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saepiskoposoebi
lazikaSi
eZRvneba sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs,
mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposs,
biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropolits,
uwmidessa da unetaress ilia II-s
Tbilisi
2011
1
Sesavali
Cveni naSromi eZRvneba saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis iuridiqciis
sazRvrebis kvlevas.
eklesiis Zvelma mematianeebma (gansakuTrebiT ruis-urbnisis saeklesio
krebis mamebma) mogvces cnobebi, rom daarsebis Tanave saqarTvelos eklesiis
iuridiqciis sazRvrebSi Sedioda aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan erTad
dasavleT saqarTveloc, magram XX s-Si, albaT sabWoTa reJimis ZaldatanebiT,
oficialur istoriografiaSi gabatonda mtkiceba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo
gaqristianebidan 500-600 wlis manZilze (IX-X ss.-de) konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda da TiTqosda mxolod Semdeg
miierTa is qarTulma eklesiam.
Cven mravalwlovani Sroma movandomeT imis kvlevas, rom es ase ar iyo
da sworia Cveni matianeebisa da wmida mamebis Zveli Tvalsazrisi.
dasavleT saqarTvelo wmida ninos droidanve ara konstantinopolis,
aramed mcxeTis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, radganac is qarTlis
samefos nawili iyo, xolo bizantia Tavis saeklesio iurisdiqcias
axorcielebda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qarTvelTa uZveles
qveyanaSi, istoriuli lazikis erT nawilSi, trapezuntis regionis mxares,
romelic jer kidev romis imperiam Camoacila qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebrivi
ga vlen is s fe ro s. i q k o n s t a n t i n o p o li s s a p a t r i a r q o m s x v a
s a m i t r o p o li t o e b T a n e r T a d C a m o a y a li b a f a zi s i s ( f a s i d i s )
samitropolitos saepiskoposo kaTedrebi zigana, petra, rodopolisi
da saisini. Tavdapirvelad maTi samitropolito centri mdebareobda
qalaq polemonionSi, romelsac aseve fasidi (fadisi, fatsa) erqva.
VII saukunisaTvis maT momcvel regionSi, mTavari qalaqis Rirseba
t r a p e z u n t m a m o i p o v a . p i r v e l a T a s w le u lS i d a a r s e b u lm a
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiebma iarsebes ramdenime
saukune.
isini, rogorc iTqva, mdebareobdnen qarTveli eris uZveles samSobloSi,
romelsac lazeTi (lazika) da qaldea erqva. iv. qavaxiSvilis sityviT
qaldea iyo samSoblo yvela qarTuli tomisa, maT Soris cxadia svanebsa
da megrel-Wanebsa.
VI-VIII ss.-Si trapezuntis olqSi (lazika-qaldeaSi) ganlagebul fasidis
samitropolitoSi Semaval ziganas, rodopolisis, saisinisa da petras
saepiskoposo kaTedrebis momcvel qveyanas rTuli istoria hqonda.
jer romma, Semdgom ki bizantiam dai pyres qarTvelTa winaprebiT
dasaxlebuli pontospireTis mxareebi sinopidan Woroxamde da Seiyvanes
TavianTi imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. imperatorebma dapyrobis Semdeg xalibebis,
makronebis, mosinikebis, drilebis, kolxebis, tibaranebisa da sxva qarTuli
tomebis am miwawyalze svadasxva dasaxelebis saxelmwifo-administraciuli
erTeulebi Camoayalibes, magram maT (administraciul erTeulebs) qarTuli
3
10
16
ar amed da sav leT saq arT velo Sic ~ (qse, t. X, gv. 459-160. statia
`qarTvelebi~),
oficialuri istoriografiis am gansazRvrebiT TiTqosda dasavleT
saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo ` araqarTuli da araqarTveluri
tomebiT~ da `qarTizaciis Sedegad~
maTSi `SeaRwia qarTulma
e na m ~ d a ku ltur a m , a mi T Ti T q os d a d a sa v leT s aq a r Tv e loS i
bizantiuri eklesiis samwysos, mcxeTa daepatrona_ gaauqma iq arsebuli
ZvelTaganve konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi fasisis (foTis),
rodopolisis (varcixis), ziganas (`ziginevi gudayvas~), saisinisa (caiSis)
da petras (cixisZiris) saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.
mecnierulad dadgenil faqtad miaCniaT rom
mdebareobdnen rionis dablobSi.
lazikis centrebi
m de b ar e o bd a e p ar q ia lazi ka S i, aR n iS n u li ka T ed r eb i T , x olo
prokofis mier aRwerili lazebis samefo uSualod mas esazRvreboda,
mis odnav CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, Woroxis SesarTavis momcvel
qveyanaSi. agaTiac amave lazikas aRwers.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi, mas Semdeg rac kaTolike da sxva misionerebi
saqarTveloTi dainteresdnen, maT, Cemi mosazrebiT, SecdomiT, evropaSi
pirvelad gaavrceles Tvalsazrisi, rom istoriaSi Cakarguli kolxeTi
mdebareobda rionis regionSi. rom md. fazisi rioni iyo. es mosazreba
XIX-XX ss.-Si damkvidrda CvenSi, XX s.-Si ki ganmtkicda Tvalsazrisi, rom
r i o n i s d a b lo b S i m d e b a r e la zi k a S i 5 0 0 - 6 0 0 w li s m a n Z i lze
konstantinopolis sapatriarqo avrcelebda Tavis iurisdiqcias.
Sesabamisad qarTul wyaroebs gamoecxada sruli undobloba, radganac
maTi cnobebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo mudam qarTlis samefosa da qarTuli
eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda.
es Tvalsazrisi gansakuTrebiT ganmtkicda s. yauxCiSvilis georgikebis
tomeulebis gamocemis Semdeg, sadac is gamowvlilviT werda, rom lazika
iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, rom rioni (yvirila-ZirulasTan erTad) iyo md.
fazisi. es mosazreba amJamad uryevadaa danergili. amitomac migvaCnia, rom
gansakuTrebiT Znelia am Tvalsazrisis uaryofa da axlis Sesaxeb werac ki.
daskvna
I.
lazikis eparqia.
pontos
daSlam da xaldiis
lazeb is qveynad
m a s m a i nc
la zik a s uw o d e b dn e n . S e m d g om S i
lazika uwoda
`lazTa samefo~.
la zi ka S i ~, a nu s wo r e d a m
lazebic erqvaT. VI
s-Si qarTuli
waTe II (554-580).
sxva teritorias moicavda, rogorc iTqva, eklesiuri eparqia `lazikaSi~,
da is ar mdebareobda politikuri erTeuli
mogvcems `gerg~-s,
rac
da m aT i
qv ey an is
aRm vn iS ne l
yv ela
35
wa rm oa dge nd a,
ro mlis
m eor e
nawili
iy o q ar Tlis
sakaTalikoso.
zogad qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba miiRweoda saerTo saeklesio
samarTliT, saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro
eniT,
saerTo meTaurobiT.
afxazeTisa da qarTlis
eklesii s
mx olod
sae kles io
er Teu leb i( sam itr opo lito olq ebi ) i yvn en . r ogo c i Tqv a, ma Ti
zemdgomi saeklesio instituti iyo saerTo sjuliskanonis
sa ekles io sam arT li s
kre bebi .
p atri ar q i s
sa qarT velo s
da
ek lesi aSi
iyo
uzun veley o
da
s ruli ad
afx azeT is
s am o q ala qo sa m a rT lis
sae kles io
s amar Tlis
s fe r oS i c ). Mma g .X V I
s au k u ni s
d a Se vkri ben iT
y ovelni
s ak a T a li k o s o s a m
s a e k le s i o kr e b a m
s r u li a d
daamtkices,
eseni
moeqcnen),xolo
kaTalokosTa
t i tu l a t u r a S i
gamoCnda
tituli
mwyemsi
qri tes
mier
yov lisa
afxazeTis
pirvelierarqad
wyaroebSic.
a r a m e d s a r u li a d s a q a r T v e lo s
Tvlida
Tavis Tavs.
uxuc ess
IV s-danve.
amis Sesaxeb
r o m d a s a v leT
s a q a r Tv e lo
i my of eb od a m cx eT is sa ek le si o i ur is di qc i aS i. m ag a li Ta d, a m
wyaroebSi aRiniSeneba rom kirioni qarTlis kaTalikosi VI s-is
bolosa da VII s-is dasawyisSi marTavda dasavleT saqarTvelos
eparqiebsac. kirioni, `egrisis, gugarqisa da qarTlis arqiepiskoposad
anu kaTalikosad iyo nakurTxi `winandel wesTa Tanaxmad~ (ioane
drasxanakerteli, `somxeTis istoria~, gv. 10).
meore ierusalimeli patriarqi xrisanfi ambobs: `...saqarTveloSi,
romelsac adre iberia erqva, iyo ori avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposi,
ro melTac Cve ule bis Tan axm ad uwo deb en k aTa lik ose bs d a a ra
arqiepiskoposebs. ase maT marto qarTvelebi uwodeben. amaTgan
erTi, e.i. arqiepiskoposi qvemo iberiisa, iwodeba imereTis, oseTis,
guriis da sruliad qvemo iberiis unetares kaTalikosad, anu martivad,
38
m a r Tlm a d i de be lm a x e lm w if e e bm a
da
sam efo
dai W i re s , am
taxti
kv lav
fa q ta
Zv e l i
itcf[t, ths-thsb stjhbf^ xdty vfc itbkt,f deojljs cf,zjsf stjhbf^ hflufyfw cojhtl
cf,zjsf tgjmfib uf,fnjylf rbltw tc stjhbf bnjhbjuhfabfib& xdtyb [fk[bc xfvj.fkb,t,bc
itcf[t, cek c[df sdfkcfphbcb b.j `dtk mfhsek bcnjhbjuhfabfib^ hjvtkcfw mdtvjs
itdt[t,bs&
hectsib ufvfh]dt,bcsfyfdt ,jkitdbr-rjveybcnt,vf sfdlfgbhdtkfl bcnjhbf hjujhw
vtwybtht,f frhfktc^ vfuhfv vfktdt uflfo.dbntc bc sfdbc cfvcf[ehib xft.tyt,byfs^ itmvytc
f[fkb t&o& vfhmcbcnek-ktybyehb fye cf,zjsf bcnjhbjuhfabf& vbcb cf,jkjj vbpfyb b.j
bctsbdt^ hjujhw vtatsf lhjbyltkb hectsbc [tkbceakt,bcf _ gfnfhf tht,bc bcnjhbfsf
uf.fk,t,f vfsb cohfab fcbvbkfwbf-ufhect,bc vbpybs^ vfuhfv cf,zjehb bcnjhbjuhfabf
bybq,t,jlf t&o& vfhmcbpv-ktybybpvbs
xdtyb mfhsekb cf,zjsf tywbrkjgtlbbc sfyf[vfl^ #uf,fnjyt,ek ,eh;efpbfcsfy
,hjkfib ufydbsfhlf vfhmcbcnekb vbvfhsekt,f bcnjhbjuhfabfib@ ~MCT 5^ 243`&
dby b.dyty cfmfhsdtkjib #uf,fnjyt,ekb ,eh;efpbekb bcnjhbjuhfabbc@
ofhvjvflutykt,b^ hjvkt,sfyfw ,hjkfib #ufydbsfhlf vfhmcbcnekb bcnjhbjuhfabf@(
tc b.j lblb bkbf zfdzfdft lf vbcb sfyfvjfphtyb _ lblb mfhsdtkb bcnjhbrjct,b^ frfrb
othtstkb^ lbvbnhb ,fmhft^ bfrj, ujut,fidbkb lf c[dfyb^ hjvtksfw #bcnjhbrjcbc@
nbnekb w[flbf xfvjfhsdtc cf,zjsf tgjmfib&
1917 okbc ,jkitdbrehb uflfnhbfkt,bc itvltu #itbmvyf gbhj,t,b bvbcfsdbc^
hjv vfhmcbcnekb vbvlbyfhtj,f bcnjhbjuhfabfib bcnjhbekb vtwybtht,bc `bhbsflb
vbvfhsekt,f ufvj[lfhb.j vstk cf,zjsf rfdibhib& cf,zjsf bcnjhbekb vtwybtht,f
.fkb,lt,jlf ,eh;efpbek-vtvfvekehb lf vtyitdbrehb bcnjhbekb rjywtawbt,bc&&&
bcnjhbbc c[df lfvvf[by]t,tksf obyffqvltu vbvfhsek vfah blteh ,hjkfib@ ~MCT^ 5^
ud& 243`&
fctdt xfvj.fkb,lf mfhsekb cf,zjsf bcnjhbjuhfabfw^ hjvtkbw uffasht,bs t,hjlf
#htfmwbekcf lf bltfkbcneh@ vfvfgfgtek bcnjjhbjuhfabfc vfhmcbcnekb gjpbwbt,blfy@
~bmdt^ 244`^ hfsf fh vjv[lfhb.j #sfdbcb mdt.ybc hjkbc ufpdbflt,f vcjakbj bcnjhbfib
lhjvjzvek bcnjhbek ofhvjlutyfsf lfktdbc ghjwtcbcfc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 244`&
rjveybcnt,vf bcnjhbjuhfabfcsfy thsfl kbyudbcnbrfw sfdbcb bltjkjubbc
cfzbhjt,bcfsdbc ufvjb.tytc&
.dtkfcfsdbc yfstkbf lf `ytkb lfcf]tht,tkbf^ hjv cf,zjsf bcnjhbjuhfabbc evsfdhtcb
stjhbt,b lf ljuvt,b cfcfhut,kj b.j cfmfhsdtkjcfsdbc& rthjl^ mfhsdtkb [fk[bc
xfvj.fkb,t,bc ghj,ktvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs cfzjsf bcnjhbjuhfabfv bveifdf hfvltybvt
fstekb otkb
rjveybcnvf bltjkjut,vf sfdbfyssdbc cfcfhut,kjl vbbxybtc efht.js `dtkmfhsek
vfnbfytt,cf lf cfbcnjhbj `tukt,ib uflvjwtvekb rjywtawbf xdtyb thjdyekb atcdt,bc
itcf[t,^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj ~hjujhw lfcfdktsb^ bct fqvjcfdktsb yfobkb` edtktcb [fyblfydt
v[jkjl mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bs b.j lfcf[kt,ekb lf hjv fv fhtfkpt mfhsdtksf ufvjxtybc
itvltu c[df ew[j njvt,b fh w[jdhj,lyty&
.jdtk `dtk thc^ hjvtkbw ,b,kbehb [fyblfy xylt,f bcnjhbbc fcgfhtppt^ sfdbc edtktc
sfdlfgbhdtk cfvij,kjl iefvlbyfhtsb lf vfcsfy vbvlt,fht mdt.yt,b vbfxybf^ cflfw lfbhof
frdfyb rfwj,hbj,bcf& fctsbdt b.j `dtkmfhsekb sdfkcfphbcb cfmfhsdtkjib cflqfw
cfv[htsblfy mfhsdtksf uflvjcf[kt,bc se mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb wtynht,bc uflvjnfybc
42
fvfdt sdfkcfphbcc eahj lf,t]bst,bs fdbsfht,c \++ c-bc wyj,bkb bcnjhbrjcb fhcty
,thb^ hjvtkcfw ptvjs itdt[ts& f[kf rb ufydfuhjs xdty vtvfnbfytsf vnrbwt,fsf wbnbht,f^
hjv lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj eo.dtnfl itlbjlf thsbfyb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc _ #mfhskbc
cfvtajc@ itvflutykj,fib% lfluf vjwbmeksf tgjmf^ mhbcntij,bc itvltu + cfereytf^
vjwbmekt,vf^ rthjl rb ovblf fylhbf gbhdtkojlt,ekvf vjofatt,bsehs bmflfuf
rkfh]tscf lf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib ~tuhbcib`^ fvbc itltufl vrdblhvf vjcf[ktj,fv
vbfnjdf `dtkb h]ekb^ vtvfnbfyt othc% #dbsfhwf tcvf vtatcf flthrbc vtuhtksfufy h]ekbcf
lfntdt,f^ ufyeo.hf lf ofhfdkbyf thbcsfdyb vbcyb lf bekt,bs refkfldt vjfmwbdyf
vtuhtkyb lf lfvfkytc [fnyb lf ]efhyb lf ithbc[f vtat flthrbv thbcsfdb rkfh]tsbcf
vidblj,bs ufyntdt,bcfsdbc vjwbmekbcf@ ~m&w& +& ud& 42`&
w[flbf^ mfhskbc vtat ew[j thbcsfdt,c dth lfc]blf^ cfv[hts lf lfcfdkts
cfmfhsdtkj bv;fvbyltkb cfmfhsdtkjc `bhbsflb yfobkt,bf&
samecniero siaxle. Cveni gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, berZnul-laTinur
wyaroebSi lazika ewodeboda ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed
Tavdapirvelad trapezuntis mimdebare mTianeTs, Semdeg ki erge-liganklarjeTs zRvispiriTurT.
vfiqrobT, rom es daskvna warmoadgens mniSvnelovan samecniero
siaxles, romelsac pretenzia aqvs Secvalos saqarTvelos istoriis
Sesaxeb is warmodgenebi da daskvnebi, romelnic Camoyalibda da
damkvidrda ZiriTadad XX saukunis sabWoTa saistorio skolis
mier.
myarad fesvgadgmuli amJamindeli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad lazika
ewodeboda dasavleT saqarTvelos.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli saistorio Sexeduleba, rom lazeTia
dasavleT saqarTvelo, amJamad, warmodgenilia viTarca fundamenturi
samecniero sayrdeni saqarTvelos istoriisa. amitomac gvesmis, rom
SesaZloa Cveni axali Sexeduleba, saciloblad moeCvenos sazogadoebis
nawils, magram Cven am SemTxvevaSi gvamxnevebs TviT prokofi kesarielis
sityvebi, romelmac TiTqosda Cveni ambis Sesaxeb dawera: `SeCveuli
Sexeduleba miRebulia, xolo axali sasacilod Cans...~
yovel SemTxvevaSi Cven furcel-furcel da SeiZleba iTqvas sityvasityviT vixilavT prokofis Tu agaTias im naSromebs, romelnic lazikas
exebian da maTi analizis saSualebiT vcdilobT mkiTxvelic davarwmunoT
Cvens simarTleSi.
es kvleva TviTmizani ar yofila vinmes gansaqiqeblad mimarTuli,
sinamdvileSi Cven gvainteresebs qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis sakiTxi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cems wina mraval naSromSia aRniSnuli,
qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo
imTaviTve e.i. wmida mociqulebisa da gansakuTrebiT wmida ninos droidan,
e.i. IV s-dan Sedioda qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.
44
siaxle.
1) lazikis eparqia ar moicavda rionis xeobis SesarTavsa da
mimdebare sanapiros; gamovikvlieT, rom lazikis eparqia mdebareobda
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed qaldea-iberiis Temebis regionSi;
mecnierulad dadgenil faqtad miaCniaT rom lazikis centrebi
mdebareobdnen rionis dablobSi.
gabatonebul Tvalsazriss, rom berZnuli wyaroebis lazika iyo
dasavleT saqarTvelo da is
erT periodSi ucxoeTis eclesiis
iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda - mec viziarebdi, magram imis gamo, rom Zveli
qarTveli mematianeebisaTvis sruliad ucnobia berZnuli saepiskoposoebis
arseboba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gadavwyvite gamomekvlia sinamdvileSi
Tu sad mdebareobdnen lazikis saepiskoposoebi. risTvisac, rogorc aRiniSna,
saWiro iyo garkveva imisa eTanadeba Tu ara lazikis prokofi
kesarieliseuli geografiuli aRweriloba Tanamedrove dasavleT
saqarTvelosas. aseve saWiro iyo kvleva imisa eTanadeba Tu ara prokofi
kesarielis mier aRwerili mdinare fazisis aRweriloba md. rionisas .
prokofis cnobiT lazikis umTavresi mdinarea fazisi, lazika mis
sanapiroebzea ganfenili. fazisi didi siCqariT Seedineba zRvaSi. maSasadame
berZen da laTin mceralTa aRweriT fazisi mTis mdinarea, misgan
gansxvavebiT zRvis SesarTavTan dablobSi gamdinare rioni baris mdinarea.
rionis SesarTavTan foTi-samtrediis Zalze vrceli vake TiTqmis zRvis
nulovan doneze mdebareobs, ufro meti, zogierTi nakveTebi zRvis doneze
dablacaa ganlagebuli, amitomac md. rioni ara mxolod qmnida uzarmazar
Waobebs am vrcel vakeze, aramed ikargeboda kidec am WaobebSi da is
Znelad uerTdeboda zRvas. sabWouri epoqis didi samecniero da samSeneblo
Zalebi SeeWida samuSaos, raTa SeeqmnaT kalapoti md. rionisaTvis, rac
TiTqmis saukunovani Sromis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli.
miuxedavad aseTi uzarmazari samuSaoebisa md. rionis siCqare marTalia
odnav gaizarda magram, amJamadac, TviTmxilvel damkvirvebelTa TqmiT, Znelad
uerTdeba zRvas: kerZod xan rioni Sedis zRvaSi didi gaWirvebiT, radganac
zRvis donezea misi delta, xan ki piriqiT zRva Sedis rionis kalapotSi,
anu Sedinebis am adgilas aris zRvisa da md. rionis miqceva-moqceva.
rioni zRvis SerTvis adgilas aris baris mdinare da is ar SeiZleba
iyos mTis mdinaris-fazisis ugemrielesi sasmeli wyali, romelsac
arianes TqmiT mezRvaurebi iRebdnen da inaxavdnen, radganac ar
ugemurdeboda da ar fuWdeboda. barSi
rionis wyali imTaviTve _
sasmelad uvargisi unda yofiliyo, radganac yovelTvis iyo Waobis
mdinaris wyali. magram sul sxva Woroxi _ esaa namdvilad zRvaSi
S em d i na r e m T i s w y alu x vi m di n a re . aR s a ni S n av i a , r o m r i on i s
qvemowelsa da foTSi mudam idga da axlac dgas sameli wylis
mwvave deficitis problema da is milebiT Seiyvanes foTSi 50-60
kilometriT daSorebuli mTiswineTidan.
45
46
isini mdebareobdnen alpur anda subalpur zonaSi,e.i. zRvis donidan 15002000 metr simaRleze.am niSniT isini ar iyvnen Terjola-zestafonis skande
da Sorapani.. aseve iTqmis sxva punqtebis Sesaxebac.
s. yauxCiSvili sruliad samarTlianad wers _ `aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
Zveli da romelime axali punqtis saxelwodebaTa garegnul msgavsebas
SecdomaSi Sehyavs mkvlevari~ (georgika, III, 1936, gv. VII).
marTlac, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, Zveli da axali punqtebis saxelwodebaTa
garegnulma msgavsebam SecdomaSi Seiyvana TviTon s. yauxCiSvili, kerZod,
saxelwodebaTa garegnuli msgavsebis gamo gamocxadda imereTSi mdebare
punqti skande istoriuli lazikis cixe-simagre skandad, aseve garegnuli
msgavsebis gamo gaigivda Zveli berZnuli `sarapana~ da imereTis Sorapani,
aseve imereTis varcixe (TiTqosda vardcixe) _ berZnul `rodopolisTan~,
xolo noqalaqevi _ `arqeopolisTan~ da a.S.
albaT sayuradReboa,rom XX s.-is 30-ian wlebSi, komunisturi viTarebis
gamo, Tu ufrosobas ar daarwmunebdnen, rom Zvel berZen avtorTa mier
naxsenebi punqtebi mdebareobdnen `Cveni respublikis teritoriaze~
_mecnieruli muSaobisa da kvlevis uflebas ar miscemdnen. marTlac
s.yauxCiSvili wers _ `yvela es sakiTxi moiTxovs garkvevas, da rodesac am
sakiTxebis aRmZvreli geografiuli adgilebi Cveni respublikis
teritoriaze mdebareoben, danaSauli iqneboda gverdi agvevlo am
s ak i T xe b is T vi s . u n iv e rs i teti s r eq to ri s a m x. k . o ra g ve li Zi s
daxmarebiT Cven saSualeba mogveca adgilobriv Cagvetarebina kvleva~
(iqve, gv. VII). k. oragveliZe amasTanave partiis ck-s mdivani iyo, `Cveni
respublikis~ gareT imJamad TurqeTSi moqceulze mdebare punqtebis kvleva
SeiZleba saSinel danaSauladac CaTvliliyo.
4) Cveni kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb ZvelqarTuli wyaroebisa
da berZen-romael mweralTa
cnobebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian. magaliTad cnobebi leonti
mrovelisa da prokofi kesarielisa dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT.
maSin, roca aqamde qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi dasavleT saqarTvelos
mimarT miuReblad da usargeblod iTvleboda.
magaliTad, iv. javaxiSviliseuli ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ uZvelesi
nawilebis Sefaseba kategoriulad uaryofiTia: ,,wyaroebi, romelic leonti mrovels moxsenebuli aqvs da sargeblobs,
TiTqmis yovelgvar istoriul Rirsebas arian moklebuli, amitom misi
T x zu l e b a , r o g o r c s a n d o m a s a la q a r T v e l i e r i s u Z v e le s i
istoriisaTvis axla TiTqmis srulebiT gamoudegaria~ (iv. javaxiSvili,
Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, Txz. t. 8, 1977, gv. 187).
iv. javaxiSvils ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli nawilis istoriuli
informaciisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs, radganac, imJamindeli
TvalsazrisiT, leontisa da juanSeris cnobebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen berZenlaTini mwerlebis cnobebs.
Cveni kvleviT ki axal qarTul istoriografiaSi pirvelad Seiqmna
sistema, romelSic ZvelqarTuli wyaroebisa da berZen- laTini
mwerlebis cnobebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegebian
48
nawili I
Sesavali
Cvens Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi ganmtkicebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom qristianobis gavrcelebis xanaSi saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda ori erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli saeklesio iurisdiqcia. n. lomouri wers _ `rodesac moxda qristianobis damkvidreba, saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo ori politikuri erTeuliT:
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo (e.i. qarTlis anu iberiis samefo) da dasavleT saqarTvelo (e.i. egrisis anu lazikis samefo). am or saxelmwifoebriv erTeulSi qristianobis gavrceleba da saboloo damkvidreba sxvadasxva gziT da sxvadasxva situaciaSi xdeboda~ (n. lomouri, qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba, saq.
ek. kalendari, 2001, gv. 113).
n. lomourisa da sxva cnobil mecnierTa am aRiarebuli TvalsazrisiT, dasavleT saqarTvelo gaaqristiana ara wmida ninom, aramed iq qristianoba gaavrcela
bizantiam da amis gamo daarsda kidevac iq konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS
berZnuli saepiskoposoebi (fasisis samitropolito, saisinis (caiSis), rodopolisis (varcixis), ziganevisa (gudavis) da petras (cixisZiris) saepiskoposoebi).
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, n. berZeniSvilis aRiarebuli TvalsazrisiT, konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS arsebobdnen egrisisa da afxazeTis eklesiebi,
romelnic daaxloebiT VIII s-saTvis gaerTiandnen da Semdgom (IX-X ss-Si) gamoeyvnen konstantinopols da SeuerTdnen qarTul eklesias (saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebi, II, 1973, gv. 427).
afxazi saeklesio istorikosis d. dbaris mtkicebiT IX-X ss-Si `afxazuri eklesia
da afxazuri saxelmwifo qarTvelma agresorebma qarTuli eklesiis winamZRolobiT
dai pyres da afxazuri eklesia Cakles~ ( ().
, , 2005 .).
am afxazi separatistis mosazrebas win uZRvis Cveni mecnierebis msgavsi Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom, TiTqosda, saqarTvelos eklesiam qarTuli ena dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gaavrcela IX-X ss-Si, gandevna iqidan berZeni episkoposebi da iq
TviTon `gabatonda~: `konstantinopolidan gamoyofis Semdgom iwyeba berZnuli
kaTedrebis moSla da maT sapirispirod qarTuli saepiskoposo centrebis daarseba~ (narkv., II, gv. 427). `dasavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonda qarTuli eklesia da
mRvdelmsaxurebac qarTul enaze sruldeboda, ramac xeli Seuwyo dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTizaciis process~ (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia (qse), t. `saq. ssr~, 1981
w., gv. 61).
saeklesio kanonebis darRveviT, Turme qarTuli eklesia SeWrila sxva eklesiis
(konstantinopolis) iurisdiqciaSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), iq gauuqmebia berZnuli kaTedrebi da dauarsebia sakuTari, amis safuZveli yofila `qarTuli eklesiis
kulturul-ideologiuri prozelitizmi~ (d. musxeliSvili, qarTuli eklesia da
saxelmwifo teritoria Sua saukuneebSi. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos qristianuli
kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri. II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, 24-26 noemberi. 2005, gv. 33).
Cveni Tanamedrove gamoCenili istorikosebis TvalsazrisiT, prozelituri
50
los eklesiis mTlianobis darRveva da masze gabatoneba. am qmedebas ase afasebs iv.
javaxiSvili _ `giorgi mTawmideli da gansakuTrebiT efrem mcire, ruis-urbnisis
1103 wlis saeklesio krebis yvela sulisCamdgmeli da nikoloz kaTalikosi amtkiceben, rom andria mociqulma iqadaga `yovelsa qveyanasa saqarTveloisasa~, xolo
Semdgom qristianoba kvlav aRadgina wmida ninom, romlis saswaulTmoqmedebam da
qadagebam `miizida yoveli savseba yovelTa qarTvelTa naTesavisa~, nikoloz kaTalikosic, wmida ninos saerTo mociqulad da ganmanaTleblad sTvlida _ `Cven
qarTvelTaisa~. erTi sityviT, andria mociqulic da wmida ninoc saerTo qarTuli
eklesiis damaarseblad da mTeli eris ganmanaTleblad iyvnen cnobilni. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva nawilebs calke mqadageblebis gamoZebnis survilic ar hqoniaT,
radgan isini mTliani da ganuyofeli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis iRwvodnen. antioqiel-ierusalimeli patriarqi mixeili, swored am
qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa mier Seqmnilsa da mTeli qarTveli erisagan
Sesisxlxorcebul Semecnebas spobda~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txz. t. III, gv. 340).
samwuxaroa, rom Zvel qarTvel saxelovan mecnierTa (iv. javaxiSvilis Sefaseba) Semecnebas spobs zogierTi axali qarTveli mecnieri imis
mtkicebiT, rom TiTqosda rionis auzSi mdebareobda lazika konstantinopol is saeklesio iur isdiqciis qveS myo fi ber Znuli saepi skoposoebi T.
qvemoT vaqveynebT erT nawils Cveni gamokvlevisa `konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
saepiskoposoebi lazikaSi~, romelSic `Zvel qarTvel mecnierTa~ Sesabamisad vamtkicebT,
rom prokofiseuli lazika moicavda Woroxis auzs da `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispirs~,
xolo lazikis aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi trapezuntis mTianeTSi iyvnen ganlagebulni
da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, imTaviTve, dasavleT saqarTvelo mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi
iyo.
Tavi
saqarTveloSi, aramed mis samxreT-dasavleT mxares - trapezuntidan Woroxis mimarTulebiT. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeboda kolxeTi - armeniis gaswvriv, xolo
mis ,,zemoT~ ki aRmoCndeboda iberia da albania. anu kolxeTi - iberiis samxreTiT
(samxreT-dasavleTiT) mdebareobda da moicavda strabonis cnobiT regionebs trapezuntisa da Woroxis xeobisa, marTlac, straboni imitom imeorebs Tavis TxzulebaSi
dabejiTebiT, ramdenjerme, mdinare fasisis armeniaSi yofnis Sesaxeb, rom mas fasisad
miaCnia md. Woroxi. mxolod aseTi ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba kolxeTi iberiis samxreTiT, xolo iberia ki mis ,,zemoT~.
T. yauxCiSvili kvlav ubrundeba am sakiTxs da wers - ,,strabonis meore rigis
cnobebSi kolxida isea gansazRvruli, rom is aRmosavleTiTaa kapadokiisagan, erT
xazzea armeniasTan da iberia da albania masze ufro Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareoben~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 283).
aSkaraa, rom strabonis am cnobebis mixedviT kolxida mdebareobda ara ,,iberiis gaswvriv~ e. i. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed ,,armeniis gaswvriv~ anu trapezunt-Woroxis regionSi, anu istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi.
radganac kabadokiasTan kavSirSic axsenebs straboni kolxeTs, Cans, misi erTi
nawili trapezuntis qvemoTac mdebareobda.
marTlac strabonis cnobiT kolxeTis ,,sanapiro vrceldeba pitiuntidan trapezuntamde~ (iqve, gv. 283).
pitiuntis adgilmdebareoba dRemde sadavoa, kerZod n. adonci da p. ingoroyva
pitiunts (pitias) aTavsebdnen rizesTan axlos punqt ofTan. sxva mosazrebebiT ki
aq igulisxmeba afxazeTis biWvinTa. zemoTaRniSnulidan rom kolxida - armeniis
gaswvrivaa, ufro savaraudoa, rom strabonis pitiunti aris of-rizes regionSi.
strabonis arapirdapiri cnobebidanac Cans, rom kolxidis gverdiT, mis gaswvriv,
mis uSualo mezoblad mdebareobda armenia da ara iberia. magaliTad, iazonma
kolxeTis Semdeg ilaSqra armeniasa da midiaSi. ratom? imitom, rom kolxebis
uSualo, gaswvrivi mezoblebi iyvnen armenielebi da mis Semdeg - midielebi. amitomac wers straboni Semdegs - ,,Zveli xalxebi Sua zRvaSi ki ar curavdnen, aramed
napir-napir, rogorc iazoni, romelmac dastova xomaldi, rodesac kolxebidan modioda da armeniasa da midiamde xmeleTiT ilaSqra~ (iqve, gv. 74).
strabonis TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiaSi iberebi gadmosaxldnen ,,dasavleTis iberiidan~ anu espaneTidan, da isini dasaxldnen ara kolxidis gaswriv mdebare adgilebSi, aramed - kolxidis zemoT, araqsTan da mis iqiT. - ,,dasavleTis iberTa
nawili gadasaxlda pontosa da kolxidis zemoT mdebare adgilebSi (iberebi, apolidores mtkicebis Tanaxmad, armenias esazRvrebian araqsiT, ufro ki mtkvriT da
mosxuri mTebiT). egvi ptelTa nawili eTiopiasa da kolxebSi gadasaxlda~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 81). maSasadame, aqac iberebi kolxidis zemoT
cxovroben md. araqsis mimarTulebiT. maSasadame kolxeTs straboni ar uwodebs
dasavleT saqarTvelos, radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos ,,gaswvriv~ araa armenia!
straboni sxvagan wers - ,,amisodan aRmosavleTisaken jer Segvxvdeba kolxida~ (strab. II, 1, 3), maSasadame, kolxeTi - qalaq amisos aRmosavleT mxaresaa. q. amiso
(amJamad iwodeba samsunad) ase ganimarteba - ,,amiso - qalaqi pontoSi, exlandeli
samsuni~ (T. yauxC. dasax. naSr. gv. 270). maSasadame kolxida samsunTanaa, e.i. trapezuntis mxares da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
53
mesxeTis qveyana - kola-artaania, iqve SavSeTi da samcxea, qvemoT ki taoa. ai, aq iyo
,,mosxebis qveyana~ prof. n. xazaraZis kvleviTac. aq unda veZioT (da ara imereTSi)
levkoTeas taZari. msgavsi toponimi marTlac amJamadac aris javaxeTSi, esaa sofeli ,,koTelia~.
mosxebis an mesxebis qveyana iyo aseve WoroxTan axlos mdebare klarjeTi anu
artanujis mxare. is, strabonis dros, kolxebis xelSi yofila gadasuli, arsianis
qedamde. marTlac straboni wers, rom mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili eWiraT kolxebs. kerZod ,,mosxebis qveyana, romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi
misi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~ (iqve, gv. 125). sad
SeiZleba iyos ,,mosxebis qveyana~, romelic sam nawiladaa gayofili kolxebs, iberebsa da armenielebs Soris? cxadia, esaa istoriuli mesxeTi samcxe-javaxeTidan tao-basianamde da artanuj-klarjeTamde. am Tvalsazriss emxroba T. yauxCiSvilic
(iqve, gv. 258). arsianis qedamde anu Woroxidan arsianamde mesxeTis erTi nawili
(klarjeTi) kolxebis xelSi iyo. meore nawili - e.i. samcxe-javaxeTi-kola-artaani - iberiisa, xolo - koladan vrceli miwebi tao-TorTum-basianis CaTvliT
somxebs miusakuTrebiaT. amis gamo, mesxeTi sam nawilad aRmoCnda gayofili. maSasadame, sazRvari kolxidasa da iberias Soris aq, Semdgomdroindel SavSeT-klarjeTSi gadioda arsianis qedze. aq maxloblad unda yofiliyo iberiis qalaqi
friqsopolisi - ideesa. marTlac, p. ingoroyva fiqrobda, rom is taosTan mdebareobda. am mimarTulebiT zRvispirzea dioskuria, radganac straboni mosxebis
qveynis dayofis aRweris damTavrebis Semdegve ubrundeba mas. dioskuriasTan
Caedineba mdinare qaresi. dioskuriaSi savaWrod Cadiodnen svanebic, yvela tomze
aRmatebulni simamaciT da ZaliT (iqve, gv. 126). ,,floben isini irgvliv yvelafers,
upyriaT kavkasionis mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris. hyavT maT
basilevsi da sabWo 300 mamakacisagan Semdgari, rogorc amboben hkrefen laSqars
200 000 kacis raodenobiT, marTlac mTeli xalxi meomaria, magram araorganizebuli. amasTanave amboben, rom zamTris niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo barbarosebi
agroveben oqros daxvretili varclebiT da banjgvliani tyavebiT. aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian verZze... Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels
dasavlelebisas, romelTac aqvT oqros sabadoebi orive mxares~ (T. yauxCiSvili,
strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 126).
saubaria svanebze, magram ra kavSiri aqvT maT iberebTan? am kavSiris Sesaxeb
straboni wers garkveviT da gasagebad, magram gaugebaria misi qarTuli Targmani,
magaliTad, mTargmneli wers - ,,...Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels~ da a.S. ras
niSnavs ,,deben~? Semdgomi frazac gaugebaria, radganac qarTuli Targmani gaugebaria, amitomac gamoviyeneT strabonis rusulenovani gamocema, sadac aRniSnuli fraza
srulad gasagebia - ,, u
n, ~ e.i. zogierTebi
svanebs aseve, uwodeben iberielebsac - dasavleTis iberTa saxelis msgavsad, radganac orive qveyanaSi aris oqros marcvlebi, romelic mdinareebs CamoaqvT da maT
agroveben, ramac safuZveli daudo oqros sawmisis miTs.
maSasadame, svanebis qveynis saxelic - iberiaa, dasavleTis iberiis qveynis
saxelis msgavsad, radganac orivegan oqros marcvlebi CamoaqvT mdinareebs.
straboni pirdapir wers: `aseve svanebs zogierTebi iberebsac uwodeben~, es mar59
tivi fraza CvenSi gaugebrad iTargmna, amitomac Zvirfasi cnoba dasavleT da samxreT
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb gamouyenebelia dRemde.
svanebi didi tomia - 200 000 mebrZoli hyavT. esaa yvela brZolisunariani
mamakaci, rac SesaZloa iyo mTeli mosaxleobis mesamedi an meoTxedi Tu ase iyo,
maSin svanebis saerTo ricxvi naxevar milionze meti yofila,. aseTi mravalricxovani xalxi, cxadia mcire teritoriaze ver icxovrebda. sad cxovrobdnen svanebi?
dioskuriis maRla mdebare mTebidan mosxebisa da kolxebis maRla, aseve qveynis
siRrmeSi - mTieli tomebis mezoblad. Cans qaldebis, tibarenebis, mesxebis, kolxebis maRlac cxovrobdnen svanebi. Semdegdroindel SavSeT-aWara-guriis mTianeTSi
mcxovrebTac, Cans im dros, svanebis saxeliT icnobdnen. maSasadame, svanebi gagrZelebiT cxovroben rionis xeobidan vidre dioskuriamde. cxadia, naxevarmilioniani xalxi mcire teritoriaze ver moTavsdeboda. isini bunebrivia dasavleT
saqarTveloSic cxovrobdnen. maT qveyanaSi CamohqondaT mdinareebs oqros marcvlebi dasavleTis iberebis msgavsad, amitom maTac iberebi uwodeso, _ werda straboni. asea, Tu ise, iberia dasavleT saqarTvelosac ewodeboda, xolo iq mcxovreb iseT
did toms, rogoric iyvnen svanebi, zogierTi Zveli istorikosi iberebis saxeliTac
icnobda. strabonis es cnoba eTanadeba Cvens erovnul wyaros - ,,qarTlis cxovrebas~, romlis cnobiTac egrisi, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo, farnavazis Semdeg mudam
qarTlis samefos nawils Seadgenda, e.i. masac qarTli anu iberia ewodeboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos msgavsad.
kolxeTze subrisas, cxadia straboni axsenebs iazons da friqses. kolxeTidan gadasula iazoni armeniasa da midiaSi (iqve, gv. 124). rogorc iTqva, strabonis dros kolxeTs piTodoria marTavda, ,,mefobda kolxebze, trapezuntze, farnakiaze da zemoT mcxovreb barbarosebze~ (iqve, gv. 125). farnakia - pontos qalaqi
iyo, trapezuntis maxloblad (iqve, gv. 298) TemiskarasTan axlos, mis maRla cxovrobdnen tibarenebi, qaldebi da sanebi. miiCneva, rom farnakia ufro qaldebis
(e.i. xalibebis) miwaze mdebareobda (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, 1957, gv.
298).
maSasadame, dedofali marTavda pontosa da trapezuntis regionis miwas, maT
Soris kolxeTs, romelic fazisamde (e.i. Woroxamde aRwevda).
strabonis cnobiT, md. fazisis SesarTavTan, zRvis pirze mdebareobda qalaqi
fazisi, am qalaqidan amisomde da sinopamde iyo 2-3 dRis savali gemiT. asea yvelaze
uaxles rusul TargmanSic - ,, 2 3
- , ycx ~.
aq sainteresoa is, rom q. fazisi rom yofiliyo q. foTi, maSin gemiT mgzavrobas, cxadia,
meti dro dasWirdeboda, amitomac qarTvelma mTargmnelebma gazardes es ricxvi.
strabonis cnobili fraza, rom q. fazisis garSemo akravs zRva, mdinare da tba
Seesabameba ara mxolod foTs, aramed aseve Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis adgilsac.
aq, e.i. Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavTan XIX saukuneSic iyo (e. veidenbaumis cnobiT)
da amJamadac aris (adgilobrivi turistuli rukebis mixedviT) sakmao zomis tba.
ase, rom paliastomis garda sxva tbac arsebobda, oRond Woroxis SesarTavis dasavleT (marcxena) sanapiros mxares.
rogorc aRiniSna, tomTa sacxovrisis mdebareoba mkveTrad Seicvala bizantiasparseTis omis dros da mis Semdeg VI-VII saukuneebSi. es omi jer lazikisaTvis,
60
pitiunti _ biWvinTa, fazisi ki _ rioni, maSin soxumidan (dioskuriidan) biWvinTamde (pitiuntamde) iyo 64 km; biWvinTidan rionamde 42 km., xolo soxumidan rionamde
106 km; maSasadame, rionTan biWvinTa ufro axlos yofila, vidre soxumi. es arasworia.
maSasadame, kolxeTi mdebareobda ara iberiis dasavleTiT, aramed mis samxreTdasavleTiT. Sesabamisad iberia kolxeTis maRla mdebareobda.
2. prokofi kesarieli
(prokopios kaesariensis)
lazikis Sesaxeb
prokofi kesarielma, romelic moRvaweobda iustinianes dros (VI s-is I naxevari) dawera sami Txzuleba: `polemika~, `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ da ,,anekdota~. Cven
vixilavT samive naSromidan im Tavebsa da nawilebs, sadac prokofi exeba lazikas.
maT Sorisaa `polemikis~ I-II Tavi _ `omi sparselebTan~, da V-VII Tavi _ `omi guTebTan~, es bolo ori Tavi s. yauxCiSvlma Targmna da dabeWda Tavis cnobil da SesaniSnav
,,georgikebis~ meore tomSi. j. SoSiaSvilma Targmna da gamosca prokofis wigni
`SenobaTa Sesaxeb~ (Tb., 2006), xolo n. efremiZem `saidumlo istoria~ (Tb., 1989 w.).
rogorc aRvniSneT, vixilavT samive naSroms, kerZod prokofis Sesabamisi wignidan
gverdebis mixedviT mogvyavs citatebi, romelTac vurTavT Cvens komentarebs.
`omi sparselebTan~
De Bello Persico (BP)
prokofi Tavis wignSi `omi sparselebTan~ wers: sparselTa azriT `kolxidas
axla lazike ewodeba, ZvelTaganve sparselTa qveSevrdomi iyo, romaelebs usamarTlod uWiravT~ (georgika, t. 2. 1965 gv. 47). sparselebma VI s-Si daiqvemdebares
da daepatronen istoriul saqarTvelos, mis erT-erT nawilad miiCnevdnen isini
lazikas, amitomac gaRiziandnen, roca lazika romaelebma daiWires.
`iberTa marcxniv, dasavleTiT mdebareobs lazike~ _ prokofis mier iberiis
qveS moiazreba mesxeTic (kola-artaaniT), romlis dasavleTiT _ marTlac iyo
lazike (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 48).
`iberT marjvniv, aRmosavleTiT cxovroben sparselTa tomebi~.
iberTa marjvniv mcxovrebi albanelebi nakleb savaraudoa, rom _ sparselebad
mieCniaT, Cans, prokofis mier iberiad moiazreboda, aseve miwa-wyali vanis tbis
mimarTulebiT, (e.i. tao basiani) romlis iqiTac iyo sparseTi _ Tavisi sparsuli
tomebiT (iqve, gv. 48).
`iberebi qristianebi arian da am sarwmunoebis wesebs yvela imaTze ukeT
icaven, romelTac Cven vicnobT, xolo ZvelTaganve sparselTa mefis qveSevrdomni
gamxdaran~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 48).
.prokofi erT-erTi pirvelia im mraval avtorTa Soris, romelnic qarTvelTa
uZvelesi marTlmadideblobis Sesaxeb miuTiTeben.
iberia-politikurad sparseTis xelTaa, amas cnobs bizantia.
iberTa mefe gurgeni `lazikeSi gaiqca iberTa yvela didebuliTurT, Tan waiy65
vana coli, Svilebi da Zmebi, romelTagan uxucesi iyo perani~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 50).
gurgenis samefoSi Sedioda kola-artaani, romlis dasavleTi klarjeT-Woroxis
xeoba imJamad laziked iwodeboda.
mefis Semdeg meore pirs _ anu `uxucess~ iberTa samefo saxlSi moixsenebs straboni.
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT `I-II ss-Si mefobis uflebis memkvidreobis rigi pirdapiri
ki ar aris, aramed, es ufleba ufrosobiT gadadis mTeli samefo sagvareulos ama
Tu im wevrze~ (qarTuli samarTlis istoria, I, 19, gv. 180).
`iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazebis miwa-wyalze ori simagre...
iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino, arc sxva ram sikeTe, sxva adgilebidan risime
Semozidva, viwrobebis wyalobiT, SeiZleba, mxolod ise, Tu kacebi TviTon moitanen~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 51).
iberiis nawilad moiazreboda kola-artaani, saidanac klarjeTSi anu lazikaSi
Sesvlisas ori simagre _ sarapana da skanda mdebareobda. kvlevas Woroxis xeobaSi vidre arsianis qedamde lazikis ganvrcobis Sesaxeb VI-s-Si, eZRvneba Cveni
naSromis didi nawili.
SeuZlebelia skandasa da sarapanas qveS igulisxmebodes imereTis skande da
Sorapani, jer erTi, Sorapansa da skandes cixeebSi urmebi Tavisuflad Sedian,
TiTqmis vakeze arian, zRvis donidan 170 metri. iq modis yovelgvari mosavali,
rasac daTesav, meorec prokofisTan kargad Cans, rom prokofis mier aRniSnuli
ori simagre erT gzaze _ iberiidan lazikeSi mimaval Sesasvlelzea, xolo rac
Seexeba imereTis skandesa da Sorapans, maT Soris mTeli qveyana _ zemo imereTia
gadaWimuli. erTi akavSirebs zestafons _ xaSurTan, meore ki Terjolas _ muxuraxreiTis gavliT WiaTurasTan. prokofis mier aRwerili skanda - sarapanas geografiuli mdebareoba ar Seesabameba imereTis skandesa da Sorapnis realur garemos,
amitom isini sxvadasxva regionSi unda veZioT. skande da Sorapani sxva punqtebia,
xolo skanda da sarapana ki sxva.
armeniis mosazRvred cxovroben Wanebi mTagorian qveyanaSi, saidanac gamoedineba fazisi. Wanebi adre iwodebodnen sanebad. miwa maT arafers aZlevs sarCod. isini cxovroben mudam nisliT da TovliT dafarul mTianeTSi. romaelTa
mefe maT fuls ugzavnida, raTa maT ar gaeZarcvaT armenielebi da romaelebi _
`vidre zRvamde maTi mezoblebi~. VI s-is dasawyisSi bizantielma sardalma sittam daamarcxa isini, amis Semdeg Wanebi gaqristiandnen (e.i. VI s-Si) (georgika 2, 1965
gv. 53).
maSasadame fazisi _ Wanebis qveynidan gamoedineba.
aqedan Cans, rom prokofisaTvis fazisi aris ara rioni, aramed Woroxi, radganac fazisi gamoedineba Wanebis mTagoriani qveynidan. Wanebi cxovroben WanikaSi
da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi (VI s-is I naxevarSi)
sparseTis mefe kavadma romaelTa qveynis winaaRmdeg gaagzavna jari Semdgari
persarmenielebis. `da agreTve su(a)nTagan, romelic alanTa mezoblad cxovroben.
maTTan iyvnen hunebic, sabirebad wodebulni~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 55).
(gv. 56) `svanebi TavisTavadni (avtonomiurebi) iyvnen da arasodes kolxebis
Zalauflebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen~ (menandre, georgika, III, 1936, gv. 215).
aqedan Cans, rom kolxebi sxvaa, svanebi sxva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom radganac dasavleT saqarTvelos xalxi (aRniSnuli svanebi)
66
ani mTebis qveyana (suramidan Sorapnamde iberia iyo), e.i. egrisi vakea. lazika ki
`daqanebulia~, anu mTianeTis ferdia, amitom Cven qvemoT vamtkicebT, rom lazika da
dasavleT saqarTvelo sxvadasxva qveynebi arian.
`xosrom da midTa jarma iberiis gavlis Semdeg lazikis sazRvrebSi miaRwies,
maT daiwyes xeebis moWra... hyridnen mas Znelsaval adgilebSi... miaRwies Sua
kolxeTs... movida gubazi lazTa mefe, eTayvana xosros, viTarca batons da Tavisi
Tavi samefo ZalauflebiTurT da mTeli lazike gadasca mas. petra zRvispira
qalaqia kolxeTSi...~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 82, 83)
aqedan Cans, rom xosro petraSi Cqara movida mesxeTis (iberiis) e.w.klarjeTis
gziT, da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos grZeli gzis gavliT.
aq, `Sua kolxeTis~ qveS, igulisxmeba albaT arTvinis mxare xofas maxloblad.
`petra zRvispira qalaqia kolxeTSi~, is iustinianemdec arsebobda, magram
umniSvnelo iyo. iustinianem SemozRuda da gaamSvena (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 83).
petra dgas kldeze (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 85).
xosrom petra aiRo _ (meore SemoWris dros) (gv. 87).
`qristianTa mRvdelmTavarsac kaTolikoss uwodeben elinTa eniT, radgan is
erTi ganagebs yvela aqaur soflebs~. aqauri soflebis qveS igulisxmeba miwawyali Woroxis marcxena sanapirosaken _ of-rizes regioni (gv. 88).
saxeli `fisoni~ erqva cixe-simagres martiropolis raionSi (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 89).
Sdr. `fsoris cixe~ _ kaxeTSi (gomborze).
romis elCebi xosros Txoven romaelebs daubrunos lazika (gv. 91).
xosrom gadawyvita `lazikidan kolxebi yvelani gamoesaxlebina~ (gv. 92).
xosrom gadawyvita Sav zRvaze sazRvao flotis ageba, amitomac man gagzavna
`lazikaSi auracxeli xe-tye~. aqedanac Cans, rom lazikeSi ar igulisxmeba dasavleT saqarTvelo, radganac dasavleT saqarTveloSi xe-tyis gagzavna saWiro ar iyo,
radganac, imJamad mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo tye da WaobSi iyo, amasTanave, es
SeuZlebelic iyo ugzoobis gamo. xe-tye SeaqvT im qveyanaSi, sadac Znelad moi poveba saxomalde masala. xosrom lazikaSi Seitana xe-tye albaT Woroxis samdinaro gziT, radganac Woroxze navebiT daxerxili xis masala baTumisaken XIX s-Sic
gadahqondaT. xofa-petras regionSi Cans saWiro iyo garedan masalis Setana xomaldmSeneblobisaTvis, sadac xosrom saxomalde masalad Seitana _ `auarebeli xetye~ (gv. 93).
`lazike~ aris kapadokiis, galatiisa, biTviniis mezobeli, prokofi kesarielis
sityviT `lazikes SemoerTeba xosros undoda kapadokiis, galatiisa da biTviniis
dasamorCileblad (gv. 95), lazike _ dasavlT saqarTvelo rom yofiliyo misi
xelSi CagdebiT xosro kapadokias an galatias ver daimorCilebda, kapadokiasa da
dasavleT saqarTvelos Soris gadaWimuli iyo didi qveyana qaldea-WaneTi-trapizonis regioni _ am regionSive mdebareobda `lazike~ da is ar iyo dasavleT
saqarTvelos centraluri nawili (gv. 95).
lazebi da Wanebi prokofis sityviT sxvadasxva `xalxia, radganac lazebi
qristianebi arian yvelaze metad, sparselebis sarwmunoebrivi Sexedulebebi sruliad amaTi sawinaaRmdegoa~ (gv. 95)
prokofi aRniSnavs rom Wanebma, mTielma xalxma, qristianoba miiRo VI s-Si
mis dros, xolo misi drois lazebi `yvelaze ufro meti (kargi) qristianebi
68
`xolo mermeroem, rodesac man midTa mTeli jariT ganvlo iberiis sazRvrebi,
win gaswia, ise, rom mdinare fazisi marjvniv hqonda. iman ar moindoma lazikis
soflebze gaeara sadme, raTa iq mas raime dabrkoleba ar Sexvedroda. is eSureboda gadaerCina qalaqi petra~ (gv.107).
Tuki sparsTa jarma gadmoiara suramis qedi da Sevida dasavleT saqarTveloSi, romelsac s. yauxCiSvilis azriT `lazika~ ewodeboda, q. petramde anu baTumis
sanapiromde mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gadalaxvas, rogor SeZlebda ise, rom
`lazikis soflebze ar gaiara~? es SeuZlebeli iyo, magram Tuki klarjeTis
gavliT Woroxis marcxena dausaxlebel sanapiros gauyveboda, is pirdapir moadgeboda q. petras. prokofi xSirad wers, rom Woroxis anu fazisis marcxena uSualo
sanapiro nakleb dasaxlebuli iyo.
s. yauxCiSvili prokofi kesariels Secdomad uTvlis, roca wers md. boass anu
md. faziss saTaveSi `adgilobrivi mcxovrebni uwodeben akamfsiss~, Cveni azriT,
bunebrivia, rom adgilobriv mcxovreblebs TavianT mdinarisTvis ara berZnuli
`boasi~, aramed TavianTi enis Sesaferisi saxeli daerqmiaT. radganac p. ingoroyvas azriT `fs~ _ TanxmovanT-kompleqsiT qarTvelebi wyals aRniSnavdnen bunebrivia TavianTi mdinareebisaTvis sufsa, akamfsisi da msgavsni ewodebinaT. erTi
sityviT `boasi~ erqva ara mdinare rionis Senakad `yvirilas~, aramed Woroxis
(fasisis) rogorc erTerT Senakads, ise amave mdinares saTaveSi. sxvaTaSoris md.
`yvirilas wyali~ gaedineba guriaSic, is sufsis Tu natanebis Senakadia. aseve md.
yvirila aris SavSeTSic (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 108).
s. yauxCiSvili wers, TiTqosda prokofi kesarielis azriT qalaqebi arqeopolisi,
pitiunti, skanda, sarapani, rodopolisi da moxirisi md. fasisis marjvniv imyofeboda. Cveni azriT, prokofi garkveviT wers, rom fasisis marjvniv imyofeboda
qalaqebi moxirisi da rodopolisi, aseve skandasa da sarapanis simagreebi, xolo
sebastopolisi da pitiunti marcxniv _ `aqeTa napiras~ (gv. 101). konstantinopolSi mjdomi kacisaTvis `aqeTa sanapiro~ Savi zRvis sanapiroa, md. Woroxis marcxena
mxare, rize-ofi-petras regionia. prokofisaTvis, rogorc iTqva, fasisi Woroxia
(xosrosTan omis aRwerisas), xolo qalaqebi pitiunti (ara biWvinTa, romelic
afxazeTSi iyo) da sebastopolisi (aseTi mravali qalaqi iyo) _ Woroxis marcxniv
mdebareobdnen.
skanda da sarapanisi safiqrebelia, rom arcTu didi manZiliT iyo daSorebuli q. petras. amas miuTiTebs prokofi kesarielis Semdegi mosazreba _ romaeli
sardali besa, roca q. petra aiRo, maSinve, unda misuliyo iberiis sazRvarTan da
daecva es adgilebi, rom iberiis (anu skanda-sarapanis) gziT sparselebi q. petraSi
ar dabrunebuliyvnen. _ prokofi wers _ `is rom maSinve, rodesac gaimarjva, da
petra aiRo, lazebisa da iberebis sazRvarze rom misuliyo da daecva iqauri
Znelsavali adgilebi, sparselTa jari, Cemi azriT, lazikeSi veRar Semovidoda~.
imereTis Sorapani Zalze Sorsaa petradan, xolo arTvin-artaanis gzaze mdebare
sarapana ki axloa.
xolo, q. rodopolisi namdvilad skanda_sarapanisTan axlos mdebareobda _
`dablobSi erTi qalaqi iyo, saxelad rodopolisi, romelic yvelaze uwinares
xvdeboda gzaze iberiidan kolxidaSi SemosulT~. es qalaqi rodopolisi unda
iyos dRevandeli arTvini an axlo mdebare adgili Woroxze (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 185).
Cveni azriT, prokofi kesarielis aRweriloba damajerebeli xdeba, Tu ki Cven
72
`fasisad~ CavTvliT md. Woroxs, xolo md. boasad _ md. Woroxs saTaveSi. mis
Senakad liganis xevs ki miviCnevT md. `glavkosad~, romelsac xSirad axseneben
Zveli avtorebi (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 108).
s. yauxCiSvili, radganac md. fasiss miiCnevs md. rionad, misTvis prokofis aRweriloba xSirad ar eTanxmeba realur suraTs, amitomac s. yauxCiSvili prokofis
akritikebs- `iberiidan momavali jari mdinareze gadausvlelad da mis marcxena
napiras svliT petraSi ver mividoda~ (gv. 108).
