` eakbcfidbkb _ eakfjqkb _ gkbpjqkb afhf]fyfidbkb _ afhf]fjqkb _ afhf]fyjdb athbfidbkb _ athbjqkb _ rfhfmktdb aehwtkft _ thubitdb afkfdfylbidbkb _ afkfdfyljqkb _ gfaktyjdb mfhsdtkbidbkb _ ueh]btdb ~+++` qdbybfidbkb _ [hbcnjajhjdb 21

.fhf]fidbkb _ .fhf]fjqkb _ .fhf]btdb ztlbkfidbkb _ ~udfhb fh itewdkbf` [txbyfidbkb _ [txbyjdb [fvf]fufidbkb _ [fvf]fujdb _ xbkabtdb ]fkbfidbkb _ rbkbyrfhjdb ]fdfhfidbkb _ ]fdfhfjqkb cbf fhfchekbf& hjujhw ptvjs fqbybiyf^ fhphevcf se ubevbi[fytib vw[jdht,vf lf cfmfhsdtkjib uflvjcf[kt,ekvf ehevt,vf^ hjvtksf ijhbcfw vhfdfkb kfpbf^ fhfcjltc fh bwjlyty ,thyekb tyf^ hfvtse bcbyb tsybrehfl ,thyt,b fh .jabkfy^ vfsb ltlf tyf jlbsufydt b.j mfhsekb lf mfhsdtkehb tyt,b^ tc tyt,b vfs jcvfkt,bc ,fnjyj,bc lhjc lfbdbo.tc lf itbsdbctc sehmekb& fv;fvfl^ \\ c& 80-bfy okt,ib s,bkbcbc eybdthcbntnbc bybwbfnbdbs vfs eybiyfdty ,thyekb tybc ufrdtsbkt,c lf wlbkj,ty^ itfcofdkjy ,thyekb tyf& rbltd eylf bsmdfc jhbjlt cbn.df bvbc itcf[t,^ se mfhsdtk vfhskvflblt,kt,c hfnjv eojlt,ty vf/vflbfyt,b lf pju]th tdhjgtkt,bw #,thyt,c@& vf/vflbfyt,b [ibhfl [fk[t,c /.jalyty fhf tsybrehb resdybkt,bc^ fhfvtl cfhoveyjt,bc vb[tldbs& .dtkf mhbcnbfyb^ vbs evtntc vfhskvflblt,kehb fye #,thyekb@ cfhoveyjt,bc vmjyt [fk[b^ vfssdbc ,thtyb b.j& fvbnjvfw b.j^ vfufkbsfl^ hjv ]th rbltd jcvfktsbc bvgthbbc itmvyfvlt^ tudbgnbc ceksfyt,b cfmfhsdtkjc vtatt,c jabwbfkeh vbvfhsdt,ib #,thtysf isfvjvfdfks@ eojlt,lyty _ tc mfhsdtkb vtabc nbnekbf _ ~\+|-\| cc& fhf,b bcnjhbrjct,b cfmfhsdtkjc itcf[t,^ 1988^ ud& 55` _ itbkt,f fctw bsfhuvyjc tc nbnekb _ #,thyt,bc idbkb lf ,thyt,bc fvjqt,ekb ~vf[dbkb`@ ~bmdt^ ud& 65^ itybidyf 46`& tdhjgtkt,bw^ bvbc ufvj^ hjv vcjakbj cftrktcbj ufy[tsmbkt,bc lhjc mfhsdtkt,vf ,thyek trktcbfc lfezbhtc v[fhb lf lblb cbvnrbwbs bwfdlyty ,thyekvfhskvflblt,kehb trktcbbc nhflbwbt,c^ pju]th mfhsdtkt,c #,thyt,c@^ t&b& ,thyekb trktcbbc otdht,c eojlt,lyty& vbs evtntc^ fct b.j jcvfksf bvgthbfib^ cflfw^ hjujhw fqbybiyf^ .dtkf vfhskvflblt,tkc^ mfhsdtkt,cfw lf fhfmfhsdtkt,cfw ,thyt,c eojlt,lyty& 1990^ ,jh]jvb

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