Cveni azriT, es SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi,UTuki fasisad miviCnevT Woroxs,
kerZod, WoroxTan axlos mdebare iberiis erTi kuTxidan _ artaanidan momavalma
sparselTa jarma fexiT an cxenebiT gadalaxa mdinaris foni sadRac arTvinis maRla,
(radganac aq boasad saxeldebuli fasisi wyalmcirea) gadavida mdinaris marcxena
sanapiroze, gahyva mas (e.i. md. Woroxs) da pirdapir miadga q. petras _ esaa sruliad
bunebrivi gza, xolo namdvilad arabunebrivi da SeuZlebeli gza iqneboda sparsTa
jarisaTvis Tu is suramis qedis gadalaxviT gaivlida uvrceles qveyana _ dasavleT
saqarTvelos, gaivlida rionis Waobebs da Semdeg mividoda md. WoroxTan axlos q.
petraSi _ ai, swored es gza iqneboda arabunebrivi. ase rom qarTuli sabWoTa
istoriografia am sakiTxs, vfiqrob, arasworad aSuqebs.
rusul jars XIX s-Si namdvilad suramis qedis gavliT uxdeboda md. Woroxamde misvla, xolo sparsul jars es gza ar esaWiroeboda, radganac sparsuli
qveyana persarmenia _ lazikis (e.i. Woroxis xeobis) gverdiT iyo, gzad persarmeniasa da lazikas Soris iberia (kerZod kola-artaanis Temi) iyo moqceuli,
romelic gadakveTa xosros jarma da md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiros gziT mivida
q. petraSi. ase, rom xosros jars am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTvelo ar gauvlia.
prokofi kesarielis aRweridan naTlad Cans, rom md. fazisi axloa q. petrasTan, kerZod Tu ara Zaladoba teqstze, prokofis monaTxrobidan naTlad Cans, magaliTad aseTi ram: romaelTa jaris erTi nawili akavebs mters zRvasTan axlos
fazisis kldovan `viwroebSi~ (aseTi kldovani viwroebi mxolod md. Woroxis
sanapirozea da ara md. rionisa), bolos siWarbis gamo sparselebi imarjveben, amis
gamo berZnebma (romaelebma) moxsnes q. petras alya da md. fasisisaken gaswies
TavianTi jaris nawilis dasaxmareblad, es rom dainaxes qalaqSi, iqamde alyaSi
myofma sparselebma karebi gaxsnes da upatronod mitovebul (e.i. fasisisken
ukandaxeul) romaelTa banaks Tavs daesxnen. Tavis mxriv, iqve dabanakebulma romaelTa momxre Wanebma sparselebs Seuties, ukuaqcies da TviTon daarbies upatronod mitovebuli romaelTa banaki, daitaces qoneba, amis Semdeg ukan dabrundnen TavianT samSobloSi rizesa da trapizonis gavliT. aqedan, garda imisa, rom
Cans fazisis da petras siaxlove (e.i. fazisi Woroxia), Cans isic, rom Wanebi da
lazebi sxvadasxva xalxi iyo. Wanebis samSoblo samxreTSia, WorxTan SedarebiT
axlo mdebare rizesa da q. trapizonis iqiT (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 110).
fazisi, rom petras siaxlovesaa es sxva adgilidanac Cans, prokofi wers Tu
ras fiqrobda gubazi _ lazTa winamZRoli: Tu mteri SeZlebda petraSi misvlas,
mainc `veras gziT ver gadalaxavdnen faziss, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom navebi ar
hqondaT, am mdinares xom siRrme aqvs sxvebze aranaklebi da siganiTac did manZilzea gadaWimuli, siswrafec mas iseTi aqvs, rom zRvaSi Casuli is karga manZilze calke mimdinareobs~ (gv. 113).
rioni zRvis SesarTavTan mdorea da ufro Waobidan mdored gamosul dinebas
73
`omi goTebTan~
De Bello Gothico (BG)
prokofi kesarieli Tavis sxva wignSi DDDe Bello Gothico-Sic exeba lazikas.
wignSi `sparselebTan omi~ prokofi ufro gamowvlilviT da damajereblobiT
aRwers lazikas, vidre sxva wignebSi, `goTebTan omSi~ cnobebi lazeTis qalaqebis
adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb ufro naklebi informaciis mqonea. mizezi amis is unda
yofiliyo, rom wigni `sparselebTan omi~ bizantia-romis omis uSualo mizezs
lazikas aRwers. sxva wignebSi lazika ukve meorexarisxovania da albaT amitomac
lazeTis Sesaxeb Tavis cnobebs prokofi veRar aqcevs iseT yuradRebas, rogorc
`sparselebTan omSi~ (georgika 2, 1965 gv. 118).
wignidan `goTebTan omi~ vigebT Semdegs: qalaq moxirisTan (lazikaSi) Camodis
md. hi posi, e.i. cxeniswyali, unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi ramdenime mdinare
atarebs am saxels, erTia samegrelo-imereTSi, meore ki afxazeTSi. iyo liganSavSeTSic. g. yazbegic aRwers erT-erT aseTs yvirilas SavSeTSi (gv. 119).
prokofis TqmiT, Wanebi zRvispireTs Zalze arian daSorebulni da armenielebis
gverdiT cxovroben, isini ar arian kolxebi (gv. 120).
74
sanapirodan
rom am toms
`afsili~ da
Cveni azriT,
bam arabTa gamo, aseve amave dros xazarTa mier dasvleT saqarTvelodan alan
meomarTa gaZevebam Seqmna pirobebi qarTuli tomebis zedafenis samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT wasanacvleblad, kerZod, ufro CrdiloeTiT gadaweulan svanebi, afsilebi, abazgebi da Cans sxva qarTveluri tomebi. samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken maTi
moZraoba ufro adre iyo dawyebuli. samxreTidan mtris mowolis gamo, isini Tavs
afarebdnen TavianT Zvel istoriul samSoblos da moZraobdnen samxreTidan
CrdiloeTisaken.
iqamde, VI s-Si, prokofi politikuri TvalsazrisiT orad hyofda saqarTvelos: sparsul-iberiulad (mesxebi) da romaul-lazurad (afSilebi, abazgebi, skvimebi,
svanebi). prokofis, rogorc politikuri moRvawisaTvis mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos romauli (lazuri) nawili. es Tvalsazrisi aisaxeba kidec sparseTis samefo
karze bizantieli elCebis vizitisas gamarTuli kamaTis dros.
afsilebi Zveli qristianebi arian, abazgebi ki warmarTebi prokofis dromde
(VI s-is Sua naxevramde) _ `es barbarosebi Cvens dromdisac Tayvans scemdnen
Walebsa da tyeebs, xeebi barbarozs, raRac gulubryvilobis gamo RmerTebad warmoedgina~. (gv. 133). rogorc Cans, afsilebis da abasgebis zedafenebi, elituri
mxedroba, VI s. Semdeg, Cans VII s-Si, gadasaxldnen Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi,
radganac isini ukve VIII saukunisaTvis iq cxovrobdnen. prokofi erTnairad
aRwers Wanebisa da abazgebis warmarTobas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Wanebisa da
mesxebis mezoblobas samxreT saqarTveloSi, maTi eTnikuri siaxlovec ar mogveCveneba
ucxod. p. ingoroyvas abazgebi, rogorc iTqva mesxebad miaCnda. mesxebis cxovrebis
Sesaxeb Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi migviTiTebs strabonic, Tumca ki is saerTod
ar axsenebs sityva `abazgs~ (Cans imitom, rom ukve naxsenebi hqonda mesxebi, igive
mniSvnelobis eTnosaxeli). abazgebis qarTulenovnebas migviTiTebs sxvadasxva
faqti: pirveli is, rom maT TiTqmis gaqristianebisTanave gaaCaRes qarTulenovani
RvTismsaxureba e.i. gaqristiandnen VI s-Si, xolo maTi qarTulenovani samefo
ukve VIII s-Si Camoyalibda. abazgebis qarTulenovanebas migviTiTebs afxazeTis
toponimebic rac p. ingoroyvas cnobiT, xeebis TayvaniscemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. es toponimebi namdvilad adastureben prokofi kesarielis cnobebs _ `bzifi~ (bza), biWvinTa (fiWvi), cxumi (rcxila), gagra (kakali), soCa (soWi), wibeli
(wifeli), Wuberi (wabli), da a.S. am cnobidan marTlac Cans rom maT, am qarTulenovan toms `xeebi RmerTebad hqondaT warmodgenili~.
prokofis sityviT abazgebma iustinianes dros miiRes qristianoba. abazgebis
qveyanaSi RvTismSoblis taZaric aaSena.
g. CubinaSvilis azriT aq igulisxmeba noqalaqevis (da ara biWvinTis) Zveli eklesia (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 135).
abazgebis Semdeg alanebamde prokofis sityviT `bruqsebis~ (bruxebis, bruqebis) tomi cxovrobda, me vfiqrob, rom etimologiurad es sityva axloa `iberTan~
brug, brig, iber, rg, aseve `rg~ qarTvelTa TviToeul fuZesTan (gv. 135).
prokofis ,,saginebis~ tomi SavizRvispireTSi eguleba or adgilas (gv. 136),
erTi trapezuntis siaxloves, meore ki abazgebisken. orive adgilas Cans yofila
punqtebi sebastopolisi da pitiunti, amitomac abazgebis, bruqsebis, alanebisa da
hunebis (e.i. Crdilo kavkasiis misasvlelebis) aRwerisas kvlav ubrundeba trapezunts _ saginebis xsenebis gamo, iqve mdebare sebastopolissa da pitiunts da
aseve petras _ da wers `xosrom sparsTa mefem, lazebi rom warmouZRvnen mas
79
mxriv baTum-petras. iyo kolxeTis brinjaos metad mniSvnelovani `kera~ (qse, II. gv.
563) _ aRmoCenilia Zv.w. XII-XI ss mijnaze mniSvnelovani ganZi, kolxuri culebi,
Toxebi, zodebi, aseTive aRmoCnda mTel Woroxis xeobaSi.
arTvini VIII-IX ss-Si iyo `qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~ qalaqi. v. kotetiSvilis leqsikonis Tanaxmad `ard~ igivea, rac `vardi~.
`ard~ (vardkaWkaWa, vardi, ix. v. kotetiSvili, `karabadini~, 1936, leqsikoni)
arTvini _ ardvini _ vard-vani = vardovani anu rodopolisi.
iberia-lazikis gzaze mdebare qalaqis `arTvinis~ saxeli SeiZleba berZnis
yurs Casmenoda rogorc `vardaani~ anu `vardiani~, `vardebis qalaqi~ anu `rodopolisi~. arTvini = ardvani = vardvani = rodopolisi
prokofi ramdenjerme axsenebs arqeopoliss: sparsTa sardalma mermeroem
Seityo `mowinaaRmdegeni md. fasisis SesarTavTan dabanakebulano, gaemarTa maT
winaaRmdeg. is umjobesad Tvlida jer isini gaenadgurebina da ise Semoertya
alya arqeopolisisaTvis, raTa isini zurgSi ar moqceodnen~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv.
187).
marTlac, mermeroe gaemarTa fasisis SesarTavisken, gzad man gauara arqeopoliss. mis cixes icavdnen romaelebi. maT daemuqra, rom jer mdinare fasisTan
dabanakebul Tqvenianebs davamarcxeb da `male mogibrundebiT Tqveno~ (gv. 187).
aqedan Cans, rom arqeopolisi axloa zRvasTan fasisis SesarTavTan. esaa Woroxos
marjvena sanapiro. roca mermeroe miuaxlovda am mdinaris pirze dabanakebul
romaelebs, maT miatoves banaki da navebiT mdinaris meore napirze gadavidnen.
arqeopolisi `quS serzea, Camoudis mdinare~ _ marTalia noqalaqevis aRwerac
msgavsia, magram aseTivea baTumis da Caqvis sanaxebic, arqeopoliss hqonia ormagi
kedeli. marTalia asevea noqalaqevis kedeli, magram es qalaqi gamonaklisi ar
yofila, imdenad xSiri yofila orkeci (erTmaneTis paraleluri ori kedlis) ageba,
rom qarTulSi mas specialuri terminic ki hqonia: s. s. orbelianis sityviT `aseT
or kedels soxano erqva `orkeci kedeli zRudesTan, romelTa saSualebiT kacman
gaiaros folorcis msgavsad~ (iqve, gv. 189). savaraudod arqeopolisi mdebareobda
qobuleT-baTumis regionSi, sadac aRmoCenilia mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri naSTebi _ savaraudod tabula pevtingerianas rukaze aRniSnuli savaWro punqti _
`portus altus~ anu s. yauxCiSvilis sityviT `Zveli qalaqi~ (laTinurad), berZnulad `Zveli qalaqi~ aris arqeopolisi (gv. 22).
arqeopolisi noqalaqevi rom ar aris iqedan Cans, rom Turme arqeopolisTan
sparselebs cxenis sakvebis simciris gamo cxenebi daexocaT. aq _`daiRupa sparselTa
cxenebi ara nakleb oci aTasisa... - maT Sori gza gamoiares, romlis ganmavlobaSic
Zalian daiRalnen, Tanac rodesac lazikeSi iyvnen, sakvebi arc Tu ise samyofad
hqondaT, da amrigad, SimSiliTa da daavadebiT Seviwroebulni, mTlad davardnen
(gv.194). Tu lazika dasavleT saqarTvelos baria aq cxenis sakvebi Zalze bevria, aseve
noqalaqevSic, magram naklebia klarjeT-Woroxis xeobaSi, sidanac mividoda jari
arqeopolisTan, am sakiTxs qvemoTac vexebiT.
prokofi kesarieli, georgika 2, 1965 (gv. 194) sparselebi damarcxdnen arqeopolisTan da daixies moxirisisken. `moxirisi erTi dRis saval gzazea arqeopolisidan da Seicavs mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels~ (gv. 194). erTi
dRis gza, daaxloebiT, 20-25 km-ia.
83
lazikas
kldiani sanapiro aqvs
prokofi kesarieli wers: `lazikaSi ki miwa yovelgniT zRvidanaa warmoCenili da mis denas aferxebs. amrigad, is erTaderTia, rac zRvis sazRvars qmnis da
cxadad mowmobs, rom Semoqmeds aq zRvisTvis sazRvari daudia, radgan aq zRva
86
Tavis napirebs exeTqeba. is verc win miiwevs da verc ufro maRla awevas axerxebs,
Tumca ki aq erTvis uricxvi mdinareebis nakadebi. zRva aq ukan ixevs da kvlav
Tavis adgils ubrundeba. is icavs miCenil sazRvars~ (prokofi kesarieli, georgika, tomi II, 1965, gv. 142).
prokofis am cnobidan Cans, rom lazikaSi zRvis sanapiro aris kldovani da
am kldeebs exeTqeba zRvis talRebi, xolo rionis SesarTavTan sanapiro, rogorc
viciT, aris zRvis doneze gadaSlili vrceli vake da kldovani ar aris. amitomac,
rionis vake lazikis aRweras ar eTanadeba. maSasadame, prokofisTvis lazika
aris trapizonis regioni aWara klarjeTTan erTad, sadac namdvilad aris metnaklebad kldeebi zRvis sanapiroze. axali Tanamedrove gzebi, romelsac avtobani
ewodeba, moiTxovs farTo gzebs. swored amis gamo dRevandel TurqeTis teritoriaze zRvis sanapiroze uaxlesi teqnikiT aris gaWrili kldeebi, aseve kldovania klarjeT-trapizonis zRvispireTi prokofis sityviT.
prokofi erTgan wers, rom mTagorianobis gamo lazikaSi ar modis xorbleuli, Rvino da sxva ram sikeTe (iqve, gv. 96). amis Semdgomac imeorebs prokofi:
`iberiis sazRvrebidan rom Sedixar, iqvea lazeTTan ori simagre sarapanisi da
skanda, iq ar modis arc xorbali, arc Rvino da arc sxva ram sikeTe, xolo sxva
adgilebidan risime Semozidva viwrobebis gamo SeiZleba mxolod ise, Tu TviTon
kacebi moitanen. lazikis kldeebisa da viwro gasasvlelebis Sesaxeb prokofi
kesarieli sxvaganac laparakobs. magaliTad, mermeroes sparsuli jari romaelTa
petras mcvel razms viwroebSi daxvda (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 110).
petras aRwerisas viwroebis aRwera gasagebia, radganac es qalaqi kldeze iyo
agebuli, magram roca fazisisaken ukan daxeuli jari Tavs Svelis, prokofis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `iqauri mTebis mwvervalebiT gaqceviT~. (iqve, gv. 110). ismis
bunebrivi kiTxva, sad aris rionis dablobze mTebis mwvervalebi? am dablobze
aseTi mTebi ar arsebobs. aqedanac Cans, rom prokofi kesarieli rions ar uwodebda faziss, aramed is fazisad miiCnevda qalaq petrasTan axlos gamaval mdinares,
romlis xeobaSi mTebis mwvervalebi iyo. Cveni azriT, aseTi mdinare SesaZlebelia
yofiliyo mdinare Woroxi. rionis sanapiroze kldeebi arsad gvxvdeba (igulisxmeba
rionis dablobi zRvis sanapirosTan axlos), amitom aqedan cxadia, fazisi ar aris
rioni. garda amisa, aq laparakia zogadad lazikis qveyanaze da prokofi pirdapir wers, rom es kldeebi moicavs mTel lazikas da aq, lazikis qveyanaSi mdinare
fazisis orive mxares uzarmazari kldeebia. rogorc viciT, rionis dablobi ar
eTanadeba aseT aRweras, amitomac kidev erTxel SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lazika ar
erqva rionis dablobs, rionis xeobas.
prokofis `aqeTa~
`lazTa soflebi xom aq yvela mdebareobs mdinaris aqeTa napiras (mxares) da
qalaqebic ZvelTaganve aq auSenebiaT. maT Soris aris arqeopolisi, Zalian gamagrebuli, sevastopolic aris aq da pitiuntis simagrec, xolo skanda da Sorapani
iberiis sazRvrebisken. yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi~ (georgika, II, gv. 101). aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamadac liganSi eTnikuri
lazebi cxovroben Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze, mesxebi ki marjvenaze.
87
`viwroebi fazisTan~
prokofi kesarielis TqmiT md. fazisis sanapiroebis garkveul monakveTze
mdinaris rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena sanapiros Zalze uaxlovdeboda mTaTa
qedebi, ris gamoc mdinaris sanapiroze iqmneboda bunebrivi `viwroebi~, rac Zalze
mosaxerxebeli iyo strategiuli TvalsazrisiT. Tu am `viwrobebs~ daicavda jariskacebis Tund mcirericxovani jgufi, maT SeeZloT mtris ufro meti raodenobis
SeCereba. aseTi bunebrivi anu mTebisagan (kldeebisagan) Seqmnili viwroebi md.
rionis sanapiro dablobSi ar aris, magram mravali aseTi `viwrobia~ md. Wroxis
mTel sigrZeze _ zRvis SesarTavidan vidre borCxamde, arTvinamde da kidev ufro
maRla.
magaliTad, aseTi `viwrobebi~, romelsac karCxalisa da orjoxis qedebis gamonazardebi qmnian TiTqmis mdinaremde Cadian.
isini arian arTvinis maRla, aseve arTvinsa da Worox-berTas SesarTavs Soris
(arTvinsa da Sagairas Sua), aqve, marcxena mxridan mdinaresTn axlos Camodis
orjoxis qedis erTerTi gamonayofi qedi, am patara qedis mwvervali 1984 m. simaRlis mTaa. am or qeds Sua miemarTeba Woroxi. esaa bunebrivi viwrobi. amgvari ki
WoroxTan uamravia.
lazika
lazikas aqvs kldovani sanapiro _ (georgika, II, 1965 gv. 142). sazogadod lazika
aris mTagoriani, ar modis Rvino _ (iqve,gv. 96). md. fazisis sanapiroze aris
viwroebi. sazogadod, lazika daqanebulia, Zneli gasavlelia msubuqad Cacmuli
kacisTvis _ (iqve,gv. 81).
md. fazisis axlos arian mTiani mwvervalebi _(iqve, gv. 110).
fazisTan orive mxares gauvali kldeebia _ (iqve, gv. 102).
md. fazisis sanapirozea klisurebi.
fazisi _ miemarTeba gamokveTil xmeleTSi, wyali sufTaa, swrafad Sedis
zRvaSi (iqve, gv. 140).
monopolia
strategiosma cibem iustinianes gaamagrebina cixe-qalaqi petra (geo. II, gv.17)
da SemoiRo e.w. `monopolia~, rac gulisxmobda ZiriTadad mariliTa da pirveladi saWiroebis saqonliT vaWrobis centralizaciasa da strategios cibes xelSi
Tavmoyras (iustinianes dros monopolia bizantiis sxva adgilebSic arsebobda).
es namdvilad SeeZlo cibes, radganac cixe-simagre petra aris erTaderTi Camketi
vrceli olqisa, romelsac qmnis md. Woroxis sanapiroebze ganlagebuli qveyana.
md. Woroxis auzi bunebrivad garSemortymulia yoveli mxriT uzarmazari `camde
aziduli~ (rogorc prokofi ambobda) mTebiT (3000 m. simaRlis), da xeobis bunebrivi gasasvleli gadioda cixe-simagre petraze _ mdinare iyo arteria mTeli
xeobisa. mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos monopoliis xelSi Cagdeba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeeZlo bizantiel strategioss, radgan dasavleT saqarTveloSi zRva
mTel dasavleT sanapiros uvlis da misi gakontroleba XX saukuneSi sabWoTa
kavSirsac ki uWirda. xolo Woroxis didi xeobis gakontroleba advili SesaZlebelia mis SesarTavSi mdebare cixe-simagriT, radganac es xeoba kldeebis bunebrivi sazRvriTaa Caketili. am xeobas anu lazikas akontrolebda cibe.
klisurebi
lazikis SesasvlelSi
Wanebi
Wanebi iyvnen armenielTa mezoblebi (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006,
gv, 104), aRmerTebdnen Walebs, frinvelebs, zogierT cxovels, cxovrobdnen `camde
azidul uzarmazar mTebSi da miwas ki arasodes amuSavebdnen~. WaneTSi `umetesad
xrioki, sruliad mwiri da unayofo adgilebia, aq arc miwis moxvnaa SesaZlebeli,
arc naTesis momka da arc Tibva~ (iqve, gv. 105). maSasadame, WaneTSi cxovelTaTvis
sakvebi balaxi mcirea. prokofi sxva naSromSi aRwers, rom lazikeSi sparselebs
20 000-mde cxeni daexocaT SimSiliT, anu ubalaxobis gamo, maSasadame, lazikec
WaneTis msgavsi, umosavlo qveyanaa. aseTi ki SeuZlebelia iyos dasavleT saqarTvelo mTlianad da gansakuTrebiT ki rionispira bari, subtropikuli zona, sadac
balaxic da yovelgvari nayofic uxvad modis. Wanebi iustinianes dros gaqristiandnen da romaelebTan erTad laSqrobdnen. WaneTi yoveli mxridan kldovania,
Zneladsavali qveyanaa cxenosnisTvisac ki. iustinianem maT eklesia auSena sqamalixonSi; cixeebi aaSena horononSi, ganaaxla sisilisonSi. WaneTs CrdiloeTiT
esazRvreboda qalaqi trapezunti. WaneTsa da lazikes Sua prokofi asaxelebs
trapezunts da rizes.
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lazike
iustinianem lazikeSi aago cixe-simagre losorioni (SeiZleba SevadaroT,
rom armeniaSi arsebobda punqti lisiormoni), gaamagra lazikis SesasvlelSi
xeobebi (klisurebi), aRadgina lazikes Zveli, nangrevebadqceuli eklesia (klarjeTSi eklesiebi IV-V ss-Si aigo), aaSena q. petra. iq lazebma sparselTa jari
Seiyvanes, amitomac bizantielebma es qalaqi `miwasTan gaaswores, raTa barbarosebi kvlav ar mosuliyvnen~ (prokofi kesrieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv, 107).
`gadaRma xmeleTze, meotis tbis mimarTulebiT aris ori cixe-simagre _ sebastopolisi da pitiunti. isini `romaelebma daangries, roca Seityves, rom xosro
jaris gagzavnas apirebda am cixeebis asaRebad~ (iqve, gv. 107). iustinianem sebastopolisi aRadgina da aqcia RirSesaniSnav qalaqad (iqve, gv. 107).
Zneli saTqmelia, es sabastopolisi da pitiunti petras axlo, Woroxis marcxena mxaresaa, Tu afxazeTis qalaqebi igulisxmeba. ras niSnavs prokofis naTqvami:
`gadaRma, xmeleTze~.
`gadaRma~ albaT niSnavs md. fazisis iqiT, magram ras niSnavs `xmeleTze~. maS
zRvaze xom ar aagebdnen cixeebs. iqneb, `xmeleTze~ niSnavs `ara Waobze~, `Waobis iqiT,
xmeleTze~ _ Tu Waobis iqiTa mxare igulisxmeba, esaa rionis Waobebis iqiT, anu
92
klisurebi
prokofi kesarieli Tavis naSromebSi sakmaod xSirad xmarobs sityvas `klisura~, `klisurebi~. klisura, misi ganmartebiT, aris viwro bunebrivi xevi or (TiTqmis paralelur) qeds Soris moqceuli. romaelebi (bizantielebi) Tu am qedTaSua
xevze gza gadioda, mis gasakontroeblad agebdnen (am xevSi) simagres.
prokofis cnobiT klisura (klisurebi) yofila ara marto lazikaSi, aramed
TrakiaSi (ae IV,11), armeniaSi (ae III, 3,2) da saberZneTSi (ae, IV,2,17). prokofis cnobiT,
imperatorma iustinianem lazikeSic `gaamagra xeobebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv
klisurebs eZaxian, raTa lazikes Sesasvleli mtrisTvis Caketili yofiliyo~
(prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 107).
prokofi kesarieli TviTonve ganmartavs, Tu ras warmoadgens `klisura~ (`klisurebi~) is wers:
`am mxareSi (e.w. `sofaneneSi~) rva milis manZilze aRmarTulia cicabo mTebi,
yoveli mxridan gauvali, erTmaneTTan mWidrod mijrili, qmnian or viwro xeobas,
romelsac klisurebs uwodeben. persarmeniidan sofanenisaken mimavali SeuZlebelia ar moxvdes am or xeobaSi. aqaurebi erT maTgans ilirisons, meores ki _
safxazs uwodeben. mtrebisaTvis gzebis gadaketvis TvalsazrisiT es adgilebi
metad sayuradRebo iyo... imperatorma am xeobebSi aRmarTa Zlieri simagreebi da
Caayena samxedro jari~ (p. kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, Targmna julieta SoSiaSvilma, 2006, gv. 100).
ase rom, klisuri ewodeba or erTmaneTTan mijriT mdebare mTaTa Sua xevs, anu
klisuris pirdapiri qarTuli Targmani xevia. romaelebis yuradRebas es xevi anu
klisura i pyrobda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iq gadioda gza. am gzaze romaelebi cixesimagreebs agebdnen.
prokofi sxva naSromSi wers, rom lazikaSi aseTi klisuri mdebareobda petrasTan anu zRvasTan axlos md. fazisis sanapiroze. am SemTxvevaSi md. rioni
arafriT ar SeiZleba iyos fazisi, radganac zRvis siaxloves md. rionTan araviTari mTis xevebi (klisurebi) ar aris, esaa daWaobebuli gaSlili bari, xolo Tu
ki Woroxi aris fazisi, am SemTxvevaSi prokofis gageba advilia, Woroxze, zRvis
siaxloves artanuj-gonios (petras) gzaze uamravi mTis xeoba anu prokofiseuli
klisuraa. ase rom, cxadia, fazisi Woroxia prokofisaTvis da ara rioni.
5. agaTia sqolastikosi
lazikis Sesaxeb
amitomac, rogorc aRiniSna ara marto agaTia sqolastikosTan, aramed sxva avtorebTanac, kolxeTi da armenia erTad moixseniebian.
agaTia sqolastikosi lazikas, mis xalxs da mis mefes uwodebs keTilmorwmune qristianebs, kerZod, isini arian `romaelTa qveSevrdomi keTilmzraxveli da
erTmorwmune~ (georgika III, gv. 29). rogorc xSirad aRiniSna, bizantielebs ar
surdaT, rom sparselebs xelSi CaegdoT is saerTaSoriso gza, romelic lazikis
gavliT persaremenias, anu sparsul armenias aerTebda Sav zRvasTan. kerZod, radganac persarmenia ZiriTadad sparselebis xelSi iyo (igulisxmeba qalaq dvinisa
da sxva mimdebare qalaqebis sanaxebi), aqedan isini im gziT, romelic aerTebda
dvins artaanTan da Semdegdroindel artanujTan, Cadiodnen Woroxis xeobaSi
Semdegdroindel qalaq arTvinSi da Woroxispira gziT swrafad midiodnen zRvispira cixe-simagre `petraSi~, anu gadiodnen Sav zRvaze. es ki Zalze afrTxobdaT
bizantielebs, amitomac wers agaTia: `Tu sparselebi omSi gaimarjvebdnen da mTel
qveyanas (lazikas) aiRebdnen, aRaraferi daabrkolebdaT maT uSiSrad SemoecuraT
evqsinis pontoTi da Zalian Rrmad gaekvliaT gza romaelTa samefoSi~ (georgika, III,
1936, gv. 29).
aqedan Cans, dasavleT saqarTvelo rom yofiliyo lazika, maSin Zveli avtorebi
mas da armenias erTad ar moixseniebdnen, radganac armenia da dasavleT saqarTvelo
erTmaneTisagan Zalze daSorebuli regionebi arian da maT Soris imJamad sxva
mravali tomi cxovrobda da mravali qveyana iyo. xolo lazika da mcire, anu
romauli armenia namdvilad iyvnen erTmaneTis mezoblebi, erT saxelmwifoSi, bizantiaSi, Semavali, erTi mmarTvelobis, maT Soris strategiuli mmarTvelobis qveS.
95
qarTul istoriografiaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda sparselebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadadiodnen iberiis gavliT Tanamedrove suramis
uReltexilebiT da TiTqosda am gzis gavlis Semdgom eweodnen e.w. lazikisaTvis
oms _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi. rionis dablobSi, romelic Zvel dros metismetad
iyo daWaobebuli,
irgvliv, agaTias TqmiT, 2000 sparsi muSa muSaobda (iqve, gv. 122). maTi saqmianobis
aRweris dros arsad sityva Waobi ar ixsenieba.
armenia da lazika, rogorc aRiniSna, xSirad erTad ixsenieba. aseve, arcTu
iSviaTad erTad ixsenieba Crdilo SavizRvispireTi da iberia. magaliTad, prokofi
kesarielis sityviT, imperatorma iustinianem `bosforSi gagzavna didZali fuliT probe patrikiosi, raTa hunebis jari fulis saSualebiT daeyoliebina da
iberTa dasaxmareblad gaegzavna~ Tu verwmunebiT qarTul wyaroebs, rom iberiis,
anu qarTlis samefos politikuri sazRvari gadioda md. klisuraze Tanamedrove
cxumTan, maSin iberia da bosforia namdvilad mezoblebi gamodian da maT Soris
arcTu ise Sori manZilia.
agaTias sityviT, lazTa mefe gubazi bizantielma strategiosebma xobiswyalTan mokles. Tu fazisi aris mdinare Woroxi, maSin agaTias aRniSnuli xobiswyali iqneba mis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT 30 km manZilze gamdinare xofis wyali.
lazikaSi yofila ramdenime cnobili taZari. kerZod, onogurisTan wm. stefanes saxelobisa. agaTias dros am adgils kidec ewodeboda wm. stefane. onogurisi ki ukve gadaviwyebuli Zveli saxeli yofila. TviTon onogurisi ki erTi
nawili yofila arqeopolisisa. meore, kidev ufro saxelganTqmuli taZari lazikaSi,
mdebareobda qalaq fazisis, anu Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis samxreTiT. gacxarebul saomar moqmedebis win iq salocavad wasula bizantieli mxedarTmTavari,
romelsac Semdeg sastikad daumarcxebia sparselTa jari. aq qalaq fazisTan
axlos, rogorc aRwerilobidan Cans, iyo aseve petras cixe-simagre. Woroxis
SesarTavTan samxreTiT iyo afsarosi, sadac ganisvenebda mociquli mataTa, is
cnobili salocavi unda yofiliyo.
agaTia wers, rom iq, sadac fasiss uerTdeba mdinare dokonisi, mdebareobda
punqti nesosi. Tu fasisi Woroxia, dokonisi misi erTi Senakadi unda iyos, radganac, agaTias sityviT, qalaqi fasisi aRniSnul punqt nesoss sul daaxloebiT 2025 km-iT iyo daSorebuli. Qq. fasisi `nesoss sul mcire 6 farsangiT aris daSorebuli dasavleTiT~ (iqve, gv. 37). iqve ganmartavs, rom farsangi aris daaxloebiT 21
stadioni, erTi stadioni ki aris daaxloebiT 178 metri. ,,6 farsangiT~ anu zRvispira
qalaqidan nesosamde daSoreba yofila 22428 metri, radganac agaTia wers: `sul
didi 6 farsangi~, Cven SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es daSoreba iyo 20-22 km. axla
vnaxoT, romeli mdinare uerTdeba mdinare Woroxs zRvidan 20-22 km-Si. pirveli
aseTi mdinare aris aWariswyali da Semdgom, sul ramdenime km-is iqiT, maWaxliswyali. ase rom, dokonisi an aWariswyalia an maWaxliswyali. Cven rukebze sagangebod veZebeT xom ar iyo aRniSnuli mdinareebis xeobebSi raime punqti dokonisis
saxelwodebiT da, marTlac, Cvenda gasaocrad aRmoCnda, rom qarTul toponimikas
Semounaxavs TiTqmis 1500 wlis winandeli saxeli da qarTuli enciklopediis
tomSi, romelsac `saqarTvelos ssr~ ewodeba, TandarTul aWaris rukaze aRmoCnda
md. aWariswylis saTaveSi mdebare sofeli dioknisi. dokonisi da dioknisi etimologiurad identurni arian da am sofelma dioknisma Semoinaxa aWariswylis
Zveli saxeli anda piriqiT, mdinare aWariwyals Zvelad mis mixedviT erqva dokonisi, anu dioknisis wyali.
mdinare aWariswyalsa da qalaq borCxas Sua Woroxis napirebze gadaSlilia
97
artaani iberiaSi Sedioda. magaliTad, roca agaTia wers, rom `sparsi sardali
naxoragani ukve iberiaSi iyo mosuli~ (iqve, gv. 54), gulsixmobs, rom naxoragani
kola-artaanis provinciaSi iyo misuli da emzadeboda, raTa Tavisi jariT daSvebuliyo mdinare Woroxis xeobaSi, saidanac umoklesi gziT mividoda petras
gverdiT mdgar qalaq fasisTan.
bizantielTa mier dapyrobil lazebs TavianTi mefe hyavdaT, romelic imperators mudam Tavis erTgulebas umtkicebda. maT bizantiidan ugzavnidnen samefo
niSnebs _ grZel mosasxamsa da qamars. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, rogorc cnobilia,
lazTa mefe gubazi berZenTa mxedarTmTavrebma mokles. sasamarTlo procesze,
romelic sparselTa SiSis gamo gamarTes bizantielebma, mkvlelebi brals sdebdnen gubazs, rom is bedavda saidumlo kavSiris gabmas iberebTan da svanebTan, ise
iqceoda, ise warmoidgina Tavi, TiTqos marTla mefe yofiliyo da mis xelT yofiliyos Tavisi nebisaebr emarTa, uari Tqva CvenTan erTad elaSqra cixis winaaRmdeg da
arc ki movida CvenTan: amayad da uxeSad mogvigo uari vidre es daqiravebul
qveSevrdoms Seefereboda~, _ wers agaTia sqolastikosi (georgika, III, gv. 149).
maSasadame, dampyrobeli berZnebis azriT, lazikis mefe mxolod garegnuli
niSnebiT iwodeba ase, sinamdvileSi ki iyo daqiravebuli qveSevrdomi, romlis
samefo Sesamoselsac zogjer ironiulad moixseneben xolme. magaliTad, ambobdnen: `mefis saxelwodeba abzindisa da qlamidis da, saerTod, garegnul samkaulebs
ar ganekuTvneba~ (iqve, gv. 142). erTi sityviT, dascinodnen im samefo niSnebs, romelTac
konstantinopolidan ugzavnidnen laz mefeebs. gubaz mefes yvelaze did danaSaulad CaeTvala is, rom `Sikrikebs afrenda xolme, rom cnobebi mietanaT iberiaSi
da svanTa tomisTvis, kavkasiis gadaRma mcxovreb gadamTielebze~ (iqve, gv. 147). aq
`kavkasiad~ igulisxmeba guria-aWarasa da karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, sadac cxovroben svanebi da iberebi. gubazis mkvlelebi dasajes, magram Semdgom maleve
lazTa mefobis institutic gaauqmes. lazeTis samefo karis wevrebs bizantiur
titulebs aZlevdnen. magaliTad, vinme farsant kolxs
bis ufross miniWebuli hqonda magistris tituli. agaTia wers, rom is `magistrosi
iyo TanamdebobiT. am barbarosebSic ase ewodeba am Tanamdebobas~ (iqve, gv. 156).
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, aq sainteresoa is, rom kurapalatisa da magistrosis
titulebi iberiis samefo karze miitanes swored im mefeebma, romlebic warmoSobiT klarjeTidan iyvnen, kerZod, pirveli aseTi iyo vaxtang gorgaslis siZe
guaram kurapalati, romelic Semdgom iberiis mefe gaxda. iberiis Semdgomi mefeebi daviT aRmaSeneblamde TiTqmis uwyvetad atarebdnen bizantiur titulebs.
safiqrebelia, rom isini, kerZod ki guaram kurapalati an misi winaprebi, naTesaur
an Tanamdebobriv kavSirSi imyofebodnen lazTa mefeebTan.
lazTa mefeebi oficialurad atarebdnen basilevsis tituls. mas da mis moxeleebsac hqondaT bizantiuri maRali samoxeleo titulebi, maSasadame, maT STamomavlebs gaaCndaT didi samefo legitimuri uflebebi. vaxtangis Zis, mirdatis
ojaxSi siZed, kerZod ki dis qmrad, wesiT maRali samefo legitimuri uflebebis
mqone piri unda SeeyvanaT da, radganac bagrationebi TavianT kerZo mamulad
klarjeTs Tvlidnen (romelsac isini Tavs afarebdnen yoveli didi saxelmwifo
katastrofis dros), unda vifiqroT, rom bagrationebi iyvnen lazikis, anu klar99
manZilebi
agaTia sqolastikoss mohyavs oriode cnoba, Tu ra manZilebiT iyo daSorebuli erTmaneTs lazikis punqtebi. kerZod, is wers: `nesosi sul didi 5 farsangiT aris daSorebuli telefiss~ (georgika, III, gv. 36). iqve ganmartavs, farsangi
aris sigrZis erTeuli _ berZnebis azriT, erT farsangSi Sedioda 30 stadioni,
xolo iberebisa da sparselebis azriT _ 21 stadioni. TviTon agaTias azriT,
nesosi telefisis cixes daSorebuli iyo 150 stadioniT. maSasadame, misi azriT,
erTi farsangi moiTvlida 30 stadions, radganac erTi stadionis sigrZe aris
daaxloebiT 178 metri, nesosi telefiss daSorebuli yofila 26700 metriT, anu
26,7 km-iT. radganac wers, rom sul didi, maSasadame, amaze ufro naklebi manZiliT
iyo daSorebuli.
gvaqvs aseve meore cnobac, rom fasisidan nesosi eqvsiode farsagiT iyo daSorebuli da wers: `nesosi sul didi 6 farsagiT aris daSorebuli dasavleTiT~
(georgika, III, gv. 97). agaTia sqolastikosis erT-erT xelnawerSi nacvlad 6 farsangisa dawerili yofila 5 farsangi (iqve, gv. 97, SeniSvna). mkvlevarTa Soris
100
saxelwodebaTa damTxvevebi
berZen avtorTa mier gadmocemuli kolxeTis punqtebis saxelwodebebi, bunebrivia, meordeboda sxva qarTul kuTxeebSi, magaliTad, lazikaSi iyo punqti telefisi. zogierTi mkvlevari mas aigivebda Terjolis raionis sofel telefasTan,
magram, vfiqrob, telefisi etimologiurad aranakleb axlos aris Tbilisis Zvel
saxelTan tfilisi. telefisisa da tfilisis gaigiveba, cxadia, ar SeiZleba. Aaqedan
Cans, rom saxelTa msgavsebam mkvlevari SeiZleba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos. magaliTad,
berZnuli
saxelTan anaguri, romelic kolxeTis gareT sul sxva regionSia. aqedanac Cans,
rom saxifaTo iyo dakavSireba qarTuli Sorapanisa da berZnuli sarapanasi, miT
umetes, rom isini sul sxva regionebSi mdebareobdnen. sarapana maRal mTebSi,
kldeTa Soris, xolo Sorapani dablobSi, zRvis donidan sul raRac 100-170
metrze.
agaTias cnobiT, iberiaSi arsebobda qalaqi mesxiTa da miiCnevdnen, rom es aris
qalaqi mcxeTa. TviT wyarodan ki Cans, rom aq igulisxmeba iberiis is qalaqi,
romelic sparseTsa (persaremniasa) da lazikas Soris mdebareobda, radganac,
Cveni azriT, lazika es aris Woroxis xeoba, massa da persarmenias Soris moqceuli
iyo iberiis provinciebi artaani da kolas didi nawili. vfiqrob, swored aq,
artaanSi an kolaSi mdebareobda iberiis qalaqi mesxiTa. magram yovelive es ar
niSnavs, rom is Zveli toponimebi, da hidronimebi, romelTac berZeni avtorebi
axseneben, amJamad sabolood dakargulia. MmagaliTad, rogorc avRniSneT, mdinare
dokonisis Ziebis dros aRmoCnda, rom es saxeli dokonisi dioknisis formiT
SemorCenilia mdinare aWariswylis saTaveSi.
Seityves, rom soteriqes bizantiidan waRebuli am didZali fuliT surda moesyida alanebi, raTa maT misimielebisaTvis waerTmiaT buqloosis cixe-simagre da
daeWiraT is. agaTia yovelmxriv malavs am veragul zraxvas, Tumca iqve amJRavnebs
da wers: `rodesac soteraqe maT qveyanaSi mivida, imaT ratomRac ifiqres, TiTqos
erTi maTi cixe zed lazeTis sazRvrebze aRmarTuli, romelsac buqloosi erqva,
alanebisaTvis surda gadaeca soteriqes~ (geo, III, gv. 86). Semdgomi monaTxrobidanac Cans, rom bizantielebi da alanebi mokavSireebi arian. bizantielebi uxdian
alanebs Tanxas da amave dros iyeneben maT (alanebs) qarTul tomebTan omis dros
(iqve, gv. 87).
neba Cveni qoneba wagvarTvas, arc TviTon moindomo amis Cadena~ (georgika, III, gv. 87).
soteriqem elCebi joxebiT acemina, Seuracxyofilma misimielebma daRamebisTanave
mokles soteriqe da misi Svilebi. agaTia wers, rom misimielebis azriT, romaelebi maT samagieros gadauxdidnen usastikesad da misimielebi ambobdnen: `Cveni
bedi ukve gadawyvetilia. romaelebi movlen, Cven maT ver gavumklavdebiTo~. amitom isini aSkarad gadaudgnen romaelebs, sparselebis mxareze gadavidnen da elCebi gaugzavnes TxovniT: `migviReT, dagvexxmareT, rogorc Tqvens qveSevrdomebso~
(iqve, gv. 90). misimielma didebulebma amcnes iberiaSi Sesul sparsel mxedarTmaTavars naxoragans, rom soteriqe CvenTan movida ara TiTqosda mokavSireobisaTvis
fulis dasarigeblad, aramed mTeli Cveni modgmis asawiokeblad da gasanadgureblado, an sruliad unda movspobiliyaviT, anda dagveswro da qveynidan unda
gagveyarao: `romaelebi male Tavs dagvesxmian da gagvinadgureben yvelafers:
iRupeba tomi ara mciredi da ara umniSvnelo, aramed iseTi, romelsac SeuZlia
udidesi sargebloba moutanos sparseTis saxelmwifos; Cveni qveyana mdebareobs
kolxeTis zemoT, is Tqven gamogadgebaT mtris winaaRmdeg sasimagro safarad~
(georgika, III, gv. 155). male bizantielebma misimielTa winaaRmdeg gaagzavnes 4
aTasamde jariskaci, ramdenime strategiosi, aseve ufro adre dapyrobili Wani
mebrZolebisagan Seqmnili jari, romelsac Teodore meTaurobda (iqve, gv. 156). aq
iyvnen agreTve varaz armenieli, farsant kolxi TavianTi TanamolaSqreebiT. 555
wlis zafxulSi jari mivida afsilielTa qveyanaSi. maTi msvleloba SeaCera
cnobam, rom misimielTa dasaxmareblad wamosuli iyo sparsuli jari. sparselebs
Svelodnen maTi daqiravebuli sabiri hunebi. sparselebi male ukan dabrundnen,
radgan zafxuli gavida, zamTarSi ki isini ar ibrZodnen. romaelebma ganagrZes
winsvla misimielTa qveyanaSi, aiRes cixe, romelic mdebareobda misimielTa da
afsilTa qveynis sazRvarze, Semdgom aiRes kldeebze mdebare cixe-simagre Zaxare.
gamarjvebuli bizantielebi umowyalod xocavdnen misimielebs, maT Soris qalebsac. agaTia wers: ganrisxebulma romaelebma esenic ar Seibrales da umowyalod
gaJletilebma imaTac zRves mamakacTa mier Cadenili borotmoqmedebisaTvis. gadawves misimielTa bziT daxuruli xis saxlebi, iseTi cecxlis ali avardnila maT
qveyanaSi, rom is afsilTa qveyanaSic ki daunaxavT.
103
gv. 185). zRvis sanapirodan isini mTebSi arekes. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am omis win
Wanebis qveynis Suaguli yofila sadRac qalaq rizesTan. agaTia wers: `rom Teodore Tavis jariT Sevida~ mtris maSindeli miwa-wylis SuagulSi: rizes garSemo~
(georgika, III, gv. 82). aqedanac Cans, rom `maSin odesRac Wanebis qveynis Suagulad
rize iTvleboda, xolo Semdeg isini iZulebuli gamxdaran bizantielebisTvis
daeTmoT es SesaniSnavi zRvispira adgilebi, saidanac gadasaxlebulan TavianTi
qveynis im mTian adgilebSi, romlebic trapizonis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. amasTanave, ewerebodnen bizantiur jarSi da safiqrebelia, rom maT axla
ukve viTarca bizantielTa nebis aRmsruleblebs, asaxlebdnen maTive monaTesave,
sxva qarTuli, jer kidev daumorCilebeli tomebis miwa-wyalzec.
6. menandre proteqtori
svanebis damorCileba bizantielebis mier
VI saukuneSi msoflios mpyrobeli ori imperia iseT did mniSvnelobas aniWebda svaneTsa da mis mosaxleobas, rom SeuZlebelia svaneTi yofiliyo patara
qveyana, moqceuli im farglebSi, romelTac dRes lentexisa da mestiis raionebi
ewodeba. piriqiT, svaneTi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos baris momcveli,
gavleniani qveyana. Cveni fiqriT, radganac qarTveli mematiane dasavleT saqarTvelos aRweris dros TiTqosda erTmaneTTan aigivebs egrissa da svaneTs (`egrisi,
romel ars svaneTi~). SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom is qveyana, romelsac qarTuli
wyaroebi egriss uwodebdnen, ucxoelebisaTvis iwodeboda svaneTad.
marTlacda, erTgvar gaugebrobas badebs is sakiTxi, rom arcerTi berZeni da
romaeli mwerali, dasavleT saqarTvelos aRwerisas ar axsenebs sityvas gurias an
egriss. maSin, roca qarTuli wyaroebiT egrisi TiTqmis mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda argveTTan erTad, jer kidev qristeSobamde. ucxour wyaroebSi arc
sityva argveTi ixsenieba, magram didi yuradReba eqceva svaneTs, svaneTis qveyanas,
mis saxelmwifoebriv da politikur mimarTulebas. Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos romaul xanaSi
ewodeboda kolxeTi da lazika, rom lazika igive egrisia da rom fazisi ewodeboda mdinare rions, Cveni gamokvleviT ki, prokofi kesarielis da agaTia sqolastikosis fazisi es aris mdinare Woroxi, rom maT dros kolxeTi, anu lazika
ewodeboda ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed im qveyanas, romelsac wyaroebSi
ewodeboda `klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~, anu Semdegdroindeli gonios, baTumis, borCxas, arTvinis, artanujis momcvel miwa-wyals, istoriuli kolaartaanidan Woroxis gayolebiT Sav zRvamde. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTvelo ar
iyo lazika. ufro Zveli, istoriuli lazika politikurad adridanve gayofila
or nawilad. erTi nawili (trapezuntis mxare) berZnebs daupyriaT. berZnuli
lazika moicavda trapizonis samxreTiT mdebare qveyanas, is Seiyvanes bizantiur
provincia I armeniaSi, xolo qarTuli lazika mdebareobda mis uSualod mezoblad da moicavda Woroxis xeobis aRniSnul monakveTs.
Tu dasavleT saqarTvelo ar iyo lazika, unda gairkves berZnuli wyaroebis
105
enad, amitomac es ena maT saxelmwifo da saeklesio enad iqca. isini unda yofiliyvnen im kerketebisa da mesxebis STamomavlebi, romelTa Sesaxebac afxazeTis
teritoriaze, miuTiTebda straboni. VIII s-is Semdeg, Cans abaSgebis erisTavebi
iqcnen maT mmarTvelebad. xalxsac abasgebi daerqva.
eTnikuri svanebive unda yofiliyvnen afxazTa mefeebi. erTaderTi mefis gvari,
romlis sagvareulo saxelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, svanuri warmomavlobisa iyo _
afxazTa mefe ioane Savliani da misi dinastia. amis anarekli unda iyos, rom
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebis taxtze ayvanisa da xmlis Semortymis ufleba
svanebs hqondaT miniWebuli.
menandresa da agaTias epoqaSi svaneTi unda rqmeoda, rogorc aRiniSna, dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils.
nielebsa da iberebs neba eqnebodaT daetovebinaT TavianTi miwa-wyali da wasuliyvnen romaelTa qveyanaSi... sparselTa mefes sasiamovnod miaCnda es... nebas
aZlevda, rom iqauri mcxovreblebi wasuliyvnen sadac undodaT~ (iqve, gv. 246). es
iberebi persarmenielTa gverdiT cxovrobdnen, anu iq, sadac Semdeg basiani, tao da
erzrumis qveyana iyo.
aqedan Cans, rom damarcxebuli da damorCilebuli ucxo tomebis mimarT bizantielebi da sparsi mmarTvelebi ulmobelni iyvnen, miTumetes, Tu imperatori
gajavrebuli iyo am tomis mimarT. rogorc avRniSneT, menandre aRwers erT-erT
Sedegs imperatoris gajavrebisa _ `keisari ukmayofilo da gajavrebulia, rom
isini (bizantieli jariskacebi) albaniaSi SeiWrnen da ar ahyares yvelani sabirebi da albanelebi~ (iqve, gv. 238).
imperatoris gajavrebiT SeSinebuli jari xelmeored SeiWra albaniaSi da,
rogorc iTqva, iqauri mcxovrebni bizantielTa xeldebul qveyanaSi gadaasaxla.
yovelive es zemoTaRwerili moviyvaneT imis dasamtkiceblad, Tu ra Sedegi
unda mohyoloda imperator iustines gajavrebas svanebis mimarT. zemoTmoyvanili
magaliTebidan Cans, rom Tu bizantielebi SeiWrebodnen svaneTSi, isini mkvidr
damarcxebul mosaxleobas gadaasaxlebdnen bizantielTa uSualo xeldebul qveyanaSi, raTa maT sparselTa momxreoba ver gaebedaT.
qarTuli wyaroebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, bizantielTa sakuTar, bizantielTa
saxelmwifoSi uSualod Semaval teritoriad miiCneoda mdinare klisuras, egriswylis iqiT mdebare miwa-wyali, romelsac Semdgom afxazeTi ewoda. swored aq unda
gadaesaxlebinaT dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobebSi mcxovrebi svanuri tomebi:
afsilebi, abaSgebi (abazgebi) da sakuTriv svanebi. aseve misimielebsac Seexeboda
gadasaxleba. maT unda daeWiraT dasavleT saqarTvelos kavkasionis maRali mTianeTi.
miTumetes, rom VI saukunis bolosaTvis sparseTma dakarga gavlena aramarto
dasavleT saqarTveloze, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos did nawilzec, da amis
gamo bizantielebs SeeZloT srulebiT Tavisuflad emoqmedaT dasavleT
saqarTveloSi yovelgvari SiSis gareSe.
kidev ufro daundobeli yofila imperatori herakle keisari saqarTveloSi.
620-ian wlebSi is lazikisa da iberiis gziT SeiWra sparseTSi. gamarjvebis
Semdeg daundoblad moeqca qarTul mosaxleobas. mematianis sityviT, morwmuneebi
da urwmunoebi SeurekavT eklesiebSi da ganurCevlad dauxocavT. `sisxli mdinareTani~ dioda eklesiebidano, masve saqarTvelodan gautania saeklesio, udidesi
mniSvnelobis udidesi siwmindeebi.
TavianTi gavlena, safiqrebelia, rom amiT xelgaxsnilma bizantielebma isargebles movleniT, SeiWrnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sparsTa momxreobisTvis sastikad dasajes iqauri tomebis xelmZRvanelebi, ayares TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilidan da gadaasaxles sparseT-bizantiis sazRvridan ufro moSorebiT, Tanamedrove svaneTsa da afxazeTSi.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, radganac svanebi da yvela sxva adgilobrivi tomi
qristiani iyo, maTi ZiriTadi da saukuno momxre bizantielebi iyvnen, xolo
sparselebi ki mtrebi, amitomac maleve, roca samxreT kavkasiaSi didi ajanyeba
moxda sparselTa winaaRmdeg, isinic sparselTa winaaRmdeg amxedrdnen.
istorikos Teofane bizantielis sityviT, 571 wlis ajanyebis dros `armenielebi CamoSordnen sparselebs da romaelebs miemxrnen, datoves qalaqi dvini,
sadac cxovrobdnen, romaelTa miwa-wyalze gadavidnen... sparselebs maSinve gadaudgnen iberielebic da miemxrnen romaelebs (572 weli)... armenielebis mxareze
ibrZodnen kolxebi, abazgebi da alanTa mefe saroe~ (iqve, gv. 258).
aRniSnuli abazgebi unda iyos is egrisul- svanuri tomi abaSgebi, romlebic
iqamde (560 wlamde) rionis sanapiroze abaSeTSi (abaSa, abaSebi) cxovrobdnen.
isini ayris Semdgom TavianTi qveynis sxva kuTxeSi, ufro dasavleTiT, Tanamedrove
afxazeTSi gadausaxlebiaT da imis Semdgom romaelTa mokavSireebi gamxdaran.
araqsze, romelsac barbarosebi erass uwodeben~ (georgika, IV, gv. 123). rogor
moxvda barami svaneTidan araqsze ase swrafad?
aqedanac Cans, rom svaneTs ucxoelebi uwodebdnen mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos xolo kolxeTi ewodeboda Woroxis xeobas, istoriul klarjeTs.
svaneTSi, anu dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gamarjvebul sparsel sardals gauvlia
Woroxis xeoba, anu kolxeTi da Semdegdroindeli artaan-artanujis gziT swrafad
gadasula iqve maxloblad gamdinare araqsis xeobaSi.
es rom namdvilad ase iyo, Cans imave Teofilaqte simokatas monaTxrobidan,
roca svaneTSi sparsi sardlis baramis laSqrobisa da misi kolxeTis gziT
araqsis xobaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb Seityo, bizantiis imperatorma ukan daadevna
bizantieli strategiosi romanozi. is, Cans aRniSnuli artanuj-artaanis gziT,
anu kolxeTis gavliT gadasula araqsis xeobis im nakveTSi, sadac albanelebi
cxovrobdnen.
Teofilaqte agrZelebs: `xolo avtokratorma e.i. (mavrikem) rom gaigo es
ambebi, romanozi daniSna omis xelmZRvanelad. es strategiosi kolxidaSi rom
mivida, romelsac mdabiurma enam lazike daarqva da SeuTanxmda iqaur mmarTvelebs,
daiZra iqidan da dabanakda TviT albaniis winaaRmdeg~ (iqve, gv. 23). marTlac, es
ori jari erTmaneTs Sexvda albaniis dablobSi, araqsis piras (georgika IV, 126).
zemoT aRwerilidan Cans, rom svaneTi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo. aq gamarjvebuli sparseli sardali dasavleT saqarTvelos gziTve Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi,
gadalaxa arsianis qedi da miadga araqsis napirs. mas ukan daedevna kolxeTis, anu
Woroxisve gziT romaeli sardali, SeebrZola araqsis napiras, albanis dablobze
da daamarcxa sparsi sardali. ase mogviTxrobs Teofilaqte simokata.
kolxida, anu lazika rom yofiliyo mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo, xolo
svaneTi mis amJamindel farglebSi myofi Crdilo-dasavleTis erTi nawili, bunebrivia, aseTi adgilmdebareobis SemTxvevaSi svaneTTan araqsis xeobisa da albaniis dakavSireba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ra saerTo SeiZleba hqondes mestiisa da
lentexis raionebs mdinare araqsTan da istoriul albaneTTan? am sakiTxis
garkvevas cdilobda s. yauxCiSvili. Mman wamoayena mravali Teoria da fiqrobda,
rom SesaZloa Teofanes qronografis gadamwers, Secdoma mouvida da dedanSi ewera
ara svaneTi da albaneTi, aramed sxva saxelebi (georgika, IV, I, 34, SeniSvna). magram
imave ambavs aRwers sxva VIII saukunis bizantieli mwerali Teofane JamTaaRmwereli. is wers, sparselTa mefe hormisdam sardlad barami daniSna da didZali jariT
svaneTis winaaRmdeg gagzavna. barami moulodnelad daeca svaneTs... baramma am omSi
didi saxeli moixveWa. is mdinare araqsze dabanakda. mavrikim rom es gaigo, romanozi daniSna strategiosad da svaneTSi gagzavna jariT. romanozi mivida lazeTSi
da mdinare fazisze albaniis winaaRmdeg dabanakda~ (georgika, IV, I, 88).
marTlac, Tu lazikad vigulisxmebT mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, mdinare
fazisad ki - mdinare rions, aq misuli sardali romanozi rogor unda `dabanakebuliyo albaniis winaaRmdeg~? es SeuZlebelia. mdinare rionsa da albanias
Soris sxva uamravi qveyana aris gadaWimuli, magram Tu mdinare fazisi Woroxia,
WoroxTan albania gacilebiT axloa geografiuladac da araqsis xeobac axloa
arsianis qedTan.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc zemoT iTqva, 560-ian wlebSi, iqamde sparselTa
momxre svanebi, ara mxolod dasajes bizantielebma, aramed maT iseve, rogorc sxva
113
kavkasiur tomebs, gadasces Zalze didi Tanxa. magaliTad, iqamde misimianTa tomisa
da sxva kavkasiuri tomis mosasyidad misimianeTSi bizantielebs SeutaniaT strategios soteriqes xeliT 28800 xalasi oqros nomizma (georgika, III, gv. 174). Cans,
svaneTis sakiTxis sabolood gadasaWrelad bizantielebma gamoiyenes ara mxolod samxedro Zala, aramed oqroc _ svanebi ganudgnen sparselebs. maT dasasjelad
svaneTSi SeWrila, rogorc avRniSneT, sparsi sardali, xelT ugdia albaT aRniSnuli simdidre da, radganac svaneTSi ar daedgomeboda, ukanve dabrunebula. svaneTSi
sparselebis SeWris cnobis gagebisTanave bizantiis imperators svaneTSi sparselTa winaaRmdeg gaugzavnia Tavisi sardali. am ukanasknels ki Seutyvia, rom Woroxis,
anu kolxeTis gziT araqsis xeobaSi iyo gadasuli sparsuli jari da, Sesabamisad,
lazikaSi, anu Woroxis xeobaSi Sesuli armia ukan gaedevna sparselebs da arsianis
gadalaxvis Semdeg araqsis xeobasTan albaniis dablobze dabanakda mtris pirispir.
am ambis axsna, kidev erTxel vityviT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu
svaneTad dasavleT saqarTvelos CavTvliT, xolo lazikad _ Woroxis xeobas.
namdvilad svaneTze rom aris saubari iqidanac Cans, rom saqme Seexeboda sparsel sardal barams, qarTul wyaroebSi baram Cubinad cnobils, romelic araqsis
piras aRniSnuli omis Semdgom aujanyda sparseTis Sahs da Camoagdo taxtidan,
rasac Semdgom udidesi Zvrebi mohyva sparseT-bizantiis urTierTobebSi. rogorc
vTqviT, svaneTis eqspediciidan ukan dabrunebuli barami dabanakda araqsis xeobaSi,
mas wamoewia bizantieli sardali da sastikad daamarcxa, anu saboloo suraTi ase
daixata. sparsuli jari damarcxda svanuri eqspediciis gamo, es ambavi aseve ucnobebiaT sparseTis mefisaTvis. barams mTel jarSi gauvrcelebia cru cnoba, `TiTqos
mefe javrobda sparselTa jarze da yvelas sikvdiliT emuqreboda im damarcxebaTa
gamo, romlebic SeemTxvaT maT svaneTSi~ (georgika, IV, 1, 33).
sikvdilis SiSiT SeZrwunebuli sparsuli jari baramis meTaurobiT aujanyda
sparselTa mefes da Camoagdes is taxtidan. `ase waerTva xosros samefo Zalaufleba~ _ wers Teofilaqte (iqve, gv. 35). anu warumatebel svanur eqspedicias
Seewira sparseTis samefo dinastia. amitomac svaneTSi aRniSnuli laSqrobaeqspedicia didi da gamorCeuli movlena iyo. am movlenis Semdgom srulebiT
sxvagvarad warimarTa sparseT-bizantiis urTierTobebi, amitomac SeuZlebelia am
movlenaTa epicentris _ svaneTis saxeli SeSlodaT an avtor istorikosebs an
maTi Sromebis gadamwerebs.
marTalia qarTuli tomebi ganfenilni iyvnen da cxovrobdnen ara mxolod
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed vrclad ufro samxreTiTac da maT sakuTari
kerZoobiTi saxelebiT ixsenieben, magram zogadad isini mainc erTi saxeliT _
iberebad ixseniebodnen da maT aRniSnul miwa-wyalsac ZiriTadad iberia ewodeboda. magaliTad, VIII saukunis avtori epifane konstantinopoleli, romelic
kritikulad mimoixilavda Tavis wyaroebs da fexiTc moiara is adgilebi, sadac
andria mociquli moRvaweobda, wers, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi, did sebastopolisSi, afsaris cixesTan hisos navsadgurTan da mdinare fazisTan mosaxleobdnen
iberielebi, susebi, fustelebi da alanebi (georgika, IV, I, 57). misi azriT, trapezunti aris lazikis qalaqi, xolo trapezuntis zemoT mdebare qveyana ki ukve
iberiaa.
wmida andria mociquli `amisodan wamosvlis Semdeg mivida trapezuntSi, lazikis
114
qalaqSi, iqidan is wavida iberiaSi, mas Semdeg, rac man zRvis piras mcxovrebni
mravalni gananaTla, is Cavida ierusalimSi~ (iqve, gv. 58).
epifane konstantinopoleli, Tavisi wmida andrias cxovrebis sxva adgilasac,
erTad axsenebs iberiasa da faziss, isini erT regionSi arian. `moiares qalaqebi,
iqadages da saswaulebi moaxdines da Cavidnen iberiaSi, bolo ramdenime dRis
Semdeg susaniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 58). susania (s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT ki suania) imyofeba, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, aWaris mTianeTsa da oZrxe-samcxeSi, sadac
andriam iqadaga trapizonidan mdinare Woroxis gadmokveTis Semdeg.
qarTuli wyaroebi aqve aRniSnavdnen punqt sosanigeTis arsebobas. Tu aseTi
mosazreba misaRebia, istoriuli svaneTis erTi nawili, Cans, moicavda Woroxis
SesarTavis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare mTian mxareebsac. berZnuli wyaroebic TiTqosda amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs.
amis gamo _ `keisari mzad iyo daeTmo sparselebisTvis persarmenia da iberia,
vinaidan kargad icoda, rom sparselebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTmobdnen am
qveyanas... zavs ganamtkicebda mxolod im pirobiT, Tu msurvel persarmenielebs da
iberebs neba eqnebodaT daetovebinaT TavianTi miwa-wyali da wasuliyvnen romaelTa qveyanaSi~ (georgika, III, gv. 245).
sparselebma sruli Tanxmoba ganacxades aseT pirobaze, maT rCebodaT iberiis
miwa-wyali, Sahi ki `nebas aZlevda, rom iqauri mcxovrebni wasuliyvnen sadac
undodaT~ (iqve, gv. 246).
magram sinamdvileSi xalxis gareSe miwa-wyali misTvis momgebiani ar iqneboda,
mas imedi hqonda, rom iberielebi samSoblos siyvarulis gamo ar miatovebdnen
TavianT qveyanas da sparselTa xelisuflebas mxolod zeda fena gaecleboda _
`iman icoda, rom garda mcireodeni mmarTveli pirebisa, romelnic ajanyebas meTaurobdnen, arc erTi persarmenieli da iberi ar wavidoda ucxo qveyanaSi samSoblos siyvarulis gamo, romelic adamianebSi bunebiT aris Canergili da gamjdari~ (georgika, III, gv. 246).
msgavsadve unda vifiqroT, rom svanebis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg bizantielebma TavianT uSualo xeldebul teritoriaze md. egriswylis iqiT (Semdegdroindel afxazeTSi) gadaasaxles abaSgebis (abazgebis), afsilebisa da svaneTis
ara mTeli mosaxleoba dasavleT saqarTvelos baridan, aramed misi ajanyebuli
zeda fena, xolo mosaxleobis udidesi nawili adgilze darCa. am abaS-abazgebis
mmarTveli afxazeTSi ukve `berZenTa erisTavad~ iqca. mefeebis mirisa da arCilis
afxazeTSi Sesvlis dros ar Canan egrisisa da svaneTis erisTavebi _ imaTi memkvidre unda yofiliyo `afxazTa erisTavi leoni~ _ qarTuli kulturisa da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis amaRorZinebeli dinastiis meTauri, romelic savsebiT
miiRo dasavleT saqarTvelos xalxma Tanametomeobis gamo.
115
Tavi II
tbebi da mdinareebi istoriul kolxeTSi
mdinare fasisi
Sesavali
XX s-is oficialuri istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli eklesia iyo
`prozelituri eklesia, romelmac TiTqosda IX-X ss-Si dasavleT saqarTvelodan gaaZeva ZvelTaganve konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi myofi berZnuli saepiskoposoebi da gaauqma fasisis (foTis) samitropolitoSi Semavali rodopolisis
(varcixis), ziganas (`ziginevi gudayvas~), saisinis (caiSis), petras (cixisZiris)
berZnuli kaTedrebi. aseve, TiTqosda Secvala iqamde dasavleT saqarTveloSi
damkvidrebuli berZnulenovani wirva-locva qarTuliT. maTi TvalsazrisiT, mecnierulad dadgenil faqtad miiCneva, rom berZnuli wyaroebiT lazika aris
dasavleT saqarTvelo.
am gabatonebul Tvalsazriss Cvenc viziarebdiT, magram imis gamo, rom Zveli
qarTveli mematianeebisaTvis sruliad ucnobia berZnuli saepiskoposoebis arseboba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gadavwyviteT gamogvekvlia sad mdebareobda sinamdvileSi lazika. saWiro iyo garkveva imisa eTanadeba Tu araprokofi kesarieliseuli
geografiuli aRweriloba lazikisa Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos. aseve saWiroa
kvleva imisa, prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili md. fazisi aris Tu ara md. rioni.
prokofis cnobiT lazikis umTavresi mdinarea fazisi, lazika mis sanapiroebzea ganfenili. fazisi imdenad Cqara Seedineba zRvaSi, rom karga xans zRvas ar
ereva da damoukidebeli Cqari nakadis saxiT yalibdeba. zRvaSi mcurav navebs am
nakadis gadacurva uWirT. maSasadame, fazisi mTis mdinarea, rioni ki dablobis,
baris mdinarea. rioni mTlianad gansxvavdeba am aRwerisagan.
rionis SesarTavTan foTi-samtrediis Zalze vrceli vake TiTqmis zRvis nulovan doneze mdebareobs, ufro meti, zogierTi nakveTebi zRvis doneze dablacaa
ganlagebuli, amitomac md. rioni ara mxolod qmnida uzarmazar Waobebs am vrcel
vakeze, aramed ikargeboda kidec am WaobebSi. misi delta ganfenili iyo WaobebSi
da is Znelad uerTdeboda zRvas, amitomac sabWoTa imperiis didi samecniero
Zalebi SeeWida samuSaos, raTa SeeqmnaT kalapoti md. rionisaTvis. marTlac es
TiTqmis saukunovani Sromis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli
miuxedavad aseTi uzarmazari samuSaoebisa, md. rionis siCqare, marTalia odnav
gaizarda, magram amJamadac, TviTmxilvel damkvirvebelTa TqmiT, rioni Znelad
uerTdeba zRvas: kerZod xan rioni Sedis zRvaSi didi gaWirvebiT, radganac zRvis
donezea misi delta, xan ki piriqiT, zRva Sedis rionis kalapotSi, anu Sedinebis
am adgilas aris zRvisa da md. rionis miqceva-moqceva. safiqrebelia, rom aseve iyo
prokofi kesarielis drosac. rioni zRvis SerTvis adgilas aris Waobis mdinare
da is ar SeiZleba iyos fazisis is ugemrielesi sasmeli wyali, romelsac, prokofis
TqmiT, mezRvaurebi iRebdnen da inaxavdnen, radganac ar ugemurdeboda da ar
116
md. rionis erTi sanapirodan meoreze gadadiodnen ara xidebiT, aramed bornebiT
_ gaWimuli iyo bagirebi, romelzec tivebi an navebi iyo gamobmuli, romlebic erT
sanapiros aerTebdnen meoresTan _ es iyo bunebrivi wesi geografiuli garemodan gamomdinare. erTi sityviT, quTaisidan foTamde rioni aris zRvis doneze
mdebare uvrceles vakeze (e.w. rionis dablobze) gamdinare baris wyali, xolo
fazisi mTis mdinarea.
wm. eqvTime mTawmideli da zogadad qarTuli saeklesio istoriografia md.
fazisad miiCnevda Woroxs da ara rions. berZen-romaeli avtorebis cnobebiT
zRvasTan SerTvis siaxloves Zalze swrafi fazisi miedineboda kldeTa Soris,
amitom misi kalapoti ucvleli iyo. mas saTave armeniaSi an WaneTSi hqonda,
miemarTeboda samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken.Aaq erT adgilas win xvdeboda kavkasiis
didi mTa, ris gamoc mkveTrad icvlida mimarTulebas da uxvevda dasavleTisaken.
am adgilebis axlos fasisis marjvniv iyo iberia da mis maRal mTebze mesxebi
cxovrobdnen.
.aseTivea Woroxi, is miedineba CrdiloeTisaken, sadac arTvinTan xvdeba karCxalis didi mTa, ris gamoc icvlis mimarTulebas da mkveTrad uxvevs dasavleTisaken, amiT emsgavseba Ffazisis aRweras, karCxalis mTaTa sistemas, Cans ,,kavkasiis did
mTas~ uwodebdnen Zveli avtorebi, aRsaniSnavia, rom aqve iyo Zveli saerisTavo
sakavkasiZeo, (amJamadac aris adgili `kavkasori~), iqve iyo artaanis olqi, Semavali
iberiaSi anu iqve ,,iyo iberia~, sadac mesxebi cxovrobdnen, ase, rom fazisis aRwera
identurad emTxveva Woroxisas.
CvenSi amJamad miiCneven ,rom fazisi raWaSi fasis mTidan gamomavali rionia.
amave dros miiCneva, rom fazisis zemo dineba Zirulaa yvirilasTan erTad. Tu,
vTqvaT, fasisis saTave WaneTi an armeniaa, da fasisi rionia, maSin raWa an lixis
qedi armenia-WaneTSi yofila, rac ase araa. am da sxva mravali niSniT fazisi
Woroxia.
bis matarebeli da zRvaSi Semtani mdinare. mecnierebis mier araerTgzis dadgenilia, rom yovelwliurad mdinare rions zRvaSi Seaqvs 8-12 milioni tona naSali masala, risi didi nawili zRvis sanapiros Soriaxlo ileqeba da iwvevs
xmeleTis matebas zRvis xarjze~ (s. zaqaraia, literaturuli wyaroebis mimoxilva... krebuli ,,cotneideli~ II, 2008, gv. 70).
imaves wers meore mecnieri s. gvasalia - ,,specialistTa azriT rionSi 3-jer
meti lamia, vidre nilosSi. rions zRvaSi yovelwliurad, saSualod, 10-12 milioni tona sila Seaqvs, zogjer meti, naklebi ki iSviaTad~ (s. gvasalia, antikuri xanis
kolxeTi, krebuli ,,cotneideli~ II, 2008, gv. 57).
Tvalxiluli faqtia, rom rioni zRvis SesarTavTan wyaltalaxis moZravi masaa,
lamian-Slamiani, Savi feris WuWyiani wyali. maSasadame Cven gvaqvs md. fasisisa da md.
rionis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli cnobebi: fasisi msubuqia, radganac sila-Slamis naklebmatarebelia, maSin, roca rioni mZimea, sila-Slamis Zalze didi odenobis mqone,
Tanac es gansxvaveba aRmwerTa cnobiT ukiduresia, magaliTad arianes mixedviT misTvis cnobil mdinareTa Soris fasisis wyali yvelaze msubuqi iyo, ariane ki imJamindeli msoflios mraval mdinares icnobda, radganac is, viTarca maRali rangis
saxelmwifo moxele romis provinciaTa saqmeebs adgilebze warmarTavda, imperator
adrianes sagangebo reskri ptiT evaleboda ,,mSvidobis dacva provinciebSi~ - bosforidan romamde - II saukuneSi (flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, 1961,
gv. 3).
maSasadame misTvis mravali mdinare iyo cnobili. is zogjer fexiTac ki
dadioda zRvaTa sanapiroebze da zomavda manZilebs mdinareTa Soris. misi aRweriT, rogorc iTqva imJamindeli kulturuli msoflios mdinareTa Soris fazisis wyali yvelaze msubuqi iyo, maSin roca Cveni Tanamedrove mecnierebi statistikuri monacemebis urTierTSejerebiT gvamcnoben, rom mdinare rionis wyali ,,msoflioSi gamoirCeva, rogorc naSali masalis (sila, Slamis) didi raodenobis
matarebeli~ (s. zaqaraia). aqedan Cans, rom fazisi da rioni sxvadasxva mdinareebi
iyo, erTi sasmelad vargisia da ara marto vargisia, aramed saukeTesoa, xolo
rionis wylis dalevas veravin gabedavs mis SesarTavTan, radganac simRvrivis
gamo is sasmelad yovlad uvargisia. maTi am Tvisebebidan aisaxeba kidec zRvasTan
Serevis suraTi, kerZod fasisi zRvas ar ereva, radganac zRvis wylis kuTri wona
ufro metia misi marilianobis gamo, msubuqi fazisis wyali zemodan moeqceva da
did manZilze calke miedineba zRvaSi, rogorc prokofi aRwerda kidec arianes
Semdeg. rionis wyali ki piriqiT, didi silian-Slamovnobis gamo is napirzeve
ileqeba. am process ,,sanapiros mosilvas~ uwodeben. sanapiro rionis SesarTavTan
gansakuTrebiT lamiania- ,,wvrili siliTa da lamiT Semdgari mosilvis saSualo moculoba 20 milion kubur metrs aRwevs~: amis gamo rionis SesarTavTan
zRvis sanapiro xmeleTad iqceva da misi farTobi yovelwliurad izrdeba ,,statistika rionis SesarTavTan xmeleTis matebisa aseTia 1804, 1892 wlebSi xmeleTma
saSualod 9 metri moimata. 1870 wlidan 1936 wlamde xmeleTma 190 metri moimata
e.i. nameti weliwadSi daaxloebiT 3 metrs udris. magaliTad foTis cixe romelic osmalTa sulTanma aago 1578 wels zed zRvis sanapiroze, 1858 wlisaTvis
daSorebuli iyo zRvis napirs 1,8 km-iT, am SemTxvevaSi xmeleTis matebam saSualod
6,5 metri Seadgina weliwadSi... XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi zed zRvis pirze agebuli
119
Seityobs kaci wonis gasinjviT an kidev imiT, rom rodesac igi zRvas erTvis
zRvis wyals zed moeqceva, ar Seereva, rogorc homerosi ambobs, rom ,,titaresi
peneosis wylis zemoT mimdinareobs, rogorc zeTi~ da rodesac zRvis zemodan
amoxapaven wyals, mtknaria is, Tu vinme siRrmeSi CauSvebs WurWels - mariliani...
fasisis wyals tyviis Tu kalis feri gadahkravs, magram rom gaaCereb, Zalian
wminda xdeba. amitom Cveulebaa aseTi, rom fazisSi Semsvlelebma ar unda Seitanon iq sxva wyali da Sevlen Tu ara mis kalapotSi, brZaneba icema, rom xomaldze
arsebuli Zveli wyali sul gadaiRvaros... fasisis wyali ar Smordeba, aT welze
met xans gaufuWebeli rCeba, ufro metadac tkbeba~ (flavius ariane, mogzauroba
Savi zRvis garSemo, 1961, gv. 38).
,,md. fasisi armeniidan momdinareobs. mis axlos cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli iberielebi. mdinaris SesavlelTan, fasisis marcxena napirze
moTavsebulia miletelTa mier daarsebuli elinuri qalaqi e.w. fazisi, romlSic
rogorc amboben Tavs iyris 60 sxvadasxva eri...~ (anonimi, iqve, gv. 86).
ariane wers _ `fasisis axlos cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli
iberielebi~, Tuki fazisi rionia, maSin arianes Sesabamisad gamodis, rom `rionis
maxloblad cxovroben iberiidan armeniaSi gadasaxlebuli iberielebi~. rionTan ra unda armenias? magram Woroxi gadmoedineboda qveynidan, romelic romaelebma mcire armeniis saxelmwifoebriv erTeuls miakuTvnes. am qveynis eTnikas
exeba ariane.
pontos zRvas, momdinareobs 805 mili~ (iqve, gv. 97).. prokofi kesarieli wers _
`fazisi mdinarea, kavkasiis mTebidan Camoedineba~ (iqve, gv. 89).
wm. ambrosi mediolanumeli gasagebad wers, rom ,,fazisi gamoedineba CrdiloeTis mxriT kavkasiis mTebidan", maSasadame jer kavkasiis mTebia da misgan gamomdinare fazisi CrdiloeTiT miemarTeba-,,gamoedineba CrTiloeTis mxriT". e.i. fazisi
samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT miedineba. romeli mdinare miemarTeba kavkasiaSi asesamxreTidan CrdiloeTiT? aseTia mxolod Woroxi, is gamoedineba mcire kavkasiis
Crdilo ferdebidan da miemarTeba CrdiloeTiT, ase dis ramenime aseuli kilometri da mxolod Semdeg uxvevs dasavleTisaken. rioni ki gamoedineba didi
kavkasionis samxreT ferdidan da dis ara CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, aramed
dasavleTiTa da samxreTiT. maSasadame cnobili avtorebi ,,kavkasiis mTebs" uwodeben
mcire kavkasiis mTianeTs-sper-WaneTis mxares, romelic yovelTvis qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
,,katafxias wyali~ (Woroxis marjvena Senakadi). am sityvaSic gvaqvs Ziri ,,kat~, rac
msgavsia ,,quT~ ,,kut~ Zirisa, romelsac prokofi xmarobs. aqve, mis mezobladaa
,,klaskuris wyali~, SeuZlebelia misi saxeli ar mivamsgavsoT prokofis mier
naxseneb ,,klisuras~.
fasisi
Woroxs saTaveSi erqva `akamfsisi~, Sua wels boasi vidre imerxevis SesarTavamde, md. imerxevidan Woroxs erqva `fasisi~, anu erT mdinares sxvadasxva monakveTebSi erqva sxvadasxva saxeli (akamfsisi, boasi da fasisi). amitom prokofi roca
wers _ xosrom gadalaxa boasi da moeqca fasisis marcxniv niSnavs imas, rom
xosrom gadalaxa Woroxi, Semdeg gaagrZela gza petrasaken Woroxis marcxena
sanapiroTi, magram am monakveTze Woroxs ukve erqva _ fasisi, e.i. fasisi mis
marjvniv moeqca.
md. fasisi
swrafia
`am mdinares siRrme aqvs sxvebze ara naklebi, siganiT did manZilzea gadaWimuli.
siswrafec mas iseTi aqvs, rom zRvaSi Casuli is karga manZilze calke mimdinareobs
ise, rom mas ar uerTdeba, amitom iq menaosneTaTvis mosaxerxebelia Sua zRvaSi miiRon
sasmeli wyali~ _ wers prokofi kesarieli (georgika, II, gv. 113). md. fasisis siCqarisa
da siswrafis Sesaxeb igives wers arianec, is aseve aRwers Sav zRvaSi SerTuli
fasisis wylis calke mdinarebas (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, gv. 3738).
prokofi sxvaganac wers, rom fasisi, saTaveSi boasad, xolo adgilobrivi
mkvidrebis mier akamfsisad wodebuli, zRvas uerTdeba Zalze didi siCqariT:
`misi damorCileba zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas SeuZlebeli xdeba, vinaidan
iseTi siswrafiTa da simwvaviT uerTdeba da iseTi didi xmaurobiT miiwevs win,
rom zRvis karga moSorebiT momdinarec SeuZlebels qmnis zRvaSi Securvas. ase
rom, pontos am adgilas mcuravni verc Sig lazikeSi axerxeben Senavebas (naviT
Securvas) da verc iqidan gamosvlas da verc axlos gacurvas, vinaidan arsad ar
SeuZliaT daimorCilon wylis mdinareba, aramed Sors unda gavidnen zRvaSi,
sadme Sua pontoSi mividnen da ise aicdinon mdinaris SesarTavi. ai, rac mindoda meTqva boasis Sesaxeb~ (georgika, II, gv. 123).
aq unda SevniSnoT, rom SesarTavTan rioni ara Tu swrafi, aramed Zalze mdore
mdinarea. am niSniT -SesarTavTan siswrafiT-Woroxi ufro miagavs fasiss.
fasisi da boasi
prokofi kesarielis sityviT, mdinare fasisi gamoedineba WaneTis qveynidan. is
wers - ,,armeniis mosazRvred cxovroben Wanebi, mTagorian qveyanaSi, saidanac
gamoedineba fasisi~ (georgika, 2, 1965, gv. 53). saTaveSi md. fasiss boassac uwodebdnen, prokofi mis Sesaxeb wers, rom md. boasi Wanebisa da persarmenelebis mezoblad gamoedineba (iqve, gv. 60). es mdinare (boasi) WaneTis mTebidan gamosvlis
Semdeg wyalmcirea, mis marjvniv iberiaa, pirispir ki kavkasiis mTa. ,,kavkasias~
128
ucxoelebi qarTul qveyana ,,sakavkasiZeos~, anu mcire kavkasias uwodebdnen. kerZod berZnebi TavianTi mogzaurobis dros jer samxreT kavkasiis mTianeTs xvdebodnen. boasi Tu Woroxia, mis marjvniv namdvilad iyo mesxeTis qveyana, kerZod ki
artaani (es iyo iberia), xolo mis win aRmarTuli iyo karCxlis qedi (es iyo
berZnebisTvis kavkasia), sadac boasi ukve wyaluxvi xdeboda da saxelic ecvleboda - mas ukve fasisad moixseniebdnen. prokofi wers - ,,is izrdeba Zalian da
nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fasisad wodebuli ganagrZobs mdinarebas~ (iqve, gv.
100).
udris ...wylis dinebis nebaze miSvebuli navi saaTSi 8 verss gaivlis, magram
sami xofis ZaliT es siCqare mniSvnelovnad izrdeba... Woroxis locmanebi
imdenad daxelovnebulebi arian, rom maT sruliad SeiZleba endoT. isini
navSi 200 fuTamde tvirTs aTavseben da TiTqos carieliao ise mihyavT farvateris zigzagebSi. gamoucdeli TvalisaTvis gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba mZimed
datvirTuli navi aseT winaRobebSi, kldeebs Soris gaataro... ubeduri SemTxvevebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba da es aris arTvineli menaveebis saukeTeso rekomendacia~ (giorgi yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1995, gv. 114).
giorgi yazbegis azriT, arTvinidan baTumamde naviT mgzavrobas esaWiroeboda
4-5 saaTi, Tumca iqve eTanxmeba erT-erTi evropeli mecnieris Tvalsazriss, rom
amisaTvis saWiroa 9 saaTi (iqve, gv. 154). magram ukan dabrunebisaTvis baTumidan
arTvinSi, navebs esaWiroebodaT 4 anda zogjer 5 dRe - ,,am SemTxvevaSi baTumSi
datvirTuli navebi dinebis sapirispirod saWapano lafetebiT miaqvT~. Woroxis
samdinaro-sanaosno gzas XIX s-Sic ar daukargavs Tavisi saerTaSoriso savaWro
mniSvneloba. g. yazbegi wers - ,,meore welia, rac ingliseli vaWrebis kompaniam
daiwyo yarsis da SavSeTis puris Sesyidva da baTumSi tvirTis Woroxis gziT
gagzavna~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, 1995, gv. 115).
ingliseli vaWrebi puris marcvals yidulobdnen ZiriTadad yarsis olqSi,
iqedan saxmeleTo gziT gadahqondaT q. arTvinamde, aqedan ki ukve samdinaro gziT,
anu Woroxis navebiT CahqondaT baTumSi - ,,arTvinamde puris didi nawili qurTebs
gadmoaqvT sapalne jorebiTa da cxenebiT, Semdeg ki navebiT miacureben. mimdinare
1874 wels erTi kompaniis agentma arTvinidan (baTumSi Woroxis gziT) - 44 aTasi
fuTi xorbali gagzavna. yarsidan baTumamde erTi fuTi xorblis Catana mis
fasTan erTad erTi maneTi jdeba~ (iqve, gv. 115).
XIX s-Si q. ribinskSi (ruseTi) yofila puriT vaWrobis centri. g. yazbegi
arTvins am mniSvnelobiT adarebs ribinsks da miaCnia, rom ,,arTvins puriT vaWrobaSi
ruseTis ribinskis mniSvneloba aqvs~ (iqve, gv. 115). puriT vaWrobis garda, arTvinidan aseve samdinaro gziT baTumSi gadahqondaT regionis xili, gansakuTrebiT ki
zeTisxili. amasTanave, amave Woroxis gziT navebiT ezidebodnen baTumisaken daxerxil xe-tyis masalasa da aseve meTuneobis nawarms - agursa da kramits ,,arTvinidan borCxamde Woroxi miedineba kldovan kedlebs Soris, romelTa gverdiT moCans kargi tyeebi da mravali sofeli. mdinaris napirze Cven davTvaleT 6
saxerxi da 6 agur-kramitis da erTi kiris qarxana. am masalebis mTel marags
baTumi liganidan Rebulobs~ (g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. gv. 116).
Woroxis samdinaro gzaze gaCaRebuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gamo, mTeli
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba - Woroxis sanapiro qalaqebis - arTvinisa da borCxas
mcxovrebni - faqtiurad mxolod menaveobas misdevdnen. ar amuSavebdnen miwas, ar
mohyavdaT mosavali, amasTanave arc mecxoveleobas misdevdnen, isini ojaxebs mxolod menaveobiT arCendnen - g. yazbegi wers q. borCxasTan dakavSirebiT:
,,rqiani pirtyvi da cxeni aq sul ar aris. yvela mcxovrebi navTmSeneblobas,
menaveobas da Tixis WurWlis damzadebas misdevs. mcxovrebTagan aravin Tesavs da
mkis, ris gamoc puris mTel marags fuliT yiduloben. yvela ojaxs aqvs Tavisi
navi, romelic pirutyvs cvlis~ (iqve, gv. 116).
g. yazbegi eTanxmeba azrs, rom arTvinidan baTumamde samdinaro gziT aris 82
130
mkvidri mosaxleoba faqtiurad ver iyenebda. xolo mdinare Woroxi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis aReb-micemobis sasicocxlo arterias warmoadgenda. amitomac migvaCnia, rom Zveli avtorebis mixedviT mdinare fasisi ufroa mdinare
Woroxi. mdinare Woroxze borCxis xevTan axlos mdebareobs mdinare liganis
xevi.
gansakuTrebulad avRniSnoT, rom Zveli berZeni da romaeli avtorebis cnobiT, mdinare fazisis erT-erTi Senakadi aris mdinare glavki. Cveni azriT, mdinare
liganis xevi SeiZleba iyos igive mdinare glavki etimologiuri msgavsebis gamo.
SeiZleba SeniSvnis saxiT aRvniSnoT: samxreT saqarTveloSi mdinare mtkvarze
aris adgili saxelwodebiT likani.
sityvebis likanisa da liganis xevis etimologiuri msgavseba gvavaraudebinebs, rom mdinare glavki fasiss uerTdeboda swored samxreT saqarTveloSi da
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rac kidev erTxel gvafiqrebinebs, rom fasisi Woroxs
erqva da ara rions. garda amisa, Woroxis xeobaSi, kolasa da artaanis gverdiT,
mdebareobda qveyana, romlis saxeli iyo livani. d. baqraZis cnobiT, livanis
saxeliT cnobilia Woroxis xeoba aWaris wylis SesarTavidan ispiris sazRvramde. es unda iyos vaxuStis liganis xevi anu qarTuli matianeebis ligani. am
sityvebTan liganis, nigalis an likanis etimologiuri msgavseba udavoa, amitomac aseTi etimologiuri damTxvevebi uyuradRebod ar unda iqnas datovebuli
Woroxisa da fasisis igiveobis mtkicebis dros.
Zveli avtorebisa da maT Soris strabonis cnobiT, mdinare fasisze gadebuli
iyo asze meti xidi. visac Tavisi TvaliT uxilavs mdinare rioni da icis masze
gadebuli xidebis raodenoba, warmoudgenlad miiCnevs, rom mdinare rionze odesme asi xidi yofiliyo gadebuli. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia is, rom mdinare rioni
mudmivad icvlida kalapots, is miedineba vakeze, romelic nulovan anu zRvis
donezea gadaWimuli. amis gamo rions uWirda Tavisi wylis zRvaSi Setana da
mudmivad icvlida kalapots, narionalebi amis Sedegia. md. rions aqvs ganieri
kalapoti da icis Zalze didi adideba, romelic did winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda Zvelad xidebis mSeneblobisTvis, miT umetes im periodis mSeneblobisaTvis.
mdinare rionisTvis ufro iyo damaxasiaTebeli masze gadebuli boranebi, riTac
xalxi ukavSirdeboda erTi napiridan meores. strabonis cnoba, rom mdinare
fasisze 120 xidi iyo gadebuli, ar gvaeWvebs. amis safuZvels warmoadgens is, rom
d. baqraZem marTlac naxa Tavisi TvaliT mdinare Woroxis mimdebare mquxare
mdinareebze gadebuli uZvelesi saocari xidebi. es is xidebia, romelsac Cveni
xalxi uwodebs Tamaris TaRovan xidebs. aseTi xidebis gadeba SeiZleboda viwro
kldovani kalapotis mqone im mdinareebze, romelTa sanapiroebi maRla iyo aziduli, xolo TviT mdinare Rrma xevSi miedineboda. amitomac erTi kldovani napiridan meore kldovan napirze konstruqciulad SesaZlebeli iyo TaRovani xidis
gadeba. d. baqraZe wers, rom aseTi xidebi mas yvelgan xvdeboda. aWaraSi, kerZod, mas
TaRovani xidebi Sexvedria qedaSi, cxmorisSi, dandaloSi, Wvanasa da furtioSi.
aseTive xidebi, misi cnobiT, agebuli yofila TurqeTis, e.i. SavSeT-klarjeTis
sxvadasxva adgilas. saqarTvelos maxloblad erTi aseTi xidis saSualo zoma
yofila 40 arSini. d. baqraZis cnobiT, aseTi xidi konstruqciulad warmoadgens
wesier TaRs, gadebuls erTi napiridan meore napirze uburjod, SeduRabebulia
kiriT da saukuneebis manZilze dganan.
132
Woroxi sanaosnoa
`baTumidan 4-5 versze gamoCnda mdinare Woroxi, romelic mdored da uxmod
miagorebda mRvrie wyals da romelzec datvirTuli navebi aRma-daRma mimodiodnen. gza, romliTac Cven mivdiodiT, saukeTesoa lazistanis safaSoSi~. (d. baqraZe,
arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, 1987, gv. 35).
`yvelaze mniSvnelovan Senakadebs Woroxi marjvnidan ierTebs, es aris TorTomiswyali, olTiswyali,. artanujiswyali, aWariswyali da sxva.
md. Woroxi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom, rogorc amboben, masSi 200-mde
brtyelZira navi anu kaiuki dacuravs arTvinsa da Woroxis SesarTavs Soris.
naosnoba mTel weliwads SeiZleba, garda gazafxulisa, roca Tovli dneba da
dineba Zalze swrafia. navebi axlo-maxlo soflebis mcxovrebT ekuTvnis. maT
naZvis an fiWvis xisagan akeTeben, navis sigrZe 50 futamdea, gani _ 4-5 futi. zeviT
134
svlas (arTvinamde) 3-4 dRe sWirdeba, xolo qveviT navmisadgomamde _ 8-10 saaTi,
itevs 300 baTmanamde tvirTs. am navebiT ezidebian yvela adgilobriv nawarms:
erbos, xils, tyavs, ficrebs, WurWelsa da kramits. Tixis WurWeli miaqvT baTumSi,
xofasa da trapizonSi (d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi,
1987, gv. 36).
`livanis saxeliT cnobilia Woroxis xeoba aWariswylis SesarTavidan ispiramde. esaa, vaxuStis mixedviT liganisxevi, anu qarTuli matianeebiT _ nigali.
livanis dasaxlebuli punqtebia: maradidi, borCxa, arTvini, artanuji, berTa,
anCa, parxali~ (iqve, gv. 41). `es xidi TaRiviTaa gadebuli aWariswyalze~ (gv. 43).
albaT, aseTi iyo is 120 xidi, romlebic md. fazisze iyo gadebuli.
5 dRes, wyaldidobisas ki mogzauroba saerTod SeCerebulia, radgan warmoudgenelia am dros mdinaris daZleva. menaveebis Sroma aRma curvisas, marTlac rom
katorRulia - ori-sami fexSiSvela adamiani, muxlebamde wyalSi miaTrevs navs. ori
an erTi awveba navs WokiT, rom ar misces mas napirze amovardnis saSualeba. Cven
bevri eseTi navi Segvxvda gzaze. maT danaxvaze gagvaxsenda burlakebi, oRond im
gansxvavebiT, rom ar gaismoda maTi sevdiani simRera. oTxisnaxevarze gaviareT
aWariswylis SesarTavi, oTx saaTze marcxena mxridan sofeli simorisi (rukaze,
ahmed-efendis TqmiT - simoneTi), Semdeg sofeli elga da 4 saaTsa da 20 wuTze
mivadeqiT napirs kopan-dibis maxloblad, sadac winaswari SeTanxmebiT cxenebi
unda dagvxvedroda... da bolos gamoCnda ganaTebuli baTumi da Svidis naxevarze
mogzauroba davasruleT. manZili arTvinidan kopan-dibamde, wyliT rom gaviangariSoT, rukis mixedviT udris 42 verss. Cveni mogzauroba mdinariT, Tu ar CavTvliT
SeCerebebs, grZeldeboda 6 saaTs. aqedan gamomdinare Tu manZilze rukaze swored
aris naCvenebi, navi mcirewylian mdinareSi gaivlis daaxloebiT 7 verss~ (e. veidenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 72-78).
e. veidenbaumis cnobiT arTvinis garda kidev ramdenime adgilas mdinare
Woroxze arsebobda navmisadgomi (navsadguri) da aseve aSenebdnen navebs. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba navTmSeneblobiT iyo dakavebuli. aseTi punqtebi arTvinis
garda yofila borCxasTan da maradidTan. is wers: ,,sofeli borCxa mdebareobs iq,
sadac Cair-su Caedineba mdinare WoroxSi. adgilobrivebi am Senakads Cxalis
wyals uwodeben. sofeli Woroxis napiridan, sadac mdebareobs kaiukebis (navebis)
navmisadgomebi, amfiTeatriviT miemarTeba mTaSi. borCxelebis mTavari saqmianoba
aguris, kramitis da doqebis keTebaa. am nakeTobebiT amarageben Woroxisa da
baTumis sanapiroebs. xvna-Tesvas naklebad etanebian... xnulebi pataraa, mdebareobs
cicabo maRlobze...
borCxaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT aris kaiukebis (navebis) navsadguri. yvelani Woroxze
zemoT da qvemoT dasasveneblad mimavalni aq Cerdebian. amasTan dakavSirebiT aq
duqnebic ki aris sasmelebiTa da nugbariT... navebi (kaiukebi) borCxidan baTumamde
iReben 10 maneTs, xebadan borCxamde navebi (kaiukebi) andomeben 4 saaTs (iqve gv. 58).
e. veidenbaumis TqmiT, kldovanebis gamo Woroxis auzSi urmis an etlis saxeobebi
ucnobia, radganac ,,warmoudgenelic ki iqneba maTi gamoCena viwro, cicabo da
maRal bilikebze, romlebic gzebis rols asruleben~ (iqve, gv. 60). amitom aq yvela
mgzavrobs fexiT an naviT (kaiukiT) (iqve, gv. 61). arTvinSi ar iyo etli, samagierod
hqondaT katarRebi.
Woroxis auzis erT-erT umTavres qalaq arTvinSic ki ,,imis gamo, rom quCebi
viwro da cicaboa, etliT gavlaze laparakic ki zedmetia, urmebic ki ar Cans arTvinis quCebSi. samagierod didi gasavali aqvT katarRebs, romlebic Zalian Zviri
fasobs~ (e. vedenbaumi, baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 67).
Woroxis auzSi, rogorc iTqva, gadaadgileba SeiZleboda fexiT an naviT. cxenebic ki g. yazbegisa da e. veidenbaumis dakvirvebiT aq Zalze cota, SeiZleba
iTqvas arc ki iyo kldianobis gamo, cicabo da maRal bilikebze (gzebze) ,,cxenebic ki TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba arc cxenosnobisaTvis da arc sapalned, Cvens
mier gavlil gzaze baTumidan arTvinamde kaxaberTan mxolod erTxel Segvxvda
ori cxeni da erTi saxedari sapalniT aWaridan, saerTod yvela fexiT dadis,
137
en. am adgilebSi boass ukve fazisi erqva da is jariskacebis marjvniv moeqca. ise
gadakveTes is, rom fazisi marjvniv hqonda
fazisi, aramed fasoni. yovel SemTxevaSi orive sityvas (fasoni, fazisi) erTi fuZe
aqvs - ,,fas~.
pavle ingoroyvam gaarkvia: _ `md. fasisis anu araqsis xeobaSi mdebare basianis
mxareSi mosaxle tomi `fasianni~ warmoadgendnen mesxebis toms~ (iqve. gv. 520).
p. ingoroyva wers _ `fasisi aris araqsis Zveli saxelwodeba misi mdinarebis
zemo nawilSi. es saxelwodeba dRemde aqvs SerCenili araqsis zemo nawilis dasavleT tots, romelic momdinareobs daba fasinleris seqtorSi. mas amJamad ewodeba
fasis-xevi, fasi-dere. araqsis am Zveli saxelwodebidan (fasisi) momdinareobs TviT
saxelwodebac am mxarisa _ fasiani~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 66,
SeniSvna 1).
qsenefontedan konstantine porfirogenetamde araqss fasisi erqva, xolo qveyanas _ fasiani. VII msoflio krebis (787 wlis) aqts xels awers `qristefore
episkoposi fazisisa anu trapezuntisa~ (p. i. gv. 212).Qqsenefonte md. araqss uwodebs
`fasiss~ (anabazisi, VI, 6,4). maSasadame, antikur xanaSic md. araqss fasisi erqva (iqve,
gv. 519). mis xalxs `fasianebs~ uwodebs (qsenefonte, anabasisi, IV, 6,5, VII, 8,25).
`saxelwodeba mdinarisa fasisi qarTuli warmoSobisaa. Zvel qarTul dialeqtSi sityva `fasi~ niSnavda wyals (Sdr. `fasi~ da `fSa~, `fSani~, `foso~,
`fseli~), amitom aris rom es saxelwodeba `fasisi~ miemarTeba mTel rig mdinareebs saqarTveloSi. fasisi rqmevia _ araqss, misi mdinarebis zemo nawilSi, sadac
qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo. fasisi araqss ara mxolod antikur xanaSi erqva,Aaramed
Semdgomac. magaliTad, konstantine porfirogeneti (me-10 saukune) `fasiss~ uwodebs
md. araqsis zemo nawilis dasavleT tots, romelic iwyeba devaboinis qedTan,
gaivlis daba fasinlers da SeuerTdeba araqsis ZiriTad tots sofel iaganis
qvemoT. araqsis am dasavleT tots amJamad ewodeba fasi-dere, e.i. fasis xevi.
mxaris (basianis) mTavari mdinaris am saxelwodebasTan (`fasisi~) dakavSirebulia mxaris saxelwodeba `fasiani~ da satomo saxelwodeba `fasianni~, `fasianelebi~ (iqve, gv. 519). ix. agreTve (iqve, gv. 184-186).
p. ingoroyvas azriT, fuZe-sityva fsi (fsa)=fsisi, igive fasi=fasisi gvxvdeba
afxazeTSi da mTels dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aseve zemo araqsis xeobaSi, spersa
da klarjeTSi. afxazeTSi _ nikofsisa, nikofsia (mdinareebis saxelebia), md. lagumfsa,
md. rionis istoriuli saxelwodeba p. ingoroyvas mixedviT, aris fasisi. Woroxs
ki namdvilad erqva fasisi. ZvelqarTuli saistorio cnobiT, magaliTad, andria
mociqulis mimosvlis ZvelqarTul TargmanSi berZnuli dednis fasisi qarTulad gadmocemulia rogorc Woroxi (berZnuli teqsti, georgika, IV, 1. gv. 58, qarTuli teqsti _ saqarTvelos samoTxe, gv. 35). Woroxs aseve erqva akamfsisi (akamfasisi), guriaSi igive fuZisaa _ sufsa. p. ingoroyvas etimologiiT `sur-fsa, anu
surebis wyali (fsa _ wyali). zemo araqsis xeobaSi _ `basiani~-s saxelwodeba
warmoSobilia md. araqsis saxelidan `fasisi~. fasisi erqva araqss zemowelSi. ase
rom `fasisi~ erqva uamrav mdinares Crdilokavkasiidan _ fsoudan evfratis
xeobamde, p. ingoroyvas azriT, amis mizezia is, rom fasisi-fsi aRniSnavda cnebas
`wyali~, aqedanaa `fSa~, `fSani~ da sxva (iqve, gv. 185). `fas~ sityvas zogjer daerToda brunvis nawili `isi~ da miiReboda fasisi an basisi. aseve zogjer erTvoda
naTesaobiTi brunvis mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani `Ta~ _ `fsTa~.
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fuZe `fas~
n. mars miaCnda, rom dasavleT saqarTvelosa da basianSi cxovrobda xalxi `fas~
saxelis mqone. es fuZe `fasi~ gamoiyofa sityva `fazisidan~, JRers istoriuli
olqebis saxelebSi `basiani~, romelTagan erTi taos samxreTiT, meore ki didi
kavkasiis mTianeTSi mdebareobda. orive basianidan gaedinebodnen mdinareebi `fazisis~ saxelis mqoneni. erTis maxloblad araqsi, meorisa ki rioni (m.berZniSvili, q.
fazisis istoriisTvis. gv. 86).
p. ingoroyvas dakvirvebiT, basxi igive mesxia, basxi da fasxi erTi warmoSobis
sityvebia. basxisaganaa miRebuli `abasxi~ anu `abasgi~, abasgi. maSasadame, igive
mesxia (mesRi) (sx=sR=sg). kolxebi _ mesxuri tomia hekatos miletelis mixedviT.
SesaZloa sityva mesxisganac iyo miRebuli fasiani _ basiani, maSin misi Tavdapirveli forma iqneboda fasxiani-basxiani-mesxiani. Tu mesxebis migracia marTlac moxda CrdiloeTiT, rogorc fiqroben da, vTqvaT, `mcxeTa~ saxeli mesxisaganaa miRebuli, maSin ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos, rom mesxebi am migraciis dros
rionis xeobaSic dasaxldnen da misces Tavsi saxeli _ fasi-basxi, amas gvafiqrebinebs agreTve VI saukunis cnoba, rom qarTlis mefes iustinianes epoqaSi brZola hqonia dasavleT saqarTveloSi taskunTa tomTan, vfiqrob, dedanSi ewera ara
taskuni, aramen baskuni (`t~ da `b~ Zvel qarTul asomTavrul damwerlobaSi
identuri asoniSnebia erTnairi TavebiT, mxolod fexis vertikaluri xazebi aqvT
wanacvlebuli). baskunebi igive basxian, basx-on, basx-unebi, anu mesxebi unda iyvnen,
albaT, romelnic, Cans, am epoqaSive rionis xeobidan Tanamedrove afxazeTSi gadavidnen sacxovreblad _ basxi-basgi-abasgi sityvebi mesxi da fasisi rogorRac
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tumca, berZnebis azriT, `fasisi~ berZnuli sityvaa
da erqva heliosis vaJs, romelic daixrCo md. arqturaSi, romelsac Semdeg md.
fazisi ewoda am movlenis aRsaniSnavad (m. berZniSvili, iqve, gv. 85).
Cveni epoqis mecnierebma ueWvel faqtad miiCnies, rom strabonis sarapana aris
Sorapani zestafonTan, magram maT am rwmenas win eRobeba is, rom strabonis
mixedviT sarapana md. fazisze mdebareobda (`fazisi gemsavalia, aRma vidre sarapanas cixemde~). magram Sorapani sakmaodaa daSorebuli Cveni mecnierebis mier
fazisad miCneul mdinare rions. amitomac daadgines, rom yvirila, romelic Camoudis
Sorapans, mdinare fazisis zemoweli iyo, Tumca didi eWvi imisa, rom odesme md.
yvirilaze Sorapnamde Savi zRvidan gemebi amodioda _ uyuradRebod darCa. md.
yvirila md. fazisis zemoweli marTlac rom yofiliyo, rogorc aRiniSna, strabonis cnoba mainc Zalze gaurkveveli darCeboda, radganac yvirilas saTavea
WiaTura-saCxeris regioni da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gadasavleli misgan Zalze
daSorebulia. amitomac mkvlevrebma gamosavali moZebnes imiT, rom fazisad miiCnies `jer yvirila, Semdeg ki Zirulas xeoba~. wers kidec berZniSvili _ `straboni iberiaSi kolxeTidan gadasaval gzasTan dakavSirebiT ambobs cota ar iyos
gaurkvevlad. saqme isaa, rom aq straboni agviwers sarapanis aRmosavleTiT mdebare da iberiisken mimaval gzas, romelic misi cnobiT, miemarTeba sarapanis
mezobeli xeobiT. am xeobazeo, ganagrZobs igi, gza gasavalia vinaidan fazisze _
faqtiurad nagulisxmevia, Cveni fiqriT, jer yvirilas, mere Zirulas xeoba _ 120
xidia gakeTebulio~ (m. berZeniSvili, gv. 94). maSasadame, Sorapnidan Sida qarTlis gzaze yvirilasa da Zirulas xeobaze odesRac 120 xidi yofila gadebuli.
maTgan Tundac erTi xidis naSTi mainc xom unda darCeniliyo, aseTi ki ar
iZebneba. samagierod, Zveli qvis TaRovani xidebi mravladaa darCenili amJamadac Woroxis Senakadebze, ligansa, aWarasa da SavSeTSi. Cans, ara Sorapans erqva
sarapana strabonis dros, aramed Tanamedrove arTvins, romlis aRmosavleTiT
artanujis da SavSeTis ori gza miemarTeba artaanSi, anu Zveli iberiis olqSi.
sebastopolisi aris ara afxazeTis qalaqi cxumi, aramed baTumTan axlos mdebare
cixisZiri. maSasadame artaSatidan gza miemarTeba cixisZirSi - erT-erT saporto
qalaqSi. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia es gza ver gaivlida quTaiss, foTsa da cixegojs.
sebastopolisi Tu aris cixisZiri, maSin sxva qalaqebi mis samxreTiT unda
mdebareobdnen, radganac cnobilia Zveli wyaroebiT, rom sebastopolisi ufro
CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, Sesabamisad, g. grigolias kvlevidan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom cixisZiris axlos iyo qalaqi arqeopolisi. sad SeiZleboda yofiliyo
is? unda vifiqroT, rom arqepolisi berZnulad igivea rac laTinurad ,,portus
altus~ (portus altus), rac Rrma anu Zvel ports niSnavs Cveni mTargmnelebis
azriT. Zvelad albaT mas ,,Zveli portis~ an ,,Zveli qalaqis~ mniSvneloba hqonda,
rac berZnulad - arqepolisia. es qalaqi mdebareobda Tanamedrove baTumTan axlos. sebastopolisi - cixisZiris axlos unda yofiliyo.
g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT arsebobda ,,ori sebastopolisi~ (g. grigolia,
dasax. naSr. gv. 81), erTi- afsarossa da fasiss (Woroxs) Sua (iqve, gv. 83), meore ki
iyo cxumi (iqve, gv. 83). misive azriT iyo ori piTia (pitiunti), erTi iyo rizesTan
(iqve, gv. 89) da sxva albaT msgavsadve, SesaZloa Tanamedrove quTaisis garda sxva
punqtsac erqva ,,kutaia~, romlis regionSi Caedineboda mdinare ,,reoni~ (da ara
rioni). is, rogorc wyarodan Cans, mdebareobda lazikis qveynis mdidar regionSi,
romelsac ,,moxirisi~ erqva. Cveni mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT aseTi gamorCeulad
mdidari regioni dasavleT saqarTveloSi aris quTaisis sanaxebi cxeniswylamde.
am mosazrebas ver gaviziarebT, radganac dasavleT saqarTveloSi sxva regionebic
aranakleb mosavliani da ufro uxvmosavlianebic kia, xolo Tu ki fasisi aris md.
Woroxi, misi xeoba marTlac Tvalxilulad viwroa, kldovania, naklebmosavliania
da mxolod erTi gamorCeuli mxarea erge-ligani, romelic Seudareblad uxvmosavliania. erge-liganis uxvmosavlianobis da gamorCeulobis Sesaxeb vaxuStic
miuTiTebs. swored es unda yofiliyo ,,moxirisis~ mxare, Tavisi ,,reoniT~ da
kutaia-quTaTisiT. prokofi kesarielis ,,quTaTisi-kutaia~ unda iyos punqtebi
Woroxis xeobisa, romelic SedarebiT axlo iyo zRvasTan vidre rionis quTaisi.
zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas prokofi miuTiTebs ,,fasisis kldeebis~ Sesaxeb, es
cxadia ar aris rioni (iqve, gv. 31), radganac uzarmazari kldeebi da klisurebi
rionis xeobaSi ar gvxvdeba. prokofis sityviT ,,kavkasiis~ mTasTan fasisi mimarTulebas icvlis, g. grigolias azriT - ,,gaugebrobaa ,,kavkasiis~ Zieba yvirilarionis SesarTavTan~ (iqve, gv. 39). g. grigolias daskvniT, kavkasia erqva klarjeTis
mTebs, herodotes cnobiT, kavkasia vrceldeba armeniidan kolxTa mxaremde (iqve, gv.
39). rogorc iTqva, aq iyo (klarjeTSi) - ,,sakavkasiZeo~, amitomac ,,prokofis fasisi
rioni araa~ (iqve, gv. 50).
prokofis sityviT, fasisi kldeTa Soris miedineba, amitomac misi kalapoti
ucvlelia, xolo ,,rioni meandrebad daxveuli danavardobs vakeze~ (iqve, gv. 49). wers g. grigolia. maSasadame, prokofis fasisi aris md. Woroxi - kldeebSi
CaWedili. winaaRmdegobas imaSi xedavdnen Cveni mecnierebi, rom Zvel avtorTa
cnobiT fasisi iyo sanaosno, xolo Woroxs ratomRac ar Tvlian sanaosno mdinared.
g. grigolias sityviT ki Woroxi ,,forCxidan mainc~ vidre zRvamde sanaosnoa (iqve,
gv. 49). misi msjelobidan Cans, rom WoroxTan iyo arqeopolisi, sebastopolisi,
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pitiunti, q. fasisi, moxirisi, rodopolisi, skande da sarapani (iqve, gv. 51). misi
daskvniT, petras omebi ar Sexebia yvirila-rionis xeobas (iqve, gv. 50). g. grigoliamac miaqcia yuradReba prokofis cnobas, rom cxenis sakvebis simciris gamo
sparselebi iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan gaebrunebinaT lazikidan 25 000-iani jari.
dasavleT saqarTvelo da rionis xeoba rom igulisxmebodes prokofis ,,lazikis~
qveS, cxadia ubalaxobis gamo sparselebs cxenebi ar daexocebodaT, radganac
dasavleT saqarTvelo swored Waobisa da balaxis qveyanaa. magram Woroxis kldianeTSi ki namdvilad cota balaxia - cicabo, dakidebuli kldeebis gamo aq
namdvilad gaWirdeboda 25 aTasi cxenis gamokveba. amitomac prokofis lazike Woroxis xeobaa (iqve gv. 54). aseve yuradReba unda mieqces, rom SavSeT-klarjeTSi
mravali toponimi Seicavs fuZe ,,mer~-s. erT-erTi aseTi unda yofiliyo ,,uqimerioni~. is mdebareobda ara rionis quTaisTan, aramed Woroxis erges qveyanaSi, sadac
vvaraudobT ,,kutaias~ arsebobas. sparselebs lazikis omebis dros TavianTi
cnobili rva saomari spilo unda SemoeyvanaT artaan-arTvinis gziT, romelnic
rogorc cnobilia aomes arqeopolisTan da fasisTan, anu sadRac Woroxis
SesarTavTan mdebare qalaqebTan. Sesabamisad unda vigulisxmoT, rom cnobili
qveynebi - svania, skvimnia da afSileTi mdebareobdnen Woroxis CrdiloeTiT, anu
Woroxis marjvena sanapiro mxares, Cans moicavdnen Tanamedrove qobuleTs, gurias
da maT mTianeTs. marTlac, wm. mociqul andria pirvelwodebulis cxovrebis
mixedviT, rac mociqulebma gadalaxes Worox-fasisi, isini, wyaros cnobiT, Sevidnen svaneTSi. Zveli qarTveli avtorebi, maT Soris mTawmidelebi, fasisad yovelTvis
md. Woroxs miiCnevdnen. sparsel-romaelTa omi imas gamouwvevia, rom sazRvari
xofa-xufaTidan iustinianes ufro CrdiloeTiT gadautania (iqve, gv. 71). g. grigolia, rogorc aRiniSna, petrad miiCnevs Semdegdroindel xufaTs. aq gaedineba md.
petroRali. petra 551 wels daurbeviaT, amitomac petronis cnobili episkoposi,
romelmac Teodore fasisel episkoposTan erTad xeli moawera VII (692 wlis)
krebas, Cans ijda ara simagre petraSi, aramed romeliRac sxva, maxlobel qalaqSi,
romelsac aseve petroni, petra erqva. aseTi qalaqi araerTi iyo. p. ingoroyvas
cnobiT cnobili piTia rizesTan mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 89). g. grigolias daskvniT
baTum-cixisZir-urekis regioni iyo mniSvnelovani ekonomikur-politikuri regioni, Sesabamisad misi momcveli iyo Woroxis xeobasTan erTad lazika (gv. 93). lazikaSi
klarjeTic Sedioda. Cans klarjeTs miiCnevdnen mesxeTis erT-erT nawilad. Zveli
avtorebis cnobiT mesxeTi sam nawilad iyo gayofili - erTi nawili ekava iberias,
meore armenias, mesame ki lazikas. Cans, igulisxmeba is, rom mesxeTis mxareebi
samcxe-artaan-kola Sedioda iberiaSi, tao da basiani _ armeniaSi, xolo klarjeTi
_ lazikaSi. g. grigolia ar eTanxmeba iqamde arsebul, ZiriTadad
s.
yauxCiSvilis mier Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss, rom magaliTad zigane iyo gudayva,
piTia - biWvinTa, sebastopolisi ki dioskuria _ cxomi, moxora _ muxurisi, mas
miaCnia, rom IV saukunis bolosaTvis afxazeTis pitiunti _ biWvinTa aRar warmoadgenda samxedro-strategiul punqts (arqeologiuri masalebis mowmobiT), radganac,
magaliTad iq sadac iyo garnizonis mTavari sadgomi, SemdegSi, kerZod IV saukuneSi,
gaumarTavT keramikuli qura. amis gamo g. lorTqifaniZe saerTod gamoricxavs V
saukuneSi biWvinTaSi bizantiuri garnizonis yofnas (iqve, gv. 121). g. grigolias
TvalsazrisiT IV-V saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi saerTod ar idga bizan145
tiuri garnizonebi (iqve, gv. 122), rom noticias Sedgenis dros afxazeTis pitiunti
da sebastopolisi ar ekuTvnodaT romaelebs (iqve, gv. 122). grigolia eTanxmeba n.
adoncs, rom noticias zigana mdebareobda trapezuntis regionSi ziganas uReltexilTan, maSasadame iqve iyo ziganas saepiskoposo, iqve iyo moxora (gv. 122). saerTod
ki lazika da armenia erTmaneTs emezoblebodnen, saerTo sazRvari hqondaT. amitomac gadioda lazikaSi e.w. ,,armeniis gza~, romelic am or qveyanas aerTebda.
cxadia, igulisxmeba artaan-arTvinis gza, romelic armeniaSi gadioda.
amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom g. grigolia, ase vTqvaT, zogjer gaorebulia.
magaliTad, is miiCnevs, rom sparseT-romaelTa omebis pirvel etapze md. fasisi aris
Woroxi (petrasTvis omebisas), xolo meore etapze ki md. rioni (arqeopolisis
omebisas). Sesabamisad fiqrobs, rom arqeopolisi, kutaia, skanda da sarapana mdebareobdnen iq, sadac amJamad maT mdebareobas miuTiTeben sxvebic. magram am SemTxvevaSi
g. grigolia Cveni TvalsazrisiT cdeba, radganac am omebis dros, md. fasisad
yovelTvis igulisxmeboda md. Woroxi, da mis marjvena sanapiroze unda veZioT
dasaxelebuli punqtebi, kutaia - ergeSi, skanda da sarapana ki klarjeT-artaanis
sazRvarze, radganac klarjeTi im epoqaSi lazikas ekuTvnoda.
umetes, rom iqve vakeze yofila cixe ,,uqimerioni~. am sityvaSic fuZe - ,,mere~
adgilobrivia da niSnavs ,,mdinarispira vake adgils~. aseTi iyo swored qveda
maradidi da misi vakis cixesac Cans es saxeli ,,vakis~ (ukis) cixe e. i. ukimereuqimerioni erqva. ,,Woroxis navebi Zlier gansxvavdeba rionSi mocurave navebisagan~ (iqve, gv. 45).
g. yazbegis cnobiT, baTumidan maradidamde ormocamde versis gzaa, xolo maradididan arTvinamde 30 versi. mis dros ,,gonios mudiris rezidencia maradidSi iyo
gadatanili. maradidis dablobSi miedineba mdinareebi breveTi da RremSiRele~
(iqve, gv. 55).
mdinare ,,RremSiRele~, marTalia, mxolod asociaciurad, magram mainc gvagonebs
mdinare ,,reonis~ saxels, romelic quTaTisTan gaedineboda prokofi kesarielis
cnobiT. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, prokofis quTaTisi Woroxis xeobaSi mdebareobda,
rasac TiTqosda adasturebs maradidis erT-erTi ubnis saxeli ,,quTureTi~. quTaisTan
gaedineboda md. reoni. saxeli ,,RremSiRele~ SeiZleba iyos ,,Rremis Rele~ anu misi
Ziria ,,Rremi~, ,,mi~ aris sufiqsi iseve, rogorc ,,oni~. odesRac SeiZleba mdinare
,,Rrems~ erqva ,,Rreoni~ anu amRvreuli anda myvirala wyali (Rreva an Rriali). Tu
es ase iyo da misi saxeli iyo ,,Rreoni~, fuZeSi marTlac gvaqvs ,,Rre~ an ,,re~, iseve,
rogorc prokofis ,,reonSi~. saerTod ki maradidis ,,soflis dablobi mdinareebis
breveTis da RremSiReles WoroxTan SeerTebisas warmoqmnil deltebs ekava~ (iqve,
gv. 55). aq, am dablobSi, Woroxis piras unda yofiliyo prokofis ,,uqimerionis~ cixe,
radganac saerTod adgilobriv dialeqtSi ,,mere~ mdinarispira vakes ewodeba, rogorc
iwodeba amJamad soflis dablobi.
adgilobrivi mkvlevari wers: ,,warsulSi yvela ojaxi misdevda selisa da
kanafis moSenebas, romelic iZleoda ZiriTad nedleuls (boWkos) adgilobrivi
tansacmlis warmoebisaTvis~ (o. didmaniZe, s. gogitiZe, sofeli maradidi, 2006, gv. 59).
ase, rom ojaxebi sadac seli mohyavdaT, amJamadac cocxalia, rac adasturebs strabonis cnobas fasisis xeobaSi selis moyvanis Sesaxeb. seli ki Woroxis soflebSi
mohyavdaT, rionis soflebSi amJamad misi xsenebac ki araa. maradidelebs aseve
cocxali ekonomikuri kavSiri hqondaT zRvispireTTan, magaliTad ,,kirnaT-maradidis mosaxleoba Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavis marcxena sanapiros dablobSi, gonioSi, sasiminde yanebs ijariT iRebdnen~ (iqve, gv. 62), Cveni TvalsazrisiT, amJamindeli
gonio aris prokofisa da sxva avtorebis qalaqi fasisi, Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze, anu fasisis marcxniv.
o. didmaniZis mier Sekrebili eTnografiuli monacemebiT navTmSenebloba Woroxis
xeobaSi ZvelTaganve iyo dawinaurebuli. navebs agebdnen specializebul centrebSi _ arTvinSi, borCxas da qveda maradidSi. maradiduli navebi sididiT da tvirTamweobiT aRemateboda borCxuls.
imis gamo, rom Woroxi ar aris Rrma mdinare da Tanac misi siRrme mdinaris
sxvadasxva adgilas cvalebadia, amitom agebdnen sagangebod am mdinareze gamosadeg
brtyelZira navebs. es iyo rTuli da usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT saimedo, erTgvari unikaluri mcuravi saSualeba (iqve, gv. 74).
navebis sigrZe damokidebuli iyo weliwadis droze, kerZod, mdinaris adidebis
dros gamoiyeneboda 18-20 metriani sigrZis navebi, xolo mdinaris minimaluri
donis dros 13-15 metri sigrZisa. mdinarem adideba icis 3-4 metriT. gadmocemiT
dReSi mdinareze 25-30 navi dacuravda intensiuri naosnobis dros XVIII-XIX ss-Si.
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rionis (e.i. mdinarispira vake adgilis) cixiT-,,warmoadgenda TavSeyris, gacvlagamocvlis xalxmraval adgils Woroxis xeobaSi~ (iqve, gv. 104). aq amodioda gza
goniodan da aWariswylidan. XIX s-Si am gziT ,,briCkiT~, e.i. oTxcxenSebmuli
furgoniT, ergeSi ezidebodnen spilenZis madans. kerZod, spilenZis madani moipoveboda soflebSi kvarcxanaSi, merisSi, uCambaSi, ZansuliSi da xodaSi. aqedan
madans adre ezidebodnen navebiT, Semdeg ufro briCkiT erges spilenZsadnob
qarxanaSi. mas qarxnis saxe miuRia 1890 wels (iqve, gv. 105). aqedanac, e.i. spilenZis
madnebis simravlidanac Cans, rom fasisi Woroxia (da ara rioni, romlis dablobSi quTaTisidan zRvamde spilenZis madnebi, Sesabamisad, oqroc ar moi poveba).
adgilobrivi mkvlevarebis dakvirvebiT maradidSi zRvidan Sedioda ori gza erTi iyo uZvelesi Tavis TaRovani xidebiT, meore gza baTumidan (kerZod Zveli
baTumis Tamaris cixis midamoebidan) Sedioda ergeSi. Semdeg aWariswylis gamovliT Sedioda Woroxis xeobaSi. Tavdapirvelad miuyveboda Woroxis marcxena
sanapiros zeda maradidamde, Semdeg isev marjvena napirze gadioda arTvinamde.
maradidSi iyo sastumroebi anu sastumro odebi. erTi aseTi ,,meidan oda~ yofila
quTureTis ubanSi. am toponimis Ziri ,,quT~ Zalze mniSvnelovania imiT, rom
prokofis ,,quTaTisis~ fuZec aris igive ,,quT~.
d. baqraZis cnobiT, mis dros gza gadioda aWariswylidan maradidamde Woroxis marjvena sanapirozec. saerTod ki Tanamedrove satransporto saxmeleTo gzebi Woroxis xeobaSi gakeTda mxolod XIX saukuneSi. iqamde ki kldianobis gamo
Woroxispira gzebi ufro bilikebs miagavda, Tumca ki xeobaSi iyo aseulobiT
xidi. g. yazbegis dakvirvebiT kldianobis gamo baTumidan artanujamde 300 qvis
xidis aSeneba iyo saWiro da mis dros Sendeboda kidec isini. Tumca ki STambeWdavi iyo Zveli, istoriuli xidebis raodenobac, magram isini Cans ukve viwro iyo
axali transportisaTvis. isini Seadgendnen albaT strabonis cnobil 120 xids.
am Zvel xidebze ufro sapalniani saqoneliT gadahqondaT tvirTi, anda fexiTmosiaruleTaTvis gamoiyeneboda. axla ki ukve furgonebis gamoyeneba daiwyes. Tumca,
unda iTqvas, rom tvirTis gadazidvis istoriuli saSualeba - navebi - ufro iafi
ujdeboda momxmarebels, amitomac mTel XIX saukuneSi ufro navebi gamoiyeneboda
tvirTzidvisaTvis arTvinidan baTumamde da ukan. puri anu xorbali esaWiroeboda baTumSi dabanakebul rogorc rusis jars, ise ufro adre osmalos jars, aseve
ukve qalaqebad qceuli adgilebis mosaxleobas Svi zRvis pirze. puris namdvili
beRlebi ki imdroisaTvis iyo yarsi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi. am regionSi mohyavdaT Zalze iafi puri. am mazriT isargebles rusma, ingliselma da frangma sovdagrebma. isini purs ezidebodnen yars-axalcixe-axalqalaqidan artaanSi, iqedan saxmeleTo
gziT arTvinSi, aqedan ki, ZiriTadad Woroxis samdinaro gziT, baTumisaken. maTTvis
es vaWroba Zalze sarfiani da momgebiani iyo. aRmoCnda, rom samdinaro gziT
mTeli am simdidris gamotana Zneldeboda. amitomac jer osmaleTis imperiam
daiwyo XIX s-is Sua wlebSi Woroxis pirze saxmeleTo gzis mSenebloba, rac
Semdeg gaagrZela ruseTis imperiam, romlis sazRvrebSic aRmoCnda Woroxis xeoba. g. yazbegi werda am gzis saWiroebis Sesaxeb - ,,livanis, SavSeTisa da arTvinis
simdidre, baTumis gzis gareSe, vaWrobisaTvis mkvdar kapitalad iqca. yarsi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi puriT muqTad amaragebda rus, inglisel da frang sovdagrebs.
es gza (e. i. baTum-arTvin-artaan-yarsi) sparseTsa da evropas Soris SesaZloa
satranzito magistralad gadaiqces. am gzaze baTumidan artanujamde saWiroa 300
qvis xidisa da gvirabis aSeneba~ (iqve, gv. 107).
150
prokofiseul md. reons, rogorc aRiniSna Cven vakuTvnebT md. ,,RremSiReles~, ,,Rremis Rele~. misi Ziria ,,Rremi"- Cans aqedan ,,Rreoni~ (sufiqsebi omi-umi-emi da oni
- identuria). RremSiReles erTvis md. CildiriRele quTureTis ubanSi (iqve, gv.
156).
lis spilenZis qarxana TveSi amuSavebda 280 tona madans (iqve, gv. 54).
arTvini zRvidan sul ramdenime aTeul kilometrSia, misi spilenZiT mdidari
sabadoebi miuTiTebs, Tu istoriuli fasisi ratom izidavda ucxoel dampyroblebs, romelnic madnisa da saerTaSoriso gzebis xelSi Casagdebad ibrZodnen.
iazonis epoqaSi spilenZisCliqebiani xaris ambavs mogvagonebs liganis xeobaSi dResac arsebuli gadmocema ,,wylis xarebis~ Sesaxeb. ,,gadmocemis mixedviT
xari xSirad wylidan amodioda, Sinaur buRebs eWidaveboda, Zroxebs anayofierebda da isev tbaSi brundeboda~ (iqve, gv. 138).
spilenZis madnidan, rogorc cnobilia, oqros mcire raodenobasac moi povebdnen. amitomac SesaZlebelia, rom Woroxis anu fasisis xeobaSi spilenZTan erTad
oqroc moi poveboda, razedac miuTiTebs straboni. arqeologiuri masaliT Woroxis
auzSi Caeyara safuZveli spilenZ-brinjaosa da rkinis metalurgias (iqve, gv. 106).
ruseTsa da osmaleT-TurqeTs Soris gansakuTrebiT sadavo yofila saerTaSoriso gza, romelic, rogorc iTqva baTums akavSirebda yarsTan da Sesabamisad
aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, esaa arTvin-artaanis gza. am gzis uZvelesobis Sesaxeb
miuTiTebs Zveli qvisTaRiani xidebis saocari simravle - ,,isini ZiriTadad
ganlagebulia xatilas, murRulis, Cxalas, beRlevanis, devsqelis, qlasquris, Woroxis
mdinareebze da maTze gamaval samimosvlo-saqaravno gzebze. amgvari xidebiTaa
mofenili aWariswylisa da maWaxelas xeobebi. liganis xeobaSi 18 Zveli qvisTaRiani xidia dafiqsirebuli. maTi nawili dangreulia, nawilic kargadaa Semonaxuli. amaTgan aRsaniSnavia banaknas, sanaTisis, taiaxros, meres (mdinare oTongos
wyali), xatilas, gevlis, murRulis, duzqois, qlaskuris, qvemo qlaskuris, beRlevanis, mirveTis, arTvinis xidi 1893 wels aufeTqebiaT rusebs... qvisTaRiani xidebis
mSeneblobis teqnika erTnairia, agebulia Tlili da riyis qvebiT, isini ZiriTadad gankuTvnili iyo qveiTi da cxenosani mgzavrebisaTvis. qvisTaRiani xidebis aseTi simravle ganapiroba xeobis savaWro-ekonomikurma da strategiulma
mniSvnelobam. xidebi erTmaneTTan akavSirebda rogorc Sida, ise gare samyarosTan
damakavSirebel gzebs. sofel mirveTTan dRemde SemorCenilia Woroxis marcxena
sanapiroze gamavali savaWro-saqaravno gzis naSTebi~ (iqve, gv. 125).
sofel mirveTTan dRemde SemorCenili Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze gamavali
saqaravno gzis naSTebis arseboba Cven gvaxsenebs prokofi kesarielis cnobas, rom
VI saukuneSi sparsi sardali swored fasisis marcxena sanapiros gziT mivida
petraSi, es gza dRemdea SemorCenili!
artefaqtebi aSkarad miuTiTebs Woroxis xeobaSi saerTaSoriso gzis arsebobis
Sesaxeb, rasac wyaroebic adastureben. sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli gza Woroxis
xeobaSi gadioda da ara suramis uReltexilze.
r. malaymaZis kvleviT, liganis xeoba, savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos erT-erT dawinaurebul regions warmoadgenda (iqve, gv. 125).
strabonis mier naxsenebi fasisis 120 xidis naSTebi dResac arsebobs, isini
Woroxis xeobaSia.
Woroxis xeobis Zvel mkvlevarTa mier dasturdeba strabonis cnoba, rom es
mdinare (Woroxi anu fasisi) namdvilad iyo sanaosno ramdenime aTeuli kilometris manZilze.
154
axali mkvlevarnic imaves adastureben - ,,liganis xeoba warmoadgenda erTerT ZiriTad samdinaro centrs saqarTveloSi, naosnoba xorcieldeboda mdinare
Woroxis meSveobiT, Woroxi iyo istoriuli tao-klarjeTis SavizRvispireTTan
damakavSirebeli umoklesi samdinaro gza. md. Woroxi naosnobisaTvis TiTqmis
weliwadis yvela dros gamoiyeneboda, garda gazafxulisa, roca dinebis siCqare
da wylis done matulobda. am dros Woroxis siRrme 15-20 futs aRemateboda,
sigane 10-12 saJens. naosnoba da navTmSenebloba liganis xeobis soflebis mosaxleobis Semosavlis mTavar wyaros Seadgenda. navTmSeneblobis centrebi iyvnen
borCxa, maradidi da xeba. amaTgan mainc qveda maradidi gamoirCeoda. cnobebis
mixedviT XIX s. bolosaTvis maradidSi 14 navsaSeni saxelosno yofila. navebi
grZeli da brtyelZiriani keTdeboda. samgzavro navebis sigrZe 2-5 saJens aRwevda,
Tumca arsebobda ufro didebic. naosnoba arTvinis xididan baTumamde Seuferxeblad grZeldeboda. Relvis dros navebi sofel kapandibTan Cerdebodnen. wyaluxvobis dros arTvinidan baTumamde navi manZils faravda 5-6 saaTSi, wyalmcirobis dros 8-15 saaTSi. mdinaris sapirispiro mimarTulebiT navi manZils
baTumidan arTvinamde 2-3 dReSi faravda. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki 4-5 dRe sWirdeboda,
zamTris periodsa da uamindobaSi ki 6-7, xSirad 8 dRe~ (r. malaymaZe, liganis
xeoba, 2008, gv. 116).
Jan muries, n. wereTlis, g. yazbegis, d. baqraZisa da sxvaTa monacemebiT XIX s.
Sua periodSi Woroxze 80 navi dacuravda. sxva monacemiT - 200, romelTac 300-mde
menave emsaxureboda da maTi ricxvi XIX s. bolosaTvis kidev ufro izrdeboda.
arsebobda menaveTa amxanagobebi, romelnic konkurencias uwevdnen erTmaneTs.
tvirTis gadazidva am periodisaTvis gaZvirda - menave 1 baTman tvirTze 5 kapiks
iRebda, magram mdinaris sapirispirod ki 5-6 Saurs axdevinebdnen (iqve, gv. 117).
Woroxze naosnoba Sewyda 1921 wlis Semdeg ssrk-TurqeTis sazRvris gadaketvis
gamo. menaveobis intensivobaze imoqmeda aseve, 1899 wels, baTum-arTvin-argaan-yarsis
mimarTulebiT gzis amoqmedebam.
vfiqrobT sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli, anu sparseli Sahebisa da sardlebis jarebis da maTi proviantis gadaadgilebis gzis ZiebisaTvis sainteresoa r.
malaymaZis daskvna Woroxis xeobis saerTaSoriso gzis Sesaxeb: ,,mdinare Woroxze
naosnobam udidesi roli Seasrula istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da SavizRvispireTis provinciebis dakavSirebis, vaWrobisa da aReb-micemobis ganviTarebaSi.
es iyo erT-erTi mTavari sanaosno gza, romlis saSualebiTac yarsis, artaanis,
SavSeT-imerxevis da arTvinis soflebidan CamohqondaT gasayidad adgilobrivi
warmoebis samrewvelo da soflis meurneobis nawarmi, rac didi mowonebiT sargeblobda ucxour bazarze~ (iqve, gv. 118).
miT umetes, rom am mSvenier samdinaro-savaWro gzas gverdiT miuyveboda saxmeleTo gza, romelic erge-ligan-arTvins akavSirebda artaan-yarsTan. ratom dagvWirda Cven mravali narkvevi migveZRvna mtkicebisaTvis imisa, rom Woroxze namdvilad
arsebobda sanaosno gza? saqme isaa, rom XX s. qarTveli istorikosebis umetesoba
saerTod ignorirebas ukeTebs mis arsebobas. vTqvaT iseTi udidesi mkvlevari
qarTuli arqeologiisa da kolxeTmcodneobisa, rogoricaa oTar lorTqifaniZe,
pirdapir dabejiTebiT werda: Woroxi ar iyo sanaosno mdinare, radgan ,,Woroxi
miuwvdomeli iyo zRvidan navis Sesacureblad" (o.lorTqifaniZe,argonavtika da
155
klarjeTi) sam nawilad iyo gayofili. rogorc aRvniSneT, iberiaSi Sedioda samcxe,
SavSeTi, artaan-kola, armeniaSi tao-basiani, xolo lazikaSi ki klarjeTi an SeiZleba SavSeTic. am SemTxvevaSi klarjeTia mesxeTis is mesamedi, romelic kolxeTis xelSi iyo, anu es iyo Woroxis marjvena sanapiros qveyana Tavisi mTavari
centriT artanujiT vidre arsianis qedamde: is yofila mesxebis (anu mesxuri
tomiT dasaxlebuli) mxare strabonis dros, xolo lazuri tomiT dasaxlebuli
iqneboda vrceli teritoria zRvispireTidan vidre Woroxis marcxena sanapiromde.
e.i. Woroxis marcxena sanapirodan - zRvispireTis CaTvliT iTvleboda lazebis
qveyanad, romelTa xelSic imJamad yofila aseve klarjeTic. oriveni ki bizantiis
mier iyvnen mitacebulni.
ase, rom ara imereTi iyo mesxebiT dasaxlebuli, rogorc warmoudgenia Tanamedrove sabWour istoriografias, aramed liganis xeobis axlos mdebare klarjeTi. aq gamavali saerTaSoriso gzis Sesaxeb wers r. malaymaZe - ,,liganis xeoba
mdebareobs md. Woroxis qvemo dinebaSi. aq gadioda saxmeleTo da samdinaro gzebi,
romliTac antikur xanaSi da ufro adre istoriul, SavSeT-tao-klarjeTis mxareebi SavizRvispira raionebs ukavSirdeboda~ (iqve, gv. 20), am gziT uvlia andria
mociquls - ,,aWarisa da nigalis gavliT klarjeTsa da artaan-kolaSi gadavida.
,,andria Sevida qveyanasa qarTlisasa, niglas, klarjeTsa da artaan kolas, sada
dayo Jami mravali~ (q.c. I, 1955, gv. 38).
vinme CerqeziSvili. maxos xidi aris ,,erges qvemoT~. erT dReSi, am mTqmelis
TqmiT Woroxze sul 4 navi moZraobda (magram albaT adre meti iyo). Woroxis
satvirTo sanaosno gza daiketa 1926 wels mTavrobis gankargulebiT. amis Semdeg
menaveebs da tvirTis gadamtanebs uwodebdnen ,,kontrapandistebs~ da isjebodnen. amitom es saqme da xeloba gaqra.
borCxadan _ aWariswylis SesarTavamde qveyanas erqva _ livana, aWariswylis
qvemoT _ erge. borCxaSi saqoneli Sedioda arTvinis bazrobidan. arTvinSi imarTeboda bazroba, sadac, rogorc iTqva, vaWrebi yidulobdnen saqonels, romelic
borCxaSi gadahqondaT, borCxadan ki ukve maradideli menaveebi agrZelebdnen
tvirTzidvas maxos xidamde. moxuci maradidelis sityviT, navs ukan miaTrevda ara
10-15 kaci, aramed 3-4 muSa ,,joxebiT~. safiqrebelia, mas surda eTqva, rom es 3-4 kaci
mdinaris dinebis miyolisas iyo navze.
rogorc aRiniSna, `maxo~ unda iyos is mxare, romelsac wyaroebSi moxirisi
erqva (xelvaCaur-xulos regioni).
paliastomis tbis
legenda
(iqve gv. 29). arqeologebis mier paliastomis tbaSi aRmoCnda Sua saukunis soflis naSTebi da eklesiis kedlebic ki. amitomac gvakvirvebs Cveni Tanamedrove
mecnieris msjeloba, rom TiTqosda gulubryviloba aris zemoT xsenebul xatebTan paliastomis tbis warmoSobis dakavSireba, rom TiTqosda am xatis Semqmnelebs
surdaT xatisaTvis raRac gansakuTrebuli Zala mieniWebinaT misi dakavSirebiT
ucnaur ambebTan da legendebTan. kerZod, mkvlevaris fiqriT- ,,xats TavisTavad
araviTari Zala ar aqvs, magram Tu raime ambavs SeuTxzaven, is avtoritetuli
gaxdeboda". TiTqosda ase moi pova avtoriteti paliastomis saxelis miniWebiT
quTaisis bagratis RvTismSoblis xatma. vfiqrobT, piriqiT, sabWouri epoqis mecnierTa aRniSnuli mosazreba aris srulyofili kvlevisaTvis Tavis arideba, raTa
naklebi SromiT akviatebuli azrebi ganamtkicon da ueWvelad miiCnion Tvalsazrisi, rom foTSi uTuod mxolod da mxolod berZnuli fasisis samitropolito iyo, yovlad dauSveblad miaCniaT Zveli eklesiis ierarqebisa da xalxis mier
dabejiTebiT gadmocemuli Tvalsazrisi, rom foTTan qarTuli cixe-qalaqi arsebobda, romelic gaqristianebis Semdeg daitbora da wyalSi CaiZira. xolo morwmune mrevli ar miatova paliastomis wmida xatebma - yovladwmida RvTismSoblisam da mTavarangelozisam.
es Zveli ambebi, rogorc iTqva, Zvel wignebSi yofila Cawerili, magram ramdenma
qmnilebam ar moaRwia Cvenamde? paliastomis xatis Tavdapirvel moWedilobaSi
iqneboda miniSneba mis wmida ambavze, magram meored moWedvis dros albaT adgilis simciris gamo oqromqandakebelma aRniSnuli ambavi ver amotvifra viwro
arSiaze. am xats amJamad muzeumis muSakebi uwodeben ara ,,paliastomis xats~,
aramed ,,quTaisis xats~, aTariReben XVI saukuniT. marTlac, xatzea warwera - ,,Sen
caTa mobaZavs deda qalaqisa quTaisisa RvTismSobelo adide orTave Sina cxovrebasa... pirvelmoWedili daZvelebuliyo da Cven meore ganvaaxleT~ (quTaisis muzeumis
Sromebi, krebuli XIII, 2001, gv. 34).
maSasadame, paliastomis xatis adrindeli moWediloba daZvelda, axliT moWedes
XVI s-Si. es xati Tavis saswaulTmoqmedebebis gamo quTaisis mfarveli siamaye iyo,
rac aisaxa axal moWedilobaSi.
Cveni drois mkvlevrebis TvalsazrisiT, paliastomis xatis saswaulqmedebiTi
ambavi aris SeTxzuli legenda. kerZod, TiTqosda xats aseTi saxelwodeba sagangebod daarqves, raTa xalxs mis Sesaxeb Seqmnoda Sexeduleba, TiTqosda is aris
saswaulTmoqmedi. erTi sityviT, TiTqosda TviTon xats araviTari Zala ar hqonda,
misi Semqmnelebi ki cdilobdnen iseTi legenda moegonebinaT misTvis, rom xalxs
daejerebina misi Zliereba. mkvlevari wers-,,aseTi saxelwodebis Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT xatisTvis gansakuTrebuli siZliere, saswaulTmoqmedebis Zala mieniWebinaT, rom mas meti darwmunebis Zala hqonoda. cxadia, im droisaTvis savsebiT
SesaZlebeli iyo xalxs aseTi Zala daenaxa xatSi. paliastomis daqcevisa da
xatis saswaulebrivi gadarCenis ambavi, romlis namdvili mizezi maSin aravin
icoda, cxadia, yvelaze gamosadegi iyo RvTismSoblis xsenebuli xatis saeklesio
cxovrebaSi Casayeneblad... paliastomis tbasTan dakavSirebuli Tavgadasavali
STamagonebel Zalas aniWebda morwmuneTa azriT maT salocav xats~ (m. nikoleiSvili, quTaisisa da paliastomis RvTismSoblis xati~, quTaisis muzeumis Sromebi,
krebuli XV, 2006, gv. 24).
162
roca aseTi winaswarganzraxuli mosazrebiT ixilavs mkvlevari xatis istoriasa da mis warwerebs, vfiqrobT, Sesabamisad araswor daskvnebsac akeTebs. xatebis saswaulTqmedebaTa Sesaxeb albaT ufro meti pativiscemis gamoxatvaa saWiro.
iveriis (portaitisas) RvTismSoblis xatis saswaulTqmedeba safuZvlad daedo
iveriis monasters da saswaulTmoqmedi xatebi mravlad iyo da aris eklesiaSi.
paliastomis tba
xalxuri gadmocemiT, romelic Zalze mtkiced iyo daculi da gavrcelebuli
dasavleT saqarTveloSi XIX da XX saukuneebSic, paliastomis tba gaCnda
saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, roca xalxma gaiTavisa qriatianuli adaT-wesebisa da saeklesio moTxovnebi. `am gadmocemis mixedviT, paliastomis tba gaCnda xarebis dResaswaulis dReebSi, anu gazafxulze. kerZod, am tbis
adgilas yofila sofeli Tavisi eklesiiT. erT-erT patarZals xareba dRes auRia
xelsaqme da akvnis win muSaobda. am dros misTvis SeuxsenebiaT, rom uqme dRes
muSaoba ar SeiZleba. miT umetes, xareba dReso. mas uTqvams: `xareba da xarxareba,
Cems qmar-Svilsa gaxareba~. amis Semdeg sofeli daZirula wyalSi ise, rom Cans
akvani da eklesiao. `foTSi miwa Cavarda~. es iyo SiSis momgvreli ambavi, romel163
165
Tavi III.
gzebi da xidebi istoriul kolxeTSi
mTavari savaWro arteriebi
1. `gza klarjeTisa~
SemTxvvevaSi wyaroebSi suram-Sorapnis gza naklebad Cans. CvenTvis mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom murvan yrum artaan-Woroxis xeobis makavSirebeli
gza gaiara, e.i. es gza VIII saukuneSic arsebobda.
bis cnobilma sagvareulom X saukunis bolos, konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi. man, rogorc iTqva, aRwera am gzaze mdebare artanujis cixe-simagris savaWro
mniSvneloba.
mematiane wers _ `iyo mas Jamsa erisTavad kldekarTa rati da hqonda cixe
atenisa _ TrialeTi, manglis xevi da skvireTi~ (q.c. I, gv. 276).
TrialeTidan Sida qarTlSi Camaval gzaze mdinareebis gadakveTisas agebuli
iqna mravali TaRovani xidi, ase rom, artanujis TaRovani xidi da atenTan mdebare
mdinareebis TaRovani xidebi erTi gzis Semadgeneli teqnikuri saSualebebia.
klarjeT _ TrialeTisa da samcxis laSqari (kaxeT-hereT-Tbilisis SemoerTebamde) _ qveynis saxelis mixedviT iwodeboda `zemo laSqrad~ (anu zemo qveynis laSqrad).
sxva iyo qvemo qveynis anu dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazeTis) laSqari. kaxeTis
qorepiskopos daviTTan brZolisas taoSi myofma bagrat III afxazTa da qarTvelTa
mefem da kurapalatma `awvia spaTa afxazeTisa da qarTlisaTa, TviT waremarTa zemoT
laSqriTa, gaiara TrialeTi, gavlo xidi mcxeTisa da mierTnes Tana afxazni da
qarTvelni, dadga TianeTs~ (q.c. I, gv. 279).
aqedan Cans, rom am laSqarma gaiara artaan-javaxeT-TrialeTis aRwerili
gziT da kldekaridan (walkidan) atenis xeobis gziT mcxeTaSi Sevida.
176
radgan modis yovelgvari saxis mosavali da cxadia xarobs venaxic, xolo arsianis qedze 2600 metrze mdebare qinZotamalis anu `qinZis cixe~ namdvilad identuria prokofis mier aRwerili umosavlo da pirquS regionTan. rogorc Cans
aqve iyo meore cixec _ sarapana. T. xuciSvilis mier gamocemuli `tao-klarjeTis
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis~ rukis mixedviT aRniSnul artaan-artanujis SemaerTebel gzaze mdebareobda arpali, romelic Cveni azriT etimologiurad waagavs
sarapan-Sorapans. saerTod, qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul qveynebSi toponimebi xSirad meordeboda. magaliTad, aRniSnul rukaze, TurqeTSi parxalTan axlosaa qalaqi `wiTeli wyaro~ (Sdr. saqarTvelos `wiTelwyaro~) cixe `muxurguli~ (spersa
da kavkasiZeebis cixis Sua, Woroxze). `muxurguli~ etimologiurad Zalze axloa
prokofis mier mravalgzis aRniSnul `muxurisTan~. aqvea `orjoxis mTa~, romelic
gvagonebs `orjoni~-s. aqedan `orjoniki~ (orjoneli) _ orjonikiZeTa sagvareulos adgili. aqvea `vanis xevi~ (Sdr. vani), `dazugeTi~ (Sdr. `zugdidi~) da sxva
uamravi. imis gamo, rom prokofi kesarielis mier naxsenebi `skanda~ da Tanamedrove Terjolis raionSi mdebare `skande~ etimologiurad identuria, ar iZleva
maTi igiveobis safuZvels. `skanda~ uamravi SeiZleboda yofiliyo saqarTvelos
yvela kuTxeSi. (Srd. strabonis `skandisis mTebi~). aseve unda yofiliyo mravali
`sarapana~ (Sorapani). me vfiqrob Tanamedrove `sarfi~ da `sarapana~ etimologiurad
axloa erTmaneTTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove ozurgeTsac XV s-Si (da ufro
adre) Sorapani erqva. amitomac, imis gamo, rom zestafonTan gvaqvs punqti `Sorapani~ ar aris safuZveli misi `sarapanad~ gamocxadebisa. aseTi sarapana _ rogorc
vTqviT _ mravali unda yofiliyo.
maSasadame Cveni azriT, sparsuli jari petraSi Cavida ara Tbilisis, lixis
qedisa da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT (am gziT jari Zalze daiqanceboda
da brZolisunarianobas dakargavda), aramed sparseT-petras damakavSirebeli umoklesi gziT, romelic rogorc prokofi xSirad aRniSnavs: gaivlida persarmenias
(dvinis qveyanas), Semdeg iberias (Cveni azriT es iyo kola-artaani) da md. Woroxis
gayolebiT swrafad Sevidnen petras regionSi.
Tvalxiluli faqtia, rom SeuZlebelia prokofi kesarielis mier aRwerili
lazika iyos dasavleT saqarTvelo mTlianad, radganac prokofi mudam xazgasmiT
miuTiTebs, rom `lazika~ aris kldovani regioni, sadac aris maRali mTebi, moedineba Cqari mdinareebi. magaliTad imdenad Cqari fasisi, rom zRvis wyalsac ki
ar ereva SesarTavSi. imdenad kldovania lazika, rom zRva mis kldeebs exeTqeba
da es kldeebi uSualod zRvas gadahyurebs. mravaljer aRwers amas prokofi da
imeorebs yvela TxzulebaSi. magaliTad is wers, rom skandasa da sarapanis cixeebTan ar modis mosavali, aris maRali mTebi, ar xarobs venaxi. Terjolis skanda
zRvis donidan sul raRac 100-200 metrze mdebareobs da rogorc iTqva am regionSi uxvi da yoveli saxis mosavali modis. sarapanac msgavsadve umosavlo kldeebSi mdebareobs, zestafonis Sorapani ki zRvis donidan 170 metrzea da uxvmosavliania. saerTod, rogor SeiZleba iTqvas dasavleT saqarTveloze, rom is saSineli camde awvdili kldeebis qveyanaa maSin, roca dasavleT saqarTvelos vrclad
gaSlili vake zRvis donidan sul ramdenime metria da vrclad gaSlili uzarmazari
dablobia! es araa prokofis `lazika~! magram, sakmarisia fasisad miviCnioT md.
Woroxi, umalve mivxvdebiT Tu romel qveyanas uwodebs prokofi lazikas. cxadia
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sarapanamde
qinZis cixe, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, mdebareobs arsianis qedze, artaanartanujis SemaerTebeli gzis marjvena mxares (gzidan 3-4 km-Taa daSorebuli),
sofel qinZotamalTan axlos (qinZotamals Turqulad `bagdeCen~ hqvia). iqve (qinZotamalidan samxreTiT 4-5 km-Si) mdebareobs msgavsi saxelis mqone sofeli _
kandridi (Turquladac es saxeli __ `kandriti~ hqvia, iqvea eklesiis nangrevi).
Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc aRiniSna, erTi da igive etimologiis sami punqtis
erTmaneTTan TiTqmis mijriT arseboba (qinZis cixe, qinZotamali, kandridi) miuTiTebs, rom arsianis qedis am monakveTze `kand~ , `qind~ (qinZ) fuZis mqone raRac
mniSvnelovani punqti arsebobda. esaa, Cveni azriT `skanda~ _ saxelganTqmuli
lazuri cixe iberiis sazRvarTan. misi naSTia saxelebi _ kandriti, qinZotamali
da qinZi (ix. dimitri dunduas 2007 w. ruka `SavSeTi~ da T. xuciSvilis 2004 w.
ruka tao-klarjeTi).
rogorc viciT, skandas cixesTan axlos mdebareobda meore lazuri cixe, aseve
iberiis sazRvarTan _ sarapana. Cveni azriT, am saxelis Tanamedrove saxecvlilebaa `arfali~, romelic mdebareobs SavSeTSi axlos artaanTan, anu Zvel istoriul iberiis mxaresTan axlos. arfalis meore saxelia zendaba, qalaq SavSeTidan
ramdenime kilometriTaa daSorebuli. amJamindeli qinZis cixe da arfali erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gziT, rogorc aRiniSna. arfalidan gza jer midis sofel xanTuSeTSi (esaa Turquli hanli), xanTuSeTidan ki
ori aseve adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gza miemarTeba arsianis qedisaken. erTerTi, samxreTiT arsebuli, gaivlis mdinareTa (nakadulTa) saTaveebs da adis
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arsianis qedze qinZis cixesTan axlos. Cveni azriT, SesaZloa am gziT, anu skanda
(qinZis cixe) sarapana (arfalis) gziT gaiara petraSi mimavalma sparseTis Sahma
xosrom. marTlac, es gza Sedis SavSeTSi, saidanac arTvin-borCxas gziT, anu Woroxis xeobis gziT Sediodnen petraSi, Tumca, SesaZloa xosro artanujis gziTac
Sevida petraSi.
rogorc iTqva, Cveni gamokvleviT skanda aris Tanamedrove arsianis qedze
(istoriuli artaanis provinciaSi) klarjeTisken (artanujisken) mimaval gzaze
sofel `kandridTan~ mdebare erT-erTi Zveli cixesimagre. sof. `kandridis~ saxelwodeba aRniSnulia `tao-klarjeTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis~ rukaze, romelic 2004 wels daibeWda T. xuciSvilis, k. Sengelias, S. maWavarianisa da v. silogavas
mier. sof. kandridTan arsianis qedzeve aris sof. qinZotamali da cixe-simagre
`qinZis cixe~. etimologiurad `kandridi~, `qinZotamali da `qinZis cixe~ Zalze
axloa `skandasTan~ (kandrid _ skanda). sof. qinZotamalsa da qinZis cixes Soris
gadis gza, romelic aerTebs artaans artanujTan. es gza longoTxevis axlos
artanujiswylis xeobaSi gadis.
arsebobs meore gzac, romelic sxva xeobaSi gadis da aseve aerTebs artaans
arTvinTan. es gza gaivlis SavSeTs, aq qalaq SavSeTis axlos aris sofeli `arfali~, SeuZlebelia ar aRiniSnos, rom arfali etimologiurad Zalze axloa `sarapanasTan~ (sarapan-arfal). Cven viciT, rom gza, romelic aerTebda iberias
lazikasTan, gadioda cixe-simagreebze skandasa da sarapanze (sofel arfalTan
mdebareobs Zveli cixe-simagre `qvaTeTrisi~).
sofeli kandridi da sofeli arfali erTmaneTs uerTdebodnen Zveladac.
amas mianiSnebs is, rom 1998 w. dabeWdili saqarTvelos `zogadgeografiuli rukis~
mixedviT (redaqtori m. razmaZe) es soflebi erTmaneTs amJamadac uerTdeba e.w.
`savele gziT~ anu Zalze ubralo, uxarisxo gziT, kerZod, artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel gzaze, iq, sadac aris 2657 m simaRlis uReltexili. erT-erTi gverdiTi
gza miemarTeba CrdiloeTisken, romelsac daaxloebiT 6-7 km-Si dasavleTidan
uerTdeba aRniSnuli savele gza, romelic 25-28 km-is Semdeg Sedis arfalSi. Cans,
am gziT Sediodnen iberiidan lazikaSi sparselebi.
VI saukuneSi bizantiisa da sparseTis imperiebi erTmaneTs daundoblad ebrZodnen kavkasiaSi kuTxisaTvis, romelsac lazika ewodeboda. prokofi kesarielisa
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da gvirabi~ (iqve, gv. 108). rogorc yazbegi, aseve veidenbaumi gaocebiT aRweren
Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze gadebul uamrav Zvel xidsa da maT nangrevebs. Zveli
qvis TaRovani xidebis da maTi naSTebis raodenoba marTlac STambeWdavi iyo.
veidenbaumi aRniSnavda kidec rom xidebis es raodenoba, aseve kldeebze gayvanili Zveli gzatkecilebis naSTebi miuTiTeben Woroxis auzSi gamavali gzis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da wers kidevac, rom ara mxolod Woroxis
marjvena sanapiroze gadioda didi mniSvnelobis gza, aramed marcxenazec da wers:
,,murRulis wylisa da xatila-sus xidebis narCenebiT Tu vimsjelebT, unda vivaraudoT, rom Zvelad Woroxis marcxena napirze arsebobda gza da masze sakmaod
gacxovelebuli vaWroba unda yofiliyo, Tuki saWiro gamxdara ori xidis aSeneba
marcxena napirze, arTvinisa da murRulis-wyals Soris. erT adgilas, SeimCneoda
kedlis narCenebi, romlebsac eyrdnobda gza kldis cicabo ferdobze. xidebisa
da kedlis aSenebis TariRi, samwuxarod, ucnobia, magram Tu imis mixedviT vimsjelebT, rom yvela xidi konstruqciiT arTvinis xidis msgavsia (es ukanaskneli
aSenebulia didi xnis winaT), unda vivaraudoT, rom es sagzao nagebobebi Zalian
Zvelia da im dros unda miekuTvnebodes, rodesac Woroxis auzSi wesrigi da
simSvide iyo, aqedan gamomdinare - TurqeTis batonobamde~ (evgeni veidenbaumi,
baTumidan arTvinamde 2005, gv. 76).
xidebis kolosaluri raodenoba mdinare Woroxsa da mis Senakadebze cxadia
mogvagonebs strabonis cnobas, rom mdinare fasisze iberiisaken mimaval gzaze 120
xidi iyo gadebuli. Cven SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom am qvis TaRovani xidebis
naSTebis didi nawili jer kidev SemorCenili iyo me-19 saukuneSi yazbegisa da
veidenbaumis dros da maTi garkveuli raodenoba dRemde arsebobs. marTlac, es
gza adioda albaT Zveli petradan anu istoriuli baTumis regionidan Woroxis
gavliT artaanSi. artaani, Semdegdroindeli ardagani, mudamJam aramxolod qarTuli,
aramed somxuri wyaroebis mixedviTac ki iberiaSi Sedioda, anu iberiis erT-erT
ZiriTad nawils warmoadgenda. Tuki Woroxis xeoba miiCneoda lazikad, maSin
cxadia lazikidan iberiaSi (artaanSi) Semavali istoriuli gza swored isaa,
romelsac yazbegi da veidenbaumi aRwerdnen da, romelsac osmaleTis mTavroba
didi danaxarjebiT afarToebda, raTa xeli Seewyo evropa-sparseTis damakavSirebeli aRniSnuli gzis mimdebare regionebis ekonomikis gamococxlebisaTvis. marTlac yazbegis aRweriT am gziT ukve sargeblobdnen ,,rusi, ingliseli da frangi
sovdagrebi~ (g. yazbegi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 108).
g. yazbegi wers - ,,arTvinis vaWrobis gamococxlebis erTaderTi saSualeba
Woroxis samdinaro gzaa. mimdinare wels am gzam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
SeiZina. meore welia, rac ingliseli vaWrebis kompaniam daiwyo yarsisa da SavSeTis puris Sesyidva da baTumSi tvirTis Woroxis gziT gagzavna. arTvinamde puris
didi nawili qurTebs gadmoaqvT jorebiTa da cxenebiT da Semdeg ki navebiT
miacureben. mimdinare 1874 wels erTi kampaniis agentma arTvinidan 44 aTasi fuTi
xorbali gagzavna. yarsidan baTumamde erTi fuTi xorblis Catana mis fasTan
erTad erTi maneTi jdeba~ (iqve, gv. 115).
veidenbaumic aRniSnavs baTum-ardaganis gziT ucxoelebis mier gaCaRebuli
vaWrobis Sesaxeb. am gzasTan dakavSirebiT is wers: ,,baTumi mTebze gadamavali
sapalne gziT dakavSirebulia qalaq ardahanTan. gzis sigrZe 191 verss Seadgens.
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igi Tavdapirvelad Woroxis marjvena napirs miuyveba mdinare imerxevis SesarTavamde, Semdeg mdinare artanuj-Cais xeobiT adis ialanusCamis uReltexilze (8442
futi zRvis donidan) - esaa qedi, romelic erTmaneTisagan hyofs mtkvrisa da
Woroxis auzebs. ialanusCamis uReltexilidan gza ardahanisaken miemarTeba.
am gzaze yuradRebis Rirsia Semdegi dasaxlebuli punqtebi:
arTvini, TurqTa batonobis periodSi mas liganes uwodebdnen. esaa mdinare
Woroxis marcxena napirze gaSenebuli patara qalaqi, baTumidan 80 versSi. aq aris
arTvinis okrugis ufrosis rezidencia... baTumsa da arTvins Soris kavSiri upiratesad mdinare Woroxze mocurave kaiukebis (brtyelZira navebis) meSveobiT
myardeba. artanuji mdebareobs artanuj-Cais (Woroxis Senakadi) marcxena napirze. amJamad umniSvnelo sofelia... ardahani sapalne gzebiT dakavSirebulia
baTumsa da yarsTan. ardahanis samxreT-dasavleTiT 99 versSi, mdebareobs olTisi.
am dasaxlebul punqtebs erTmaneTTan safosto gza akavSirebs, romelic gaivlis
zRvis donidan 7728 fut simaRleze mdebare panJureTis uReltexils (es ukanaskneli erTmaneTisagan yofs Woroxisa da mtkvris auzebs) da kanli-sus xeobiT
eSveba olTu-Cais velze. ardahan-olTisis gzaze araerTi Zveli cixesimagrisa da
eklesiis naSTia SemorCenili~ (e. veidenbaumi. baTumidan arTvinamde 2005. gv. 7986).
baTum-ardaganis gza strabonisa da prokofis mier aRwerili fasis-iberiis
SemaerTebeli gza rom unda yofiliyo iqidanac Cans, rom am gzis monakveTebze
dasturdeba im Zveli saxelebis arseboba, romlebTac aRwerdnen es avtorebi, mag.
,,maT Soris SeuZlebelia yuradReba ar mivaqcioT, rom Woroxis erT-erTi maRali
Senakadis saxeli iyo yvirila~. g. yazbegi wers: `mdinare yvirilam saxelwodeba
miiRo qarTuli sityvisagan yvirili da Seesityveba mdinaris xasiaTs, zemo welSi
ki xmauriT mieqaneba qvian fskerze, Tanac recxavs Tixovani qanebis fenebs~ (g.
yazbegi, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 75).
Cvens mecnierTa azriT, mdinaris berZnuli saxelwodeba boasi yvirilas Targmani unda yofiliyo. es yvirila SavSeTSi imerxevis Senakadia. SesaZloa erT
dros imerxevsac yvirila erqva. es mdinare Tavis mxriv imerxevis wyali berTawylis Senakadia, romelic Woroxs uerTdeba arTvinTan, arTvinis maRla, liganis
provinciasTan. SesaZloa berTawyali igive liganis xevia, moxsenebuli qarTul
wyaroebSi. CvenTvis es imiTaa saintereso, rom ligani da glavki etimologiurad
erTmaneTis msgavsia. fasisze mdebareobda sanaosno qalaqi sarapana 37500 nabijze
zRvidan, Cveni azriT, es iyo qalaqi arTvini. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, veidenbaumis
cnobiT ardahan-baTumis SemaerTebel gzaze uReltexilTan gza kanlisus xeobiT
eSveba velze. Tanamedrove rukebis mixedviT artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebel gzaze,
arsianis uReltexilTan amJamadac arseboben punqtebi, kandridi, aseve sofeli
qinZotamali da iqve qinZis cixe. SeuZlebelia kandridis, qinZotamalis, qinZiscixis da veidenbaumis mier naxsenebi kanli-sus fuZeebma etimologiurad ar mogvagonos
Zveli avtorebis mier naxsenebi skanda (skanda - qinZotamali - kandridi - qinZis
cixe - kanli-su). yvela aRniSnuli sityvebis saerTo Ziria kand. - qinZ- -kan.
orive sityvaSi saerTo Ziri, rogorc aRiniSna, aris kanda. ase, rom Cven, skanda,
sarapana da yvirila SeiZleba movZebnoT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic. Cven
SemTxvevaSi Woroxis xeobaSi. Tumca, igive msgavsi saxelebi Cven guriaSic gvxvde184
ba. mag. mdinare yvirila surebis xeobaSi, iqvea askana, xolo Sorapani ozurgeTs
erqva me-15-16 saukuneebSi. prokofis mier aRwerili lazika Cven mxolod yazbegis,
veidenbaumisa da sxva mkvlevarTa mier aRweril lazista-ligan-artanujs
mogvagonebs, Tavisi kldianobiT da masze gamavali saerTaSoriso-savaWro gzis
uamravi xidebiT.
e. veidenbaumi, iseve, rogorc g. yazbegi, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs baTum-arTvinartaan-yarsis gzis did saerTaSoriso savaWro mniSvnelobas. mag. aRniSnavs, rom
arTvinis mosaxleoba misdevda sagareo vaWrobas. ucxoeTidan SemohqondaT saqoneli
baTumis navsadgurSi, iqidan ki navebiT Woroxis gziT SehqondaT arTvinSi. Semdeg
ki ardagansa da yarsSi es saqoneli gadahqondaT satvirTo cxenebiTa da jorebiT:
,,arTvineli somxebi ZiriTadad sagareo vaWrobas misdeven, maT mohqondaT sazRvargareTidan da konstantinopolidan sxvadasxva saxis ucxouri saqoneli, baTumidan navebiT gadahqondaT arTvinSi da Semdeg sapalniT - ardaganSi, yarsSi da
sxva adgilebSi~ (e. veidenbaumi 2005. gv. 68). kerZod veidenbaumis cnobiT arTvinel
vaWrebs erTi mxriv SehqondaT artaansa da yarsSi ucxouri saqoneli, magram
samagierod iqedan ,,gamohqondaT puri da mdinare WoroxiT acurebdnen baTumSi~
(gv. 69). am faqtis gamo saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gaumjobesebis mizniT veidenbaumi
urCevda mTavrobas gaekeTebina gza TurqeTis gzatkecilidan arTvinis xidamde,
sadac iyo mdinare Woroxis navmisadgomi: ,,eWvic ki ar mepareba - werda is, rom
yarsidan baTumamde gzatkecilis saboloo gayvanis Semdegac saqonlis gadazidva
navebiT Woroxze araTu Sewydeba, piriqiT, gaizrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare gzatkecilidan mdinarisaken daRmarTis gayvana metad mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia
savaWro mimosvlis gazrdisaTvis. ra kargic ar unda iyos gzatkecili, iseTi
saqonlis miwodeba, rogoricaa xorbali, qeri da a.S. mosaxerxebeli iqneba navebiT,
vidre oTxTvalaTi. amboben, rom yarsis olqs sakmaod mniSvnelovani raodenobis
puris mocema SeuZlia. Tu undaT am produqtis gatana, gza arTvinis navsadguramde
aucilebelia, radganac QWoroxiT gadazidva gacilebiT momgebiania droisa da
miwodebis Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT~ (iqve, gv. 69).
xorblis garda arTvinidan baTumSi Woroxis samdinaro gziT navebiT gadahqondaT 30 tonamde zeTis xili (iqve, gv. 70).
Woroxis saerTaSoriso gza arTvins artaanTan aerTebda X saukuneSic, ramac
aayvava artanuji. es gza VI s-Si lazikas, anu Woroxis xeobis zRvispireTs,
iberiis (artaanis) gavliT sparseTTan aerTebda.
2. `gza qarTlisa~
basianis omis Semdeg ukandaxeul qarTul jars imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli gahyva olTisis gziT, romelic artaanis gavlis Semdeg Sevida javaxeTSi. es marSruti saukuneTa manZilze ucvleli iyo. am gzas erqva kidec Tavisi
saxeli _ `qarTlis gza~, gurji-boRazis (anu qarTlis yelis uReltexilis gavlis Semdeg gza Sedioda basianSi, aqedan taoSi) da artaanis gavliT saqarTvelos
kuTxeebSi.
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imperator basili
bulgarTmmusvrelis gza
saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is mefobis meSvide wels `gamovida basili, mefe
berZenTa... giorgi mefe ganvida spiTa didiTa winaaRdgomad missa da daibanakes
orTave qveyanasa basianisasa... moirida giorgi mefeman, movida da dawva qalaqi
olTisi da muniT movida kolas... iqmna brZola didi sofelsa, romelsa hqvian
Sirimni... mouwia laSqarman artans... warvida giorgi mefe TrialeTs, warmoudga
ukana, aswyvida qveyana javaxeTisa da gardavida TrialeTs... Seiqca basili mefe
TrialeTiT, ukumoiara javaxeTi da artani... warvida da daizamTra qveyanasa xaldiisasa, maxlobelad qalaqsa trapizonTasa~ (q.c., I, gv. 285).
maSasadame, keisris gza aseTia:
basiani-olTisi-kola-artani-javaxeTi-TrialeTi, ukan mas gamouvlia javaxeTi-artani-xaldia-trapizoni.
keisarma gaiara cnobili ZiriTadi samarSruto gziT, romelsac juanSeri
`qarTlis gzas~ uwodebs _ basiani-tao-artani-javaxeTi, ukana gza ki odnav gansxvavdeba, is ukan dabrunebisas amave gziT Sesula artaanSi, iqidan ki SavSeTis gziT
Sevidoda `xaldeaSi~ _ WaneTSi.
saepiskoposoebi
trapezunt-Teodosiopolisis anu trapizon - erzrumis gzaze
bizantiis imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan axlos mdebareobda mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri regioni, romlis ganviTarebasac imperatorebi aqcevdnen
sagangebo yuradRebas. magaliTad, imperatori iustiniane, romelmac aq, prokofi
kesarielis cnobiT, mniSvnelovani mSeneblobebi awarmoa. es regioni mdebareobda
trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da masze gadioda imperiisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani trapezunt-Teodosiopolisis anu trapizon-erzrumis SemaerTebeli
gza. es gza amJamadac erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi. masze mdebareobs qalaqi gumuSxane. Zvelad am gzispira ekonomikur regionSi
arsebobda mravali qalaqi da, Sesabamisad, mravali saepiskoposo _ konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS. somxuri dasaxelebebis mixedviT, maT erqvaT _ lerioni,
Sariani, gaili, kerCanisi, xaxi, bizana, xorZene da sxva. am gzasTan axlos iyo
pai pertis (baiberdis) da sxva saepiskoposoebi. erT dros isini qmnidnen `fasianis samitropolitos~ (radganac fasiani erqva vrcel qveyanas _ baiberdidan da
Teodosiopolisidan vidre TiTqmis manaskertamde da xlaTamde (anu mdinare
Woroxis, evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebis momcvel mxares _ isini erT regionSi
mdebare mTaTa sistemidan gamoedinebian).
am gzaze _ Tanamedrove giumiSxanesTan axlos Zvelad, adoncis cnobiT, mdebareobda ziganas cnobili saepiskoposo. imave cnobiT aqve yofila rodopolisis,
187
saisinisa da petras saepiskoposoebi. rac Seexeba fasianis samitropolitos CamoTvlil saepiskoposoebs, maTi adgilmdebareoba dadgenili da mocemulia rukaze `somexqalkedonitTa kaTedrebi~, romelic Tan erTvis statias `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ wignSi `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, t. III, gv. 328).
noticiebis anu konstantinopolis sapatriarqos kaTedrebis nusxebis mixedviT es saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen `lazikis qveyanaSi~.
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis damakavSirebeli
savaWro gza
sarapanas, skandas, fasisis da saerTod lazikis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis mniSvnelovania Zieba im savaWro saerTaSoriso gzisa, romelic erTmaneTTan
akavSirebda aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs, Cvens SemTxvevaSi bizantiasa da sparseTs.
dadgenilia, rom bizantia-sparseTis damakavSirebeli erT-erTi umTavresi gza
trapezuntidan Teodosiopolisis da dvinis gavliT uerTdeboda jer vanis tbis
mimdebare qalaqebs, Semdeg ki sparseTs da mimdebare qveynebs. am gzaTa Soris
arasodes moiazreba wyaroebSi Tanamedrove foTi surami Tbilisis gza. Sav
zRvas Tbilisi ZiriTadad ori - TrialeT-klarjeTisa da somxeT-trapezuntis
gziT ukavSirdeboda. rogorc wesi aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gza trapezuntis regionSi iwyeboda. misi erT-erTi Sualeduri savaWro qalaqebi iyo dvini, urha,
naxWevani, Tavrizi. savaWro garemos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqti iyo edesaurha. saxeldobr igi warmoadgenda qalaq dvinis xuT mTavar gzaTagan ori gzis
188
5. xidebi
`XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli xidebi (dondalo, rkoni, besleTi, artanuji da
a.S.) satransporto sistemis sakvanZo elementebs warmoadgendnen, xidebis savali
nawilis sigane 2-5 metrSi meryeobda (v. beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba,
Tb., 1974, gv. 246).
qarTuli xidebidan yvelaze ganieri besleTis xidia, romlis savali nawilis
sigane 4,7 metrs Seadgens, yvelaze viwro ki md. TeZamze rkonis xidi, savali
nawilis sigane 2,2 metria.
190
192
nawili II
Tavi IVL
lazika-klarjeTi
lazikis geografiuli aRwera
prokofis mixedviT
uzarmazari mTe-
ligan-
aRwera erTnairia.
prokofi kesarieli wers _ `l azi keSi ar sad ar aris mar ili ,
xorbleuli modis,
arc Rvino,
radganac
II,
arc
yvelaferi SemoaqvT
gv. 96).
maRla awevas axerxebs, aramed ukan ixevs da kvlav Tavis adgils ubrundeba.
is icavs Tavis kuTvnil sazRvrebs~ (georgika, II, gv. 142).
(sul sxva suraTia rionis dablobze, aq zRvis denas mTebi ver aferxebn, vake
regionia, Tveebis manZilze zRvidan uberavs qari, romelsac ukan miaqvs mdinaris
wyali, romelsac zRvis wyalic uerTdeba da itboreba uzarmazari dablobi _ e.w.
`rionis dablobi~).
193
uxvad
ise
II,
gv. 102).
e.i. fazisis orive mxares uzarmazari kldeebia. isini qmnian e.w. `klisurebs~.
klisura erqva or qeds Sua xeobas. es klisurebi ki zRvasTan axlos iyo. md.
rionis dablobSi _ quTaisidan foTamde araviTari kldeebi mdinaris sanapiroze,
miT umetes,
moxsna qalaqis alya da gaswia md. fazisze Tavisi 100 kaciani razmis dasaxmareblad.
aqedan Cans, rom md. fazisi imdenad axloa petrasTan, rom 100-kaciani razmis
dasaxmareblad petradan fazisisken TviT sardali miemgzavreba. `klisurebi~ anu
viwrobi md. fazisze axlo iyo zRvasTan da mTis mwvervalebTan da isini lazikis
omis dros erTobliobaSi qmnidnen erT-erT sabrZolo raions. aseTi viwrobebi
ki mxolod md. Woroxzea da ara rionis qvemowelze. dagisTe imperatorma daapatimra,
radganac fazisis `viwroebi~ anu kldovani klisurebi ver daicva.
prokofis fazisi aris Woroxi da ara rioni,
ambobs is,
gavlas,
persarmeniaSi,
II,
yofila. dasvenebis Semdeg `es xuTi aTasi lazi kis sazRvrebi s maxloblad
mivida da yvelani d aban akdnen md . fazisi s gaswvr iv~ (georgika,
II,
115).
iq sazrdo sruliad
lazika-Radoni
prokofi kesarielis mravalgzisi cnobiT, lazika iyo kldovan-Rrantoebiani qveyana, sadac mosavalic ki naklebmiwianobis gamo mcire iyo.
qarTul qveyanaTa Soris aseTi iyo klarjeT-SavSeTi, mimdebare regionebTan
erTad. ilia abulaZis marTebuli daskvniT msgavs mTian, qvian, napralebian da
Rreebian geografiul garemos qarTulad uwodebdnen sityvas - `Rado ni~ (i.
abulaZe, Sromebi, II, gv. 134).
geografiuli identobis Sesabamisad prokofi kesarielis lazikas Seesabameba teritoria `zRviTgan vi dre arsianamd e da xevni, romelni mosdgmanan
RadoTa~ (q.c. I,
gv. 242). mas aseve erqva `kl ar jeTi da zRvis piri klarje-
RirRlovanebis gamo.
ase aRwers g. merCule xanZTis bunebas - `xolo saTesavi yana da saTibeli
queyana raiTurT ara ar s,
SavSeTsa da
(iqve,
klarjeTisa da
kldiTa
qveyana
aaSena `aman oZrxos aRaSena orni cixe-qalaqni _ oZrxe da Tuxarisi~ (q.c. I, gv.9),
Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare klarjeTis erisTavTa rezidencia da eklesia.
klarjeTi moicavs mdinare Woroxis qvemo dinebis auzs arsianis qedidan Sav
zRvamde,
vaxuStis cnobiT,
spers,
kerZod,
moicavda
aramed
unda igulisxmebodes
klarjeTi, artaani da tao. imJamad mesxeTis erTi nawili, e.i. tao somxeTis
kontro lSi iyo moqceuli,
imJamad
gv. 131).
`dediT xosroiani,
mamiT
bagrationi~ (q.c. I, gv. 217-218). Cveni azriT, klarjeTi iyo bagrationebis samSoblo
da bagrationebi iyvnen e.w. `lazTa mefeebis~ gubazisa da waTes memkvidreebi
(legitimurad anda geneologiurad).
am guarams ewodeboda `mama bagrationTa~. guarams exmarebodnen bizantielebi.
iustine II-m (565-578) mas qarTlis mmarTveloba Caabara da kurapalatis tituli
uboZa.
klarjeTi _ bagrationebis mamuli rom iyo,
198
iqidanac Cans,
rom guaramis Ze
klarjeTs Seafara
aq
guaramis Ze,
imitom,
murvan-yru dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida (oZrxis gziT) (saq. samoTxe, 1882, gv.
234).
opizis monasteri daicala, aRsdga 750-760-ian wlebSi. 780-ian wlebSi klarjeTSi
grigol xanZTeli Cavida.
taoSi, iSxanSi saepiskoposo saydari aago qalkedonitma somexma kaTalikosma
nersem radganac VII s-Si tao moqceuli iyo qalkedonuri somxuri eklesiis
iurisdiqciaSi, rac xels uwyobda taos mkvidri qarTvelebis armenizacias.
n. maris TvalsazrisiT,
`Jitie...~,
Satberdi da sxva,
sadac kulturul-SemoqmedebiT da
literatu-
Zv. qarTuli
lit.
magram VII s.
mosaTmeni iyo garkveul dromde). magram roca 726 wels manaskertis krebaze
gaerTianda somxuri eklesia da qalkedoniti somxebi SeuerTdnen monofizitebs,
amis Semdgom taosa da klarjeTis qarTvelebma gadaigdes somxuri eklesiis
uReli, daubrundnen deda-eklesias.
aRreulni,
SecTomaTaSemcvelni~,
aramed sruliad
sandoni.
g. grigolia arkvevs rom am wyaroebs unda gamoucxadoT meti ndoba - `SeiZleba
moxdes didi cvlilebebi xalxTa politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi moispos da gaCndes axali saxelmwifoebi, dadgindes axali sazRvrebi,
`magram sruliad ucvleli rCeba geografiuli erTeulebi, mTebi, zRvebi, mdinareebi
da sxva, romelTa lokalizacia utyuari amosavalia misamarTdakarguli punqtebis
adgilmdebareobis dasadgenad~ (g. grigolia, egris-lazikis samefos saistorio
geografiis problemebi, 1994 w., gv. 31).
g. grigoliam Zvel wyaroTa mimoxilviT daadgina, rom mdinare fazisi ZiriTadad aris ara mdinare rioni,
rom prokofi
fonebis mqone,
vidre im adgilebamde,
`sadac
marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa mTavrdeba. g. grigolias
azriT saTaveebidan Woroxis kalapoti farToa da dinebac SedarebiT mdorea did
manZilze. arTvinTan ki igi eqceva viwroebSi,
aramed mdinareebs
aseve,
romlebic iq namd-
vilad qmnian viwroebs. prokofis cnobiT aseT gzas romaelebi klisurebs uwodeben.
Tavisi naSromis meore nawilSi g. grigolia saubrobs qalaqebis pitiapitiuntis, arqeopolisis, sebastopolisisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. axsenebs prokofis
cnobas, rom `afsaru~ mdebareobda aTinasTan, xolo afsarus (afsarosis?) gverdiT
arqabi mdebareobda. arqabi dResac ewodeba punqts rizesTan. prokofi axsenebs
kidec rizes, `trapezuntelTa sazRvrebi vrceldeba daba susarmenamde da rizemde,
romelic ori dRis sazRvao gziTaa daSorebuli trapezunts... rizes mosdevs
miwa-wyali erTi xalxisa, romlebic romaelebsa da lazebs Soris mosaxleoben.
iq mdebareobs aTina, arqabe da afsaru (sami dRis gziTaa daSorebuli rizes), is
Zvelad afsurtad iwodeboda~ (georgika, II, gv. 121-123, iqve, gv. 58).
g. grigolia eTanxmeba p. ingoroyvas, rom piTia-pitiunti romelsac xSirad
moixsenieben berZen-romaeli avtorebi,
grigolia, egris-lazikis samefo. gv. 89). xolo petra erqva ara cixisZirs, aramed
xofas (xufaTs). eTanxmeba ptolemaoss,
faziss (Woroxs) Sua (iqve, gv. 96), amave azrisa iyo p. ingoroyvac (iqve, gv. 96).
202
aramed trapezuntTan.
maT
xofasTan. g.
saukunis Zegli,
mdebareobdnen zigana,
xaZana,
siluana,
moxora da aviZa,
xolo trapezuntis
TviT prokofis
lazikis sxva,
mWidrod dasaxlebul
kerasunti,
polemonioni,
mdebareobs Cveni lazike, sadac aris qalaqi petra, romelic Cven vaqcieT
qalaqad da davarqviT Cveni saxeli - iustiniane~ (georgika II,
`Cveni lazike~ mdebareobda pitiunt-sebastopolisis Semdeg, jer aris sebastopolisi da Semdeg lazika, prokofis mixedviT ki sebastopolis - pitiunti
lazikaSia (g. grigolia, dasax. naSr. gv. 30) -fazisTan axlos.
cixe-simagre petra - bizantiis imperiis CrdiloeTis kari yofila (iqve, gv.
25), mdebareobda saSinel kldovan-qarafovan adgilas, romelsac kargad aRwers
g. grigolia prokofi kesarielze dayrdnobiT. amitomac miiCnevs, rom petra ar
aris cixisZiri, misi azriT, rogorc iTqva, petra xofaa - Zveli xufaTia, romlis
204
romelmac petras
`Cveni lazika~ albaT ase unda gavigoT, rom arsebobda `Cveni~ e.i. bizantiuri
lazika da `araCveni~ e.i. arabizantiuri lazika. trapezuntis mxareebi,
kolxeTad miCneuli,
iqamde
magram mis
CrdiloeTiT e.i. Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare kolxeTi anu lazika, romelic bizantielTa xeldebuli gaxda, jer kidev ar iyo pontos nawili, Tumca ukve bizantielTa
xeldebuli iyo da amitomac miaCndaT Tavisad anu is iyo `Cveni~ lazika, romelsac petras cixe-simagris saSualebiT akontrolebdnen. petra - gadaiqca ori
imperiis sparseTisa da bizantiis sadavo qalaqad. mis mpyrobels ara mxolod
lazikis marTva SeeZlo,
l a z i ka , so m x ur i
ge o g r a f i i T - l az i v i , i s
t r ap e z un t s a
da
arzrums(Teodosuopols) Sua mdebareobda da is erT-EerT bizantiur provinciaSi Sedioda, amitomac misi Zveli saxeli miviwyebuli iyo.
garda strategiuli mdebareobisa, petra unda yofiliyo savaWro gzis Camketic,
ara ubralo, aramed saerTaSoriso gzisa. is akontrolebda `Cven lazikas~, romlis
aTvisebis Semdeg `araCveni lazikis~ dapyrobis droc unda damdgariyo, es Cans
marTlac ase moxda bizantielebis svanebSi laSqrobaTa dros.
g. grigolias daskvni T petras omebi imarTeboda ara yvirila-rionis, aramed Woroxis xeobaSi, xufaTTan (g. grigolia, dasax. naSr. gv. 56). `Cven
lazikaSi~ Sedioda mesxeTis erTi nawilic - istoriuli klarjeTi.
strabonis cnobiT mesxebis miwa-wyali samad iyo gayofili. erTi nawili
iberielebs ekuTvnodaT, meore lazebs, mesame ki somxebs. mesxeTis miwa-wylad
unda vigulisxmoT istoriuli mesxeTi- samcxe, kola-artaani, klarjeT-SavSeTi
da tao-basiani. marTlac,
romelic
grigolia wers - `am bunebrivi zRudis erT TavSi aTina da rize mdebareobs,
meore nawilis Camketi ki Tanamedrove patara savaWro qalaqi da navsadguri
xofaa,
maval rogorc saxmeleTo, ise sazRvao gzaze. garda amisa, xofa umoklesi gziT
ukavSirdeba Woroxis xeobas sof. forCxasTan. Woroxis zemo welidan mimavali
gza arTvinTan iyofa orad, erTi Woroxis gayolebiT miemarTeba yarsi, ardagani
da somxeTisaken, xolo meore imerxeviT, yvirilas xeobiT da arsianis uReltexiliT gadadis focxovis xeobaSi, saidanac axalcixe, axalqalaqi, walkamanglisis gziT Cadis TbilisSi. am gziT waiyvanes lazebma mefe xosro-anuSirvani petras winaaRmdeg. rogorc prokofis cnobidan vgebulobT,
spar-
selebma gadalaxes boasi (Cveni gagebiT, Woroxis zemo weli) `...da ise mividnen
petraSi, rom fasisi marjvniv hqondaT. TiTqos imitom, rom maT (lazebma - g.
g.) winaswar ganWvrites, raTa mdinare fazisis gadasasvlelad arc dro da arc
Sroma dasWirdebodaT meti, xolo namdvilad imitom, rom ar surdaT sparselebisaTvis eCvenebinaT TavianTi sabinadroebi~. wers g. grigolia da agrZelebs rogorc Cans,
rameTu spaTa
daxuden paemansa,
raTa klarjeTs
ferxdeboda masze xalxTa didi masebis moZraoba. aseTia igi ganviTarebul Sua
saukuneebSi da aseTive unda yofiliyo ufro adrec, prokofis drosac. am gzis
erT boloSi mdebareobs xofa,
sof.
cxums ara 90 km-iT aramed samjer meti manZiliTaa 165 km daSorebuli! - wers
g. grigolia.
e.i. varcixis gansazRvreba ar aswo ri a - aqedan gamosavals i. manandiani
xedavs imiT, rom emxroba prof. eremianis azrs (ki pertze dayrdnobiT) _ `q.
fasisi traianes droidan (98-117) sebastopolisad iwodeba~ - gv. 107.
fasi si - sebasto po li si a (eremiani) (iqve,
207
gv. 107)
ro m gzas
gver d i aevl o d ed aqal aqi saTvi s da kasto r i uss i gi gamo r Cen o d a~ (i qve,
gv. 108).
gv. 109).
gv. 113).
sasazRvro xazi - trapezunti, pi Ti a, isulmeni, kenie, parambole, sebastopo li si da sxva~ (iqve, gv.120).
Tu piTia biWvinTaa, xolo sebastopolisi-cxumi (rogorc amJamad miiCneva)
- maSin isini (biWvinTa da soxumi) armeniaSi yofilan moqceulni am wyaros
mixedviT.
g. grigolia ar eTanxmeba s. yauxCiSvilis mier Camoyalibebul Tvalsazriss,
rom magaliTad zigana iyo - gudayva,
piTia - biWvinTa,
sebastopolisi da
a Ra r
s am xe dr o-strateg iu l
iq,
punq ts
l or Tqi fani Ze
gr i gol i a
saerTod sxvaa
no tatia-s piTia d a
gv. 122).
eTan xm eba
n.
adoncs,
rom
no t i c i as
zi gan a
xolo moxora - ziganas aRmosavleTiT mdebare sofelia dResac (iqve, gv. 122,
n. adonc, A`armenia...~ gv. 100).
g. grigolias azriT -zigana da moxora istoriul WaneTSia (iqve, gv. 122 da
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi).
208
ofis navsadgurs unda emTxveodes (`egr is-l aziki s samefos sai stor io
geografi is pro bl emebi~. gv. 122. (p. ingoroyva,
g. merCule,
gv. 253).
`am varaudis siswores mxars ubams IV s. avtoris amiane mar celi nes
cnoba: tr apezun ti s gverd iT ar sebo bs saxelo vani q. pitiunti~ - (`egr islazi ki s samefo s sai stor io geo gr afi is pro bl emebi~. iqve,
gv. 123).
maSasadame am pitiuntidan iyvnen miwveulni episkoposebi I msoflio krebaze da ara afxazeTidan, biW vi nTis saeklesi o si di ad e mxo lo d qarTul
ekl esi asTanaa d akavSi r ebuli da ar a berZ n ul Tan .
g. grigolias daskvna aseTia: _ `amrigad,
armeniis samTavarsardloSi
trapi zo nsa da
satalas So ris. danarCen i xuTi - tr api zo ni , h isi s navsad guri (sur mene),
pi Ti a (pitiusi),
xaZana,
siluana,
moxora da avaZa,
piTia (pitiusi),
kene parambole
g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT somxeTsa da lazikas Sua arsebuli umoklesi gza somxeTidan Sedioda varcixeSi,
Cveni azriT ki,
xolo
lazika ki ewodeboda
ukandabTu ra
armeniis gziT
saerTo
rom kolxeTs
magram,
Tu ki sanapiro iyo
gansakuTrebuli navsadguri. TavianTi eqspediciebis dros dasavl eT saqarTveloSi bizantielebi da osmalebi sagangebo navsadgurebs arc ki iyenebdnen, aseve kazakebic. aRniSnulis gamo, priske panionelis cnoba ise unda
gavigoT,
rom am teri-
Tumca orives
ptol emai o sis mixedviT ko l xeTi mdebar eobd a kabad o kii s Semd eg,
mi sgan Cr d i lo eTi T,
saukuneSi r o mi s i mper i am
lazi kas
xufaTi d Revan deli xofaa, maSasad ame aq gadi od a sazRvar i lazi kasa
da bizan ti as Sor is. am dros lazikas gamoeyo svaneTi (iqve, gv.138).
g. grigolias TvalsazrisiT swored xufaTSi auSenebiaT bi zantielebs
(VI-saukun eSi )
q. petr a.
artaani iberiaSi
qveyana anu xevi artaanisa mdebareobda javaxeTis samxreTiT. mas erqva `artahanic~, amJamad TurqeTSia da dasavleTiT arsianis qedi sazRvravs. artaanis qveynis
Sua nawilSi gaedineba md. mtkvari, romelzec mdebareobda qalaqi, aseve `artaanis~
saxelis mqone. qalaqi artaani, anu `artaanis qalaqi~, cnobili iyo ptolemaiosis
mier, amitomac moixseniebs ase _ `iberiis qalaqi artanisa~. artaanSi iyo `sofeli
mglivani~ (sumbat daviTis Zis cxovreba da uwyeba), artaanis qveyanas samxreTidan
kola esazRvreboda, romelSic mtkvars aqvs saTave.
artaani cno bili iyo imiT,
sadac `gardavals gza artanujs~ (vaxuSti). artaanze gadioda aseve bizan ti id an (d a aseve persar men ii dan,
r o me l i c
xolo sparseT-
211
bizantiis
tao, speri,
xelmwifeoba~?).
ras niSnavda `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli,
is niSnavda memkvidereobas
ojaxi
tituli unda
grigolis cxovrebaSi
moxazulia areali, sadac iqadaga wmida grigolma taodan _ kaspiis karamde, aseve,
movses xorenacis mier moxazulia wmida ninos qadagebis areali _ klarjeTidan
212
masquTebamde,
areali, anu taodan igive masquTeTamde, anu kaspiis karamde _ grigolis arealia.
ase rom, gansazRvruli samwyso qarTuli eklesiisa _ CvenTvis amJamad sainteresoa, rom klarjeTis CrdiloeTiT an Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare mxare, dasavleT
saqarTvelo visi moqmedebis arealSia, wm. ninosi Tu wmida grigolisa. am sqemis
mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelo ar SeiZleba iyos wm. grigolis moqmedebis arealSi,
radgan is mdebareobs klarjeTis CrdiloeTiT (Crdilo-dasavleTiT),
e.i. is
maSasadame,
anu dasavleT
xorenacis cnobiT,
saxelis mixedviT misi STamomavlebi bagratunebad unda wodebuliyvnen... valarSakma erisTavad, aTaseulTa da bevreulTa mTavrad daniSna igi dasavleT nawilSi,
somxeTis
istoria, 1984, gv. 102). igulisxmeba speri. a. abdalaZis komentariT, xorenaci spers
somxur provinciad miiCnevda. `saqme isaa, rom qarTuli modgmis tomiT dasaxlebuli es mxare saukuneebis manZilze politikurad dakavSirebuli iyo
somxeTTan~ (iqve, gv. 261).
amis Semdeg valarSaki Tavisi jariT gaemarTa xaltiqis, anu qaldeas, anu
WaneTis sazRvrebisaken. amis mizezi iyo is, rom speris iqiT mdebare WaneTi da
misi mezobeli mxareebi,
saxelmwifosTan~ (iqve,
`lazika, ponto, frigia da maJaqi~ (iqve, gv. 102), ori jari erTmaneTs Seejaxa,
sadac somxebma gaimarjves. aRniSnuli mxareebi somexTa mefis mbrZaneblobis qveS
moeqcnen. xorenaci wers _ `saqmis amgvarad daboloebis Semdeg somexTa mefem
moawesriga maJaqis, pontoelTa da egerelTa mxareebi. mere mibrunda igi CrdiloeTSi,
parxalis mTebis ferdobebisaken,
`adgilebSi,
taoSi (iqve,
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos noticiebi. lazikis eparqiaSi Sedioda lerionisa da pai pertis (baiberdis) eparqiebi.
unda davaskvnaT, rom m. xorenaci icnobda lazikas da mis mdebareobas gansazRvravda speris mimdebare trapezuntis momijnave mxares da ara dasavleT
saqarTveloSi. es cnoba imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom amJamad aRiarebuli saistorio
TvalsazrisiT VIII saukunemde lazika ar erqva trapezuntis momijnave mxares,
aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos da TiTqosda wyaroebi ar aCvenebs lazikis mdebareobas VIII s.-mde trapezuntTan. maT am mxriv, vfiqrob, xorenaci ara aqvT
Seswavlili.
maSasadame, xorenacis mixedviT, lazika VIII s.-mdec, V da wina saukuneebSi
trapezun tis mxares mdebareobda.
214
aRwera vaxuStim.
e. veidenbaumi prokofis msgavsad aRwers aRniSnuli regionis kldovan miwawyalsa da zogierT adgilas gadaSlil mSvenier baRebs. mag. is wers: - murRulis
wylis xeoba SesarTavTan farToa da aris vaSlis baRebiT ganTqmuli adgilebi,
Tesen xorbals (e. veidenbaumi baTumidan arTvinamde, gv. 62). msgavs noyier miwawyals is aRwers arTvinTanac. magaliTad `terasebze gaSenebulia baRebi da
zeTis xilis nargavebia~ (iqve, gv. 66).
g. yazbegis aRweriT ki artanujis xeobis kldovanebasTan SedarebiT SavSeTSi
soflis meurneobac ki aris ganviTarebuli,
xorblis mosavali ukve aRebulia da mindvrebSi axali simindi iTeseba. sam TveSi
axali samkali iqneba. sofel opizamde Cveni gza 3,5 saaTs grZeldeba,
pirveli saaTi cxeniT,
aqedan
Cven ki viwro
romelic
ajejilebulia; maSin,
meoreSi ukve
Wvavsa da xorbals
mosavlianobis mxriv uvenaxeobis gamo g. yazbegis mier aRwerili SavSeTis cixisZiri emsgavseba prokofis mier aRweril sarapanas. qeris da Wvavis naTesebiTac,
miTumetes, rom am cixisZirTan axlos gadioda artanuj-artaanis SemaerTebeli
gza,
romlebsac etilologiurad
ori lazika
bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris sazRvari istoriulad gadioda xufaTTan
(xofTan),
eobda `Zveli
lazika~Zvels
is mdebareobda Ziri-
lazikis vaWroba.
klarjeTis zRvis pirs~ iberiis nawils, magram radganac iberia sparseTma dai pyro,
sparseTs miaCnda,
sparseTsa da bizantias Soris. axali lazikis gziT TviT Sahma xosrom ineba Sav
zRvamde misvla. es gza dvinidan Sedioda artaanSi anu iberiaSi, romelic Woroxis
xeobas /petras/ arsianis qediT uerTdeboda.
artaanidan gza Sedioda Semdegdroindel artanujSi, iqedan ki arTvinSi da
Woroxis anu fasisis gavliT Sedioda petraSi. klarjeTi bizantiam miitaca da is
seiyvana Tavis administraciul olq-lazikaSi, magram misi mezobeli artaani kvlav
iberiad iwodeboda, anu iberia-lazikis SemaerTebeli saerTaSoriso gza gadioda
ara lixis, aramed arsianis mTaze.
SemdgomSic am gzaze mdebare artanuji (X saukunisaTvis) did saerTaSoriso
savaWro centrad iTvleboda. artanujis qveyanas konstantine porfirogenetis sityvebiT ewodeboda `arzes qveyana~.
fuZe unda iyos,
romlisganac sityva
lazika~.
aRsaniSnavi a, rom lazebs uwodebd nen ara mxolod zRvispireTis mcxovrebT, ar amed mTiani r egionis, ar zr umis mcxovrebTac. `arz-laz~ aseve
erTi fuZea. maSasadame l azi ka Z vel Tagan ve
sp i reTs
t r a pi z o n i s m x a r e s ,
er qva ,
ar am xo l o d z Rvi -
a r a m e d m T i a n r a i o n s ac g u n u S xa n e -
ar zrums.
217
ratom `qaldea~?
WaneTs anu Semdegdroindel lazistans Zvel berZnul mwerlobaSi erqva
`qaldea~. es saxeli cocxali iyo mkvidrTa Sorisac, amJamad lazebis erTi mcire
jgufi Tavis Tavs `qaldebs~ uwodebs. ras niSnavs sityva `qaldea~ da ratom unda
wodeboda es saxeli istoriul WaneTs.
qaldea,
qristeSobamde mravali
mtki cebiT qal deas mezo bl ad mcxo vr ebi iberebi pal esti ni d an iyvnen
gadmosaxlebulebi. maSasadame qarTvelebis samxreTidan gadmosaxlebis Teorias
berZnuli istoriografia X saukuneSic icnobda. saxeli `qaldu~ JRerda qarTvelTa
TviTsaxelwodebaSi - `qarTu-eli~ da aseve wan-lazebsac es saxeli qaldebi
erqvaT. es saxeli cnobili da mSobliuri iyo im frigielebisa da keltebisaTvisac,
romelnic mcire aziaSi damkvidrdnen qristeSobamde VIII-III saukuneebSi. maTSi es
saxeli ufro ase JRerda - gorde,
gardu,
cxadia,
ufro samecniero
basianis,
vaspurakanis
WaneTi (sisilisi/saisini/zigana)
dvinSi (erTerT umTavres qalaqSi), dasva Tavisi marzpani). `Wanebis tomi emezobleba
somxebs, maT miwazea adgili, sadac iustinianem aaSena axladmoqceuli WanebisaTvis
pirveli eklesia. aqedan iwyeba romaelTa, persarmenielTa da TviT Wanebis sazRvrebi.
aqve iyo iustinianes mier agebuli pirveli cixe-simagre, misgan ori dRis gzazea
sofeli xarti,
Semdeg zagonas mTebis kalTebia, sadac Wanebi saqonels aZovebdnen, mTis ZirSia
sofeli kena _ vake adgilze da misgan marcxniv cixe-simagre sisilisia, aSenebulia
longinis xevTan (romaeli sardali longini aq gaCerebula), aq auSenebia iustinianes
simagre burgi _ sisilisidan erTi dRis gzaze.
Semdeg aris koksiloni Wanebis simagreebi.
Wanebis miwis Semdeg aris qalaqi trapezunti, misi sazRvrebi midis susarmenamde da rizemde (ori dRis gzaze). misgan aRmosavleTiT WanTa mTebia,
iqiTac somxebi cxovroben,
romlis
mdinare boasi.
Wanebis razmi, romelic monawileobda 550 wlis petras alyaSi, ukan dabrunda
zRvispira gziT rizes gavliT, saidanac aTinasa da trapezuntis gavliT samSobloSi dabrunda.
rizes Semdeg cxovrobda lazTa tomi (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi,
1908, gv. 65). Woroxze, WanikeSi, saidanac gamodis istoriuli md. boasi, mdebareobs
istoriuli qalaqi baiberdi da aseve satala,
nielebs miakuTvnebs.
satalasa da baiberdis maRla zRvis paralelurad miemarTeba grZeli qedi,
Zvelad mas erqva parxali anu pariadres qedi (amJamad lazistanis qedi). Wanuri
sofeli xarta baibertis maRlaa, Woroxis marcxena Senakadze. aqedan Cans, rom
lazebi da Wanebi sxvadasxva tomi iyo. lazebi rizes Semdeg cxovrobdnen.
n.
220
qaldea _ qarTea
n. adonci wers _ `Wanika anu qaldea, qveyana Wanebisa anu qaldebisa, iyo mTiani
olqi, warmoqmnili parxalis mTebisa, Woroxisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolisagan trapezuntamde, Woroxis velze Wanika esazRvreboda taos olqsa da sparsul samflobeloebs, Semdeg gugarenas kantons, klarjeTsa da artanujis mdinares, Semdeg ki md.
Woroxi Sedis egrSi, anu egeriaSi, rogorc aRgviwers `somxuri geografia~ (n. adonci,
somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 26).
n. adoncis mier naxsenebi tuxarisis cixe albaT Tuxarisia. is erT-erTi
sasazRvro wertili yofila Wanikisa.
WaneTs meore saxeli qaldea erqva. qaldea _ Zveli saxelia, naxsenebi wmida
werilSi, SuamdinareTsa da araratis qveyanaSi mdebareobda qristeSobamde mravali
saukuniT adre, magram WaneTis qaldeas saxeli mas ar ukavSirdeba.
safiqrebelia,
albaT,
Wanebis
gogarena, aseve
Wanebi
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, Wanebi adre sanebad iwodebodnen. isini mraval
tomad iyofodnen III-VI saukuneebSi,
tinianes dros, WaneTi am dros dai pyro armeniis magistrma Witam, daiwyes gaqristianeba. saxelwodeba Wani Semdeg Seicvala laziT. WaneTi Semdgom, Wanuri tomebis aqtivobis Sedegad, ewoda axlandel arTvinis, rizesa da trapizonis vilaieTebs.
WaneTs berZnul wyaroSi aseve ewodeba Tianike.
XIII saukunidan Sedioda trapizonis imperiaSi.
XIVs-dan WaneTis aRmosavleT nawili samcxis samTavros SemadgenlobaSia.
1461 wlidan 1547 wlamde osmalebma dai pyres. 1878 wels TurqeTma daTmo aRmosavleT WaneTis nawili, romelic Sevida ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
(axlandeli sarfis aRmosavleTi regioni).
Termodontidan fazisamde,
rukebzecaa
aRiniSnuli,
rom
evfratis saTa-
bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi, fiqroben, rom im droisTvis bizana da xorZenac xaldiaSi Sedioda. xaldiasa da mesopotamiis Temebs esazRvreboda kolonias Temi.
masSi, Cans, im droisaTvis Sedioda lerioni, Sariani, gaili da kerCanisi. xolo
pai perti, anu baiberdi, Cans, xaldeas TemSi Sedioda.
iqamde,
saukuneebiT adre,
aRniSnuli Temebi
radganac
es Temi
md i n ar ee bi T _ `f az i s eb i T ~ i y o Se mo w e r i l i ,
centralur qalaqsac rqmevia,
yofila. kidev ufro adre,
maSasadame,
IV s. bolos,
222
kerZod
erTad cxovrobdnen
provincia armeniakoni
ki
mdebareobda
dasaxleba kena, okena (o _ prefiqsia, qarTuli sa-s fardi), e.i. okena-kenebis anu
okeniti Wanebis sacxovrisi. okenis dasavleTiT punqti sisilisi
ziziola). ziziola _ nikopil _ satilas gzazea,
(sisilisi _
isSi idga.
sisilisidan erTi dRis gzaze mdebareobda burgi _ longinos adgilTan
axlos,
Wanebis saxeli Semoinaxa janikma. aqedan gandevnili Wanebi SemdegSi cxovrobdnen md. xarSutTan. ardasis CrdiloeTiT Zevs zigana, romelic mniSvnelovani punqti iyo _ lazikis xuTi episkoposidan erTerTis rezidencia. eklesiurad Wanika lazikas ekuTvnoda,
s-
imperatorTa
klarjeTi anu
lazika
romlis
erTi iyo
aRniSnuli guaram I-is STamomavlebi. SemdgomSi mir datis Zeebi uSvilo bis
gamo amowydnen. am mizezis gamo sagvareulo saxeli `mirdatovanebi~ ewodaT
guaramis STamomavlebs. mis SviliSvils erqva aseve saxeli guarami (maSasadame
is iyo zemoT aRniSnuli vaxtang gorgaslis Zis mirdatis dis Svilis bagratis
vaJi). vaxuSti wers,
romlis
Tavdapirveli
Cans,
lazikis mefeebTan.
Tu,
rasakvirvelia,
klarjeTsa da
lazikas gavaigivebT.
qarTuli wyaroebis dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT, vaxtang gorgaslis siWabukisas,
misi mefobis pirvel aTeul wlebSi klarjeTi (anu lazika) miitaces berZnebma,
marTlac, berZnuli wyaroebi ixsenieben lazikas im momentTan dakavSireT, rom 456
wels romaelebma, e.i. bizantielebma `daiwyes omi lazebTan~ (,
, . II, 2 . 347).
qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, berZnebma V saukunis aRniSnul periodSi marTlac miitaces klarjeTi, radganac, Cveni azriT, qarTuli wyaroebis klarjeTi
igivea,
lazeTi,
ara mimsgavseba saxelebisa `gubazi~ da `guarami~- es sakiTxavia. sagvareulo saxelebi gubazi da guarami werisas (mTavruli aso-niSnebiT) erTmaneTs emsgavseba.
kolxeTis anu lazeTis mefe gubaz I iZulebuli gamxdara daxmareba eTxova
parTiis mefisaTvis, romelmac es ver SeZlo. gubazi kvlav iZulebuli gamxdara
bizantielebTan elCebi gaegzavna. am dros lazikis samefo taxtze ori mefe mjdara,
TviTon gubazi
gubazi male ukan gamoistumres (am leon I-is dros, Cans, aSenebula samSvildis
sioni), xolo misi Ze lazikis taxtze auyvania bizantiis imperators.
gubaz I klarjeTis suvereni mmarTveli rom ar yofila (omis dawyebamdec),
iqidan Cans, rom bizantielebi mas karnaxoben, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo kanonebi
misi qveynis SigniT.
omis Semdgom bizantiaSi Casuli lazikis mefe arwmunebda saimperatoro kars,
romQis WeSmariti qristiani iyo, raTa kidev erTi mizezi ar mieca bizantielebisaTvis lazikis asaoxreblad.
marTlac,
klarjeTSi
450-ian wlebSi lazika ukve Zveli qristianuli qveyana iyo, aq, e.i.
sityviT,
saerTod,
trapezuntis
lazikas
sofelsa Sina
Cans,
omi Tavisufal
lazebTan arc ise advili aRmoCnda, amitomac bizantia wasula daTmobaze da molaparakeba dauwyia gubaz I-Tan, raTa dadgeniliyo sazRvari dapyrobil da daupyrobel
lazikas Soris,
leonsa da gubaz mefes Soris. m. berZniSvili wers _ `daniel mesvetis cxovreba~ axal
Strixebs hmatebs kolxeT-bizantiis urTierTobas. aq Cven Semdegs vkiTxulobT _
`aqunda orTave amaT mefeTa sauravi raime qveyanaTa dawynarebisaTvis da zRvarTa
ganyofisa: sadamdis ars saberZneTisa anu megrelTaTa, afxazeTis samefoisa... dadves
sazRvar cixe xufaTi da aRuTqves urTierTas mSvidoba da siyvaruli amisiTa (daniel
mesvetis) sityviTa~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fasisis istoriisTvis, gv. 82).
226
gubazi
didTa sakvirvelTa
xilvad Rirs myav me, mona Seni da maCvene, romel ara sada menaxa qveyanasa zeda~ (iqve,
gv. 83).
ase rom, xufaTi imJamad gadaiqca sazRvrad Tavisufal da bizantiur lazikas
Soris, xufaTis qvemoT trapezuntisaken iyo ukve imperiis mier aTvisebuli lazika,
xolo mis zemoT Woroxis SesarTavisaken Tavisufali lazika. xufaTi gadaqceula
saqarTvelo-bizantiis sazRvrad. is WaneTis arqabes CrdiloeTiT,
zRvispiras
2005 we ls g amom ceml oba artan ujma mzi s Suqze gamo itana xel ovne baTm codn e daviT
227
esaa
Semdegi:
d. xoStaria faqtobrivad eTanxmeba n. mars, klarjeTSi somxuri mosaxleobis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb (Tumca aseTi Tvalsazrisi uaryo p. ingoroyvam). d. xoStaria
miiCnevs,
misgan gansxvavebiT,
d.
pouloben somxur nakvalevs. Tavis wyarod d. xoStaria asaxelebs prokofi kesariels (d. xoStaria -klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi,
sinamdvileSi is cdeba.
prokofi kesariels araferi uweria klarjeTSi somxuri mosaxleobis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb. d. xoStaria, ise, rogorc sxva zogierTi mkvlevari, arasworad aanalizeben prokofi kesarielis cnobebs. Tumca iqve aRniSnaven,
maincadamainc kargad arc esmiT prokofis cnobebi, kerZod,
`und a i Tqvas,
rom maT
d. xoStaria wers:
romelic
iberiis sazRvramde,
bizantiis qveSevrdomi
II,
1965,
gv. 123-125),
(d.
aramed klarjeTis
magaliTad,
safiqrebelia,
ar uweria.
d. xoStaria prokofis vergagebis Sedegad mainc mivida daskvnamde, TiTqosda
arsebobda aseTi mosaxleoba _ `klarjeTis somxoba~ da wers: _ `ueWvelia, V-VI
ss-Si intensiurad mimdinareobda klarjeTis somxobi s mkvidr mosaxleobasTan daaxloebis procesi~ _ d. xoStarias es azri arafers eyrdnoba. is
ganagrZobs: `mcirericxovanma somxebma ki ar gaasomxes klarjeTis mTeli
qarTveluri mosaxleoba, aramed Tavad ganicades misi eTnokulturuli gavlena~
(d. xoStaria, gv. 22).
maSasadame, misi azriT, klarjeTSi moxda somxebis gaqarTveleba.
oh, es tkbili `qarTizacia _ gaqarTvelebis ~rusul-komunisturi Teoria! qarTveli mecnierebi Tavs ver ixsnian da ver gamodian niko maris
SemuSavebuli sqemebidan. d. xoStarias somxebis `gaqarTvelebis~ (oRond VVI ss-Si) Teoria prokofis cudad gagebis Sedegia.
d. xoStaria sabolood akeTebs aseT grandiozul daskvnas: `n. maris mosazreba,
TiTqos klarjeTis somxo bis qarTizacia mxolod VIII saukunis SuaxanebSi
daiwyo da lamis XI saukunemde gagrZelda, aSkarad mcdaria. sinamdvileSi, es
procesi daiwyo Zalian adre da arsebiTad dasrulda ukve VII s. bolos.
ra Tqma unda, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom calkeul soflebSi Tu TemebSi
somxebs amis Semdgomac karga xans SeenarCunebinaT eTnikuri warmomavlobis
mimaniSnebeli elementebi (Tundac sasaubro ena),
sxvebi miiCnevdnen maT ucxo tomad,
oRond TavianTi
miaCniaT.
Tavi V
(dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio
iurisdiqciisaTvis)
sarapana da skanda
sad mdebareobda straboniseuli sarapana (Sorapani)
sarapanas adgilmdebareobis garkvevas upirvelesi mniSvneloba saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis gamorkvevisaTvis.
XX s. 20-30-iani wlebis Semdeg qarTul istoriografiaSi Camoyalibda
Tvalsazrisi,
Sorapani,
aseve saeklesio
sinamdvileSi mdebareobda
Woroxis xeobaSi, xolo skanda iyo arsianis qedis uReltexil kan dridTan
mdebare cixesimagre (misgan arc Tu daSorebiT mdebareobs mTa `kan dili~).
prokofi kesarielis sar apan a d a skand a gan lagebul i i yvn en i seT
maRalmTian adgil ebSi ,
mosaval i
modio da.
230
venaxis plantaciebia, yvela aqaur mosaxles aqvs ezoSi vazi da xexili, aq modis
yvelanairi mosavali. sabWoTa epoqaSi, enciklopediis mixedviT, SorapanSi iyo
mevenaxeobis kolmeurneoba, xolo, rac Seexeba skandas, is miCneul iqna Terjolis
sofel skanded. skande,
170 metr simaRlezea. esaa vake ad gili . aqac yovel gvar i mo savali mod i s.
prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, `sarapanisi da misi mezobeli skandis cixesimagre lazebma didi gaWirvebiT aaSenes~ (omi goTebTan, VIII, 13). maSasadame,
sarapanisi da skanda erTmaneTTan axlos mdebareoben,
iyvnen,
magram,
rogorc viciT,
urTierTmezoblebi
mesimi nd eo ba,
vfiqrob,
aris am atlasis
imdenad
Sesabamisad iq arc
meoreni ki maRalmTis
yvelgan SesaniSnavad xarobs venaxi, amis TvaliT naxva advili SesaZlebelia, miT
umetes TiTqmis vakeze,
aq Tu daTesav
xorbalic mova da sxva nebismieri kultura. prokofi aseT sarapanas ar aRwers. misi
sarapana mkacri kldovani masivebis qveyanaa, aseTi ki klarjeTia, rogorc iTqva,
qarTveli sasuliero mamebis aRweriT nakleb mosavliani,
magram wyaluxvi da
aseve,
mimdebare
qts,
TavSesafars,
maSin
ispani -
radganac am periodSi,
g. grigolias azriT
sarapanebi
darios I-is dros mowesrigda gzebi, sadac `mefis SikrikebisaTvis yovel 30 kmSi specialuri safosto sadgurebi daidga~ (darCiaSvili)
am `safosto sadgurebs~ _ CvenSi moixsenebdnen sparsuli sityviT- `sarapana~Sorapani.
sparseTis imperiis gzebze sarapanebi (Sorapanebi) unda mdgariyvnen yovel 30
km-Si. aRsaniSnavia, rom sigrZis sazomi erTeuli `erTi dRis gza~ udrida 20-30
kilometrs, maSasadame yoveli erTi dRis gzis gavlis Semdeg mgzavrs daxvdeboda
sastumros msgavsi TavSesafari anu `sarapana~.
amJamindeli suram-baTumis gzaze istoriulad unda yofiliyo ramdenime `sa233
mTis ZirSi,
ars
meored _ `sa-
pr okofi.
strabonisa da prokofi kesarielis `sarapana~ (Sorapani) aRniSnulis gamo, ar
unda daukavSirdes erTmniSvnelovnad zestafonis axlos mdebare punqts Sorapans.
garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia pliniusis cnoba, rom afsarosTan axlos _
`aqve mTebs iqiT aris iberia~. amitomac lazikidan iberiaSi gadasasvleli, romelic
gadioda cixe-simagre sarapan-Sorapanze, SesaZloa iyos afsarosTan axlos mdebare
klarjeT artaans Soris mdebare arsianis qedi (olqi iberiaSi Semavali) da ara
afsarosidan Zalze daSorebuli zestafonis Sorapani.
234
straboni (XI,
II,
armeniaSia is
sarapanamde - simagremde,
romelsac SeuZlia
erTi
Seesabameba.
4). is wers iberiaSi aris oTxi Sesasvleli - `erTi aris kolxur cixe-
romlebzedac fazisi
romelzedac 120
xmaura~, rom iqve e.i. SorapanTan axlo-maxlo masze 120 xidia gadebuli, radganac
`es adgilebi sul daxrulia mravali nakadulebiT~ (iqve,
gv. 128).
ara,
anda
yvirila aramed Zirula. amJamad miiCneva, rom Zirula iyo saTave md. fazisisa,
vTqvaT, es marTlac asea da straboni Sorapnis Zirulas miiCnevda mdinare fazisad,
aris Tu ara is `swrafi da xmaura~? ara, SorapanTan mdinare Zirula arc Cqaria da
arc xmaura, ara Tu Cqari, SorapanTan Zirula aris mdore, sarkuli zedapiris mqone,
sruliad uxmauro, radganac SorapanTan is vake adgilze mimdinareobs. amasTanave,
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom SorapanTan Zirula aris wyalmcire,
denad Txeli mdinarea,
im-
mdore,
yvirilac
iberiis sazRvarzea,
maRal mTaSia,
sadac
d. baqraZe,
marili da
romlis siaxlovesac
mtkvari miedineba.
straboni (XI,
II,
Sesaxeb
`es qveyana Tu raoden cnobili iyo Zvelad gviCveneben miTebi...iasonis laSqrobis Sesaxeb, romelmac midiamde miaRwia, da kidev, friqses ufro adreuli laSqrobis
Sesaxeb. friqsesi,
romelic
`skeptuxiebad~ iyo dayofili, magram maTi keTildReoba didi ar iyo. roca miTridate evpatoris xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda,
misi sikvdilis
meore iberielebisa,
xolo mesames
floben somxebi. iberiaSi aris aseve patara qalaqi (frikses qalaqi) - Tanamedrove
edessa, kargad gamagrebuli punqti kolxidas sazRvarTan. dioskuriadasTan miedineba
mdinare xaresi~.
237
daskvna:
imereTi
(argveTi), rogorc amJamad miiCneva istorikosTa mier. kolxur mesxeTSi anu kolxebis
nawil mesxeTSi mdebareobdnen sarapana da skanda (da ara zestafonTan).
danawil ebuli mo sxebi s qveyan a ase iyo d ayofi li : artaan -ko la iberi as ekuTvnod a, klarjeTi kolxeTs, xolo tao-basian i armenii s mier i yo
mi tacebuli . sarapan a d a skanda kl ar jeTSi ar sianis maRal qed ze iberi is
sazRvar Tan (e.i.ar taanTan) md ebareobd a.
sarapana _ sarapali,
arfali
romelsac berZnebi
skanda
sanaxebSi, mis samxreTiT DdaaxloebiT 10 kilometrSi mdebareobs mTa saxelwodebiT `kandili~.misi simaRlea 2412 metri.misi saxelis mixedviT unda
erqvas mTel regions es saxeli-kand,
skanda.
vakeze,
Tanac
aRsaniSnavia, rom skandes cixes mcire borcvs garSemo akravs ayvavebuli venaxebisa
da xexilis plantaciebi. aq modis ara mxolod Rvinis mosavali, aramed naxevrad
subtropikuli mcenareuloba, magaliTad dafna. esaa uxvmosavliani mxare _ maSin
roca arTvin-artaanis `kandidi~ da `qinZotamali~ mdebareoben zRvis donidan
rogorc iTqva TiTqmis 2000-2500 m. simaRleze,
xelovnuri mcdeloba.
mTa `kandili~, sofeli `qinZotamali~, namonastrali `kandridi~, cixe `qinZi~
_ erTad Tavmoyrilni _ istoriul `skandas~ regionSi
Tanamedrove artanuji artaans uerTdeba saavtomobilo gziT, romlis Sua
monakveTs, arsianis qedis gadakveTis adgils, warmoadgens uReltexili `ialnizCam~ zRvis donidan 2657 metr simaRleze. TviTon gza artanujidan uReltexilamde
faqtiurad gadis uzarmazari qedis ZirSi, romlis mwvervalis simaRle aris 3068
metri zRvis donidan. aRniSnul uReltexilis mimdebare punqtebs sxvadasxva
rukebze ewodeba `kandridi~, `qinZotamali~, iqve axlosaa mwvervali `kandilis~
AsaxelwodebiT.
aRniSnul sityvaTa fuZeebi (kandridi, qinZ, kand da sx.) iZleva safuZvels
vifiqroT, rom berZeni mwerlebis mier naxsenebi cixe-simagre `skanda~, romelic
ise maRla da miudgomel adgilas mdebareobda unayofo regionSi,
rom masze
mxolod zurgiT ahqondaT sursaTi, aris ara imereTis `skande~, aramed arsianis
qedis aRniSnuli uReltexilis gzaze mdebare `kandridi~,
kerZod,
artanuj-
ardaganis saavtomobilo gzaze mdebare arsianis qedis uReltexil `ialnizCam~is maxloblad, rogorc aRiniSna, arsianisave qedze mdebareobs erT-erTi 2412 m
simaRlis mTa (mwvervali) saxelwodebiT `kandili~ (gzidan 15-20 km daSorebiT),
xolo TviT gzaze mdebareobs sofeli `karadjasu~. etimologiurad imiTaa
saintereso es saxelebi, rom isini axloa prokofis mier naxseneb `skandasTan~ _
`skanda~,
miT umetes,
rom es gza
ialnizCamis axlos,
kand ridi
skand isi
kinZ otamali
skand a
kand ili
sityvebi s `skand asa~,
r o m skan d a
so f. q i n Z o tamal i ,
skandis
viTarca savaWro
centris Sesaxeb, anu aRniSnuli gzis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Xs-Si werda konstantine
porfirogeneti. artanujSi,
si rii dan da iberi idan,
rogorc iTqva,
am gzaze,
ak o n t r o l e b d a a Rn i S n u l s a e r T a So r i s o
mn i S v n e l o b i s
miemarTeba. aq gasagebi xdeba Tu ras uwodebda prokofi kesarieli klisurebs uzarmazari kldeebi mdinaris rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena sanapiroze mxolod
Zalze viwro napraliT arian daSorebulni erTmaneTs. am adgilebSi namdvilad
SeuZlia kldekaris maRla ganlagebul mcire razms xeobaSi mimavali jaris
SeCereba. aseTi kldekari grZeldeba TiTqmis artanujamde, antanuji gacilebiT
241
romlis
marTlac, gavyeviT am gzas, kldeebi TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba gzis pirze, aqauri
buneba imereTisasac ki miagavs, gza adis da adis maRla, avediT uReltexilze da
SevediT Zveli artaanis sazRvris siaxloves. aq gzispiras davinaxeT Zveli cixesimagre,
iqve,
cixesTan Canda
jansaRebi,
qoxmaxebSi
gvesalmebian gaocebulni,
Rarib-Ratakebi arian,
rom
erT
gax-
am sityvis mosasmen ad
`kandridi~,
ro mel ia i s?
marTlac `kan-
wavediT fexiT,
aramed artaan-
radganac,
rogorc Terjolis,
242
aseve zestafonis
maTi
xaxuli,
oTxTa eklesia,
d a unda iTqvas,
ro m ami to m `mi si
magram mainc uzarmazar mTebad iqceva borCxamde da mis Semdeg TiTqmis maradidamde,
saidanac,
prokofis mieri md. fazisis aRwera Cven kidev erTxel gvidasturebs rom
md. fazisi prokofisaTvis aris md. Woroxi,
imdenad Cqari,
rom marTlac,
advili saqmea,
kl d ee bi ,
aq,
biT. md. Woroxze, araTu xidebi, Cven vnaxeT wyalsacavSi CaZiruli meCeTi, mTeli
soflebi dafarula Woroxis wyliT. petradan arTvin-artanujisaken mimavali gza
miuyveboda md. Woroxis sanapiroebs,
ufro
sworad, masze araa gamSvebi punqti, gavyeviT arsebul SesaniSnav gzas borCxadan
xofasaken. zRvis sanapiroze gamaval am gzaze kidev erTxel davrwmundiT, rom
prokofi marTali mweralia. kerZod,
rogorc
ise,
prokofis sityviT,
lazikaSi gamonaklisi. es
livanis bolosa da
ergeSi unda yofiliyo ganlagebuli moxirisi - mosavliani qveyana. es amJamadac asea. erge
- ayvavebuli, uxvmosalviani kuTxea aWariswylidan - maradid - borCamde, sxva mimdebare
mxare ki kldianobis gamo umosavloa. amitomac vfiqrobT, rom moxirisi erqva xelvaCaurerges - qveyanas aWariswylamde, maradidamde da borCamde.
mkacri
klimatis mqone regionSi mdebareobdnen, sadac ar xarobda vazi (venaxi), xorbalic ki. am
cixe-simagreebSi kldianobisa da mTa-gorianobis gamo asvla saWapano pirutyvsac (cxenjorsac) ki ar SeeZlo da mecixovneTaTvis produqti mebargule kacebs zurgiT ahqondaT.
Cveni Tanamedrove istorikosebis mtkicebiT prokofis mier naxsenebi skanda da
sarapanisi arian imereTSi mdebare skandesa da Sorapnis cixeebi.
Tu es asea,
cxeni da viri.
Aam mxriv gagvaoca Sorapnis cixem. misi galavnis SigniT dgas kerZo mesakuTreTa
sacxovrebeli saxlebi ezoebiT da, hoi saocrebav, xexiliTa da venaxiT.
fotosuraTebic ki gadaviReT talavarze gasul vazTan Sorapnis cixe-simagreSi.
is ara Tu miuval kldeze,
amitomac am quCis
Tavi VI
rionis Waobebi
magaliTad,
mamontebi,
aseve,
amJamad,
cnobili
acivebis
romelic erTvoda
xmelTaSua zRvas. am mdinaris xeobis adgilze axla aris dardanelis srute. zeda
meoTxeulSi moxda egeosis xmeleTis daZirva da warmoiSva egeosis zRva,
amave
dros daiZira Savi zRvis samxreTSi mdebare xmeleTic, ris gamoc Savi zRva da
xmelTaSua zRva erTmaneTs SeuerTdnen. SemdgomSi kidev ramdenjerme Sewyda da
ganaxlda es kavSiri. xmelTaSua zRvisagan mowyvetam gamoiwvia Savi zRvis
ramdenjerme gamarilianeba.
meoTxeuli epoqebis dasaTariReblad iyeneben zRviuri leqebis naSTebs,
kerZod, radganac, sakmaod xSirad xdeboda zRvis donis cvlileba, am dros
warmoiSoboda Sesabamisi sanapiro terasa (veli, baqani), maTi naSTebis Seswavla
iZleva meTods daTariRebisaTvis. kerZod, zRvis donis dawevis dros warmoiSveboda
axali sanapiro zoli anu terasa, Semdeg kidev daweva zRvis donisa ufro dabal
terasas gvaZlevda. maSasadame Zveli terasa ufro maRlaa, vidre misi Semdgomi
axali terasebi. xmelTaSua zRvis napirebze aCveneben oTx terasas,
TiToeul
maTgans aqvs Tavisi simaRle, yvelaze maRali 90-110 metria, yvelaze dabali 18-20
metri. maSasadame iyo dro,
anu
hqonda (al. janeliZe, istoriuli geologiis mokle kursi, 1963, gv. 370-397).
mecnier-geografebis monacemebiT Sav zRvaze e.w. fanagoriul regresiis
damTavrebis Semdeg,
maSasadame,
qri steSobis
Semd eg) daiw yo tr an sgresi a anu Savi zRvi s d on is aweva. Tan amed ro vesTan
Sedarebi T Savi zRvi s do ne amaRld a 3 metri T,
saxl ar ebi mo eqcnen zRvi s qveS,
wyli s
qv eS
moeq cnen
(g.
sad ac an ti kur i
gamyre liZe ,
q. f azis is
kerZod,
dabla daiwia
kaspiisa da Savi zRvis olqebma. aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiis qedis olqSi awevis
amplituda aRwevda ramdenime aTeul metrs, xolo Savi zRvis donis qveS Casul
velTa Sesaxeb unda iTqvas,
atlan-
oCamCiresTan kuftinma
Sua
-50,
-60
metrze. Savi zRvis akvatoriis Selfuri zolis didi nawili gaSiSvlebuli iyo,
xolo maTze gamavali (an Semavali) mdinareebi _ enguri,
rioni,
fsou,
cxeniswyali,
kanionismagvar xeobebs.
Zv.w. X-VIII aTaswleulidan (10000-8000 wlis win) myinvarTa dnobis gamo
iwyeba Savi zRvis donis aweva,
aTaswleulidan Zv.w. V aTaswleulamde. am dros zRvis donem miaRwia minus -40 50 metris niSnulebs. meore etapze, mciredi Seferxebis Semdeg gagrZelda amjerad
axali SavzRviuri transgresia (Zv.w. V aTaswleulidan Zv.w. III aTaswleulamde),
romlis drosac zRvis donem miaRwia -10 metris niSnuls. transgresiis finalur
stadiaze Savi zRvis done ascda 0-an niSnuls da avida +2, +4 metris simaRleze
(razedac metyveleben axalSavzRvuri terasebi). am dros kolxeTis centraluri
nawili foTidan TiTqmis 12-15 km-is radiusiT zRviT iyo dafaruli da zRvis ubes
warmoadgenda. sanapiro zolSi arsebul 2-4 metris simaRlis zRviur terasebze
aWaraSi, guriaSi, afxazeTSi SemorCenilia neoliTuri, eneoliTuri da brinjaos
xanis artefaqtebi. aRniSnul zRviur terasebs rionis depresiaSi asakobrivad
Seesityvebian zRviuri naleqebis (qviSanarevi) da torfis Sreebis morigeoba,
romlebic daZirulni arian sxvadasxva siRrmeze, magaliTad, imnaTis Waobidan 6
metris siRrmeze arsebuli torfis asaki 2100150 welia (gviani holoceni): 8, 5
metris siRrmeze arsebuli torfis 4150195 weli (Sua holoceni =axalSavzRviuri transgresia),
1971),
axali welTaR-
e.w ..
rac gamoixata
foTis aRmosavleTiT,
teritoria
araRrma xeobas.
II-III saukuneebidan dawyebuli nimfeuri transgresiisas zRvis donis
awevas Tan sdevda md. rionis da misi mravali Semdinareebis mier gamotanili
naSali masalis akumulacia (dagroveba) kolxeTis mTel akvatoriaSi. elinuri
qalaqebi eqceodnen wylis qveS da TandaTanobiT imarxebodnen Semotanili
masalebis qveS. bunebrivia,
251
literatura:
1. . ., 1966, , . .
2. .., 1978., -, . . .
3. .., 1969, , , . . .
4. .., .., 1980,
, . . .
5. .., 2004,
, . . . . . 119
6. .., 1971, -
, . .
7. Maisuradze G., 1987. Evolution of the late Pleistocene Environment in the Caucasus.
Budapest.
g. mai suraZis SeniSvna
g. mai suraZis Tval sazr isi T Savi zRvis transgresi a-regresiis (don is
aw eva-d awevi s) gamo wyl is do nem maRl a aiw ia da +1 metr n iSn ul Tan mi vi da
V-VI ss-Si ,
Si , Semdeg kvl av ai wia do nem d a +0.5-Tan mi vid a XV-XVI ss-Si, amis Semd eg
do nem d ai wia da 0-Tan mivid a XIX-XX ss-Si.
Dg. maisuraZe
@2. kolxeTis uaxlesi istoriidan
(paliastomis tbis warmoSoba IX-X saukuneebSi)
`kolxeTis vake~ moicavs uSualod `kolxeTis dablobs~, mis yvelaze dabal
nawils. cnobilia,
romelic
romlebic xelovnur
mdinareebs SemohqondaT
Tu ra rTuli ekologiuri pirobebi Seiqmneboda kolxeTis zRvispira regionSi. Waobebis didi farTobebi,
sofelic
gamo SemoiWra xmeleTze, Seiqmna zRvis ube, romelic IX-X saukuneebSi 2-3 aTeuli
kilometris sigrZis sanapiros gaswvriv zvinuliT gamoeyo zRvas. zvinulis sigane
1-2 km. igi Tavisi arsebobis manZilze sxvadasxva adgilze garRveul iqna mdinareebis mier,
rom rionis
vaked wodebuli vrceli miwa-wyali (e.i. md. rionis delta da mimdebare sanapiroebi),
romelic amJamad TiTqmis zRvis nulovan donezea, daifara zRvis Txeli wyliT,
ramac, albaT, xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod paliastomis tbis msgavsi wylis gubeebis
warmoqmnas, aramed did daWaobebas rionis deltis napirebisa. ufro metic, saerTod
zRvis wyliT daifara sanapiros mTeli zoli da warmoiqmna axali, amJamad arsebuli
sanapiro. paleograf f. janeliZisa da d. xaxutaiSvilis SromebSi gadmocemulia
mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom, iqamde, anu axali welTaRricxvis
dasawyisamde - II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan vidre Zv.w. II-I saukuneebamde
- msofl io okeanis do ne Tanamedrove niSnulTan SedarebiT 3-5 metriT
ufro dabl a mdebareo bd a. Savi zRvis auzTan dakavSirebiT mas uwodeben
`fanagoriuli regresiis xanas~ ( .. ,
. 1980. . 21; . .
, . . _ - , . 1984, 146-152).
aRniSnul avtorebs imowmeben arqeologebi da aRniSnaven _ `imis gamo,
rom am
periodSi (e.i. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan vidre Zv. w. II-I ss-mde) msoflio
okeanis done Tanamedrove niSnulidan SedarebiT 3-5 metriT ufro dabla iyo
ganlagebuli, zRvis sanapiro zolis akumulaciur dablobebze sameurneo saqmianobis
radikalurad gansxvavebuli pirobebi arsebobda. swored aseT ubans warmoadgenda
is zRvispira dablobi, romelzec Zveli da axali baTumia ganlagebuli~ (a. kaxiZe,
d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisTvis, wignSi `samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos Zeglebi~, XVIII, 1989, gv 18).
zRvis donis amaRlebis gamo,
baTumis Zv.w.
II-I aTaswleulebSi arsebuli zRvispira fena dRes 4-5 metris sisqis qvaRorRis SriTaa dafaruli (iqve, gv. 18), e.i. aiwia zRvis donem da mis wyals Tan
wamohyva qva-RorRi,
brivi kldeebi ar arsebobs da rionis vake TiTqmis zRvis donezea gadaSlili _ Savi zRvis donis momatebas katastrofuli Sedegebi unda gamoewvia.
zRvis wylis 3-5 metriT aweva axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan ramdenime
saukune grZeldeboda da is aWaobebda (sacxovreblad uvargisad xdida)
dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobs. safiqrebelia,
ufro mTian, dacul regionSi. albaT amas xels uwyobda bizantielTa daundobeli
omebi lazebis, afsilebis, abazgebis da svanebis winaaRmdeg. am procesebma,SesaZloa
xeli Seuwyo did migracias _ samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken da dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken.
etimologiurad sityva `paliastomis~ fuZe `lia~ unda iyos. `lia~ niSnavs
talaxs, wyalgareul miwas. albaT igive fuZisaa `palakacios tba~ javaxeTSi.
rom ara Tu
rionis dablobSi,
aramed misgan sakmaod daSorebuli urekis mimdebare zRvispira zolic mosa xl eo bas un d a m i et o veb i n a I-I I s auku n ee bi s Sem d go m zR vi s d o n i s
mn iSvn elo vani awevis gamo . isin i w er en _ `savar aud oa,
r i on i s qvemo w eli s mar cxen a san api r o s gaswvr i v,
ro m ro go rc
aqac,
Z v.w . III-IIs.
1975,
.,
1985 ) bu n e br i v i a ,
.,
m o sa x l eo b a m i a to v e bd a
j.
rogorc
gv.
69).
maSasadame,
Semdgom, imdenad amaRlda zRvis done, rom wyliTa da lamiT, Semdeg ki WaobiT
gadaifara Zveli namosaxlarebi,
romelic TiTqosda
Waobi,
malaria-xorSaki
328).
II, 1983,
gv. 53).
WaobSi brZolasa da ubralod gzad gavlas romaelebi eridebodnen, amitom
savaWro gzebi gadioda ara Waobebze, aramed mis gareT (ix. qvemoT), aseve yofila
saqarTveloSic. Zveli egrisis yvela mniSvnelovani sofeli da sasuliero centri
mdebareobda ara rionis dablobis WaobebSi,
bedia,
walenjixa,
Wyondidi,
is vrceli vake,
narionalebi
Sua holocenSi (holocenuri era grZeldeba 10 000 wliidan dRemde) idga
regresuli faza _ zRvis ukandaxeva _ e.i. Savi zRvis sanapiroze xmeleTi
257
foTis
Semogareni.
mdinareTa Segubebis gamo Cndeboda Waobebi da farTovdeboda wylis sarke
(amis gamo amJamadac aris rionis barSi Waobebi,
iwyebda
suraTebzec. aris uamravi n ario nal is anabeWd i samtr edii dan fo Tamd e.
imis gamo rom rioni xSirad icvlida kalapots masze SeuZlebeli iyo xidebis
ageba, miT umetes 120 xidisa.
narionalebis periodSi mdinare ganicdis gantotvas,
piroze, aCvenebs, rom 4-metris siRrmidan qvemoT, 15-25 metris intervalSi (TiTqmis 200
metr siRrmemde), zRviur naleqebTan erTad morigeoben torfis Sreebi, rac metyvelebs
imaze, rom mTeli meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi holocenis CaTvliT, es teritoriebi ganicdis stabilurad daZirvas weliwadSi amJamadac 6-9 milimetriT.
rioni miedineba mTaTa Sua qvabulis zolze. mTeli Camorecxili masala
grovdeba am qvabulSi da es masala zRvisaken gamoaqvs rions, amis gamo teritoria aris labiluri, anu moZravi, anu iZireba TandaTanobiT (10 weliwadSi
6 sm-iT,
anu I
saukunidan dRemde, anu 2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi daiZira 10-12 metriT). amitom
gvaqvs torfis Sre siRrmeebSi.
daskvna:
VI-VIII saukuneebSi klimaturi pirobebis gamo, rogorc doqtor maisuraZis nakvlevi aCvenebs, SeuZlebelia foTSi yofiliyo raime qalaqi, miT umetes samitropolito
centri,
`talaxiani
laSqroba~
rom
vileSi ki es iyo laSqroba dasavleT saqarTvelos wvimebsa da talaxebSi. maSasadame arabi istorikosis tabaris cnobiTac dasavleT saqarTveloSi rionispira vake
(kerZod abaSis SesarTavTan) imJamad uvargisi iyo sacxovreblad.
isto-
aramed mTa-gorebSi,
maT zRvas
d a i muSavebs
Secvlis Semdeg `afxazeTi~ ewoda~ (m. TamaraSvili, `qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde~, 1995, gv. 115).
ase rom, TamaraSvili, sxva mraval XVII-XVIII ss. avtorTa msgavsad fiqrobda,
rom lazika iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, maSin, roca qarTuli wyaroebi sapirispiros amtkicebs,
e.i.
am
Semdegdroindeli `afxazeTis~ samefo, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo. internet rukebzec es mosazrebaa asaxuli, amitomac Cven dagvWirda axali rukebis damzadeba.
aRmoCnd a am satvifraviT
gv.
saTanad od ar gacnobierda,
2) nojixevSi,
martvilTan,
asoebis
radgan
tetr ako nqebsa d a mis sxvadasxva vari aciebs _ saqarTvel oSi agebdn en
sw or ed VI-VII
saukun eebSi ,
savaraudoa, rom nojixevis, iseve rogorc foTis qarTuli warwerebi e.w. `qarTizaciamdel~ periods ekuTvnis da, Cveni azriT, adastur ebs mematianeTa azrs,
rom imTaviTve egrisi mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli (e.i . IV sdan ). amas adasturebs mar tvili s `jvris ti pi s~ eklesi is arqiteqtur ac.
rionis dablobze berZnuli umniSvnelo warwera mxolod sof. nosirSi
aRmoCnda.
safiqrebelia, rom aRniSnulTa garda arsebobs sxva qarTuli warwerebic
dasavleT saqarTvelodan, romelTac yuradReba ar eqceva, radganac ar eTanadebian
gabatonebul `qarTizaciis~ Teorias magaliTad erTi aseTia:
3) `sah ak-d uxti s qar Tul i w arw er a~ V-VI saukun eebi sa,
dasavleT saqarTvelo s mTaSi aRmo Cnda,
doebisTvis,
ro meli c
romelic Tvlis,
261
Tavi VII
fazisi foTi _ fadisa _ fasidi
foTi (faTisi) Revondis cnobiT
trapezuntTan axlos (150 km. dasavleTiT) SavizRvispirze mdebareobda qalaqi
- fadisa.
q. fadisas CrdiloeTiT iSleboda Savi zRva,
aRmosavleTiT trapezunti,
`egerias~
ase:
efTv ime (eq vTime) aTonel i/mTawm indeli (daaxlo ebiT 95 5-1025w.) ivi ronis winamZRv ari,
aTonis monastris qarTuli saliteraturo skolis fuZemdebeli. saqarTvelos eklesiis
da saberZneTis eklesiis wmindani. (mis xsenebis dRes saqarTvelos eklesia aRniSnavs
Zv. stiliT 13 maiss (ax. stiliT 26 maiss)
262
mouwoda
...waekiTxaT wyevla
mecnierebi miiCneven,
Cveni
romelsac eqvemdebareobdnen petras, ziginevis, saisinisa da rodopolisis saepiskoposoebi, magram aRiareben imasac, rom foTis samitropolito centri gadatanili
iqna trapezuntSi VIII saukunisaTvis, radganac VII msoflio saeklesio krebis oqms
xels awers trapezunteli igive fasiseli mitropoliti, amisi mizezi TiTqosda
iyo afxazTa qarTuli samefos Camoyalibeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi VIII saukunisaTvis.
Cveni Tvalsazrisi ki mTlianad gansxvavdeba aRniSnulisagan,
kerZod Cveni
ai,
neokesariis,
koloneas,
qaldeasa da
rom is
somxuri wyaros fuTTs uwodebs faziss, Tumca amis mizezs ar ganmartavs. berZeni
mwerali Teofane Tavis naSromSi exeba faziss, es qalaqi ki m. berZeniSvils miaCnia
Revondis foTTad, rac araswori unda iyos, am mizezis gamo Teofanes cnobebi
fazisTan dakavSirebiT m. berZeniSvilma daukavSira dasavleT saqarTvelos foTs,
aseve foTad miiCnia Revondis foTTi. am umarTebulo dakavSirebebis gamo maqs.
berZeniSvilis daskvnebic moulodneli da saocaria. magaliTad,
misi daskvniT
faqtis mTliani saxiT Tavidan bolomde aRdgena da imdroindel istoriul viTarebasTan dakavSireba~ (iqve,
gv. 218).
anda,
lazikad miiCneva,
amis Sedegic
gv. 206).
m. berZeniSvilis azriT imperatorma filifike-vardanma (711-713) somxebi gandevna dasavleT saqarTvelos q. foTidan saidanac isini iZulebiT
meletinesa da meoTxe armeniaSi dausaxlebia. Cveni foTi ar esazRvreba
meletines meoTxe armenias,
emijneba am mxareebs. imaves wers miqael asuric. ase rom Teofanesa da miqaelis
cnobebi ar Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos foTs,
cn oba.
unda aRniSnos,
da iqve,
rom fazisi
qalaqi arqeopolisi (Zveli avtorebis `altus portus~ anu Zveli qalaqi) - Tanamedrove
baTumis regionSi. am md. Woroxis marcxena sanapiroze zRvis SesarTavTan mdebareobda
265
foTis arqeologia
foTis aRmosavleTiT 15-20 km-is iqiT,
nosiri,
sakire,
civa,
anaklia,
eki,
senaki,
ergeta,
ureki da sxva).
albaT,
dasax. naSr,
gv. 172).
g. gamyreliZe, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla yvela arqeologiuri monacemebi q. foTis mimdebare teritoriaze, Seiswavla yvela wyaro q. fazisis Sesaxeb,
askvnis, rom Tu foTi fazisia, maSin `e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizacia Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebSi ar Sexebia q. faziss~ (iqve,
arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT,
rom
rom q. foTTan
iberia-kolxeTi,
saqarTvelos
IX,
Ziebani,
gv. 172).
miwis qveS 6
rogorc mTel
r adganac mas ar
malTayvasTan,
rom paliastomis
zRvisa da tbis
done Tanabaria~ (iqve, gv. 126). g. gamyreliZis azriT sityva paliastomi Sedgeba ori
berZnuli sityvisagan `palias~ (Zveli) da `stoma~ (cixe-simagre). e.i. Zveli cixesimagre.
paliastomis tbaSi adgil `natexebis~ namosaxlaris keremika (aguri, kramiti)
iseTivea,
kramitis natexebic... `natexebis~ namosaxlarze aRmoCenili keramikuli tara _ adgilobrivi amforebi siaxloves iCens noqalaqevSi gaTxrilTan da saerTod dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis _ adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze (ganTiadi, oCamCire, cixisZiri, varcixe, qobuleT-biWvnari) adgilobrivia samzareulo keramika qoTnebi, jamebi,
rac
rom iq arsebuli
romelic
maSasadame, am dablobis didi nawili wyliT Tu ara, WaobiT mainc daifara. Savi
zRvis donis es mateba gagrZelebula daaxloebiT X s-mde, Semdgom ki zRvas ukan
dauxevia da Tanamedrove 0-van doneze damdgara.
iqamde,
rogorc iTqva,
ufro dabla iyo 0-van niSnulTan SedarebiT, anu amJamindel zRvis doneze dabla.
am dros xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmnila adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis, magram daaxloebiT I s-dan daiwyo zRvis donis aweva,
magram
mateba grZeldeboda, zRvam win waiwia. am droisaTvis albaT zRvis mateba ukve 1-2
metrs aWarbebda. es ki ukve katastrofa iyo. VIII s-saTvis, is 3 metrs miuaxlovda,
Senobebi TandaTanobiT wyliT daifara, xalxma miatova sacxovrisi da mTian adgilebSi
gadasaxlda. Cans, ufro quTaisisaken, radganac quTaisSi gadaasvenes paliastomis
eklesiis cnobili xati da agreTve, guriaSi, jumaTSi gadaasvenes paliastomis sxva
xati. arqeologi kargad aRwers klimatur katastrofas _ `klasikur-elinisturi
xanis fasisi mainc mikvleuli ar aris. es ki imitom xdeba,
268
rom xsenebul
TiTqos,
amovard-
lokaluri dinamikis
sasurvelia,
rom jer geomorfologebma gagvcen pasuxi Tu rogori iyo sanapiros dinami ka da Z velad sad erTvoda rion i zRvas. maT unda gai Tvalisw inon
globaluri (zRvis regresia-transgresia) da lokaluri (mdinareebis gamonatani naSali masala,
kalapotebi,
dReboa,
mdinareebis rionis,
regionis Waobianoba,
xobis,
sufsis Zveli
fiCoris,
rasac sanapiros
gv. 179).
g. gamyreliZis azriT,
amis
`qalaq fasisis
saqarTvelos
269
transgresiad ki zRvis
don is aweva).
mogvianebiT,
Cans,
wyliT daifara,
rogorc Cvens
arsebobda
qalaqebs), aramed tovebda maT da mTiswineTs afarebda Tavs. amis magaliTad unda
CavTvaloT paliastomis tbis eklesiis bedi. quTaisis muzeumSi amJamadac
dabrZanebulia `paliastomis xati~,
grigol
quTaisis midamoebi
anu
Sesabamisad,
cieb-
Cans,
rom
1578-79 wlebSi osmalebma es miwebi dai pyres da didi cixe-simagre aages. 1640
wels imereT-guria-samegrelos laSqarma ieriSiT aiRo cixe-simagre, magram mas
1723 wels kvlav osmaleTi daepatrona 1828 wlamde.
XIX saukuneSi kvlav dawyebula transgresia,
saisini,
271
doneze 2 metriT maRla aiwia. am process `nimfeur transgresias~ uwodeben. fanagoriuli regresiis dros Savi zRvis done imyofeboda 8-10 metriT
dabla Tanamedrove donesTan SedarebiT,
rogoricaa
Cndeboda Waobebi,
rac,
rogor c iTqva,
daiwyo
icvlis kalapots,
xazavs sinusoidebs,
kolxeTis vakeze adgilobrivma mosaxleobam sagangebod am movlenis aRsaniSnavad SeimuSava termini _ `narionalebi~. esaa Rrma arxebi,
sadac
xSirad
kosmiur
saukunemde, zRvis done 8-10 metriT dabla imyofeboda (Tumca TandaTanobiT imatebda
misi done). amJamad Savi zRvis zolSi zRvisgan gaTavisuflebul xmeleTze (Selfuri zona) gaSenda uZvelesi qalaqebi, magram es exeba im Selfs, romelic garkveuli
kuTxiT daxrilia zRvisken,
don ezea (imdenad,
aq
qalaqis an qalaqebis aSeneba SeuZlebeli iyo _ daWaobebisa da wyaluxvobis gamo ara mxol od r egresiis ( zRvi s ukan daxevis),
aramed trans-
es teritoria
engurTan da
sxva mdinareebTan).
rioni aris RerZuli zoli mTaTaSua qvabulisa da mTeli Camorecxili
masala grovdeboda am qvabulSi, romelic (es masala) zRvisken gamoaqvs rions,
amis gamo teritoria aris labiluri, anu moZravi. es niSnavs, rom es teritoria
TandaTanobiT iZireba: 10 weliwadSi 6 santimetriT, 100 weliwadSi _ 60 santimetriT,
xolo 1000 weliwadSi 6 metriT, anu I saukunidan dRemde, anu 2000 wlis manZilze
is CaiZira 10-12 metriT,
miT umetes
rom fazisi ar
idanac aRmoCnda,
2000
wlis win, strabonis dros, ueWvelad zRviT iyo dafaruli, anu Tanamedrove
foTis adgili wylis qveS yofila moqceuli. amis mizezs Semdegnairad aRwers
ramdenime faziseli akademikosi: mdinare rions zRvaSi yovelwliurad Seaqvs
10-12 mi lioni tona sila,
miwis matebas,
xmeleTi sa 2000 wli s man Zil ze gvaZl evs mr aval aTeul ki lometrovan
axal sanapiro zols. s. gvasalia wers: `Tu ukve xsenebul ricxobriv monacemebs
davubrundebiT da xmeleTis matebas weliwadSi saSualod 4 metrs vivaraudebT
2500
krebulSi `cotneideli~,
t. II,
2008,
gv. 57).
uRrmesad madlobeli varT Rvawlmosili mecnierisa,
1870,
1892 wlebSi
gv. 69).
Tuki wina mecnieris angariSiT erT weliwadSi xmeleTis 4 metri mateba 2500
wlis manZilze Tanamedrove foTis mdebareobis adgils sazRvravda zRvis siRrmeSi 10 km-iT, 9 metriT matebis SemTxvevaSi is 2-jer ufro meti unda yofiliyo,
maSasadame daaxloebiT 20-22 km-iT daSorebuli Tanamedrove sanapirodan zRvis
siRrmeSi. e.i. dRevandeli foTis adgilsamyofeli antikur xanaSi zRvaSi iyo
CaZiruli da daSorebuli sanapirodan 20-ze meti km-iT. Sesabamisad iq arc qalaqi
iqneboda.
ramdenad realuria aseTi angariSi aRniSnul statistikur monacemebze
dayrdnobiT,
s. zaqaraia
metriT (iqve, gv. 71). anu uxeSad rom vTqvaT, naxevar saukuneSi xmeleTs 2 km-iT
moumatia,
1858 wels,
zRvis napiridan
nobis zRvaSi Semtani. mecnierTa mier araerTgzis dadgenilia, rom yovelw li ur ad md. r io ns zRvaSi Seaqvs 8-12 mil io n i to na n aSal i masala,
risi didi nawili zRvis sanapiros Soriaxlo ileqeba da iwvevs xmeleTis
matebas zRvis xarjze~ (iqve, gv. 70). maSasadame, murad III-s rionis SesarTavis
siaxloves augia foTis cixe, romelic 280 wlis Semdeg zRvas ukve daSorebuli
iyo 1,8 km-iT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xmeleTis mateba am adgilas ufro naklebi
iyo vidre Suquras pirze, ratom? saqme isaa, rogorc s. zaqaraias naxazidan Cans,
Suqura ufro axlo yofila md. rionis SesarTavTan,
moSorebiT mdgara. maSasadame, 9 metri mateba xmeleTisa yofila ara Savi zRvis
mTel sanapiroze,
cixesTan yofila mcire. erTi sityviT, md. rionis SesarTavTan gaSenebuli qalaqi
xmeleTis matebis gamo, 2500 wlis Semdeg, zRvis sanapirodan ramdenime aTeuli kmiT iqneboda daSorebuli. sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, qalaqi md. rionis SesarTavTan,
am mdinaris Slamianobis gamo, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi zRvas daSordeboda
da uvargisi gaxdeboda naosnobisaTvis. im epoqaSi arc silis satumbi manqanebi
gaaCndaT da arc rkina-betonis jebirebs agebdnen. maS sad aages q. fazisi?
samwuxarod es saukunovani kiTxva pasuxgaucemeli darCa. Tumca ki,
Cven
gvainteresebs ara antikuri qalaqi fazisis adgilsamyofeli, aramed Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli fazisis samitropolito centrisa,
rasac
iZulebuli var,
275
daveT-
rom fazisis
donis 1 m-iT maRla awevis gamo mdinare rions uWirda Tavis wylebis Setana
zRvaSi, ris gamoc is gubdeboda kolxeTis gaSlil vakeze da warmoqmnida uzarmazar
Waobebs.
XVI-XVIII saukunisaTvis zRvis donem daiwia da Waobebis erTi nawili daSra,
amis miuxedavad,
rac mTavaruxucesma
kerZod,
1612 wels,
SavizRvispira sazRvari aRwevda md. Woroxamde, anu fazisamde (da ara foTamde!).
armeniakonis Temis zRvispira sazRvaric aseve aRwevda md. fazisamde, e.i. Woroxamde
da ara foTamde. xaldeas Temis dedaqalaqi trapezunti iyo. mas aseve ufro
martivadac uwodebdnen `lazikas~,
lazikis Tems.
safiqrebelia, rom winaswar iqamde ubralo qalaqis (trapezuntis) episkoposma gadawyvita mieniWebina Tavisi qalaqisaTvis samitropolito Rirseba,
risTvisac saWiro iyo,
magram istoriulad
zi ganas axlo s,
rogorc iTqva,
q.
fazisis akademia
IVs-Si fazisTan yofila akademia,
werilis Tanaxmad,
md.TermodontTan da TemiskirasTan~.
Temiskira da Termodonti cnobili mdinareebia trapezuntis samxreTiT.
erTaderTi regioni,
rom iustinianem,
imperiis
kosmografia da geografia. is
`kosmografia~,
realurad arsebuli ganaTlebis kera unda iyos, VIII s-is trapezunteli mitroplitis mtkiceba, rom fazisi aris trapezunti, vfiqrob, uflebas gvaZlevs iTqvas,
rom fazisis akademia arsebobda ara foTSi, aramed trapezuntis regionSi, aseTi
mtkiceba ar unda CaiTvalos CvenSi Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvad, radgan simarTlisa
da WeSmaritebis dadgena ufro didi sikeTis momtania yovelTvis, vidre gaugebrobasa
da usafuZvlobaze agebuli istoria, miT umetes maSin, roca amis saWiroeba ar
arsebobs.
`ritorikis nayofi movwyvite ... pontos boloSi fasisis maxloblad, sadac
Tesaliidan wamosulma argom daisadgura ... iq,
romelic damkvidrda
Tu rogor gaiwvrTna
is iyo
es iyo
foTTan axlos
maSasadame, sinopi mdebareobs Temistiosis mier naxseneb mdinaresTan, TermodontTan axlos. Termodonti, Tavis mxriv, Temistiosis epoqis meore cnobili
avtoris,
marcelines cnobiT,
amiane
mdebare qalaqi, sadac ritorikuli skola mdebareobda, axlos iyo amJamad cnobili
Semdeg punqtebTan _ 1. qalaq kerasuntTan,
2. md. TermoCaisTan,
3. md. yizil-
md.
Termodonti `saTaves iRebda armoniosis mTidan~ (georgika, I, gv. 109). s. yauxCiSvilis azriT,
(georgika, I, gv. 151). sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi is faqtic, rom md. kelkitis regionSi,
Zvel amasiasa tokats Soris, q. Termes gaswvriv, amJamadac ki aris q. fazari. es
faqti uflebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT mosazreba, rom md. kelkits zRvasTan SeerTebis adgilas fazisi erqva. meore qalaqi amave saxelwodebiT - fazari mdebareobs
aseuli kilometris daSorebiT - rizesa da xofas Sua. mis gaswvriv Woroxis
sanapiroze mdebareoba kargafazaris qedi, amave regionSia araqsi pirze q. fasinleri.
rogorc Cans, erT dros fasinleri, kargafazari da fazari (II) qmnidnen erT
regions fazisis saxelwodebiT, Cans amitomac am regionSi gamaval orive mdinares
araqssa da Woroxs fazisi erqva. unda vigulisxmoT, rom msgavsadve sul sxva
regionSi mdebare aRniSnuli pirveli fazaris mimdebare mdinare kelkitis erT
monakveTsac fazisi erqva. es saxeli mraval mdinares erqva trapezuntis gavlenis
regionSi.
`ritorikuli skola~ mdebareobda `kolxTa da armenielTa qveyanaSi~. cnobilia, rom istoriul periodSi e.w. `romauli armenia~ dayofili iyo I, II, III da
IV armeniebad. `pirveli armeniis provinciaSi~ Seyvanili iqna yofili elenopontos provincia anu istoriuli kolxeTi. maSasadame,
cnobili ritorikuli
Tumca
mdinare Termodonti,
elinuri
gv. 109).
280
Termodonti,
Temiskira,
petra,
fazisi
im
lazikis Crdilo sazRvari. saqme is iyo, rom TviT n. adoncis Tanaxmad, saeklesio
geografiam Semoinaxa imperiis administraciuli dayofis diokletianesdroindeli
saxe imiT, rom Tavis saWiroebisTvis iyenebda mas. e.i. lazikis Zveli saxeli,
misi terito riis Zveleburi gageba Semoinaxa eklesiur ma dayofam.
n . ad on ci T lazikaSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali bizanis,
pai pertis, keramevis, lerionisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi, Sesabamisi qalaqebi
ganlagebulni iyvnen Teodosiopolis-trapezuntis SemaerTebeli gzis sanapiro
regionSi, anu istoriuli WaneTSi, maT momcvel saeklesio olqs ewodeboda
`samitropolito lazikaSi~, anu swored am mxareeebs erqva lazika bizantiuri
saeklesio geografiis mixedviT da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos. rogorc Cans,
l azi ka~ ber Z n ul i ekl esi ur i gagebi T er qva aRn i Sn ul r egi o n s ( e.i .
W an i k a s) .
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am regionSi mraval punqts erqva `fazisi~. iq iyo
`fasianis~ saepiskoposo, fasisis samitropolito, araqssac fasisi erqva _ porfirogenetis mixedviT _ erTi `fasisi~ yofila trapezuntTan, is iyo aseve Termodontisa da Temiskiras siaxlovesac _ Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad.
amJamadac ki trabzonis olqSi, rogorc aRiniSna, mraval punqts `fazari~ ewodeba, magaliTad -`salpazari~ -q. tonias marcxniv, aseve `eski pazari~
ofTan axlos, sxvaa `dernekpazari~ ofis samxreTiT (yvela trabzonis guberniaSi),
garSemo~), d. baqraZis (`arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi~) da g. wereTlis (`Cemi mogzaurobis~) gamokvlevaTa gamoyenebiT.
Jan muries azriT, bizantieli mwerlebi baTumTan gamdinare Woroxs moixseniebdnen boasis, fazisisa da akamfsisis saxeliT. es, Cveni azriT, aris swori
Sexeduleba, Tumca ki sabWoTa epoqis istorikosebi mas akritikeben da amboben mis
Sesaxeb _ `cxadia, murie ver garkveula prokofi kesarielis cnobebSi~ (a. kaxiZe, d.
xaxutaSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisTvis, 1989, gv. 11).
Jan murie baTums klarjeTTan akavSirebs - baTumi klarjeTis nawils Seadgenda XIXVss-Si, Semdeg gadaiqca nawilad guriisa (1561w. rostom gurielma Turqebi xofadan da
arqabedan gandevna), xolo XVII s-dan Turquli lazeTisa da baTumis olqis nawilia.
sxva avtoris kalfoRlus naSromi _ .. .
, . XVIII. . 1. 1906 . 40) Seexeba md. Woroxs,
baTumsa da
mimdebare mxareebs. misi azriT, arianes mier moxseniebuli mdinare akamfsisi _ Woroxia.
miaCnia, rom Turqebis mier trapezuntis aRebamde (1461) baTums ewodeboda `baTisi~, anu
`baTi~ (ix. wignSi m. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi..., 1989, gv. 14).
CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom `baTi~ da `foTi~ etimologiurad axloa erTmaneTTan, baTi
_ faTi _ foTi an piriqiT foTi _ faTi _ baTi. baTi da foTi msgavsia etimologiurad,
amitomac SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroSi, kerZod, giorgi mTawmidelis
mier naxseneb `foTSi~, sadac gemiT mivida bizantiidan g. mTawmideli, unda igulisxmebodes
ara Tanamedrove foTi, sadac, Cveni azriT, im dros navsadguri ar iyo Zlieri daWaobebis
gamo, aramed Tanamedrove xufaTi an baTumi, sadac namdvilad iyo navsadgurebi (vTqvaT, iqve,
Zvel petraSi da mis maxloblad). kalfoglu baTumsa da lazikas erTmaneTs ukavSirebda,
misi azriT, `baTisis~ midamoebSi xdeboda iran-bizantielebis Setakebebi~ (iqve, gv.
15). navsadguri iyo imave regionis punqt xufaTSi. xu-faTi (xufaTi),
baTi da foTi
laSqari afxazeTisa
brZana da
centri (qse, 10, 1986, gv. 351). maSasadame, foTi dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
administraciuli erTeulis dedaqalaqi yofila, radganac mitropoliti wesis Sesabamisad provinciis dedaqalaqSi ijda. Cveni mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT,
lazikis (gulisxmobdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos) qalaqi iyo,
samitropolitos centri iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqosi,
magram,
fazisi (foTi)
radganac is
maSasadame,
fasisi
(foTi) lazikis dedaqalaqi yofila VII-VIII saukuneebSi. esaa zRvis donis momatebis
saukuneebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia md. rionis zRvaSi Sedinebis Seyovneba da misi dagubeba,
1-3 metris simaRleze myofi foTis didi nawilis datborva, amitom saeWvoa, foTi araTu
dedaqalaqi,
fasi-
anis miwa-wyali~ (geogika, IV, naw. II, gv. 262) an `ioane gaemgzavra timis (dvinis) cixis
winaaRmdeg. gzaSi man moarbia mTeli fasiani~ (iqve,
leonma gaigo, rom im adgils, romelsac fasiani ewodeba, sarkinozebi mividnen da iqauri eklesiebi cixeebad gadaaqcies, gagzavna lalakoni, patrikiosi
da armeniakTa Temis strategiosi koloniis strategiosiTurT,
mesopotamiis
gv. 261).
nawili III
Tavi
VIII
e g r i s i
$ 1. samxreT egrisi
1. samxreT egrisi da Crdilo egrisi
samxreTis egrisi mdebareobda im saerTaSoriso gzaze, romelic trapezunts sparseTTan aerTebda. am gzaze mdebareobda samxreTis egrisis regioni WaneTi (qaldea),
aseve aRniSnuli manralia da mardalia. samxreTis es raionebi, istoriuli iberiis
provinciebis xorZenas, pariadres an gugarqis nawili unda yofiliyo.isini strabonis
cnobiT armeniam CamoaWra iberias. maT ukan dasabruneblad am mxareebisaken ilaSqra
farnavazma, vaxtang gorgasalma, daviT kurapalatma, giorgi I-ma. am regionis erTi
nawili Semdeg Sedioda samcxe-saaTabagoSi, nawili ki guriaSi.
rogorc iTqva, samxreTis egrisi moicavda arzrumis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebs
vidre trapezuntamde da Woroxis Sesaxvevamde. am miwa-wyals vaxuSti miiCnevda ,,zemo
qarTlis~ nawilad da aTavsebda klarjeTSi.
vaxuSti, rogorc aRiniSna, klarjeTs uwodebda ara miwa-wyals artanujliganisas, aramed ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebs TorTomidan - gurji
boRazamde, trapezuntamde da Woroxis SesarTavamde, ispirisa da WaneTis
CaTvliT. ase, rom ,,zemo qarTlis~ nawili vaxuStiseuli klarjeTi igive samxreT
egrisia, klarjeTi vaxuStis mierve miiCneoda azonis mamiseul qveynad anu arianqarTlis nawilad. arian-qarTli - igive meore qarTlia, ase, rom rogorc iyo ori
geografiuli qarTli, erTi mcxeTis qarTli, meore ki arian-qarTli, aseve iyo ori
geografiuli egrisi=rionis egrisi da meore - samxreTis anu trapezuntis egrisi.
,,samxreTis egrisis~, saWiro axali cnebis Semotana - siaxles Seitans saqarTvelos
namdvili istoriis daweris saqmeSi.
maSasadame vaxuStis klarjeTi igive samxreT egrisia, sul sxva gziT igives ambobda
n. mari. misi azriT klarjeTis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba iyo megrel-Wanuri (Tubalkainuri), romelic TiTqosda Semdgom gasomxda.
somxuri geografiis egreviks (anu egrivs) aseve lazikas uwodebdnen,
sadac ganlagebuli iyo ziganasa da lazTa sxva saepiskoposoebi Semdegdroindeli giumuSxanes mxares.
2. `Zveli somxuri geografia~.
`egris qveynis~ adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb
`egris qveynis~ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs `Zveli somxuri geografiidan~ erTi adgilis sworad Targmnas. kerZod, somxuri
geografiis Sesabamis adgils sxvadasxvagvarad Targmnian cnobili mecnierebi - p.
ingoroyva, s. janaSia, d. musxeliSvili da bolos n. adonci.
VII saukuniT daTariRebuli somxuri geografiis ramdenime redaqcia arsebobs.
1. somxuri geografiis `mokle redaqciaSi~ d.musxeliSvilis sityviT Semdegs
vkiTxulobT _ `kolxeTi aris igive egrisi... Seicavs egrisi oTx mcire
qveyanas: manrili, egrevika, lazivi, WaneTi, romlebic arian xaldebi~.
vrceli redaqcia amave wyarosi ufro dawvrilebiT cnobebs iZleva. isic CamoTvlis zemoxsenebul provinciebs:
,,manvili (varianti _ manrili), egreviki anu sakuTriv egrisi, romlis
kideze aris md. fazisi, Tanamosaxele qalaqiTurT da Wanivi, igive xaldebi...
aqvs xuTi qalaqi: iani, kota, rodopolisi, aTina da rizoni da sxva bevri
emporionebi, anu zRvispira daba-qalaqebi, romelTa Sorisaa trapizoni" _ ase
Targmnis d. musxeliSvili somxur geografias VII saukunisa, romelic Tavis mxriv
285
rusulad uTargmnia da gamoucia q. patkanovs 1877 wels (d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, 2003, gv. 101).
d. musxeliSvili miiCnevs, rom somxuri geografiis manrili `unda niSnavdes
qarTul margvis _ argveTs, xolo egreviki sakuTriv egriss _ anu qarTuli
wyaroebis `Sida egriss~ (iqve, gv. 102). aqedan Cans, rom d. musxeliSvili araa
darwmunebuli, rom `manrili~ aris argveTi, da wers _ `unda niSnavdes~, miuxedavad
amisa, SemdgomSi is dabejiTebiT aviTarebs azrs, rom TiTqosda somxuri geografiis
egri _ dasavleT saqarTveloa.
2. p.ingoroyva darwmunebulia am sakiTxSi da is Sesabamisad Targmnis kidec
aRniSnul adgils:
`kolxeTi, e.i. egri aris qveyana aziisa da mdebareobs pontos zRvidan
sarmatiamde da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stoebamde,
romelic hyofs mas iveriidan... da igi ganiyofa oTx mcire qveynad: a)
mar[g]veli-vi, b) egreviki, romel ars sakuTriv egri, fasisis mdinaris mosazRvred, amave saxelwodebis (fasisis) qalaqiTurT, g) lazivi, d) Wanivi,
romelic aris xalteTi (xaldia), aqvea xuTi qalaqi, iani, kota, rodopolisi,
aTina, rizoni da sxva mravalni navsadgurni, e.i. zRvis sanapiro daba-qalaqni,
romelTa Soris aris trapezunti~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 212). p.
ingoroyvam miuTiTa 1881 wels gamocemuli somxuri geografia.
aqedan Cans, rom p. ingoroyvam Taviseburad gaigo wyaros `manrili~ da uwoda mas
`margvelivi~, risTvisac mas dasWirda sityva `manrilSi~ erTi asos _`g~- ganis
Camateba da `n~-s amoSla, ris Sedegadac manrili iqca margvelivad anu margveTad. am
meTodiT gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom uwoda manrils p. ingoroyvam margveTi, vfiqrob d.
musxeliSvilma gaimeora p. ingoroyvas Tvalsazrisi, Tumca is ar xsnis, Tu ratomaa
wyaros manrali argveTi.
3. sxvagvaria n. adoncis ganmarteba imisa, Tu sinamdvileSi sad mdebareobda `egris
qveynis mxare manralia~.
manralia n. adoncis sityviT, mdebareobda md. Woroxis samxreTiT da
moicavda zRvispireTs da mTian nawilebs, md. Woroxis saTavis mxares (.
, , 1908, gv. 20).
adoncis Tvalsazrisi sruliad gansxvavdeba qarTveli mecnierebis mosazrebisagan,
amasTanave, unda iTqvas is, rom saqme exeba somxur wyaros, romelsac ukeT icnobda n.
adonci, aRiarebuli mecnieri swored istoriuli geografiis sferoSi, miT umetes
SavizRvispireTisa.
4. am zemoT moyvanil or TargmanTan SedarebiT, vfiqrob, ufro realisturia s.
janaSias Targmani aRniSnuli adgilisa _
`kolxeTi, e.i. egeri, imyofeba pontos zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos, da
iveriisa da didi somxeTis TanamosazRvrea. egeri oTx provinciad iyofa: manrili,
egreviki, lazivi, WaneTi, e.i. xaldebi~ (s. janaSia, istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjeba, 1946,
gv. 22).
aqedan Cans, rom somxur geografiaSi aRniSnul mxares erqva manrili da ara
margvelivi, aseve somxur geografiaSi ganxilul mxares erqva egri da ara egrisi, mis
erT-erT kuTxes erqva egreviki da ara Sida egrisi.
n. adonci dabejiTebiT wers, rom egri mdebareobda Woroxis SesarTavTan,
da moicavda Woroxis marcxena sanapiros mxares. radganac, misi msjelobidan
gamomdinare-somxuri geografiis `fazisi~ Woroxia.
286
4. manraliis geografia
somxuri geografia, rogorc iTqva, wers _ `kolxeTi, e.i. egeri imyofeba pontos
zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos da iveriisa da didi somxeTis TanamosazRvrea.
egeri oTx provinciad iyofa: manrili, egreviki, lazivi da WaneTi, e.i. xaldebi" (s.
janaSia, ist. simarTlis damaxinjeba, 1946, gv. 222).
n. adoncis mixedviT, manralia mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed
xalxalis mTasTan, Zveli trapezuntisa da Teodosiopoliss (arzrums) Soris.
mardaliis gverdiT.marTalia manraliis adgilmebareobis gansazRvra Znelia, magram is
mardaliasTan mdebareobda, mardaliis adgilmdebareoba ki cnobilia - is TeodosiopolTan
axlos iyo, xalxalis mTasTan.
n.adonci wers - `arzrumidan 40 km-is daSorebiT aRmarTulia xalxalis mTa,
romelic sazRvravs xorZianas CrdiloeTidan.
xorZianadan gaedineba md. gaili. xorZiana, somxuri geografiis cnobiT, Sedioda e.w. IV armeniis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi.
xalxalis mTa, amasTanave, warmoadgenda sazRvars sparsul armeniasa da mardalias
Soris. amave xalxals ebjineboda dasavleTidan manralia. n. adoncis sityviT, xorZianas nawils, romelic manraliasTan mdebareobda, Zvelad artalia erqva, cixe-simagre
artalesonis Tanamosaxele (. , , 1908, gv.
20). (ix. prokofi, `SenobaTa Sesaxeb~, 2006, gv. 101).
ase rom, `manralia~ da qarTuli egrisi sul sxvadasxva qveynebia. somxuri geografiis
cnobiT, kolxeTi anu egeri (anu lazika) mdebareobda trapezuntsa da arzrums Soris
(masSi Sedioda Tanamedrove giumiSxane, baiberdi, kelkiti, aSkale, maSasadame, qveyana
moqceuli Tanamedrove trapizonsa, arzrumsa, ispirsa da erzinjans Soris. aRsaniSnavia,
rom aq iyvnen ganlagebulni noticiebis `lazikis~ qveynis eparqiebi, n.adoncis
cnobiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ori gansxvavebuli wyaro _ `somxuri geografia~ da berZnuli
`noticiebi~ Tanxvedrilia lazikis geografiis sakiTxSi.
pravoslavnaia enciklopedias - -s e.w. somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebis umetesobac am regionSia miTiTebuli.
somxuri geografiis `sarmatia~ aris dasavleT saqarTvelo. is aris `lazikis~
erTi sazRvari, meorea _ iveria, mesame _ `didi somxeTi~. somxuri geografiiT `didi
somxeTi~ ewodeboda e.w. sparsul armenias. is esazRvreboda e.w. dasavleT armenias, anu
bizantiur armenias. maSasadame, lazeTi moiazreba armeniis qveynad, romelic aRniSnul
sazRvrebSia.
291
6. egri da manralia
md. araqss aseve erqva sxva saxelebic, fazisi, egri da arazi. cxadia,
igulisxmeba araqsis zemoweli, am arealSi mdinaris saxelwodeba egri niSneulia imiT,
rom iqvea olqebi manralia da mardalia. mardalias eWira olqi mdinareebs arazs,
liCiksa da tuzlas Soris xalxalis qedTan, xolo `manralias~ olqi, aseve, emijneboda xalxalis qeds. iqve iyo xorZianis olqi, n. adoncis azriT, isini Zvelad
artaliis, artalesonis saxeliT ixseniebodnen dasavleT anu bizantiur armeniaSi,
persarmeniasTan axlos (. , , 1908, gv. 20).
rogorc iTqva, kandilis (Sdr. skanda) mTis CrdiloeTiT md. TorTumis xeobaSi
iyvnen sofeli vardiSeni da gegiki _ karins da spers Sua.
xolo Teodosiopolisi basianis olqSia.
punqti farangia, sadac oqro moipoveboda, iyo Wanikis sazRvarTan,sadac iRebs
saTaves md. boa (voa), esaa md. Woroxis zemo dineba (. ,
, 1908, gv. 25).
aRniSnuli farangioni _ sperSia (sispirisSi).
Wanikas aseve qaldea (xaldea) erqva. is iyo xaldebis (Wanebis) qveyana (. ,
, 1908, gv. 26). _ parxaris qedze, Woroxis xeobaSi.
Wanika taos esazRvreboda farangion-ispiridan Tuxarisamde (amJamindeli
xeresi) (. , , 1908, gv. 26).. gugarenas
kantonamde (gv. 26) da klarjeTamde.
Semdeg md. Woroxi Sedioda egr-egeriaSi, rogorc wers somxuri geografia
(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi gv. 26). jer Woroxi gaivlida kantonebs nigals,
mruls da mrits da Sedioda zRvaSi.
n. adoncis azriT, saxelwodeba egeri, egeria amJamad Semonaxulia formiT
aWara (aWaria) _ xorxismieri `g~-s palatur `W~-Si gadasvlis gamo (n. adonci,
armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 26). Woroxis aRmosavleTi sanapiro _ tao da klarjeTi sparselebs eWiraT.
WaneTs egerTan erTad garkveuli Tavisufleba hqonda, Tumca `romaul
miwad~ iwodeboda, magram mxolod iustinianes dros iqnen dapyrobilni da valdebulni gaxdnen ecnoT imperatoris xelisufleba, romelmac aago petras cixe lazikis
boloSi, zRvispirze, Woroxis SesarTavTan (gv. 27). petra _ iyo lazikis bolo da
aseve imperiis bolo, imperiis sazRvari iustinianes epoqaSi (gv. 27).
e.i. nizibinidan Woroxamde, romaelTa TvalsazrisiT, somxuri miwebi orad _ dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad, romaul somxeTad da persarmeniad iyvnen gayofilni (gv. iyo,
27). xolo lazikis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi petras cixe imperiis bolo iyo.
7. eger-egrisi
zaqaria ritori Tavisi Sromis bolo TavSi, n. adoncis sityviT, wers im 5 morwmune
xalxis qveynebis Sesaxeb, romlebic `CrdiloeTSi~ cxovrobdnen. maT Sorisaa `qveyana gurzani~. n. adonci ganmartavs _ `gurzani, e.i. iberia. arani, e.i. albania~ (. ,
, 1908, gv. 219).
n.adonci wers Woroxis SesarTavis mimdebare mxaris saxelis Sesaxeb _ `Semdeg
mdinare Woroxi Sedis egerSi, egeriaSi, rogorc aRwers somxuri geografia,
292
`Wanika anu xaldia~ _ Wanebis anu xaldebis qveyanas eWira mTiani mxare, romelsac
qmnis parxalis qedi md. Woroxsa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zols Soris trapezuntamde.
Woroxis barSi Wanikas esazRvreboda tao _ farangionispiridan Tuxarisis cixesimagremde, Semdeg Wanika esazRvreboda gugarenas kantons da klarjeTs md. artanujze.
`Semdeg md. Woroxi Sedis egerSi _ egeriaSi, rogorc `somxuri geografia
aRwers~, iqamde ki gaivlis nigalis da mrulis (mrilis) kantonebs da Caedineba
zRvaSi~ (. , , 1908, gv. 26).
nigalis saxeli, n.adoncis azriT, SeinarCuna mdinare murRulma, romelic Woroxs
uerTdeba arTvinis qvemoT marcxena mxridan.
VI s.-Si, rogorc iTqva, Woroxis aRmosavleTi mxare, - klarjeTi da tao,
ekuTvnoda sparselebs, xolo Wanika da, saerTod, egeria, Tumca romaul miwebze
mdebareobdnen, sargeblobdnen TavisuflebiT. maT mxolod iustinianes epoqa293
erge, anu egri, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, erqva miwa-wyals Woroxis SesarTavTan.
mas moixseniebs VII saukunis somxuri geografia, aseve batoniSvili vaxuSti.
vaxuStis cnobidan SeiZleba gavigoT, rom erge mdebareobda Woroxis SesarTavTan
im adgilTan axlos, sadac Woroxs uerTdeba aWariswyali.
Woroxi `dis friad Cqarad, qviansa, kldiansa da xramovansa Sina, sasmisad
Semrgo, gemoiani, sxvebr urgebi, vinaidgan ara rai keTdebis anu irwyvis Tvinier erges,
gonias da baToms, aramed vinaiTgan aRvswereniT baTomi, gonia da erge guriasa zeda, aw
erges zeidam viwyebT, aWariswylis SesarTavidam~ (vaxuSti, q.c. IV, gv. 676). arianes,
strabonis, prokofisa da sxva avtorTa cnobiT md.fazisi aseve iyo sasmelad vargisi da
gemrieli, is miedinebida kldeTa Soris didi siCqariT DAxmovanebiT. imaves wers
vaxuSti Woroxis Sesaxeb, rac Seexeba md.rions is quTaisidan zRvamde ara kldeTa
Soris, aramed vakeze miedineboda dausrulebel WaobebSi, amitomac, rogorc sxva yvela
Waobis uvargisi iyo sasmelad.
vaxuti wers - `lignis xeobisaTvis~: - `arTvinis sanaxebiTurT, vidre erges
sazRvramde Woroxis xeobis imieri da amieri iwodebis lignis xeobad da ars es
lignis xeoba Tvinier siviwrovisa friad nayofieri narinjiT, TurinjiT, limoniT,
zeTisxiliT, broweuliT, leRviT, venaxiT, xiliT Semkobili da qebulni buneburni
yovelive. marcvalni yovelni nayofierebs~ (q.c, IV, gv. 680).
vaxuti aseve wers:`guriisaTvis~... `zRvis SesarTavzed da Woroxis CrdiloeT kidurzed ars baTomi...
amas zeiT, Woroxis Crdilosave kidessa zeda ars erge~ (iqve, gv. 792).
`da baToms, gonias da erges narinji, Turinji, limoni, zeTisxili, broweuli
mravali da zRvis kidesaca~ (iqve, 793). erge da ligania is yovelmxriv nayofieri
moxirisi, romlis Sesaxebac werda prokofi.
somxur geografiaSi (VII s. Woroxis SesarTavs ewodeba `egri~, vaxuStisTan
`erge~.
`erge~ etimologiurad axloa sityvebTan `argveTi~, `margali~ da sxva. `egri~ ki
sityvebTan `egrisi~, `guria~ da sxva.
rogorc iTqva, vaxuStis `lignis xeoba~ Tavisi uxvnayofierebiT waagavs prokofi
kesarielis mier aRweril qveyana `moxiriss~.
vaxuStis Woroxi, siCqariT da gemoianobiT miagavs prokofi kesarielis
mier aRweril md. fasiss. prokofis kldovani lazika unda iyos klarjeTi,
xolo moxirisi _ erge-ligani.
294
aWaraSi, baTumTan axlos, md. Woroxis marjvena sanapiroze amJamadac aris punqti
`erge~ (iqvea soflebi _ maxo da aWariswyali). es ukanaskneli Woroxisa da md.
aWariswylis SeerTebis adgilasaa, oRond marjvena sanapiroze, odesRac VI saukuneSi
aWariswylisa (dokonisisa) da Woroxis (fasisi) SeerTebis adgilas yofila punqti
`nesosi~.
iv. javaxiSvili wers _ `raki qarTul wyaroebSi srulebiT garkveviT weria, rom
klarjeTi zRvamdis aRwevda, amitom ise gamodis, rom `xevi nigalisa~ (sumbatis uwyeba),
anu `nigali~ (matiane qarTlisa) klarjeTis erTi nawilTagania~ (iv. javaxiSvili, t. II,
gv. 63). maSasadame, istoriulad, ligani (livana) iyo nawili klarjeTisa.
etimologiurad axloa artaanSi mdebare sofeli `mglovani~ da nigali. iyo aseve
sofeli `mglinavi~, xolo SavSeTSi sofeli `norgiali~. amave fuZisaa strabonis
md.glavkosi, fazisis Senakadi.
klarjeTis nawili yofila aseve nigalsa da zRvas Sua mdebare `egri~, anu `erge~.
vaxuStis drosac aq iyo `erge~.
iv. javaxiSvili wers _ `somxuri usaxelo geografiidan Cans, rom klarjeTis gverdiT `egri~ mdebareobda. egrze mimdinareobda Woroxi (iqve, gv. 63).
Sua saukuneebSi baTumsa da nigals anu ligans aqeT mdebare sanapiro guriad
iwodeboda (qvemo guria), etimologiurad `egri~ `erge~ da guria axloa erTmaneTTan
da erTi fuZe `gr~ da `rg~ aqvT.
11. lazikis lokalizacia Zveli avtorebis mier
`somxuri geografiis~ Wanika da lazika trapezuntTan mdebare erTiani qveynis
nawilebia, erTmaneTs zogjer faraven kidec. isini da iqve, trapezuntis olqSi mdebare
egeria _ kolxidis nawilebia.
qveyana egri ganiyofa lazikad da Wanikad da is trapezuntTan mdebareobs _ ase
ikiTxeba `somxuri geografia~ VII-IX saukuneebisa, aseve igebs mas i. manandianic _ `
~ , .. , - ,
,
- ~ (. , ,
, . III, 1950, . 148).
somxuri geografiiT Wanika, lazika da kolxida trapezuntis olqSi mdebareobdnen da maT yvelas erTad egeria ewodebodaT - manandianis kvleviT.
mTawmididan gamosuli wyaros cnobiT _ herakle `miiwia trapezunted, sanaxebTa maT
samegrelosaTa~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 208, 422).
maSasadame, trapezunti _ samegreloa, somxuri wyaros _ egeriaa.
amasve wers eqvTime mTawmidelis epoqis wm.andrias cxovreba _ wm. mociquli mivida
`trapezuntSi sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~.
maSasadame, trapezunti _ megrelTa qveyanaa, samegreloa, anu egeriaa.
rogorc ori iyo qarTli (arian-qarTli da mcxeTis qarTli), ise ori iyo egrisi (egeri)
_ dasavleT qarTlis egrisi da bizantiis, anu trapezuntis egri, egeria.
295
Zveli avtorebi, rogorc wesi, Zalze xSirad erTad axseneben kolxeTsa da armenias.
qsenefontes cnobiT, tiribazi iyo dasavleT armeniis mmarTveli da amave dros
laSqrobis dros fasianebisa da esperitebis ufrosi (IV,1,4), aqedanac Cans, rom fasianebi, kolxebis uSualo mezoblebi, armeniis gverdiT cxovrobdnen, anu erT regionSi.
miTridate evpatorma mcire armenias, kolxeTsa da sofenaSi aago 75 cixesimagre, strabonis sityviT, radganac mcire armenia da sofena kolxeTTan erTad
ixsenieba, aqedan Cans, rom kolxeTi maTi momijnave olqi iyo.
egrisi, rogorc aRiniSna, erqva ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils,
aramed trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebsac. samxreT egrisi aRwevda Woroxis SesarTavamde, xolo Crdilo egrisi aqedan (Woroxis SesarTavidan) iwyeboda.
samxreT egriss, anu kolxeTs esazRvreboda armenia da is zogjer Sedioda kidec `romaul armeniaSi~, xolo Crdilo egrisi iberiaSi.
m. berZniSvilis sityviT, roca 456 wels romaelebma `daiwyes omi lazebTan~,
bizantiis imperatoris karze bWobdnen omSi gasamarjveblad armeniis gziT Seseodnen
kolxeTs, Tu tradiciuli gziT eomaT (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, gv. 8081). gubaz I-is kolxeTSi erT-erTi gza armeniidan Sedioda, radganac armeniis mezoblad mdebareobda.
ponto-kolxeTis dedoflis piTadoridas vaJi, strabonis sityviT, didi armeniis
mefed daadgines. misi meore vaJic gamefda armeniaSi artaqs III-is saxeliT, kolxeTis es
qvrivi dedofali iyo meuRle pontos mefisa polemonis. misi vaJebi, rogorc aRiniSna,
armeniis mefeebad daadgina romma ax.w. dasawyisSi. (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 134).
aqedan Cans, kolxeT-ponto-armeniis urTierTmezobloba.
Teofane JamTaaRmwerelis sityviT _ `armenielebi SeiWrnen lazikaSi~ arabobis
dros (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr gv. 187), radganac e.w. dasavleT armenias kolxeTi,
trapezuntis olqebi esazRvreboda.
amitomac werda VII saukuneSi `pasqaluri qronikis~ avtori `armeniis qalaqi
296
kolxisi~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr iqve, gv. 183). misi gamonaTqvami da aseve VII
saukunis somxuri geografiis Tvalsazrisi `egris~ qveynis mdebareobis Sesaxeb erTmaneTis msgavsia.
14. skviTia da iberebi
Teodosiopolidan (arzrumidan) aRmosavleTiT ganfenil vrcel miwa-wyalze, TiTqmis vidre vanis tbamde gvxvdeba mravali toponimi Tu hidronimi, romelnic meordebian
297
`Zv.w. IV saukune da misi momdevno xana odnavadac araa aRbeWdili istoriaSi~ (m.
berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis, gv. 69).
Zveli welTaRricxvis IV s-dan I saukunemde istoriaSi kolxebis Sesaxeb
cnobebi ar moi poveba (iqve, gv. 71).
romTan meomari miTridates dros cnobebi kolxeTis Sesaxeb axldeba. miTridate
VI evpatoris epoqaSi (120-63) kolxeTi samefo ar iyo.
kolxeTi `skeptuxiebad~ iyo danawilebuli. skeptuxia daaxloebiT qarTuli saerisTavos msgavsi administraciul-politikuri erTeulia kolxeTi pontos mefem daimorCila.
cnobilia, rom qristeSobamde 89 wels miTridate ukve flobda kolxeTs (iqve, m.
berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 71) da mas marTavda Tavisi moadgileebis
meSveobiT. erTi, magaliTad, iyo miTridates megobari moafreni (strabonis dedis Zma),
meore ki miTridates Svili, aseve miTridates saxelis mqone. mas pontos mefem `mefis
pativi uwyaloba. cxadia, is araa namdvili mefe, aramed mxolod saxelis mqone.
miTridates kolxeTi ainteresebda sazRvao saqmianobisTvis, aqedan, misdioda gemebis
ekipaJi da gemTsaSeni masala~ (m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis,gv. 73). romTan 85
wels damarcxebul miTridates kolxebi ganudgnen. Tavisi Svili maSin daudgina `mefed~
kolxebs, romelsac Semdeg jer oqros borkilebi daado, Semdeg ki sikvdiliT dasaja.
strabonis sityviT, mcire armeniasa, sofenenesa da kolxeTSi miTridatem 75
cixe-simagre aago da Tavisi qonebis didi nawili amaSi Cayara (m. berZniSvili, fasisis
istoriisaTvis gv. 74). aRniSnuli olqebi, cxadia, erTmaneTs emezoblebodnen, saerTo
sazRvrebi hqondaT. miTridates damarcxebis Semdeg pompeusi akontrolebda kolxeTs,
mefe orozis da skeptuxos olTakes Semdeg iq daadgina aristraxosi. sakvlevia is
`bosforelebis da kolxebis mefed~, Tu mxolod `kolxeTis mefed~ iwodeboda. cxadia,
aristaxosi ar iyo suverenuli mmarTveli, aramed romaelTa mier dadgenili.
48 wlisaTvis bosforis mefe farnakma (miTridates vaJma) kolxeTi da mTeli
armenia daimorCila (iqve, m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 77). magram 47
wels is avgustos keisarma daamarcxa.
Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukunis bolo wlebSi kolxeTs flobda pontos mmarTveli
polomeni. misi sikvdilis Semdeg (axali welTaRricxvis 14 wels) _ pontos `samefo~ taxtze avida misi qvrivi piTodorida, romelic kolxeTs 38 wlamde marTavda.
misi Svilebi armeniis mefeebi gaxdnen.
imperator traianes (92-117) dros kolxeTi romis qveSevrdomi iyo. SesaZloa, mis
mmarTvels `mefis~ tituli hqonda. amis Semdeg wydeba kolxeTis Sesaxeb cnobebi
kvlav ramdenime saukunis manZilze.
IV s. meore naxevridan kvlav Cndeba bundovani cnobebi (iqve, gv. 79), maTgan
zogierTSi kolxebi roms xarkis yovelwliurad gadaxdas pirdebian (iqve, gv. 80).
episkopos Teodorites (390-457) sxva ambavTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTis saxiT
mohyavs ambavi, rom `lazebi, sabebi da abazgebi da sxva barbarosebi Tumca romaelTa
batonobas emorCilebian, magram erTmaneTSi ar sdeben xelSekrulebas romauli kanonebis Tanaxmad~ (iqve, m. berZniSvili, fasisis istoriisaTvis gv. 80).
vfiqrob, yovelive zemoT aRwerili ar ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli wyaroebis
monacemebs, qristeSobamde VI-V saukuneebSi kolxeTs mefe ar hyolia da, Cans, teritoriulad is ar mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed _ trapezuntis
mxares.
e.w. `kolxeTis samefo~ mxolod erT nawils warmoadgenda pontos mefe miTri299
maSasadame, faqtia, rom arsebobda CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis ori egrisi, erTi mdebareobda
berZnul-romauli da somxuri gavlenis sferoSi, meorem ki, Crdilo egrisma, safuZveli
daudo Zveli qarTuli kulturis Camoyalibebas, viTarca zogad qarTuli qveynis
erT-erTma regionma.
17. vaxtang gorgasali istoriul samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze
(samxreT egrisSi)
vaxtang gorgasalma ilaSqra istoriuli samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze (igulisxmeba samxreT egrisi), msgavsad farnavazisa. Cans, vaxtangis mizani iyo iberiisaTvis
daebrunebina is miwa-wyali, romelic strabonis cnobiT Zv.w. II saukuneSi armeniam
Camoacala iberias (gogarena, xorZene da pariadres kalTebi). qarTlis cxovrebis
cnobiT farnavazma qristeSobamde III saukuneSi ilaSqra `azonis mamul~ klarjeTSi.
vaxuStis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, klarjeTi moicavda ara mxolod erT mxares, aramed
uvrceles regions qaldea-trapezuntidan Woroxamde. mematiane saberZneTTan iberiis
sazRvars aTavsebs anZianZorasTan (igive anZoreTTan) _ `warvida farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~ (q. c. I. gv. 23).
sad mdebareobda anZianZora? g. meliqiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT wers _ `qarTlis
samefos teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTiT ganvcobas eTanxmeba wyaros cnoba farnavazis mier mcireaziuli olqebis anZianZorisa da ekelecis (antik. wyaroebis akilesena, sofenas CrdiloeTiT evfratze mdebare olqi) dalaSqvraze (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1970, gv. 455). maSasadame, wyaros cnobiT farnavazis dros iberiis
(qarTlis samefos) sazRvari gadioda anZianZorasTan, istoriul xorZenesTan, amiT
Cveni wyaro (q.c.) amarTlebs strabonis cnobas, rom Zv.w. II saukunemde iberiaSi (e.i.
farnavazis samefoSi) Sedioda xorZene, gogarena da pariadres kalTebi. farnavazis
Semdgom maleve iberiis samefos daukargavs es teritoriebi, magram maT dasabruneblad
brZola grZeldeboda. amas miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba iq - `waremarTa
vaxtang Sesvlad saberZneTad da miiwivnes somxiTs da moerTnes... erisTavni
somxiTisani... tarovneli amazasp grigolis Senebulisa qalaqisagan, Trdat
naTesavisagan, didisa Trdatis. da moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi... warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna
gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa
qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q. c. I. gv. 160).
teqstidan Cans, rom vaxtangis dros aRniSnuli adgilebi ukve somxeTsa da pontoSia, maSin roca farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos `sazRvari~ `saberZneTTan~ anZianZorasTan gadioda. maSasadame es teritoriebi iberias didi xnis dakarguli hqonda
vaxtangis dros, magram iqaur (e.i.xorZenesa da pariadres kalTebis) mosaxleobas
qarTuli eTnoidentoba da qarTuli enis codna jer kidev SenarCunebuli rom hqonda
sxva gamokvlevebidan Cans.
VII s. somxeTis rukaze olqi saxelwodebiT `xorZiana~ (es unda iyos `xorZene~) mdebareobda karinTan (karaxpol-karnuqalaq-arzrumTan), mis samxreT-dasavleTiT daaxloeboT 70 km.
daSorebiT.
xorZianasa da karins Sua mdebareobda mananaRis (manralis) olqi mardaRis (mardaliis)
gverdiT.
xorZianasTan axlos, mis samxreT dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 40 km.-Si mdebareobda
301
302
$ 2. Crdilo egrisi
1. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi egrisTan dakavSirebiT (wyaros
mimoxilva _ `qarTlis cxovreba~, 1955, t. I.)
jer Semusra `Sua qarTlis~ qalaqebi, Semdeg kaxeTis qalaqebi da Semdeg azonma
`dai pyra qarTlsa zeda egrisica~ (q.c. I, gv. 14). farnavazis samefoSi ki qarTlis
oTxive nawili Sedioda, eseni iyvnen: 1. Sua qarTli; 2. kaxeTi; 3. egrisi; da 4.
klarjeTi.
rogorc aRiniSna, mematiane wers `Sua qarTlis~ Sesaxeb _ `ganZlierda aleqsandre da aRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa da povna cixe qalaqni ese Zlierni Sua qarTl:
wunda, xerTvisi mtkuarisa, oZrxe, mokidebuli kldesa Radosa, Tuxarisi, mdinaresa
zeda sperisasa, romelsa hqvian Woroxi, urbnisi, kaspi da ufliscixe, qalaqi didi
mcxeTa da ubanni misni, sarkine, cixe didi da zanavi, ubani uriaTa da rusTavi da dedacixe samSvilde da mtueris cixe, romel ars xunani~. mxolod `Sua qarTlis cixeqalaqebis~ Semdeg `naxa~ aleqsandrem kaxeTisa qalaqni (q.c. I, gv. 18).
rogorc iTqva - aleqsandrem Tavdapirvelad naxa Sua qarTlisa da kaxeTis
cixeebi, `Sua qarTlis~ cixeebia _ Tuxarisi, wunda, oZrxe, urbnisi, kaspi, ufliscixe,
mcxeTa, rusTavi, samSvilde da xunani.
maSasadame, mematianis sityviT, xunanidan Tuxarisamde miwa-wyals ewodeboda `Sua
qarTli~. mis garda aleqsandres aseve daupyria kaxeTi, xolo egrisi samarTavad
gadaucia Tavisi moxelisavis azonisaTvis (aRsaniSnavia, rom mefe farnavazma Tavisi
administraciuli reformis Semdeg Sua qarTlSi ramdenime saerisTavo daarsa (ise,
rogorc sxva provinciebSi). Sua qarTlis erT olqSi, romelsac `Sida qarTli~
erqva saspaspeto daarsa, maSasadame sxvaa `Sua qarTli~ da sxva `Sida qarTli~.
aleqsandres daupyria qarTlis yvela nawili _ klarjeTi, kaxeTi, egrisi da Sua
qarTli. yvela es qveyana erTad iwodeboda ase: `yoveli qarTli~. xolo `Sua
qarTli~ misi centraluri, yvelaze ufro Zlieri nawili iyo, aq iyo Tavmoyrili
dedaqalaq mcxeTisa da sxva yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqebis cixeebi, Tumca klarjeTs, kaxeTsa da egrisSic arsebobdnen Zlieri cixeebi.
`qarTlis cxovrebaze~ ufro Zveli wyaros - `moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnobiT, aleqsandre makedonelma `yoveli qarTlis~ patrikioss _ azons samarTavad gadasca qarTlis
qveyana _ `egriswylidan~ vidre somxeT-albaneTamde.
md. egriswyali iyo qarTlis samefos sazRvari Crdilo-dasavleTiT. md.
egriswyali _ egrisis qveynis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mdinare iyo. aq, am mdinaris piras
augia egriselTa eTnarqs _ egross dedaqalaqi `egrisi~ _ `xolo aman egros aRaSena
qalaqi da ewoda saxeli Tvisi egrisi. aw mas adgilsa hqvian bedia~ (q.c. I, gv. 5).
egriswyalze ki qarTlis samefos sazRvari gadioda.
egriswyali, rogorc qarTlis samefos sazRvari naxsenebia meore uZveles saistorio
wyaroSi - esaa `moqcevai qarTlisai~, mis Satberdul redaqciaSi naTqvamia - `da Tana
hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoi, Ze arian-qarTlisa mefisai, da mas miuboZa mcxeTai
sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa
crolisa da warvida~(Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 1 964,
gv.81).
mdinare egriswyali Tu qalaq `egrisTan~ anu bediasTan gaedineboda, maSin is
iqneba Tanamedrove `RaliZga~. aqedan iwyeboda `qarTlis samefos~ sazRvari azonis
dros. aqve dadebula farnavaz mefis `qarTlis samefos~ sazRvari. e.i. egrisi qarTlis samefos anu qarTlis nawili iyo kaxeTTan erTad.
wyaro saberZneTidan gamaval saxelmwifo sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT ramdenjerme axsenebs sityvas `sazRvari saberZneTisa~. pirvelad SavizRvispirze Crdilo304
saidanac ucxoelni gaZevebulni iyvnen da mis qveyanaSi md. egriswylidan somxeTalbaneTamde mxolod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen. es kidev ufro kargad Cans `farnavazis
cxovrebidan~.
egriselebic rom `naTesaviT QqarTvelni~ da `yovelTa qarTvelTa~ nawilni
arian, kargad Cans farnavazisadmi egriseli qujis pasuxiTac _ `aRdeg da moved
CemTana da nu Surob xuastagsa Sensa da xuastagiTa SeniTa gangimravlne spani Senni,
vidre gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyvedilTa misgan da miwyvedilTa. Dda vgoneb, romc hromTa maTgannica gamogvierTnen,
rameTu uricxvni awyvedil arian maTgannica azonisagan~ (q.c. I, gv. 22).
qujis pasuxidan naTlad Cans, rom is Tavis Tavs moiazrebs `yovelTa qarTvelTa
jgufSi~, konkretulad es Cans roca saubrobs `hromTa~ Sesaxeb _ ambobs pirvel
pirSi `vgoneb hromTa maTgannica gamogvierTdnen~, anu axali qarTuliT misi pasuxi
aseTia _ `modi CemTan, nu daiSureb Sens saganZurs, dagiqiraveb jars, roca azonis
mimarT mtrobas gavamJRavnebT, maSin misgan amowyvetilTa axloblebi gaixareben da
vfiqrob, zogierTi romaelic SemogvierTdeba, radganac maTgan azonma uricxvi
gawyvita~.
,,qarTlis cxovrebaSi" xazgasmiTaa saubari: arsebobda ori ZiriTadi mxare _
qarTvelni da azoni. xolo quji _ yovelTa qarTvelTa nawili iyo Tavisi
xalxiT, am qarTvelTa mxares qujis fiqriT, `romaelTa~ aramciredi, azonisagan
dasjili nawilic SemouerTdeboda _ `gamogvierTnen~ _ ambobs is. anu `yovel
qarTvelobas~ romaeli jariskacebic SemouerTdebian, rogorc mkiTxvelisTvis cnobilia, am SemTxvevaSi `hromnis~ saxeliT mematiane moixseniebs im 100 aTas mebrZols,
romelic misi TqmiT, aleqsandre makedonelma Semoiyvana qarTlSi makedoniidan da
gadasca azons. azons qarTvelTa garda am `romaelebis~ `qmnul keTili da asakovani~,
anu kargi aRnagobis, meomrebis aramciredi raodenoba gauwyvetia.
qujis aseTi pasuxis Semdeg farnavazi gadavida egrisSi da moismina qujis
saocari sityvebi _ `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs
ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cueni da me var mona Seni~ (q.c. I, gv. 22).
am sityvebidan Cans ara piradi urTierTobis asaxva, aramed `erTnaTesaobis~, erTi
genetikuri warmomavlobis suraTi, kerZod, urTierToba ara mxolod or pirs, aramed
kuTxeebis mosaxleobaTa Sorisac, am ukanasknels unda miuTiTebdes misi sityvebi _
`Sen xar ufali Cveni~ (ese igi mTeli egrisis mosaxleobisa). piraduladac gamoxatavs urTierTobas da ambobs: `me var mona Seni~. am urTierTobebSi unda Candes
dinastiuri ufros-umcrosobiTi valdebulebiTi damokidebulebis asaxva, rasac exeba
straboni iberiis aRwerisas. maSasadame, qujis pasuxi asaxavs rogorc egrisis mosaxleobis, aseve piradad misi damokidebulebis suraTs `yovelTa qarTvelTadmi~ da misi
centralizebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemisadmi.
quji TviTve xsnis, Tu ra udevs mis pasuxs safuZvlad: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT
qarTlisaTa~... amitom, `Sen xar ufali Cveni~. anu qarTveloba erTi genetikuri
warmoSobis xalxia, mis `TavTa ASvilia~ farnavazi, amitom mas unda daemorCilos `yovelni qarTvelni~, maT Soris egriselebic, radganac is aris zogad
qarTvelTa `ufali~. qarTlis `TavTa Svilobis~ gamo `yoveli qarTlis~
mosaxleoba, maT Soris egriselebic TavianT Tavs ivaldebuleben erT samefo
centrs daeqvemdebaron.
(am pasuxidan kargad Cans is, ris damalvasac ase saguldagulod cdilobs armeno306
fili redaqtori, anu `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesavlis avtori, rom mis mier warmodgenil figuralur genetikur sqemas ewinaRmdegeba mis mierve aRwerili ambavi, kerZod,
faravazisa da qujis winaprebi cnobili qarTlosi da egrosi qujis pasuxidan
gamomdinare, arian ara Zmebi, aramed mama-Svili, kerZod, egrosi qarTlosis Zea qujis
pasuxis mixedviT, radganac Tu `qarTlosia~ is `qarTlis Tavi~, romelzec quji
laparakobs, misadmi damorCileba egriselebisa im SemTxvevaSia gamarTlebuli, Tu
qarTlosi mamaa, xolo egrosi Svili. swored mamas ewodeba `ufali~, `ufrosi da
Tavi~ (misi SvilebisaTvis), romelsac unda damorCildnen Svilebi dinastiurad.
qujis pasuxidan gamomdinare, qarTlosis ZeTa genealogia SeiZleba aseTi iyos:
mematianis gadmocemul qarTlosis Svilebis saxelebs _ `mcxeTos, gardabos, kaxos,
kuxos, gaCios~ (q.c. I, gv. 8), SeiZleba daematos `egros~.
egrosi qarTlosis Svili Tu ar aris, ratom unda daemorCilos `qarTlis TavTa
Svils~ egrosis STamomavali? ratomaa farnavazi `ufali~, ratom marTebs mis mimarT
morCileba egrosis STamomavlebs, sxva SemTxvevaSi aseTi urTierToba SeuZlebelia.
mxolod maSin marTldeba qujis paxusi, Tuki egrosi qarTlosis Zea, iseve, rogorc
kaxosi, kuxosi da gardabosi.
ase rom, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ arsebuli Zveli genealogiuri sqema Semdeg iqna
damaxinjebuli armenofilebis mier, radganac es sqema armenofilur SesavalSia.
maSasadame `farnavazis cxovrebas~ Semounaxavs ufro Zveli wyaroebidan momdinare
informaciuli masala.
4. `egrisiT Sekrbes uricxvni spani~
Cveni XX s-is mecnierebi Seecadnen es procesi aexsnaT e.w. qarTizaciiT, TiTqosda `prozelituri~ (maTi terminia) qarTuli eklesia iWreboda sxvis miwa-wyalze da
avrcelebda iq qarTul enasa da kulturas. aseTi mosazreba saeWvoa, rogor SeeZlo
ori-sami beriT Tundac iseT wmidans, rogoric iyo grigol xanZTeli, mSobliuri ena daeviwyebina taoeli an klarji araqarTvelebisTvis, adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba TviTon rom ar yofiliyo qarTuli identobis mqone, anu eTnikurad warmoSobiT qarTveli, romelTac swyurodaT qarTveli mamebis sityva
da qadageba, anu mSobliuri xmis gagoneba. tao da klarjeTi uSualod
bizantiis mezobeli mxareebi iyvnen, Tu iqauri somxebi qalkedonitobis
gamo icvlidnen enas, maSin maT berZnuli enda mieRoT.
ase rom, TviT xalxma, regionebis mosaxleobam taosa Tu klarjeTSi Semoinaxa qarTuli ena da amitomac maTTvis qarTulenovani moZRvrebi savsebiT misaRebni
da sasurvelni iyvnen.
aseve iTqmis hereTis Sesaxebac. es mxare qarTuli enis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovania. saqme isaa, rom, Cveni mematianeebis sityviT, hereTi X saukunemde
monofizituri iyo. amis gamo eklesiebSi wirva-locva somxurenovani iqneboda, magram
xalxi qarTulenovani yofila. es iqidan Cans, rom hereTSi Tavdapirvelad qarTulenovani saxelmwifo Camoyalibda (saxelmwifo qarTuli eniT), Semdeg ki dinara dedoflis wyalobiT xalxma gadaigdo somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis uReli da daubrunda marTlmadideblobas, eklesiebSic aRsdga mSobliuri qarTulenovneba.
7. egrisis (afxazeTis) mosaxleoba uxtanesis mixedviT
(`da im qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba~)
ara mxolod somexi avtorebi, berZeni avtorebic dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas iberielebs uwodeben. magaliTad, straboni wers svanebis Sesaxeb _ `maT zogierTebi iberebs uwodeben~, rusul TargmanSi es ase JRers - `nekotorie nazivaiut ix
takJe iberiicami~ (strabon, izdatelstvo `nauka~, 1964, s.473). (es cnoba XX s.
qarTulma sabWoTa istoriografiam miCqmala. am Temas qvemoT SevexebiT).
straboni aseve wers, rom `Sua iberiaSi gadis samxreTisaken mimarTuli
kavkasionis is qedi, romelic uerTdeba somxeTis da mosxis mTebs, skidisesa
da pariadres~ (straboni, XI, II, 15). romelia aseTi qedi? erTaderTi qedi, romelic
gamodis kavkasiis mTidan da uerTdeba mesxeTis qeds, aris lixis anu suramis qedi. is
ki, strabonis cnobiT, `Sua iberiaSi~ gadioda, anu dasavleTi saqarTveloc iberiad
iwodeboda strabonis mier; es Zalze saWiro cnobaa, aseve miCqmaluli. aRsaniSnavia,
311
rom straboni iseve, rogorc Zveli qarTveli mematianeebi xmaroben erTsa da imave
geografiul termins: `Sua iberia~ (straboni), `Sua qarTli~ (mroveli).
sofel borsa da kldeeTSi iberiuli kulturis (arqeologiuri) saganZuris
aRmoCenis Semdeg Cveni mecnierebic teritorias vidre skanda-Sorapnamde iberiad
miiCneven. ase rom, strabonis cnoba, rom suramis qedi Sua iberiaSi gadioda, arqeologiuradac dadasturda. straboni ufro dasavleTiT swevda iberiis sazRvars
amitomac werda svanebis iberielobis Sesaxeb, xolo arianes dros Zidritebis tomi
farsmans emorCileboda Tanamedrove aWaris samxreTiT. iberia zRvisken vrclad iyo
gadaWimuli.
Cveni mematianis mtkicebiTac, rogorc aRiniSna egrisi iberiaSi Sedioda, is
qarTlis samefos Semadgeneli, organuli nawili iyo. egrisis erisTavi quji qarTlis merve erisTavi iyo _ farnavazis dis qmari.
9. `naTesavi Cveni~
Tu quji qarTlosiania, egrisis mosaxleobac qarTlosiania, anu qarTlosis STamomavalia (quji swored egrisis mosaxleobis pirovnuli gamoxatulebaa). maSin, kidev
erTxel SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom egrosi ara Targamosis Ze iyo, aramed qarTlosisa _
rogorc Cans, ase iyo kidec gadmocemuli eTnarqTa genealogiis Tavdapirvel variantSi, romelic Semdgom axal redaqtors gausworebia, Tumca ki Tavisi nakvalevi mTel
naSromSi ver aRmoufxvria da amis naSTia qujis aRniSnuli pasuxi farnavazisadmi.
10. eTnikuri `qarTvelis~ identurobis cneba
,,farnavaz pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosis naTesavTagani~ (q.c. I. gv. 26).
farnavazis asvla samefo taxtze ,,qarTlosis naTesavis~ gamefeba, rogorc iTqva,
miuRebeli yofila qarTlis qveynis erisTavebisaTvis,iqamde isini xarks uxdidnen im
ucxoel monarqebs, romlebic maTze imarjvebdnen. es normalur movlenad miaCndaT,
axla ki maTi Tanafardi, maTive Tvistomi gadaiqca maT mefed, Tvistomis msaxureba ki
saTakilo saqmed miiCnies.
,,farnavazi pirveli mefe iyo qarTls Sina", ara rigiTobiT, aramed pirveli mefe
iyo, viTarca ,,qarTlosisa naTesavTagani~. es movlena, rogorc aRiniSna, miuRebeli
iyo zogierTi didebulisaTvis, amitomac mematianis cnobiT farnavazis gardacvalebisTanave, roca samefo taxtze avida misi Ze saurmagi - moawyves ajanyeba
,,zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa da Tqves: ,,ara keTil ars Cvenda,
raTamca vmsaxurebdeT naTesavsa Cvensa, aramed viyoT erTad da movklaT Cven
saurmag, da viyvneT Cven Tavisufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel, da mivscemdeT
xarksa vincavin gamoCndes mZle~ (q.c. I, gv. 26).
iqamde, rogorc iTqva, qarTlis erisTavebi xarks aZlevdnen ara ,,maT naTesavs~
aramed ucxo ,,mZle~, gamarjvebul dampyrobels, axla ki Tavis naTesavisadmi anu
Tvistomisadmi damorCileba miiCnies ukeTurebad ,,ara keTil ars vmsaxurebdeT
naTesavsa Cvensa" rameTu uamisod, ,,ufro ganvisuenebTo~.
saurmagma qarTlis erisTavebis dasamarcxeblad Semoiyvana Crdilo
kavkasielebi da daasaxla isini aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi dasxna mTiueleTs, didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde,
romel ars svaneTi (q.c. I. gv. 27). mematianis am sityvebidan Cans, rom
qarTlis erisTavTa jgufSi Sedian egris-svaneTis erisTavebic (radganac
egris-svaneTis saerisTavoebSic, maTsave dasasjelad Camoasaxles
kavkasielebi) e.i. isinic ajanydnen.
aqedan gamomdinare, qarTlis im erisTavTa jgufSi, romelnic TavianTi
`naTesavis~ gamefebis gamo ajanydnen Sediodnen egris-svaneTis erisTavebic,
dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saerisTavoebis xalxi erTi eri `naTesavi Cveni~ iyo.
11. egrisi qristeSobis epoqaSi
(qujis SvilTaSvili qarTlis mefe)
`qarTlis samefo~, anu saqarTvelo mefe aderkis, rogorc iTqva, Tavisi SvilebisaTvis daunawilebia, iseve, rogorc 1500 wlis Semdeg mefe aleqsandrem daunawila
Tavis Svilebs.
miuxedavad am danawilebisa, egrisi mainc qarTlis erT-erTi samefos SemadgenlobaSi darCa.
mematianis sityviT, mefe aderkis Tavisi samefo orad gauyvia da Tavisi ori
vaJisTvis gadaucia. erTi samefos dedaqalaqi iyo mcxeTa, xolo meorisa _ armazi
(q.c. I, gv. 43).
13. egrisis anu `dasavleTis erisTavebi~
rogorc iTqva, qarTami iSvila qarTlis meSvide mefe bartomma, da Tvisi asulic
miaTxova. qarTamis Ze iyo aderki mefe, romelmac Tavis vaJebs mamamisis qarTamisa da
mamobilis bartomis saxeli daarqva. mematiane, aderkis miuxedavad genetikuri warmoSobisa, mamobilis gvariT moixseniebs _ arSakuniani.
mematianis cnobiT, saqarTvelos mefeebi Zlieri somxeTis samefos gavlenis sferoSi imyofebodnen, gansakuTrebiT samxreTi, anu armazis saqarTvelo _ somexTa mefes
daupyria kidec samxreT saqarTveloSi vrceli miwa-wyali mtkvris saTavidan wundamde artaanis CaTvliT (q.c. I, gv. 44).
es cnoba mematianisa imiTaa saintereso, rom strabonic msgavsadve aRwers iberiis
mdgomareobas. strabonis iberia ZiriTadad mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda,
xolo marjvena sanapiro _ TiTqmis mcxeTamde, armeniis SemadgenlobaSi iyo da arc
uwodebs am nawils straboni iberias, aramed armenias. qarTveli mematianis cnobiTac,
armazeli mefeebi _ somxeTis Zlieri damokidebulebis qveS iyvnen moqceulni. aqedan
Cans, rom strabonis iberia - mcxeTis qarTlis samefoa.
aseTi mdgomareoba, cxadia, qarTvelebisTvis mouTmeneli iyo, amitomac egrisidan
Sekrebili sagangebo jari am drosac gadmovida samcxeSi da SeebrZolnen somxebs,
raTa qarTlis miwa-wyali gaeTavisuflebinaT.
rogorc iTqva, somxeTma uSualod miitaca wundamde miwa-wyali, is armazel mefes
CamoarTves. wundaSi da iqve, demoTSi, somxuri jaric CauyenebiaT, oZrxes qalaqi ki
armazel mefeebs emorCileboda _ `mas (e.i. armazel mefes) Seeweodes megrelni,
xolo wundelni da demoTelni Seeweodes erTmaneTsa da daucxromlad ibrZodes da
ufrosi brZola maTi iyvis mdinaresa zeda, romelsa hqvian noste~ (q.c. I, gv. 48).
brZola somxebisagan qarTlis gasaTavisufleblad, romelSic samegrelodan Camosuli jari monawileobda _ vrcel miwa-wyalze iyo gadaSlili. am omSi qarTveloba
damarcxebula da somxebis mefem, mematianis sityviT `daimonna qarTvelni~ (q.c. I, gv.
48). es cnoba garkveulwilad gvixsnis strabonis Sexedulebas, rom TiTqmis mtkvramde armeniis saxelmwifo mdebareobda, Semdgom qarTlma daibruna Tavisi teritoriebi _ `somexTa ukumosces sazRvari qarTlisa, qalaqi wunda da cixe demoTisa,
javaxeTi da artaani~ (q.c. I, gv. 44). Tumca ki armazeli mefeebi mainc somxebis
gavlenis sferoSi darCenilan (iqve, gv. 51).
safiqrebelia, rom qarTveli mematiane, Tu misi cnobebi sworia, qronologiurad
cdeba, kerZod, mis mier moTxrobili ambebi miekuTvneba I-II saukuneebs, maSin, roca am
dros, laTinuri wyaroebiT, iberiis samefo Zalze Zlieri iyo da somxeTi, piriqiT,
iberiis gavlenis sferoSi imyofeboda, qarTveli mematiane dabejiTebiT wers, rom
mdgomareoba iyo piriqiT _ qarTli somxeTis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, gansakuTrebiT misi samxreTi nawili, amitomac SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is uSvebs qronologiur
Secdomas da qristeSobamde II-I saukuneebis ambebi gadmoaqvs aqeT, axali welTaRricxvis I-II saukuneebSi. qristeSobamde ki, II-I saukuneebSi somxeTi marTlac yofila
gaZlierebuli da samxreT saqarTvelo marTlac SesaZloa mis sferoSi Sedioda.
qarTlis mefe farsman qvelis mowamvlis Semdeg iberiis samefo karze didi
cvlilebebi momxdara. `dai pyres qarTli mirdat da erisTavman sparsTaman, xolo
megrni dadges erTgulebasa farsmanis Zisasa~ (q.c. I, gv. 53).
am dros qveynis mpyrobel sparselebs daupirispirdnen samegrelos erisTavebi _
`mierTes megrni~, amitomac megrebma moiSvelies berZnebica da somxebic sparselebTan saomrad, brZola gaimarTa Sida qarTlSi, sofel rexasTan, sparselebi damarcxdnen,
318
`da mefobda esreT mirian mcxeTiT gaRmarT qarTls, somxiTs, rans, hereTs,
movakans da egrs~ (q.c., I, gv.65).
`da mefobda mirian mun qarTls, rans, hereTs da movakans da aqunda egrisica
vidre egriswylamde~ (q.c., I, gv.70).
`misca Zesa missa revs saufliswulod kaxeTi da kuxeTi da dasva igi ujarmas...
mas Jamsa mosrul iyo wmida da netari deda da embazi Cveni nino~ (q.c., I, gv.71).
`darCa varaz-baqars qarTli (Tvinier klarjeTisa) da hereTi da egrisi (q.c., I,
gv.137).
vaxtangis anderZi:
1. `rqua Zesa Tvissa daCis _ momicemia gvirgvini mefobisa Cemisa,
2. da nawilad ZmaTa SenTa momicemia tasiskariTgan da wundidan vidre somxeTamde
da saberZneTamde.
3. sazRvari afxazeTisa, romeli mocemul ars egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua,
igi ZmaTa SenTa dedisa ars, igi aqvndes maT da iyvnen Senda erisTavad, morCilebasa
queSe naTesavisa Senisasa~.
da dajda saydars missa Ze misi daCi.
xolo coli da orni Zeni vaxtangisani wariyvanes samTa maT erisTavTa da
dai pyres dasavleTi qarTlisa, romeli misca vaxtang.
mooxrebul iyvnes yovelni xevni qarTlisani: Tvinier kaxeTisa da klarjeTisa da
egrisisa~. (q.c., I, gv. 205).
e.i. vaxtangis berZen cols mohyva imperatorisagan mziTvis saxiT teritoria
egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, romelsac erqva dasavleT qarTlisa. es miwawyali darCaT mis Svilebs mefe daCis naxevar Zmebs. maT miiRes erisTavTmTavris
tituli, xolo miwa-wyals egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua ewoda `dasavleT
qarTlisa~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxtang gorgasalma ilaSqra istoriuli samxreT iberiis miwawyalze, msgavsad farnavazisa. Cans vaxtangis mizani iyo iberiisaTvis daebrunebina is
miwa-wyali, romelic strabonis cnobiT Zv.w.II saukuneSi armeniam Camoacala iberias
(gogarena,xorZene da pariadres kalTebi). qarTlis cxovrebis cnobiT farnavazma
qristeSobamde III saukuneSi ilaSqra `azonis mamul~ klarjeTSi. vaxuStis cnobiT,
rogorc iTqva, klarjeTi moicavda ara mxolod erT mxares, aramed uvrceles
regions qaldea-trapezuntidan Woroxamde. mematiane saberZneTTan iberiis sazRvars
aTavsebs anZianZorasTan (igive anZoreTTan) - `warvida farnavaz da motyuena
sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~ (q.c. I, gv.23).
sad mdebareobda anZianZora? g.meliqiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT wers - `qarTlis
samefos teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTiT ganvcobas eTanxmeba wyaros cnoba farnavazis mier mcireaziuli olqebis anZianZorisa da ekelecis (antik. wyaroebis akilesena, sofenas CrdiloeTiT evfratze mdebare olqi) dalaSqvraze (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1970, gv. 455). maSasadame wyaros cnobiT farnavazis dros iberiis
(qarTlis samefos) sazRvari gadioda anZianZorasTan, istoriul xorZenesTan, amiT
Cveni wyaro (q.c.) amarTlebs strabonis cnobas, rom Zv.w. II saukunemde iberiaSi (e.i.
farnavazis samefoSi) Sedioda xorZene, gogarena da pariadres kalTebi. farnavazis
Semdgom maleve iberiis samefos daukargavs es teritoriebi, magram maT dasabruneblad
brZola grZeldeboda. amas miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba iq-`waremarTa
vaxtang Sesvlad saberZneTad da miiwivnes somxiTs da moerTnes...erisTavni
somxiTisani...tarovneli amazasp grigolis Senebulisa qalaqisagan, Trdat
naTesavisagan, didisa Trdatis. da moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi... warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna
gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekleci da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa
qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q.c. I, gv.160).
teqstidan Cans, rom vaxtangis dros aRniSnuli adgilebi ukve somxeTsa da
321
21.
odiSi
Tavi IX
administracia
1. iustinianes reformebi aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi _ istoriul lazikaSi
saxelmwifos sxva provinciebis msgavsad), imperatorebma gadawyvites SemoeRoT am miwawyalzec provincialuri mmarTveloba. es unda momxdariyo TandaTanobiT, radganac
aRniSnuli tomebi, xalxebi da eTnikuri jgufebi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurebze imyofebodnen (aRmosavleTis sxva provinciebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba samoqalaqo ganviTarebis SedarebiT ufro maRal safexurze imyofeboda,
amitomac maTTvis adreve Seiqmna administraciuli erTeulebi, ZiriTadad, provinciebis
saxiT).
bizantiis mmarTvelebma gadawyvites CvenTvis saintereso miwa-wyalze (mcire aziis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT urmiisa da vanis tbebidan trapezunt-ordumde) dayrdnobodnen
erT romelime ers da misi daxmarebiT ganexorcielebinaT reformebi, aseTad maT
somexi xalxi miiCnies da garkveulwilad hegemoni eris statusi mianiWes.
n. adoncis azriT, iq mcxovrebi sxvadasxva tomebi marTalia mravalni iyvnen, magram
mcirericxovarni da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis wes-Cveulebebis uqonelni, maTTan
SedarebiT somxebi iyvnen mravalricxovanni, politikurad erTi miznisken orientirebulni da aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mqoneni. amasTanave, mtkice qristianebi,
samxedro saqmeSi ki gamocdilni sparseTTan omis gamo.
imperatorebis TvalsazrisiT, Tuki somxeTi moewyoboda bizantiis sxva
nawilebis msgavsad provincialuri sistemiT, SesaZlebeli iqneboda mas aqtiuri winaaRmdegoba gaewia sparselebisaTvis da sparsTa Zalebi ar SeeSvaT
bizantiis siRrmeebSi.
aseTi administraciuli Camoyalibebis procesi dawyebuli iyo jer kidev iustinianemde. xolo iustinianem Tavisi yuradReba mravaljer miapyro am mxareTa teritoriuli mowyobis saqmes. sabolood iustinianes reformis Semdgom am miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda oTxi administraciuli erTeuli. oTxives ewodebda armenia, kerZod, eseni iyvnen
I armenia, II armenia, III armenia da IV armenia.
rogorc aRiniSna, am armeniebSi somxebis garda cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva tomebi da
eTnikuri jgufebi, maT Soris umetesoba iyo qarTveluri warmoSobisa, gansakuTrebiT
SavizRvispireTSi.
n.adoncis TqmiT imperias surda somxebis gaerTguleba, radganac sparsul-bizantiuri omebi ZiriTadad somxeTSi mimdinareobda da sasazRvro xaziT istoriuli somxeTi orad iyo gayofili. bizantias ar surda somxebis gaRizianeba aRniSnuli
patara tomebis gamo da cnobda maT istoriuli somxeTis mcxovreblebad.
Tavis mxriv, aRniSnuli tomebis miwa-wyalzec somxebi TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen uflebamosil mepatroneebad. marTlac, iustinianemde arc Tu didi xniT adre, sul ramdenime
saukunis win, strabonis cnobiT, somxur saxelmwifos miutacia aRniSnuli
miwa-wylis erTi nawili iberiisagan, kerZod, xorZenes, pariadris vrceli
qveyana da gogarena. am miwa-wyalze qarTvelTa armenizacia iustinianemdec iyo
dawyebuli, Tumca es procesi dasrulebuli ar iyo. qarTvelebis did nawils erovnuli TviTSemecneba SenarCunebuli hqonda, rogorc es Semdgom arabobis epoqaSi taoklarjeT-basianSi qarTuli TviTidentobis aRorZinebam aCvena, magram bizantiam VI sSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, sparseTTan metoqeobis gamo yuradReba sruliad ar
miapyro qarTvelTa erovnul sakiTxs da es mxareebi Seiyvana romaul armeniebSi.
kerZod, CvenTvis saintereso miwa-wylis umetesi nawili, anu trapezuntis mTagoriani mxareebi iustinianem Seiyvana I armeniaSi.
325
amitom, konstantinopolis kaTedraTa nusxebSi trapezuntis mimdebare eparqiebi saxeldebuli unda yofiliyvnen rogorc `saepiskoposoebi I armeniis
provinciaSi~, magram amis nacvlad, saeklesio sferoSi Zveli wesis ucvlelobis gamo, trapezuntis mimdebare kaTedrebis saxelwodebebi ar Seicvala da
isini Zveleburadve moixseniebodnen rogorc saepiskoposoebi `lazikeSi~. es
iyo aRniSnuli novelis gamoZaxili, romelic krZalavda raime siaxlis SemoRebas
samitropolitoTa mimarT. marTlac iustinianemde trapezuntis samxreT
mTianeTs lazika erqva da is e.w. `lazTa episkoposebis~ iurisdiqciaSi
Sedioda, prokofi kesarieli axsenebs trapezuntis maxloblad rizesTan
mcxovreb `erT xalxs~, romelic `lazTa episkoposebis~ iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda.
n. adoncis mixedviT, lazTa eparqiis ziganas saepieskoposo mdebareobda ara gudayvaSi,
aramed trapezuntis axlos, Semdegdroindel giumiSxanesTan, xolo petra, erqva aseve
trapezuntTan an TeodosiopolisTan axlos mdebare punqts, saisini yofila sazRvarTan
mxarisa, romelsac Semdgomad karini ewoda, xolo q.rodopolisi unda yofiliyo erTerTi qalaqi, rodopolisis olqSi, fasisis yvela es saepiskoposo _ petra, rodopolisi,
saisini da zigana mdebareobdnen erT regionSi arzrumsa da trapezunts Soris, romelsac iustiniamdel epoqaSic lazika da fasisi erqva.
konstantine porfirogeneti, Teodosiopolisis mimdebare mxareebs fasians uwodebs
(qarTuli basiani), is fasiss uwodebda md.araqsac. gansakuTrebiT aris aRsaniSnavi is,
rom swored aRniSnul regionSi, sadac es fasisis saepiskoposoebi iyvnen ganlagebulni,
saTaves iRebda ramdenime mdinare, maT Soris Woroxi da evfrati. aRsaniSnavia, rom
orive am mdinares _ Woroxsa da evfrats saTaveSi fasisi ewodeboda. amitomac
safiqrebelia, rom im qveyanasac, saidanac es mdinareebi gaedinebodnen da mis
momcvel miwa-wyalsac, sadac es saepiskoposoebi iyvnen moqceuli, fasisi
ewodeboda da qveynis saxelis Sesabamisad samitropolitosac fazisis samitropolito erqva.
2.
dayofas aRniSnavda, eklesiurma geografiam sityva `lazika~ SeinarCuna, amitom SemdgomSic trapezuntis eparqias erqva `trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~.
magram samoqalaqo-administraciulad axla (iustinianes epoqaSi) lazika daerqva
axal qveyanas - lazikis samefos, romelic aRniSnuli eklesiuri lazikis uSualo
mezoblad mdebareobda, mis odnav CrdiloeTiT, Woroxis xeobaSi _ arTvinidan goniomde. e.i. politikuri lazika da eklesiuri lazika ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs. eklesiuri _ geografiulad ufro samxreTiT mdebareobda, politikuri lazika _ CrdiloeTiT.
eklesiuri lazika trapezuntis regioni iyo, samoqalaqo-administraciuli
ki misi mezobeli regioni Woroxis xeobis qveda nawilis momcveli.
5. saisini, fasiani
Cvens mier gamokvleuli iqna, rom andria pirvelwodebuli, Cveni macxovris, ieso
qristes wmida mociquli, saqarTveloSi qadagebda 30-35 wlebSi (a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. I). wmida andrias cxovrebaSi gvxvdeba qveynis
mmarTveli brZeni qvrivis saxeli, romlis moqcevis Semdeg qristianoba gavrcelebula
mesxeTis vrcel qveyanaSi. meore variantiT ki svaneTSi,
unda iTqvas, rom wm. andrias mesxeTSi warmatebuli moRvaweoba qvrivis saxels
ukavSirdeba. aRniSnul dros, 30-35 wlebSi, strabonis cnobiT, mesxeTis momijnave
mxareebs marTlac marTavda cnobili qvrivi dedofali, romelic iseve xasiaTdeba, rogorc
andrias cxovrebaSi mesxeTis mmarTveli `qali gonieri da sagamgeo saqmis SemZle~. is
kolxeTs marTavda sikvdilamde, I saukunis 38 wlamde (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis
istoriisaTvis, 1969, gv. 77).
am qvrivi dedoflis saxeli yofila piTodorida.
m. berZniSvili wers _ `Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukunis ukanasknel wlebSi,
strabonis mowmobiT, kolxeTs flobda polemoni, romelic aseve ganagebda mis mierve
saxelSerqmeul polemoniumis pontos, aseve mcire armeniasac da bosforsac. axali
welTaRricxvis 1-2 wels is mokles brZolaSi da kolxeTis samefo taxtze avida misi
meuRle piTodorida, pompeusis megobris piTodore tralelis asuli. strabonis
daxasiaTebiT `qali gonieri da sagamgeo saqmis SemZle, romelic kolxeTs marTavda
sikvdilamde (38w). imave strabonis sityviT, misi samflobelos farglebSi Sediodnen
tibarenebi, vidre kolxeTamde, farnakiasa da trapizonamde, strabonis sityviT _
`amJamad qvrivi flobs, rogorc dasaxelebul qveynebs, ise sxvebs~. xolo meore
adgilas ambobs _ `flobs meuRle piTodorida, dedofali kolxebis, trapizonis da
farnakiasi~. rezidenciad mas hqonda kabeira, romelsac avgusta daarqva. igi
mdebareobda strabonis mSobliur qalaq amisiis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 27-28
km siSoreze~ (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 77).
aqedan Cans, rom kolxeTi trapizonis siaxloves mdebareobda. qvrivi dedoflis
mflobelobaSi iyo Tu ara samcxe, ucnobia, radganac qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, samcxeaWara, iseve, rogorc mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo, qarTlis mefe aderkis gamgeblobaSi
Sedioda, xolo dedofali piTodorida romis imperiis saxeliT marTavda istoriul
qarTul miwebs, qarTuli tomebiTve dasaxlebulT, magram ara qarTlis samefoSi
mdebareT, aramed mis gareT, mis uSualo mezoblad _ romis saxelmwifoSi.
safiqrebelia, rom es cnoba asaxavs istoriul realobas, kerZod, wm. andria
Tavdapirvelad trapezuntSi da mis qveyanaSi qadagebda, am qveyanas ki `sofeli
megrelTa~ erqva da, mis qveS igulisxmeba istoriuli kolxeTi _ trapezuntis
331
n. adonci wers _ `saeklesio ierarqiis evolucia samoqalaqos Sesabamisad viTardeboda. eklesia, TavisdaSeumCnevlad, imperiis administraciuli wyobis Sesabamisad moewyo. eklesiam swrafad SeZlo reagireba diokletianes mier ganxorcielebuli administraciuli dayofis Sesabamisad, amitom 325 wlisTvis moaswro Seecvala Tavisi ierarqia axali wyobis Sesabamisad. diokletianem, erTi mxriv, arsebuli provinciebi
dayo ufro wvril administraciul erTeulebad, xolo meore mxriv, ramdenime
provincia gaaerTiana ufro msxvil administraciul erTeulad _ diocezebad.
rogorc aRiniSna, imperiis aziis samflobelos Seadgenda sami diocezi _ azia
(asia), ponto da `aRmosavleTi~.
am ukanasknelSi (diocez `aRmosavleTSi~) Sedioda egvi ptec.
diocezebs, meTaurobda `vikarebi~, e.i. aRmosavleTis prefeqtis moadgileebi, xolo
provinciebis meTaurebi, anu prezidebi _ eqvemdebarebodnen Sesabamis vikarebs.
amave CarCoSi ganivrco saeklesio Zalaufleba. provinciebi gadaiqcnen saeklesio erTeulebad _ eparqiebad, yovel maTganSi isxdnen episkoposi - mitropolitebi, TavianTi mdgomareobiT prezidebis mdgomareobis eqvivalenturni.
amave saxiT diocezebmac moi poves saeklesio erTeulis mniSvneloba, romelTa
vikarebi Seesabamebodnen episkopos-patriarqebs.
TiToeul provinciaSi iqaur episkoposTagan gamoiyofoda erTi, provinciis dedaqalaqis
episkoposi _ mitropolitis xarisxiT, xolo TiToeul diocezSi mitropolitTa
Soris erTs eWira pirveli mdgomareoba patriarqisa an mTavari mitropolitisa.
asiis diocezSi aseTad aRiarebuli iyo efesos mitropoliti, `diocez aRmosavleTSi~ antioqiis mitropoliti, xolo pontos diocezSi _ kesariis mitropoliti
(. , , 1908, gv. 356).
aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis iqna
SemoRebuli samitropolito organizacia. zogierTis azriT, nikeis krebaze, xolo
sapatriarqo organizacia _ konstantinopolis krebaze (iqve, gv. 356).
n. adoncis cnobiT, `aRmosavleTis~ prefeqti umeteswilad cxovrobda q. antioqiaSi.
8. armenieli satrapebi da lazikis mefeebi bizantiur
samoxeleo sistemaSi
wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom konstantinopolis lazikis eparqiis zogierT saepiskoposo centrSi (mag. ziganaSi) idga romauli legionis razmebi. es imiTaa saintereso,
rom warmoadgens saSualebas arqeologiurad dasabuTdes maTi adgilmdebareoba.
romauli samxedro legionebisa da maTi razmebis ganlagebis adgilebze, rogorc
wesi, iwyeboda Zalze mniSvnelovani mSeneblobani.
prokofi kesarieli aRwers, kerZod ra Senobebi igeboda jaris saWiroebisaTvis. is
aRwers erTi aseTi adgilis mSeneblobas:
_ `md. evfratidan cota moSorebiT, iyo erTi kuTxe, sadac idga romael jariskacTa razmi. am adgils uwodebdnen meletins. iq, uwindel dros, romaelebs auSenebiaT
oTxkuTxa formis simagre, romelic jariskacebisTvis TavSesafars warmoadgenda. aq
isini inaxavdnen TavianT sabrZolo droSebsac. am simagrem safuZveli daudo samoqalaqo dasaxlebas. qalaqis mSenebloba simagris maxloblad gagrZelda. aaSenes taZrebi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, savaWro moednebi, sxvadasxva sasaqonlo duqnebi, yovel
mxares gaiyvanes quCebi, aaSenes galereebi, abanoebi, Teatrebi~ (prokofi kesarieli,
`SenobaTa Sesaxeb~, 2006, gv. 103).
333
veZioT ara varcixeSi, aramed trapezuntis regionSi, sadac marTlac md. kalapotamisze mdebareobda kidec qalaqi varda, romelic unda yofiliyo Zveli rodopolisi.
Tavi X
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
eparqiebi lazikaSi
Sesavali
1. saeklesio geografia
nuli, romelic trapezuntis e.w. lazikis samitropolitoSi imyofeboda. aRniSnulia noticiebSi CamoTvlili lerionis, Sarianis (xerianis), bizanas, baiberdis (pai pertis), olnutis, andakis, xaxis (xaxeis), xanZiorZis (xorZena?) da
sxva saepiskoposoebi, da isini ganlagebulni arian trapezuntidan TiTqmis
vanis tbamde.
aqedan Cans, rom X-XI s-is dasawyisidan eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT
konstantinopoli lazikas uwodebda vrcel mxares v anis tbidan trapezuntamde, sadac aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi iyvn en ganlagebulni.
ismis kiTxva _ ratom unda ewodebina konstantinopols am vrceli teritoriisTvis (vanis tbis momijnave qveynebidan trapezuntis CaTvliT) lazika?
marTlac, aRniSnul miwa-wyalze mravali marTlmadidebluri saepiskoposo
iyo, maT Soris iseTebic, romelnic mcxeTis sapatriarqos eqvemdebarebodnen.
magaliTad, arc Tu Sors vanis tbidan, iyo valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposo, konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semaval andakis kaTedridan arc Tu
moSorebiT iyvnen anisisa da karis qarTuli saepiskoposoebi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT konstantinopoli `lazikas~ uwodebda vrcel teritorias, romelnic qarTul wyaroebSi moixsenebian
viTarca `zemoni qveyanani~, taosa da vanis tbas Soris moqceuli teritoria.
qarTuli `zemo qveynebisa~ da mimdebare miwa-wyals rom moicavda konstantinopolis samitropolito lazikaSi, iqidanac Cans, rom aqaa ganlagebuli misi saepiskoposoebis mniSvnelovani nawili, magaliTad andakis kaTedra _
mdinare araqsze (mis zemo welSi), manaskertTan axlos, evfratis saTaveSi
mdebare olnutis kaTedra. TiTqmis `zemo qveynebis~ miwa-wyalze mdebareobdnen bizanasa da xorZenes saepiskoposoebi, xolo baiberdis, xaxis, kerCanisisa, xerianisa da lerionis saepiskoposoebi istoriul spersa, WaneTsa da
mimdebare miwebze mdebareobdnen. mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnuli `zemo qveynebi~,
anu taosa da vanis tbas Soris moqceuli miwa-wyali bizantiam CamoarTva
saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is dros, iq Camoyalibebul marTlmadideblur
samitropolitosTvis `lazikis eparqia~ uwodebiaT. unda aRiniSnos, rom
TiTqmis mis momcvel teritoriaze, aseve Camoayalibes bizantiuri samoqalaqo
administraciuli erTeuli `iberiis Temi~, anu is miwebi, r omlebic arabobamde `armeniad~ iwodeboda, X saukunis Semdeg eklesiurad lazikad,
administraciulad iberiad da qaldead iwoda _ vani s tbidan trapezu ntam de .
maSasadame, zemoT aRniSnuli monacemebidan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT:
konstantinopolis sapatriarqo IX-X saukuneebSi lazikas uwodebda vrcel
mxares trapezuntidan vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, sadac trapezuntis samitropolitos kaTedrebi iyvnen ganlagebulni. am vrceli miwa-wylis SuagulSi
saTaves iRebs iseTi cnobili mdinareebi, rogorica araqsi da evfrati. es
miwa-wyali istor iulad qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, swored
amis anarekli, anda realuri viTarebis gadmocemis Sedegia is, rom
konstantinopolis sapatriarqom `lazika~ uwoda aRniSnul miwa-wyals, amiT xazi gaesva mis mcxovrebTa eTnikur vinaobas. saxelwodebebi `lazikis eparqia~ da `iberiis Temi~ aRniSnul dros warmoaCens
338
realur suraTs, r om bizantiam cno vanis tbidan an isamde da trapezuntamde mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikuri vinaoba _ maTi qarTveloba,
radganac iqamde, kerZod ki arabobamde, am miwa-wyals bizantia oficialurad
`armenias~ uwodebda. arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, rac somxur eklesias ukve
unari aRar Seswevda Tavisi zewola ganexorcielebina mkvidr qarTvelebze,
IX-X ss-Si, gamo cocxlda iqamde Sesustebuli eTnikuri TviTSemecneba iqauri mkvidri qarTvelebisa, amitom ac arabebisagan gaTavisuflebul miwa-wyalze bizantielebs daxvda sxva suraTi _ mkvidri mosaxleobis mniSvnelov ani nawili, mcxovrebni evfratisa da araqsis saTaveebSi, vidre v anis tbamde da anisamde, mkveTrad acxadebda, rom
eTnikurad iyvnen ara somxebi, aramed qarTvelebi. iyo Tu ara amisaTvis safuZveli? saqme isaa, rom aRniSnuli miwa-wyali imTaviTve
qarTuli iyo. misi istoriuli warsulis Sesaxeb wers pavle ingoroyva _
`antikuri xanis saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT irkveva, rom antikur xanaSi,
vidre II-I ss-mde Zveli welTaRricxvisa, qarTuli tomebi T dasaxlebuli
iyo ara mxolod mtkvrisa da Woroxis xeobebi, aramed qarTvel tomebs
eWiraT agreTve araqsisa da evfratis xeobaTa zemo weli, saxeldobr,
xorZene, pariadris mTianeTi (mardaliis zona), basian is mxareni, araqsis saspereTi... karini, derWani, akileseni, muZuri (antitavrosis mxare,
ix. straboni, wigni XI, Tavi XVI, 5, qsenefonte, anabasisi, wigni IV, Tavi VI, 5,
VII, 8, 25). ... strabonis cnobiT, umravlesoba am provinciebisa saqarTvelom
dakarga politikurad II-I ss-Si Zv. welTaRricxvisa, rodesac somxeTma gaavrcela Tavisi gavlena evfratisa da araqsis xeobaTa am seqtorebze. I s-Si
axali welTaRricxvisa, rodesac iberiam did politikur Zlierebas miaRwia,
man SeZlo isev daebrunebina es qveynebi. plinius sekundis cnobebidan irkveva, rom I saukunis 60-ian wlebSi iberiis farglebSi Sedioda rogorc
mesxeTis qveyana (romelic am dros moicavda zemo mtkvrisa da Woroxis
xeobebs da araqsis auzis sanapiro zonas), ise amis mezobeli pontos qarTuli tomebis (xalibebis jgufis) teritoria evfratis xeobaSi. es teritoriebi moqceulia iberiis farglebSi, rogorc I saukuneSi, ise II s-is pirvel
naxevarSi, rodesac iberia Zlierebis zenits aRwevs. momdevno xanaSi iberia
isev hkargavs am qveynebs. mas Semdeg iwyeba am mxareTa TandaTanobiT eTnikuri gadagvareba, Tumca saSualo saukuneTa dasawyisSi (yovel SemTxvevaSi
VII saukunemde, rogorc es irkveva wyaroebidan), am qveynebs jer kidev
hqoniaT SerCenili qarTuli saxe. saqarTvelo ar Serigebia am mxareTa
dakargvas da saSualo saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelo cdilobda SemoeerTebina araqsis da evfratis xeobebSi mdebare es adrindeli qarTuli mxareebi.
es aris swored is `zemoni qveyanani~, romlis Semomtkicebasac cdilobda
qarTvelTa samefo X-XI saukuneebSi da romlis gamoc qarTvelTa samefos
konfliqti hqonda bizantiis imperiasTan~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule,
1954, gv. 517).
maSasadame, II-I saukuneebSi aRniSnuli miwa-wyali, romelzec Semdgom X
saukunisaTvis ganlagebuli iyo trapezuntis samitropolitos kaTedrebi _
dasaxlebuli iyo qarTuli tomebiT, marTalia, isini moeqcnen armeniaSi da
iqauri mkvidri qarTveloba (igulisxmeba vanis tbidan trapezuntamde mcx339
3. miwa-wyali
lazikis eparqiisa
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
xeriani;
9. xaviZiti;
xamaZuri (xamatoZuri);
10. (to) sermanZi;
pai perti (pai perti);
11. olnuti;
keramevi;
12. a ndaki;
lerioni;
13. fasiani;
bizana (bizanti);
14. sakabis;
zarnaki;
15. xanZiorzi.
xaxei (xali, xaioni, xalxevi);
6. trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi
-s mixedviT
(`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ t. III, 2001, gv. 328)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sari ani
ke lkiti
sarCam aZori
baiber di
ker Cani si
leri oni
mananaRi
bizana
Ze rnaki
10.
11.
12.
13.
14 .
15.
16.
17.
18.
mcu rni
xaxi
xavC iCi
se rm an ci
el anc ber di
andaki
bas eni
su kave ti
xanti er ci
343
,,pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ (2001, t. III) statia `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ Seexeba trapezuntis samitropolitos, maSin, roca mas dedanSi anu noticiebSi
oficialurad ewodeba `lazikeSi trapezuntis mitropolia~ (ix. georgika, IV,
naw. II, gv. 185) miuxedavad amisa, statiaSi isini mainc somxur saepiskoposoebad miiCneva: `ukve VI-VII saukuneebSi arsebobdnen somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi mcire armeniaSi, isini Sediodnen bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saepiskoposoebis Xs. dasawyisis nusxaSi moyvanilia saxelwodebebi marTlmadidebluri kaTedrebisa somxur miwa-wyalze.
trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Sedioda saepiskoposoebi Sariani da kelkiti
md. gailgetze (Tanamedrove kelkiti), sarCamaZori karinis axlos, baiberdi,
kerCanisi, lerioni, mananali, bizana, Zenaki, mcurni, xaxi, xavCiCi, sermanci, elancberdi,
andaki, basen, suskavet, xantierci. ekelesenis, xorZenasa da taronis samitropolitoebSi Sedioda 21 saepiskoposo kaTedra, maT Soris xorZena. taroni,
muSi, xaciuni, mancikerti (manaskerti), arWeSi, arcke, amiuki, berkri,
vostani~(,,pravoslavnaia enciklopedia", t.III, 2001, gv.300).
georgikaSi dabeWdili noticiebis mixedviT VII s. epifane kvi prelis
Sedgenili nusxa ki aseTia:
17. polemonis pontoSi (neokesariis mitropolia)
episkoposebi
1. trapezuntisa
2. kerasuntisa
3. polemonionisa
4. komanisa
mitropoliti
27. lazikeSi
fasidis=fasisis mitropoliti
episkoposebi:
1. rodopolisisa
2. saesinis (abisenisa)
3. petrisa
4. ziganasi
yvela noticiis SejerebiT miRebulia:
mitropoliti
33. trapezuntis metropolia lazikeSi, lazikisa (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv.
184)
episkoposebi
1) xerianis
9)
xaviZitis
2) xamaZuris (xamatoZuris)
10) xanZiorzis
3) xaxeis (xalis, xaonis, xalxevis) 11)
olnutis
4) pai peris (pai pertis)
12) fasianis
5) keramevis
13)
(to)serman Zis
344
6)
7)
8)
lerionis
bizanis (bizantis)
sakabis
14)
15)
andakis
zarinakis
ariane. lazebi maT mixedviT dasaxlebulni Canan trapezuntis midamoebSi, iq, sadac straboni asaxelebs sanebs.
g. meliqiSvilis mosazrebiT, laz ebi samx reT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTis mTianeTidan Semdeg gadasaxldnen kolxeTis
sanapiro zolSi _. isini erevian baris Zvel, eniT axlos mdgom
`mosaxleobas~ (prokofi kesarieli, SenobaTa Sesaxeb, 2006, q. SoSiaSvilis
komentari, gv. 38).
maSasadame, I-V ss-Si lazika erqva trapizonis samxreT-aRmosavleT
mTianeTs, i ustini anes dapyrobaT a kvald akval l azika daerqva mis
mezobel sanapi ro mxaresac, e.i. saeklesio geografia asaxavda Zvel I-V
ss.-Ta viTarebas.
9. ratom ewoda trapezuntis eparqias
`samitropolito lazikaSi~
maSasadame, yvela berZnuli wyaros cnobiT, kolxebi mosaxleobdnen trapezuntTan, kolxebs Semdeg lazebi ewodaT. lazikis eparq iis daarsebis
dros lazebi (igive ko lxebi, igive mosxebi) mos axleobdnen trapezuntis samxreTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT vanis tbis mimarTulebiT,
amitomac aq daar sebuli mravali saepiskoposo Sem degSi gaerTianda
kidec lazikis s amitropolitoSi, romlis centri trapezunti iyo.
10. trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi da antioqiis
iurisdiqcia istoriul iberiaSi
cnobilia, rom lerionisa da bizanas saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen istoriul WaneTsa da mis mimdebare regionSi md. Woroxis da kelkitis (gailgetis) saTaveebSi, vidre arzrumamde (Teodosiopolisamde) _ am regionSi
mdebareobda Semdgomi giumiSxanec _ trapezuntis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
mTian regionSi _ es iyo `lazika~ saeklesio geografiis mixedviT. aqve, amave
zolSia pai pertis (baiberdis) saepiskoposo.
`lazika~ (anu trapezuntis sam itropolito lazikaSi) moicavda
istoriul WaneTs da mis mo mijnave qarTul regionebs .
VII msoflio krebis xelismomweri trapezunteli mitropoliti ramdenjerme aRniSnavs krebis oqmSi, rom trapezunti da fazisi aris erTi da
igive qalaqi. is wers: `mi trop oli ti f asi disa an u trape zun tisa~ .
fasidi-fadisa-fasisi iyo mravali, erT-erTi yofila TviT trapezunti an
qalaqi trapezuntTan axlos. arabTa mier bizantiuri miwebis dapyrobis
dros fasisis samitropolitos zogierTi saepiskoposo qalaqi, moeqca arabTa mflobelobaSi. X saukunis bolos bizantiis imperiam daibruna teritoriebi aRmosavleTiT, magaliTad XI saukunis dasawyisSi baiberdis saepiksoposo, aseve lerionis saepiskoposo, magram bizanis da xorZenis saepiskoposoebi arabTa xelqveS iyo. am process asaxavda iurisdiqciac _ Sesabamisad imisa, Tu rogor farTovdeboda bizantiis imperia _ trapezuntis
samitropolitoc zrdida Tavisi qalaqebis ricxvs (ibrunebda am qalaqebs).
aRsaniSnavia, rom arabul miwebze mdebare saepiskoposoebi _ antioqiis
patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi eqceoda. magali Tad , taoSi kalmax is da f anaskertis saepiskoposoebi antioqiis xelqveS yofila. tao ki `qarTvelTa
samefos~ anu samxreT iberiis centraluri olqi iyo, iq Tu antioqias
Tavisi saepiskoposoebi hqonda, cxadia idavebda saqarTvelos eklesiasTan,
raTa SeenarCunebina Tavis iurisdiqciaSi es eparqiebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gaerTianebis procesis kvaldakval. am davis asaxvas unda warmoadgendes qarTlis cxovrebis cnobili CanarTebi VIII-XI ss-Si antioqiis mier
iveris eklesiis avtokefaliis cnobis Sesaxeb.
Cans antioqiam e.w. iveriis am qarTul miwa-wyalze Tavisi saepiskoposoebi daarsa arabobis epoqaSi. iqamdec es miwa-wyali bizantiis mier iyo xeldebuli.
safiqrebelia, rom arabebma taoSi konstantinopolis saqmianoba Seaferxes,
magram antioqia naklebad SezRudes, amitomac taoSi antioqiis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca kalmaxisa da fanaskertis saepiskoposoebi.
347
lazikis saepiskoposoebi
poso gaaCnda, droTa viTarebaSi arabebisagan miwebis gaTavisuflebasTan erTad, misi saepiskoposoebis ricxvi gaizarda da miwa-wyali
gafarTovda. misma iurisdiqciam kvlav miaRwia md. fasisamde anu araqsamde
da Semdeg TiTqmis vanis tbamde.
12. eklesiuri lazika vanis tbamde
Cveni TvalsazrisiT sparseTis mefe xosro petras miadga ara lixis qedis
mxridan, aramed artaani-artanujis gziT, Teodosiopolis-dvinis mxridan. xosro
miadga arsianis qeds, romelic gadalaxa artanujis gziT da Semdgom Woroxis gayolebiT miadga petras. es gza umoklesia im mimarTulebiT, sadac idga
am omis wis sparseTis laSqari. jarisTvis ara mxolod usargeblo iqneboda
Sori lixis qedis da mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT Sesuliyo petraSi, aramed araracionaluric. amas verc aitanda sparsuli laSqari, Tundac dasavleT saqarTvelos Waobebis cieb-cxelebis gamo.
cnobilia, rom qveyana petrasTan, romelic sparsulma laSqarma gaiara,
lazikad iwodeboda. prokofi kesarielis dabejiTebuli cnobebiT, es iyo
kldovani mxare, rogoricaa, marTlac, artaan-artanuj-Woroxis is mxareebi,
sadac gaiara, Cveni azriT, xosrom da swored es mxare iwodeboda lazikad
(zRvispira xufaT-rizesTan erTad). n. adoncis da ingoroyvas kvleviTac,
aRniSnuli mxare (e.i. klarjeTi da e.w. `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~)
lazikas ekuTvnoda.
sazRvari bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, Cans, xufaTze ido (xofTan),
radganac `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~ saqarTveloSi Semodioda. saqarTvelos meore CrdiloeTis sazRvari ki ido mdinare klisuraze (cxumTan).
VI saukuneSi, roca sparseTma iberia dai pyro, mTeli iberia mis xelSi
aRmoCnda aRniSnul sazRvrebamde.
n. adoncis cnobiT ki bizantiis sazRvari iustinianes mefobis dasawyisSi
gadioda rizesTan axlos. iustinianes dasWirda omi da Zalisxmeva, raTa
bizantiis sazRvari gadaetana Woroxis SesarTavamde, sadac man petras cixe
aago.
yovelive aRniSnuli gvesaWiroeba lazikis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis. iqamde, anu iustinianes mefobis dasawyisSi, roca imperiis sazRvari
rizesTan iyo, lazika erqva teritorias trapezuntis maRla _ ziganadan
rizemde. es iyo Zveli lazika, magram administraciulad is Seiyvanes sxva,
kerZod, pirveli armeniis provinciaSi amis gamo, Zveli lazikis saxeli daiCrdila.
Sesabamisad, iustinianes dros gaCnda axali lazika. es iyo rizedan Woroxamde moqceuli axladdapyrobili teritoria klarjeTis CaTvliT. erTi
sityviT, lazika daerqva axal miwebsac, romelic kontroldeboda petras cixiT.
es Cans iustinianes novelidanac, lazikisa da WaneTis Sesaxeb. swori iyo n.
adonci, rom `lazikeSi~ fazisis mitropolitis saepiskoposoebi _ rodopolisisa, saisinisa, petrasi da ziganasi mdebareobdnen mTianeTSi, cnobil qalaq ziganas
regionSi. am qveyanas erqva kidec imJamad eklesiurad lazika. xolo mas Semdeg,
rac iustinianem rizes CrdiloeTiT vidre Woroxamde teritoriebi miuerTa
Tavis imperias _ am axal miwebsac `lazikis~ saxeli miekuTvna (es mitaceba
349
(q.t. IV, 68). zogierTi wyaros miniSneba iZleva safuZvels vifiqroT, rom
regionSi romelic Semdgom lazikis eparqiis erTma nawilma moicva, mdebareobda arian-qarTli.
qristeSobamde III saukuneSi, aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi, ,,moqcevai
qarTlisais~ cnobiT arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni Tavis Tanmxleb didebulebTan da erTan erTad gadavida ufro CrdiloeTiT, da iq axali samefo
Camoayaliba. am wyaros cnobiT arsebobda ori qarTli. erTi iyo mcxeTis
qarTli - Tavisi sazRvrebiTa da dinastiiT, meore ki arian-qarTli azonis mamis samefo. orive es saxelmwifo - qarTulenovani mosaxleobiT
yofila dasaxlebuli, amis Sesaxeb wers arsen beri - ,,Cven Svilni varT
maT arian-qarTliT gamosulT ani da enai maTi vuwyiT~ (arsen beri,
wmida ninos cxovreba).
vaxuStis cnobiT, samcxe-saaTabago ganiyo feboda sam nawilad, maT
Soris ori iyo qar Tlos-farnavazis wili qveynebi (e.i. mcxeTis gamgeblobaSi
Sediod a), xolo mesame ki, klarjeTi, ar iyo qarTlosfarnavazis wili, aramed iyo azonis mamuli qveyana (anu arian-qarTlSi Sedioda).
klarjeTi ,,azonis wili qveyana~ iyo, maSasadame ,,arian-qarTlis~ samefos
nawili, Sesabamisad misi mosaxleoba eTnikurad iyo ,,arian-qarTvelni~.
vaxuSti, rogorc iTqva, wers samcxe-saaTabagos Sesaxeb - ,,xolo gamefda
ra farnaoz da dai pyra yoveli saqarTvelo, aman farnaoz dasxna erisTavni
Tvisni: erTi oZr axoss (da misca wili oZraxosi), meore wunas (da
misca wili javax osi), mesame klarjeTs (da misc a sruliad romeli
TviT dai pyra)~ (q. c. IV, 1973, gv. 691).
maSasadame klarjeTi ar iyo mcxeTis samamasaxlisos anu qarTlosis samemkvidreo mamuli,aramed iyo azonis mamiseuli qveyana da mas farnavazi azonis
damarcxebis Semdeg daeufla. amis Sesaxeb wers kidec vaxuSti qvemoT.
azonis mamul qve yanas ,,arian-qarTli~ erqva qris teSobamde IV-III
ss.-Si, is Semdgom Zv.w. II s.-Si armeniam dai pyro, strabonis sityviT
iberias armeniam waarTva vrceli qveynebi - gogareni, paradres kalTebi
da xorZene. klar jeTi, azonis mamuli qveyana, qri steSobamde romelime am nawilS i mdebareobda.
p. ingoroyvas sityviT, saqarTvelos Zlieri mefeebi ar urigdebodnen am
danakargs, erTi aseTi yofila farnavazis Semdgom vaxtang gorgasali, romelmac
iberiis am yofil areebSi ilaSqra da misi nawili daubruna deda samSoblos.
qarTlosis Zeebs mamis memkvidreobidan miecaT qveynebi - ,,oZraxos misca taSiskars zeiT i da mtkvris dasavleTi, vidre zR vamde sazRvramde
qarTlosisa, romel arian aw samcxe guria, ligani, S avSaTi, artanuji,
fanaskerti, o lTisi da tao ~ (q.c. IV, gv. 657). javaxoss mie ca - javaxeTi, artani, eruSeTi, kol a da mtkvris aRmosavleTi (iqve, gv. 657).
rogorc iTqva farnavazma javaxosis wil da oZraxosis wil qveynebSi
Tavisi erisTavebi dasva. es qveynebi, rogorc iTqva - mcxeTis istoriuli
samamasaxliso teritoria iyo. ,,xolo klarjeTi ar a ars wili amaTi,
aramed farnaoz d ai pyra Semdgomad azonis sikvdil isa da ars sazRvari amisi - aRm osavliT mTa, romeli ganvlis klar jeTs da taos Sua
353
ukiduresi samxreTi nawili, anu, kidev erTxel rom vTqvaT, imier tao, baiburdi,
speri da WaneTi, esaa X saukuneSi arsebuli ,,qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~
erTi nawili. aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukuneSi roca taos mefem daviT kurapalatma ,,zemo qarTls~ Seumata vrceli miwebi - ,,zemoni q veyanani~
vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde, ,,qarT velTa samefo~ swored am, aRniSnul
miwa-wyals erqva, xolo CrdiloeTiT mdebare samefoe bs erqvaT ,,afxazeTi~, ,,kaxeTi~, ,,taSir-Zoragerti~ da sxva, am bolo CamonaTvalTa
Soris ,,qarTvelTa~ samefo arcerTs ar erqva. ,,qarTvelTa~ samefo erqva
mxolod ukidures samxreTis qveynebs, romelnic, rogorc aRiniSna azonis
mamul anu ,,arian-qarTlis~, da Sesabamisad, ,,arian-qarTvelTa~ qveynad miiCneoda. aqedanaa, rogorc Cans, saxeli ,,qarTvelTa sakurapalato~ da ,,qarTvelTa
samefo~, rac Cans asaxavs ,,arian-qarTvelTa~ qveynis Zvel saxels.
saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze arabTa epoqaSi ,,Sida qarTli~ ar iyo saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli, rogorc iTqva afxazTa da kaxTa samefoebi erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen Sida qarTls, xolo qvemo qarTls Tbilisis saamiro da
taSir-Zorakertis samefoebi inawilebdnen. saxeli ,,qarTvelTa~, `qarTvelTa
samefosa~ da `qarTvelTa sakurapalatos~ saxiT tao-klarjeTSi iyo daculi
da Cans asaxavda arian-qarTlis anu arian-qarTvelTa saxelmwifos Zvel
memkvidreobas.
rogorc iTqva vaxuStiseuli klarjeTis anu azonis mamiseuli qveynis (e.
i. arian-qarTlis) nawilad miiCneoda WaneTi forCxas (borCxas) CaTvliT
(borCxa - Woroxis SesarTavTan mdebare dabaa), iqve iwyeboda istoriuli
egris qveyana, romelsac vaxuSti xSirad axsenebs. anu klarjeT-zemo qarTlSi
Sedioda Wane Ti egriTurT.
WaneTi da egri ixseneba VII saukunis somxur geografiaSi, romlis
mixedviT egri iyo trapezuntis mimdebare qveyana romelic moicavda
manralias, qaldia, Wanivsa da egrivs .
mardalias dasavleTiT mdebareobda provincia manralia, romlis adgili n.
adoncs gansazRvruli aqvs manralia arzrumis samxreT dasavleTiT
karagiolis qedis dasavleTiT, xorZena-bazans Crd iloeTiT mdebareobda.
maSasadame istoriuli egri gadaWimuli iyo arzrumis samxreTi mxareebidan vidre trapezuntamde (Wanivi) da borCxa-Woroxis SesarTavamde (egrivi),
misi ori nawili WaneTi da egri - klarjeTSi (zemo qarTlSi) aqvs moxseniebuli vaxuStis. unda vifiqroT, rom arian-qarTlSi Sedioda egrisis ara
mxolod es ori nawili (WaneTi da egri) aramed manraliac, anu arianqarTli mTel samxreT is egriss moicavda, amis Sesaxeb unda miuTiTebdes
farnavazisa da vaxtang gorgaslis laSqrobebi am mxareebSi .
16. samxreTis iberia da samxreTis lazika
kerZod, manralias Temi ebjineboda xalxalis qeds, xorZianas mezoblad (adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 20).
VII s-Si miwa-wyali Woroxamde (anu egeri) armeniakonis TemSi Seiyvana
bizantiam, Tumca maleve bizantiam armeniakonis Tems Tavisi namdvili saxeli
`qaldeas Temi~ uwoda.
qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografiis tragediad unda miviCnioT, rom man
arasworad gansazRvra manralis, aseve, fasisis, rodopolisis, skandas Tu
sarapanas mdebareoba. Sesabamisad, lazika uwoda dasavleT saqarTvelos.
rogorc iTqva, n. adoncis gamowvlilviTi ganmartebiT, manralia mdebareo bda ar a d as avl eT saq arT vel oSi , aram ed Te odo sio pol isT an
(arzrumdan) axlos xalxalis mTasTan, mardaliis gve rdiT (n. adonci,
gv. 20).
d. musxeliSvilis, iseve, rogorc sxva qarTveli mecnierebis azriT ki, manrili, anu manralia TiTqosda erqva argveTs. egreviki, anu egri ki Tanamedrove
samegrelos.
esaa, Seusabamo mosazreba. manrili iyo ara ime reTi, aramed mxare
WaneTTan., arzrumTan.
qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom arsebobda ori egrisi, CrdiloeT egrisi da samxreT egrisi (teritoria Woroxidan trapezuntamde).
TviTon Woroxis pi ra erge da guria - egrisis naw ilebi iyvnen.
somxur geografiaSi lazivi erqva - rize - trapezuntis mimdebare qveyanas.
18.
lazi episkoposebi
361
nawili IV
Tavi XI
iberiis Temis qarTuli samamamTavro
(lazikis eparqiis sazRvrebis zrda iberiis Temis daarsebis
Semdeg)
I. istoria
`iberiis Temis~ olqebi da gzebi
sazRvris SigniT iyo moqceuli xufaTi, parxali, TorTomi, Crdilo basiani, samxreT tao da araqsis samxreTiT mdebare miwebi.
qarTuli miwebi araqsis samxreTiTac ido, jer kidev skliarosis ajanyebamde gacilebiT adre konstantine porfirogenetis dros. ,,abnikis
cixe fasianis anu araqsis samxreTiT iyo da, amrigad aSot IV
kurapalati araqsis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals moiTxovda~ (v.
kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070
wlebSi, 1969, gv. 18). es xdeboda X s. dasawyisSi, radganac aSot IV 954 w.
gardaicvala.
saerTod, qarTvelebi mudam miiswrafvodnen md. araqsis da evfratis
saTaveebis momcvel teritoriebisaken, q. Teodosiopolis (arzrumis)
mimdebare mxareebisaken, radganac isini maTi istoriuli samSoblos
nawilebad miaCndaT.
konstantine porfirogeneti gaocebuli wers kidevac, rom qarTvelebs ar
undodaT bizantiis ,,xelSi gadasuliyo Teodosiupoli am qalaqis
,,siyvarulis gamo da imis gamo, rom Teodosi polis cixe ar ganadgurebuliyo~ (georgika, t. IV, naw. II, gv. 266).
arabTa mouZlurebis Semdeg, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, bizantielebma gadawyvites xelSi CaegdoT uZvelesi qalaqi Teodosiopoli
(karnu-qalaqi) Tavisi mimdebare qveyniT, magram axla ukve qalaqis mkvidrebi uwevdnen sastik winaaRmdegobas mtrebs. bizantielebi TiTqmis
naxevari saukune ibrZodnen qalaqis xelSi Casagdebad, maT Soris usastikesi xerxebiTac, magaliTad, alya Semoartyes qalaqs da gadawyvites
SimSiliT amoexocaT moqalaqeebi, mizans ver miaRwies, maT aRmoaCines,
rom qarTvelebi TavianTi qajis (kejes) cixidan farulad sursaTiT
amaragebdnen qalaqs. bizantielebma xangrZlivi molaparakebiT scades
qarTvelTa interesebis ganeleba. bolos darwmundnen, rom qarTvelebs
,,uyvardaT qalaqi~, misi moqalaqeebi da saerTod karinis anu karnuqalaqis mxaris mosaxleoba. es saintereso momentia, imiT, rom swored am
mxareebSi ivaraudeba istoriuli arian-qarTlis arseboba, es mxareebi
Cans IX-X saukuneebSi jer kidev qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, da
swored amis gamo ,,uyvardaT~ qarTvelTa laSqarsa da politikur moRvaweebs es mxareebi da Teodosiopolis moqalaqeebi enanebodaT mtris
mier dasaxocad. sxvagvari ,,siyvaruli~ Zalze ucnaurad gamoCndeboda,
imdenad bunebrivi iyo Sua saukuneebSi xalxis xocva-Jleta da miwaTa
dapyrobani.
sxvadasxva avtorebis mier arian-qarTlis qveynad moiazreba tao,
basiani da maT samxreTiT mdebare qveyana. kerZod ki aqemeniduri
sparseTis me-18-e da me-19-e satrapiebis erTi nawili, rogorc iTqva is qveynebi, sadac qsenofontem qarTuli tomebi naxa, es aris qveyana
Semdeg droindeli Teodosiopolidan araqsis xeobis gayolebiT,
evfratis saTaveebis CaTvliT, vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde. am
qveynebis mimarT gaaCndaT qarTul politikur erTeulebs interesi da
swored es qveynebi gadasca bizantiam daviT III kurapalats, kerZod es
qveynebi yofila: 1. dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi mdebare klisura
363
qsenofontes cnobiTac fasianidan da mimdgomi qarTuli qveynebidan daqiravebul jariskacebs jer kidev qristeSobamde V
saukuneSi iyenebdnen sparsul armiaSi, amitomac araa sakvirveli,
rom basianidan da mimdgomi qveynebidan (e. i. iveriis Temidan)
daqiravebul jariskacebs IX-X saukuneebSic iyenebdnen ucxo qveynebi. magaliTad, imperator nikifore fokas 964 wels iberiul jarTan
erTad kilikiaSi ulaSqria. ,,TiTqmis yvela did brZolaSi, romelic ki
am periodSi bizantias aRmosavleTis frontze (mesopotamiaSi, selevkiaSi da sxv.) uwarmoebia qarTvelTa laSqari iRebda monawileobas~ (iqve,
gv. 23). qarTvelebi ara mxolod imperatoris, aramed imperatorobis mowinaaRmdege ajanyebuli bizantieli mxedarTmTavrebis jarSic mniSvnelovan Zalas Seadgendnen. magaliTad, konstantinopolis winaaRmdeg barda
fokas ajanyebisas, ,,qarTvelTa qveiTi jari Seadgenda saukeTeso
laSqars~ (iqve, gv.76). mkvlevari vasilevski aRniSnavs, rom am ajanyebis
CaxSobis Semdeg ,,bizantiis armiaSi qarTvelebis adgili rusebma daikaves~
(v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 9701070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 77).
saerTod, barda fokasadmi mxardaWera gaxda mTavari mizezi samxreT
taos saxelmwifos ganadgurebisa da mis adgilze iberiis Temis daarsebisa. daviT kurapalatis samefo bizantiam SeierTa, Tumca amis Semdegac
gahyavdaT iberiis Temidan jariskacebi bizantiur armiaSi, rogorc iTqva konstantine monomaxs marto 1053 wels 50000 iberieli jariskaci
dauTxovia. moqiravne jariskacebis qira iberiis Temis simdidris erTerTi wyaro iyo, umTavresi ki iyo is Semosavali, romelsac iRebda masze
gamavali saerTaSoriso gziT mosargeble vaWrebisagan.
iqamdec, iberiis Temis daarsebamde, maSin, roca aRniSnuli teritoriebi samxreT taos anu daviT kurapalatis samefoSi Sedioda, iq gaCaRebuli iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani aReb-micemoba.
samxreT taos samefo iqamdec mdidari saxelmwifo iyo, magram
X s. bolodan axali olqebis SemoerTebam misi politikuri da
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaaumjobesa.
am miwa-wyalze (Woroxidan da trabzonidan vanis tbamde) gadioda
,,saxalifodan wamosuli udidesi savaWro gza, romelic mcire
aziasa da pontoSi miemarTeboda. am gzaze mravali savaWro centri iyo da maT Soris yvelaze ufro cnobili - arcni da karnu
qalaqi, igive Teodosiopoli, dRevandeli arzrumi. arcni Teodosiopolis axlos md. evfratis ukidures saTaveSi mdebareobda,
sadac aristake lastivertecis cnobiT, udidesi simdidre modioda
,,zRviTa da xmeleTiT~ (iqve, gv. 43).
arcni (arwe) udidesi da Zlieri savaWro centri iyo. idga mTavar
savaWro gzaze, romelic moemarTeboda konstantinopolidan (trapezuntidan) da yarsis, anisisa da dvinis gavliT iranSi miemarTeboda, mis
Sesaxeb kedrenec werda: arcnSi vaWrobdnen iranidan, indoeTidan da
sxvadasxva mxridan Semosuli aziuri saqonliT.
aranaklebi savaWro qalaqi iyo arzrumi.
366
989 wels barda fokas ajanyebis dacxromis Semdeg ajanyebis Tanamonawile daviT kurapalati iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi samflobeloebi
basili II-isaTvis eanderZebina. magram, amis Semdegac man ilaSqra vanis
tbis mimarTulebiT da 990 wels aiRo Zalze mniSvnelovani qalaq manaskerti, romelic, asoRikis cnobiT, qarTvelebiTa da somxebiT daasaxla, radganac is damarcxebul mahmadianebs miutovebiaT.
qarTvelTa xelSi vanis tbis mimdebare qveynebi iyo XI s-is pirvel
aTeul wlebamde. am qveynebSi mravali qarTveli marTlmadilebeli
qristiani cxovrobda, romelTac TavianTi samrevloebi, eklesiebi da
368
(1001-1054)
1001 wels gardaicvala daviT kurapalati, am cnobis miRebisTanave
imperatori basili II Tavisi laSqriT swrafi marSiT gamoeSura taos
samefos dasapyrobad, radganac daviTi Tavisi anderZiT mas utovebda
Tavis vrcel samflobeloebs.
daviT kurapalatis samefo, romelsac ucxoelebi iberas (iverias)
uwodebdnen, rogorc iTqva, moicavda samxreT taos, Crdilo basiansa
da TorToms, amis garda ki mas droebiT sargeblobaSi hqonda zemoT
aRniSnuli vrceli miwa-wyali, TiTqmis vanis tbamde - dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi mdebare klisura da misi cixe xaltoi-ariWi;
araqsis saTaveebTan mardaliis kantonis cixe sevuki; vanis tbis
Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi haqisa da apahunis provinciebi;
samxreT basiani;
Teodosiopoli (arzrumi) Tavisi TemiT, anu
karini; Woroxis saTaveebTan Cormairis Temi.
mTlianad es mxareebi axla ukve basil II-m daikanona.
,,dai pyra basili mefeman mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~ - wers
sumbat daviTis Ze, amasTanave aiZula qveynis aznaurebi cixeebi bizantielebisTvis gadaecaT, didgvarianTagan yvelaze gamoCenili patriotebi ki bizantiaSi gadaasaxla.
kedrene wers - ,,iberiaSi rom Cavida, micemuli memkvidreoba daidgina...
Tan waiyvana iberiis didgvarianebi, romelTagan umTavresni iyvnen bakuriani, Tevdrate da fersi - RviZli Zmebi, romelnic patrikiosTa
xarisxSi aiyvana~ (georgika, V, gv. 45).
rogorc iTqva, taoSi ori saxelmwifo iyo. Crdilo taos saxelmwifos mefe gurgens, basilma SeunarCuna damoukidebloba, ufro
metic Sekra masTan zavi, romlis pirobiTac gurgens Tavisi
laSqriT ar unda ebrZola samxreT taos gasaTavisufleblad, mas
imperatorma magistrosoba uboZa. basils Seegeba iseve gurgenis vaJi
bagrati, romelic ukve iyo afxazTa mefe, mas ufro meti pativi kurapalatoba uboZa.
kedrene Crdilo taos samefos - ,,Sida iberias~ uwodebs (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070
372
wlebSi, 1969, gv. 46). misi mefe gurgeni ver Seurigda udides danakliss,
rac qveyanas samxreT iveriis dakargviT miadga, amitomac mTeli Tavisi
laSqriT SeiWra olTisSi - samxreT taos dedaqalaqSi, magram basili IIm mas didi jari daaxvedra da kidev erTxel dauzavda.
qveynis dakargva gansakuTrebiT aSfoTebdaT samxreT iveriis aznaurebsa da didebulebs, amitomac basils maleve dasWirda xelmeored
laSqroba qveynis dasaufleblad. qarTveli aznaurebi bizantiaSi gadaasaxles da iq mamulebi dauriges (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 81).
rogorc iTqva dapyrobil samxreT iveriaSi bizantiam e.w. iberiis
Temi - sakatepano daaarsa.
samxreT iberiis mosaxleoba, mkvidri qarTveloba ver urigdeboda
samSoblos Tavisuflebis dakargvas, eseni iyvnen ara marto, rogorc
mematiane uwodebs mamaci taoelebi, basianelebi, aramed arzrumis
qveynis, (anu karinis) da sxva mxareebis qarTvelebi, magaliTad,
ufro adre karinSi mamulebi da monastrebi hqonia Tornike erisTavs, da
iq, karinis qarTul monastrebSi, mravali qarTuli wigni iwereboda.
karinis mimdebare mxareebidan iyvnen is qarTveli didebulebi, romlebmac
iberiis damoukideblobisaTvis Tavi dades.
lastivertecis Txzulebidan kargad Cans, rom ara mxolod qarTveli
didgvarovnebi da aznaurebi ibrZodnen bizantielTa winaaRmdeg, aramed
ubralo adamianebic. amitomac, mTel maT soflebs da qalaqebs mteri
sastikad anadgurebda.
samxreT iberiis mosaxleobis ganwyobilebam da patriotizmma erTgvari stimuli misca ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare saqarTvelos mefes
giorgi I-s (bagrat III Zes), esargebla imiT, rom roca basili II
dakavebuli iyo bulgarelebTan omiT, gaefarTovebina Tavisi sazRvrebi
da daaxloebiT 1013-1020 wlebSi bizantielebs xelidan gamoglija yvela is cixe-simagre, romlebic adre daviT III kurapalats ekuTvnoda.
bulgarelebis damarcxebis Semdeg basili II-m epistole gaugzavna
giorgi I-s da moiTxova aRniSnuli cixe-simagreebis dacla. uaris miRebis Semdeg bizantiuri laSqari gaagzavna qarTvel mefesTan saomrad.
a. lastiverteci wers ,,bizantielTa winaaRmdeg mamaci taoelebi gamovidnen da uxtigis (olTisis axlos) brZolidan romaelTa laSqari
gaaqcieso~. (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 91).
Tavisi laSqris am damarcxebam ganarisxa basili II, da is 1021 w.
piradad SemouZRva Tavis saimperio jars.
Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos mefem giorgim Sekriba didi laSqari bizantiis imperatorTan sabrZolvelad.
orive, bizantiuri da qarTuli laSqari erTmaneTs Sexvda basianis
qveyanaSi da erTmaneTis pirispir dadgnen ramdenime dRis manZilze,
brZolis gareSe. am dros qarTulma sardlobam, rogorc Cans Secdoma
dauSva da ukan daxevis brZaneba gasca. aman mteri ufro gaaaqtiura, is
qarTvelTa laSqars ukan daedevna.
sasawyobo Senobebi, sursaTisa da iaraRis saTavsoebi qarTul laSqars
q. olTisSi gadauwvavs, raTa mters ar esargebla amiT.
373
aSot didi bagrationi - tao-klarjel bagrationTa winapari - ,,nebiTa berZenTa mefisaTa~ flobda taos, spersa da artaans sxva teritoriebTan erTad vidre qsnamde, sumbat daviTis Zis matianiT - ki vidre
bardvamde.
misi STamomavlebis dros es samflobeloebi or - taosa da klarjeTis samTavro saxlTa Soris gadanawilda - taos Sto rezidenciad
irCevs banas, ukve adarnase I kurapalatis droidan (888-923), is
iyo pirveli ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ (narkv. II, gv. 455), klarjeTis Sto
artanujis cixe-simagres.
Tavis mxriv, taos (anu qarTvelTa) samefoc or nawilad gaiyo, erTs X
s. meore naxevarSi ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ bagrat II regveni marTavda, meores
ki daviT kurapalati.
ufro safiqrebelia, rom bagrat II -is gardacvalebis Semdeg ,,qarTvelTa
mefis~ wodeba miiRo daviT kurapalatma, rogorc `sagvareuloSi uxucesma~, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg ki ,,qarTvelTa mefis~
wodeba miiRo `uxucesma~ gurgen magistrosma (bagrat II-is Zem, Cans 1001
wels), misgan ki misma Svilma - bagrat III-m, romelic iqamde ukve iyo
afxazTa mefe.
amier tao bagrat qarTvelTa mefes ekuTvnoda, xolo imier tao,
Crdilo basianiTurT, TorTomi da speri X s. 60-iani wlebidan
daviT didis samflobelos Seadgenda~ (v. kopaliani, bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan. gv. 111).
imier taos samefo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo iseve, rogorc
amier taos samefo da afxazTa samefo. mas yvelaze didi Zlierebis dro
daviT kurapalatis Jams daudga - X saukunis meore naxevarSi. misi
saeklesio-administraciuli olqi - taos eparqia - uSualod emijneboda lazikis eparqias, magram tao qarTuli eklesiis nawili iyo,
xolo lazikis eparqia - bizantiurisa.
375
ovrisis momcvel ukve qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis imier anu samxreT taos saeklesio olqs, rasac saeklesio kanonebic moiTxovda. albaT, am politikurma siaxlem safuZveli Cauyara
taos samamamTavros. masi umTavresi kaTedra iyo valaSkertis saepiskoposo. Cveni kvleviT valaSkertis kaTedra mdebareobda ara sofel CanglSi,
aramed imJamad qalaq valaSkertSi, saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze.
unda vifiqroT, rom taos samamamTavro TavisTavadi samitropolito olqis saxiT arsebobda friad mcire xnis manZilze, (e.w. ,,zemo
qveynebis~ taos samefoSi yofnis periodSi).
rogorc viciT e.w. ,,zemoni qveyanani~ bizantiam daviT kurapalats
gadasca daaxloebiT 979-980 wlebSi, xolo basili II-m daaxloebiT 20-22
wlis Semdeg am miwebis erTi nawilis xelSi Cagdeba SeZlo. amis Semdeg
cxadia Semcirda taos samefos sazRvrebi, ,,zemoni qveyanani" daikarga.
unda vifiqroT, am miwebis dapyrobis Semdeg misi qarTuli marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba bizantiam lazikis eparqiaSi Seiyvana.
ase, rom albaT taos qarTuli samamamTavro daaxloebiT 20-22 weli
arsebobda, misi mrevlis didi nawili lazikis eparqiaSi moeqca
basilisa Tu romanoz keisrebis dros.
rogorc cnobilia, basili II-is Semdeg lazikis berZnuli eparqiis (anu samitropolito olqis) sazRvrebi ganavrco vidre vanis tbamde.
taos qarTuli samamamTavros adgili am mimarTulebiT bizantiurma lazikis eparqiam daiWira (iSxnis warweriT misi erT-erTi
pirveli mRvdelmTavrisaTvis xeli dausxams ara mcxeTel kaTalikoss,
aramed trapezuntSi stumrad Casul konstantinopolis patriarqs, albaT somxur eklesiasTan davis gamo Tu miiCnies saWirod taos mesveurebma aseTi demonstraciuli ceremoniali).
valaSkerti da Tormeti qarTuli gavari (XI s.)
ivane javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom iveriis anu iberiis Temi, viTarca bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli daaarsa imperatorma konstantinem, romelic romanozis Semdeg mefobda.
,,bagrat IV-is Tanamedrove keisarma konstantinem
bizantiasaqarTvelos sazRvrebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da
daucxromlad cdilobda TandaTanobiT rogorme gamoeglija
saqarTvelosaTvis monapire qveynebi. man daaarsa iveriis Temi sakatepano, romelic Tavdapirvelad daviT kurapalatis samflobelosagan Sedgeboda, magram mere sxva miwebic miemata~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. II, 1983, gv. 137).
am momentidan, Tu ufro adredan ara, mTlianad Seicvala saeklesio
iurisdiqciac. kerZod, bizantiuri administraciuli erTeulis iveriis Temiis daarseba TavisTavad gulisxmobda imas, rom am
381
miwaze qarTuli eklesiis adgils iWerda konstantinopolis sapatriarqo. maSasadame, valaSkertis an banas qarTuli samamamTavro ukve
eklesiurad aRar iyo uflebamosili iveriis Temis miwa-wyalze, mis adgils axla daiWerda konstantinopolis romelime samitropolito.
iveriis Temi, rogorc aRiniSna moicavda daviT kurapalatis samflobeloebs, kerZod, imier taos, basians, mis mimdebare vrcel qveynebs vidre
vanis tbamde, maT Soris valaSkertsac, dasavleTiT ki albaT arzrumsac.
am miwa-wyalze marTlac mravali qalkedonuri saepiskoposo iyo, romelnic
konstantinopolma dauqvemdebara ,,lazikis eparqias~.
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiis centri
trapezunti iyo, axla misi sazRvrebi gaizarda, moicva iberiis
Temic, anu vrceli miwa-wyali vidre vanis tbamde.
imer taos teritoriebis meti wili ,,iberiis TemSi~ Sevida,
Sesabamisad gamoiyvanes qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da
dauqvemdebares konstantinopolis patriarqs.
iberiis Temis Camoyalibebam Secvala bizantiuri iurisdiqcia, kerZod es axali administraciuli erTeuli eklesiurad gadauciaT lazikis
eparqiisaTvis, anu trapezuntis samitropolitosaTvis. Sesabamisad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiaSi Sevida vrceli miwawyali mravali saepiskoposoTi vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, iqamde isini,
Cveni kvlevis Tanaxmad Sedioda qarTul samamamTavroSi.
`iberiis Temi~ da valaSkertis samamamTavro (XI s.)
qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi, episkoposebi da TviT kaTalikos-mamamTavrebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen bizantia-saqarTvelos omisas mxareTa
dasazaveblad.
1021 wels trapezuntSi gamosazamTreblad dabanakebulma basilim da
saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadawyvites dazaveba, kerZod giorgi I daTanxmda daeTmo daviT III-is sruli memkvidreoba.
zavis garantiad basilim airCia saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurebi.
amitomac man giorgi I-is elCebs Tan gaayola Tavisi warmomadgenlebi,
raTa maTi TandaswrebiT qarTvelTa eklesiis meTaurebs piroba
CamoerTmiaT giorgi I-isaTvis, rom is aRar ibZrolebda daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobisaTvis.
maleve basili II-is winaaRmdeg bizantiaSi moewyo didi ajanyeba barda fokas Svilis nikiforesa da anatoliis mmarTvel qsifes meTaurobiT. saqarTvelos mTavroba miemxro ajanyebulebs, maSasadame miRweuli
zavi dairRva.
zavis garantori qarTuli eklesia iyo, amitomac basili II aRar endoboda qarTul mxares. miTumetes, rom ufro adre, iberiaSi Semosvlis win
aristake lastivertecis TqmiT keisarma mefe giorgisTan gaagzavna
valaSkerteli qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria, winadadebiT, xeli aeRo
daviT III-is memkvidreobaze - ,,tkbili sityvebiT werda mas, rom rac
382
sumbat daviTis Ze wers, rom svetsa mas Sina myofni ,,viTarca erTgulni da WeSmaritni martvilni saRmrToni TavTa TvisTa ganwirvides da sisxlTa dasTxevdes sityvisaebr mociqulTasa da
ganZlierdebodes~.
saba mtbevari ase amxnevebda Tavis mebrZolebs ,,numca Segvityueben
Cven liqnani ese da safaseni mswraflwarmavalni, aramed movigoT madli erTgulebisa da gvirgvini axovanebisa~. aqedan Cans, rom
ara Tu ubralo mebrZolebsa da ,,wvril ers~, aramed TviTon episkoposebsac ki cixis garSemo mdgari bizantieli agentebi pirdebodnen
did simdidres Ralatis sanacvlod, iseve rogorc zemoT xsenebuli
aznaurebi da didebulebi moxibles bizantiaSi qonebis micemiT.
sabednierod, amjerad qarTulma eklesiam gaimarjva da bizantielebi
iZulebulebi gaxdnen daeTmoT. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulma jer
basili keisari, Semdeg ki konstantine VIII da saerTod bizantiuri mTavroba ganawyo qarTuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg, rac gamoixata qarTuli monastrebis berebis devniT bizantiis imperiaSi
XI s. I naxevarSi.
qarTuli eklesia da qarTuli sasuliero pirebi gansakuTrebulad
idevnebodnen bizantiis mier dapyrobil daviT III kurapalatis egreTwodebul samemkvidreo miwa-wyalze, anu arzrumidan vidre vanis tbamde,
amis magaliTia zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposis devna da amis magaliTi unda iyos aseve baneli episkoposi iovanes saberZneTSi wasvla.
baneli episkopos iovanes bizantiaSi miwveva emsgavseba XIX s.-Si
qarTlis kaTalikosis anton II-s ruseTSi miwvevas da gadasaxlebas.
rogorc aRiniSna, XI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi bizantielebma daviT
kurapalatis samemkvidro miwa-wyalze, misi dapyrobis Semdeg, daaarses
iberiis Temi.
iqamde, rogorc cnobili aris, taoSi, da mis xeldebul miwebze,
arsebobda qarTuli samrevloebi, qarTuli monastrebi da qarTuli saepiskoposoebi - amier taoSi banas cnobili samRvdelmTavro
kaTedra, imier taos samefoSi, rogorc Cans, msgavsi Rirsebisa da didebulebis mqone qarTuli samRvdelmTavro kaTedra iyo qalaq valaSkertSi.
qalaqi valaSkerti (Tanamedrove elaSkerti) mdebareobda basianis
sazRvarTan axlos, erT-erT umTavres saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaze, ufro
metic am qalaqTan ikvreboda savaWro gzebis kvanZi. q. valaSkertSi,
magaliTad daibanaka daviT kurapalatma, rodesac is vanis tbisaken gaemgzavra manaskertisa da arWeSis gasaTavisufleblad mahmadianTa batonobisagan.
valaSketeli episkoposi zaqaria cnobili qarTveli saeklesio moRvawe iyo. rogorc aRvniSneT, is 1021 wels basili II-m gaagzavna giorgi ITan mosalaparakeblad.
wyaroebSi sakmaod xSirad valaSkertel episkoposs ewodeba aseve mamaTmTavari. is aseve yofila baneli svingelozi.
384
lenovnebisa. marTalia, misi zogierTi eklesia-monasteri kvlav qarTulenovani ti pikoniT moqmedebda, magram sabolood mTlianad `iberiis
Temis~ eparqia berZnulenovani gaxda.
`iberiis Temis~ miwa-wyali, rogorc iTqva, miuerTes lazikis berZnul
eparqias, romlis samitropolito centri trapezuntSi mdebareobda. e.
i. 1001 wlidan 1030-ian wlebamde es eparqia qarTulenovani iyo, xolo 3070-ian wlebSi TandaTan berZnulenovnad iqca.
iqamde imier taos `qarTvelTa samefoSi~ Semavali miwa-wylis sasuliero centrad gamocxadda q. valaSkerti (p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule,
1954, gv. 67-68). valaSkerteli episkoposi iqca faqtiur mitropolitad,
romelic meTaurobda taos mier axladSemoerTebuli qveynebis qarTul
eklesia-monastrebs, Tavis mxriv, es qarTuli eparqia mcxeTas eqvemdebareboda ukve X saukunis 70-iani wlebidan.
am axali, anu valaSkertis eparqiis iurisdiqciaSi Cans Sedioda
qarTvelTa mier gaTavisuflebuli miwa-wyali. eseni iyvnen e. w. ,,zemoni
qveyanani~ Sesulni taos samefoSi.
am vrceli mxareebis mkvidrma qarTvelma mosaxleobam gaTavisuflebis Tanave gadaigdo somxuri saeklesio uReli da daubrunda dedaqarTul
eklesias, romelsac mowyvetili iyo saukuneTa manZilze.
maTi sulieri mamebi, eTnikurad aseve qarTvelebi, Cans iqamdec, gaTavisuflebamdec, zrunavdnen, raTa maT mrevls ar daekarga erovnulqarTuli identoba, TviTSemecneba da qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba. ase ukve
Semzadebulma qarTulma mrevlma Seadgina mTeli sisavse valaSkertis
eparqiis mravalricxvovani samwysosi.
es SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tu ara mrevlis saojaxo qarTulenovneba
da maTi didi survili dabrunebodnen dedaeklesias. daviT kurapalatma
maTi didi xnis ocneba aRasrula. isini qarTuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad iqcnen, maTma sulierma qarTvelma mamebma ki ganagrZes iqamde, didi
xniT adre dawyebuli Rvawli.
saubedurod, es didi erovnul-eklesiuri aRtkineba umowyalod Cakla
bizantiis jarma da imperatorma basil II-m, romelic 1001 wels Sevida
taoSi, daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis misaRebad.
1018 wels basil II meored SemoiWra saqarTveloSi kidev ufro didi
jariT, qarTuli jari ukuiqca, mterma kola-artaan-javaxeTi gaanadgura
basianTan da taosTan erTad. 1022 wels daido qarTvelTaTvis mZime
zavi. imperiaSi daiwyo qarTveli berebis, saerTod qarTvelebis devna. e.
xinTibaZis sityviT, saimperatoro karze iberTa saxeli imperiis orgul
mterTa saZulvel saxelebs Soris ixsenieboda
basili II-s am dapyrobil iveriis miwebze Seuqmnia samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli ,,iberiis sakatepano~, igive `iberiis Temi~, mis erTerT mmarTvels ,,matiane qarTlisa~ uwodebs ,,aRmosavleTis katabans~,
romelsac iqamde mZevlad wayvanili yrma bagrat IV konstantinopolidan amier taoSi daubrunebia.
`iberiis TemSi~, zogierTi istorikosis TvalsazrisiT, Sedioda - imier tao, Crdilo basiani, olTisi, TorTomi, da aseve kola, artaani, SavSe389
valaSkertis samamamTavros, anu, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, valaSkertis e.w. `samitropolito olqis~ iurisdiqcia, Cans, vrceldeboda
imier taos samefos farglebSi. taos samefo Tavdapirvelad moicavda imier taos, Semdgom, daviT kurapalatis dros mas miuerTda
vrceli miwebi e.w. `zemoni qveyanani~, gadaWimuli TiTqmis vanis
tbamde, maSasadame, Cveni azriT, swored am miwa-wylis momcveli
`samefo~ iyo valaSkertis `mamamTavris~ iurisdiqciis qveS. sxva
sityviT rom vTqvaT, saqarTvelos eklesiaSi iyo imdeni sakaTalikoso
erTeuli, ramdeni politikuri erTeuli anu `samefoc~ arsebobda qveyanaSi, Tumca kaxeTis samefos SigniT arsebobda Tu ara aseTi `samitropolito~ CvenTvis ucnobia, Tumca aq SeiZleba iyos gamonaklisi, radganac kaxeTs Tavdapirvelad qorepiskoposebi marTavdnen viTarca saerosaeklesio xelisufalni, qorepiskoposebi ki mcxeTeli kaTalikosis
xelqveiTebi iyvnen. Cans, kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo Zveli qarTlis samefos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi iyo. afxazeTSi viTarca TavisTavad samefoSi _ saeklesio iurisdiqcias adgilobrivi mitropoliti, anu kaTalikosi axorcielebda, afxazeTis gareT msgavsi politikuri erTeulebi, rogorc iTqva, iyvnen qarTlisa da taos samefoebi. maSasadame, Cveni
azriT, taos sazRvrebSi Camoyalibda taos qarTuli saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli _ taos samamaTmTavro, romlis iurisdiqcia TiTqmis vanis tbamde ganivrco.
mamaTmTavar-patriarqi daviT kurapalatis karze (X s.)
ese mkvidr varT monastersa amas Sina... qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da mxedrobaTa Sina aRzrdilni~.
grigol bakurianis Ze amayobda Tavisi qarTuli warmoSobiT, qarTvelebs
mxne ers uwodebda da samxedro saqmeSi daxelovnebulT (SeiZleba isic
vifiqroT, rom grigolma Tavis monasterSi Sekriba is qarTveli yofili jariskacebi, mxedrebi, romelTac beroba gadawyvites).
petriwonis tipikonSi, iseve, rogorc yvelgan, sityva ,,naTesavi~ erovnul,
eTnikur warmomavlobas aRniSnavs da ara sarwmunoebriv orientacias,
rac iqidanac Cans, rom grigoli wers ,,varT qarTvelni naTesaviT
mxneni~. is mxne anu gmiruli, heroikuli suliskveTebis `qarTvelTa
naTesavis~, eris, wevria da ara heroikuli konfesiisa.
Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi grigols eTnikur somxad miiCneven,
romelsac TiTqosda qarTveli erqva marTlmadideblobis gamo.
v. kopaliani aRniSnavs, rom grigols (maSasadame, aseve Tevdrates, ferss,
bakurians, zaqaria valaSkertelsa da sxvebs) qarTvelad miiCnevdnen
TviT maTi Tanamedrove somexi avtorebi - stefanoz tarneli, aristakes
lastiverteci (is zaqaria valaSkertels qarTvels uwodebs), maTe edeseli,
sxva avtorebidan iahia antioqieli, skilice, kedrene da sxvebi (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070
wlebSi, 1969, gv. 307).
ana komnene grigols somexs uwodebs. rogorc miiCneva mamamisTan
grigolis kontaqtis dros ana mcirewlovani bavSvi iyo da albaT aRar
axsovda grigolis warmomavloba.
grigolis ojaxis yvela wevri saqarTvelosaTvis Tavdadebuli iyo.
grigolis biZas feris jojikis Zes samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvis gamo
,,Tavi warekveTa~.
bizantiaSi gadasaxlebuli feris jojikis Ze cdilobda, rogorme
CamoeSorebina saimperatoro taxtidan basili, romelmac daipyro samxreT
tao da mospo iq qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba. feriss unari Seswevda
da SeZlo kidec basilis sawinaaRmdego did ajanyebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miReba. is marTlac ajanyda.
ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 1022 wels, feris jojikis
Ze basilma daasjevina Tavis sakuTar mamulTan axlos karinis qveyanaSi.
ajanyeba iseTi didi masStabis iyo, rom basilis samxedro banaki ,,SiSma
da Zrwolam moicva~.
1025 wels samSoblos gasaTavisufleblad mowyobil sxva ajanyebaSi
monawileobisaTvis dasajes grigolis ojaxis wevri zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposi - `Tevdrate patrikiosis naTesavi~ (Tevdrates ZmisSvilebi yofilan samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis SemdgomSi ajanyebuli cnobili pirebi giorgi da varazvaCe). Tevdrates, rogorc viciT
ori Zma hyavda bakuriani da ferisi, bakurianis Svilebis saxelebi cnobilia, amitomac fiqrobs v. kopaliani ,,iqneb fersis Svilebi arian giorgi
da varazvaCe~ (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri
urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 174).
imperatori romanoz argvirosis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi monaw393
394
I aTaswleulSi kaTalikosi ufro sapatio da uzenaes saeklesio xelisuflad iTvleboda vidre ,,mamaTmTavari~, am mosazrebas somxuri eklesiis magaliTi amtkicebs, sadac kaTalikosi ufro maRal wodebad
iTvleboda vidre patriarqi.
uxtanesi da sxva somexi avtorebi amtkicebdnen, - ,,efesodan mociqulis neSti konstantinopolSi gadaasvenes, ris Semdegac konstantinopolelma da aseve sxva mravalma ierarqma patriarqis saxeli miisakuTra~.
VII-X saukuneebSi mamaTmTavris anu patriarqis saxels mravali ierarqi atarebda, magram kaTalikosi mxolod tradiciul uZveles kaTedrebs
marTavda somxeTsa da mis maxlobel eklesiebSi.
taos ierarqis wodeba ,,mamaTmTavari~ ar akninebda mcxeTeli kaTalikosis tituls, piriqiT, mcxeTeli kaTalikosi masze uzenaes, uxuces
qarTul saeklesio xelisuflad iTvleboda, miTumetes taos mamaTmTavarTan SedarebiT.
SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom taos qarTul samamaTmTavros safuZveli
daedo ,,zemo qveynebis~ gadmocemamde, kerZod mas Semdeg, rac taos SeuerTda
basiani.
rogorc cnobilia basiani jer kidev konstantine porfirogenetis
dros iyo sadavo qarTvelTa da bizantielTa Soris, bolos, am keisris
dros, basiani orad gaiyo, samxreTi bizantias darCa, Crdilo basiani
tao-klarjeTs SeuerTda (narkv. II, gv. 478, Sen. 4).
e.i. X s. dasawyisidanve Crdilo basiani eklesiurad qarTul saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi iyo Sesuli, administraciulad Crdilo basiani
samxreT taos SeuerTda, teritoriis zrdam SesaZloa Seqmna saTanado
pirobebi saeklesio olqis warmosaqmnelad, amis gamoc Seiqmna taos
samamaTmTavro, misi meTauri mcxeTel kaTalikoss eqvemdebareboda qarTul
eklesiaSi arsebuli wesis Sesabamisad, rogorc umrwemesi uxucess.
qarTuli saepiskoposoebi yofili mesxeTis miwebze
(XII-XVI s. `qronikebis~ mixedviT)
1. `iSxnelis samwyso gurjiboRazis aqeT sula TorTomi, taos qvemoTi, artanujis Tavi (sakrulavi hqvian, imas aqeTi), daRmiT orjoxis mTis
aqeTi, sula sakavkasi(Z)o, ispiri, trapizonis mTas gadmoRma.
2. anCelis samwyso, samwyals aqeTi xancxas. (xancTas) da opizas Sua
daxatula, amis qvemoTi niglis-xevi, gadaRma da gamoRmarTi, goniis samZRuramdin.
3. mtbevaris samwyso, daxatulas zedaTi, ankerTs aqeTi, sula SavSeTi,
miWixianT batonis kaTalikosis yofila, im qveynis episkoposis iasaulic is yofila. aWara dandalos zeviTi mas hqonebia da dandalos
qvemoTi aWara quTaTelis samwyso yofila.
395
yofili ,,iberiis Temis~ qarTveloba XIV-XV saukuneebSi kvlav aRorZinda da eklesiurad mravali qarTuli saepiskoposo daaarsa am mxareebSi, kerZod XIV-XV saukuneebis xelnaweris mixedviT eseni iyvnen - vanis
tbis siaxloves
1. valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposo. misi sazRvrebi iyo - ,,yaRzevans zeviT, valaSkeTs aqeT xinuri, devaboinis aqeTi;
2. SirakSi - anisis qarTuli saepiskoposo - misi sazRvrebi: ,,sula
ziriStiani da Siravoni da maRasbereTi~;
3. vanandSi karis (yarsis) qarTuli saepiskoposo: ,,sula kari da kolisa
da olTisis sazRvris gardmoRma gagCevani da kaRzevani~;
4. taoSi banelis episkoposis samwyso iyo fanaskerti, parizis xeoba,
olTisis qveyana da narumakani;
5. kolaSi dadaSneli episkoposis - ,,kola, xortevani yarasalzed midgmamdi~;
6. eruSnelisa - artaani taloSidan kolas sazRvramde;
7. wyarosTavelisa - palakacios tbidan artaani kolamde.
qarTvelTa mkvidrobas da Zireulobas yofil ,,iberiis TemSi~ miuTiTebs is, rom miuxedavad mtrebis gamanadgurubeli Semosevebisa karinis (arzumis), TorTomis, taos, vanandis (karis), basianis da mimdebare
mxareebis kuTxeebSi trapizonidan - vanis tbamde (valaSkerti) qarTuli saepiskoposoebi iyvnen XV- XVII saukuneSic ki.
a) a. lambertis cnobiT qarTuli saepiskoposo XVII saukuneSi iyo md.
evfratTan, misi sakaTedro taZari yovladwmida RvTismSoblis saxelobisa iyo, `arqanjelo lamberti, romelic 1633-1653 wlebSi iyo saqarTveloSi, werda - `arzrumis qalaqis maxloblad axlac qarTuli soflebia.
396
unda iTqvas isic, rom Cans iveriis Temis daarsebamdec, konstantinepoli akontrolebda nawilobriv taosac, es iqedan Cans, rom giorgi I-is
sikvdilisTanave, roca Zalze mcirewlovani bagrat IV taxtze avida,
amiT isargebles taoelma orgulma didebulebma ,,warvides aznaurni
taoelni saberZneTs, vaCe kariWis Ze da baneli episkoposi ioane da maT
Tana simravle aznaurTa taoelTa~ (matiane qarTlisa, gv. 254).
es wasvla gulisxmobda imas, rom cixe-simagreTa mqone aznaurebi am
TavianT qonebas da miwa-wyals aZlevdnen imperators, sanacvlod ki misgan iRebdnen mamulebs imperiis Sida provinciebSi.
397
Tavi XII
qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba
dasavleT armeniaSi
Cveni kvleviT tao-basianisa da sxva kuTxeTa mcxovrebT qarTuli
identoba CamouyalibdaT ara e.w. qarTizaciis procesis, aramed iqamde
minavlebuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis Sedegad. straboni wers: `amboben, rom Zvel dros mcire qveyana Aarmenia gaizarda
artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad... maT EerTobiT gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo imiT, rom irgvliv mcxovreb
xalxebs CamoaWres olqebi, kerZod midielebs waarTves kaspiana,
favritida da basoropeda, iberebs pariadris mTiswineTi, xorZena
da gogarena, romelic mdebareobs md. kiris meore mxares. xalibebsa da mosinikebs - karenitida da qserqsena, romelic esazRvreba
mcire armenias da misi nawilia...~ (str. XI, 14, 5), (straboni, geografia,
gamomcemloba `nauka~, 1964, rus. enaze, gv.498). ukve armeniaSi mcxovreb am
qarTvelebs marTalia Zalze SeusustdaT erovnuli cnobiereba, maTi
armenizaciis procesis gamo, magram ara sabolood. saqarTvelos maxloblad (tao-karin-vanand-basianSi) mcxovrebma AaseTma qarTvelebma xel398
sayreli politikuri momentis dadgomisas Tavi daaRwies somxur kulturul-saeklesio gavlenas da aRidgines qarTuli cnobiereba. q. patkanov-n. maris Teoriis Tanaxmad ki TiTqosda isini qalkedoniti
somxebi iyvnen da moxda maTi qarTizacia. am Teoriis sawinaaRmdegodaa dawerili Cveni mTeli nakvlevi. ,,Zalian gvwydeba guli...
mecnierisaTvis erTi arasakadrisi saqcielis Sesaxeb. mainc unda
mogaxsenoT: n. mari yvelafris armenizacias axdens, saqarTvelos
miwis, misi Zeglebis, enis, literaturisa da sxva... iserigad, rom
armenizaciaSi bevraT aWarbebs somex patriotebs, TviT yvelaze
gadametebulTac ki~ (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia, 1995, gv.
275).
I. TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba XI s-is lazikis eparqiaSi
a.
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare vrceli miwa-wyali sinopidan da trapezuntidan moyolebuli TiTqmis vanis tbamde qarTuli
tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, rogorc qsenofontes dros, ise mis Semdgom.
am teritoriebis did nawils moicavda lazikis eparqia XI s-Si. kardux-gordienebi, fasianebi, xalib-qaldebi da sxva qarTuli tomebi iq
armenielTa dasaxlebamde cxobrobdnen.
kiros didis epoqamdec qarTuli tomebi am teritoriis momcvel XVIII
da XIX satrapiebSi cxovrobdnen, xolo Aarmenia sxva, XIII satrapias
erqva maT mezoblad.
SemdgomSi armeniuli tomebi SeWrilan karduxTa, fasianTa, xalibTa,
aseve sxva qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze da maTgan saukeTeso adgilebi,
saxnav-saTesad vargisi miwebi miutacebiaT, amitomac qsenofontes `anabazisiT~ mtroba da brZolebi iyo gaCaRebuli armenielTa da am tomebs
Soris, igive qsenofonte Tavis sxva naSromSi `kiropedia~ aRwers, rom
TviT kiros mefes gamoukvlevia Tu ra iyo am gauTavebeli omebis mizezi
da misula daskvnamde, rom, magaliTad xalibebs saxnav-saTesi miwebi ar
hqondaT, xolo armenielebi saukeTeso miwebze cxovrobdnen.
gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi aRwera am mxareebis zRvispireTSi strabonma, am mxriv ufro mniSvnelovania strabonis cnoba, rom swored
am mxareTa erTi nawili, romelTac Semdgom dasavleTAarmenia da persarmenia ewodaT, Tavdapirvelad iberTa miwa-wyali iyo da es teritoriebi, kerZod ki pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena Zv.II s.-Si armeniam miitaca iberielTagan.
marTalia, Semdgom, am mitacebis gamo, am teritoriebs Aarmenia ewoda,
magram is kvlav didxans yofila dasaxlebuli iberielebiT anu
qarTvelebiT, romelTa armenizaciis procesi sxvadasxva olqSi sxvadasxva xarisxis iyo, miuxedavad amisa X s-Si, mravali ucxouri wyaros,
maT Soris konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, sazRvari iberiasa da
armenias Soris mainc md. araqsze iyo gavlebuli.
399
qarTvelebi rom cxovrobdnen ara mxolod araqsis dasavleT nawilSi (maT Soris dvinis da avanis sanaxebamde), aramed araqsis aRmosavleT
nawilSi _ vanis tbis mxares, miuTiTebs is, rom TviT bizantielTa mier
teritorias trapezuntidan vanis tbamde ewoda `eparqia lazikaSi~, xolo
vrcel miwa-wyals Teodosiopol-arzrumidan yarsisa da anisis mimarTulebiT ewoda `iberiis Temi~.
mas Semdeg, rac somxeTis saxelmwifoebrioba daemcro, gansakuTrebiT
X s-idan armeniis mkvidr qarTvelobas saSualeba mieca erovnul-qarTuli
TviTSemecneba daufaravad ganecxadebina.
arabTa Semdgom epoqaSi am mxareebSi qarTvelTa ricxis mkveTri zrda
gamowveuli iyo ara `somex-qalkedonitTa~ gaqarTvelebiT, rogorc am
faqts xsnis oficialuri istoriografia, aramed iqauri mosaxleobis
iqamde dafaruli qarTuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebiT.
`trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~ moicavda yofili romauli
armeniis miwa-wyals, da aseve yofili persarmeniis nawilsac, romelic
mniSvnelovnad qarTuli mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. es miwa-wyali
IX-XI ss-Si arabTagan gaaTavisufla imperiam da iq Tavisi saeklesio
iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela _ lazikis eparqiis saxeliT, xolo TviT
qveyanas ki iberiis Temi ewoda, rac, rogorc aRiniSna, iqauri mkvidri
mosaxleobis erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis Sedegi iyo.
iqamde qarTveli xalxi, mcxovrebi istoriul xorZenasa da gugarqSi
iZulebuli iyvo Segueboda somxur saxelmwifoebriobasa da eklesias,
isini saukuneTa manZilze erTgulebiT atarebdnen maT qveyanaSi gabatonebulTa uRels, magram xelsayreli momentis dadgomis Semdeg
aRidgines erovnul-qarTuli vinaoba. maTi qveyana - pariadres kalTebi,
xorZena da gogarena xom jer kidev qristeSobamde II saukuneSi CamoaWra
armeniam iberias, ris gamoc iberiis am yofil olqebSi dominant eTnosad somxebi gadaiqcnen, somxuri eniTa kulturiT, qarTuli ena am
mxareebSi, Cans, mxolod saSinao, ojaxur enad gadaiqca, da is iyo, rogorc
erTi wyaro wers damaluli (`damarxuli~) da `dawunebuli~.
am mxareebidan gamosul zogierT qarTvel saxelovan meomrebsa da
cnobil adamianebs ucxoelebi `armenielebs~ uwodebdnen, maT qveyanas
ki armenias, Tumca ki aseTi saxis `armenielebi~ sinamdvileSi iberebi
anu qarTvelebi iyvnen, rac kargad gamoCnda IX, X, XI saukuneebSi, roca
maT gabedes da erovnuli vinaoba daufaravad gamoacxades.
560 wlis politikuri rukis mixedviT, sazRvari bizantiis imperiasa
da sparseTs Soris orad hyofda `armeniad~ saxeldebul qveyanas. dasavleT, anu romaul armeniaSi Wanur da lazur olqebTan erTad moeqca
mesxuri mosaxleobis nawili da isini berZnul saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen. sparsul armeniaSic mravali qarTuli olqi moeqca.
591 wlis xelSekrulebiT, tao, Woroxis xeobis erTi monakveTi (dasavleT sanapiroc), gugarqi, basianis didi nawili da, e.w. zemoni qveyanani
sparsul armeniad saxeldebul mxareSi moeqca.
sparsul armeniaSi saeklesio-sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT sxva viTareba iyo, gansxvavebuli dasavleT armeniisagan. kerZod, sparsul arme400
b.
konstantine porfirogeneti aRgviwers zavis Sedegs _ `iyves Tanaxmad iberielTa moTxovnisa da fasianis sazRvrad md. eraqsi anu
fasisi da marcxena mxare iberiisken mimarTul epyraT iberebs,
xolo marjvena, rac Teodosiopolisken aris, rogorc cixeebi, ise
soflebi, iyves Cveni meufebis qveS, maSasadame, orive sazRvrad
mdinare iqneba~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 272).
konstantine porfirogeneti dawvrilebiT wers, Tu bizantielebi gamudmebiT rogor arbevdnen Teodosiopolisis Semogarenis soflebsa da
qalaqebs, TviTon es mTavari qalaqi garemoculi hyavdaT da sursaT-sanovage
ar SehqondaT, raTa qalaqis mosaxleoba damSeuliyo.
imperatori werda: `TeodosiopolelTa yvela es soflebi Cveni
samefos jarebma tyvevnes da cecxls misces, iberebs ar gaunadgurebiaT igi, aramed mudam hyavdaT megobrebad da maTTan erTad
moqmedebdnen~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 272).
eTnikur-erovnuli solidarobis gamo qarTvelTa jari cdilobda
produqtiT moemaragebinaT bizantielTa mier SimSiliT sasikvdilod
gametebuli es sofel-qalaqebis mosaxleoba (iqve, gv. 265), imperatori
xSirad wers: Cvenma jarebma `moarbies mTeli fasiani... moarbies
misi midamoebi... cixeebi moisra~ (iqve, gv. 262-265).
kidev ufro sastiki iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvreli da Semdeg keisari konstantine, xolo
Semdeg ki romanozi.
am mxareebis qarTvelTa mxardaWeriT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I SeebrZola basili keisars da Tavdapirvelad gaimarjva kidec.
`kualad Semoiqca basili, movida basians da iTxovda qveyanaTa
da cixeTa~ (q.c. I, 282).
qarTulma jarma, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT, gaaTavisufla vrceli miwa-wyali basianidan vanis tbamde, qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT gulmoklulma imperatorma mematianis sityviT, jvris Tayvaniscemazec ki uaris Tqma gadawyvita, Tu qarTvelebs ar daamarcxebda.
man ubrZana `moyvanebad Zelisa cxovrebisa da mandili wmida
dadva qveyanisa zeda da Tqua: `ukueTu mimce xelTa mtrisiTa,
arRara viyo Tayvanismcemel Sendami ukunisamde~ (q.c. I, gv. 287).
meore omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg basili II-m _ `kualad uborotesad
SurisgebiT moaoxra qveyanani igi~.
XI saukuenSi saqarTvelom es mxareebi dakarga, aq saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciac daemcro da aRniSnuli mxare eklesiurad daeqvemdebara konstantinopols, romelmac aq `lazikis samitropolito~ daaarsa,
centriT trapizuntSi.
`zemo qveynebis~ mosaxleoba saqarTvelos gamoeTiSa, saxelmwifoebrivad bizantiaSi Seiyvanes, magram, Cans, TviT xalxs Tavisi erovnuli
vinaoba kargad Seunaxavs, rac gamoCnda Turq-seljukTa Semosevebis Semdeg. am dros damarcxebulma bizantiam es qveyana datova,
magram mkvidrma, musulmanebTan mebrZolma mosaxleobam, SeZlo
kvlav aRedgina erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba da is Sevi402
da samcxe-saaTabagos samTavroSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi kvlav Sevida basianis, taos, ispiris, artaanis, SavSeTis da sxva olqebi. amis
gamo qarTuli eklesia Tavis iurisdiqcias kvlav axorcielebda
valaSkertis, anisisa, yarsisa da sxva adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
saepiskoposoebze, romelnic cxadia qarTulenovanni iyvnen. TviT
Turqul dokumentebSi am olqebis momcvel qveyanas `saqarTvelo~
ewodeba.
magaliTad, 1515 wlis dokumentiT roca osmaleTis did vezirs sinan
faSas adgilobrivi, e.i. aRniSnuli qveynebis dalaSqvra daevala, am qveynebs (e.i. basians _ taos CaTvliT) gurjistani ewodeboda (`Turquli
wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis~, 1983, gv. 9).
imave 1515 wlis osmaluri dokumenti samcxe saaTabagos mTavris Sesaxeb
aRniSnavs _ `seraqiri manuCari gaxda saqarTvelos damoukidebeli fadiSahi~ (iqve, gv. 11). am `saqarTveloSi~ (anu samcxe-tao-basianSi)
mravali cixe da sofeli iyo, romelTa ricxvi aTass aRwevda (iqve, gv. 32).
maTi didi nawili `azonis Svilebad cnobili aznaurebisaa~ _
wers Turquli dokumenti (iqve, gv. 34). tao-basianisa da mimdebare qarTuli mxareebis aznaurebs `azonis Svilebi~ erqvaT, radganac iyvnen STamomavlebi farnavaz mefis wina azon mefis dadebulebisa. maT es xsovna
XVI s-mde hqoniaT SenarCunebuli.
es mxareebi dampyrobelTa cvalebadobis miuxedavad qarTuli qveynebi iyvnen, romelTa erovnul TviTSemecnebas jer kidev azon-farnavazis
dros Caeyara safuZveli, qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebSi.
rogorc adre armenielebma da bizantielebma, osmalebmac dai pyres
TorTumi, fanaskerti, arzrumi, artaani da sxva mxareebi, banasa da xaxulis eklesiebis olqebi, qarTvelTa denacionalizacia kvlav gagrZelda. osmaluri wyaros cnobiT, am process aadvilebda is, rom qarTvelebi
`erTmaneTTan brZolaSi da erTimeoris xocvaSi arian gamudmebiT~ (iqve, gv. 48).
g.
brZolisa da Zlieri kulturis maCvenebelia. es jer kidev qristianobis Semosvlidan Cans, roca kulturulad dawinaurebulma iberiam qarTuli qristianoba moiwyo (bizantiam amis saSualeba ar misca lazikas...),
man Semdgomac daicva is da kidev meti: Seetoqa berZnul qristianobas
(lazikaSi) da ara marto berZnuls, aramed somxurs (somxeTSi, taoSi,
sperSi, SirakSi), albanurs (hereTSi)~ (iqve, gv. 415).
`qarTuli qristianobis~ erT-erTi umTavresi saZirkveli iyo saeklesio qarTuli ena _ gasagebi yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis, radganac am
enis gamoyenebis sawyis epoqaSi jer kidev sustad diferencirebuli
yofila fuZe-qarTuli ena. welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze _ anu I-II saukuneebSi T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavarianis cnobiT, jer kidev arsebobda e.w.
`zanur-qarTuli~ enobrivi mTlianoba, rac, rogorc Cans, safuZvlad iqca
saeklesio, anu Zveli qarTuli enisa. k. kekeliZe wers _ `qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba dawyebula bibliuri wignebis gadmocemiT... mTargmnelebi iZulebulni xdebodnen SeeguebinaT TavianTi Targmani warmarTuli azrovnebisaTvis, ramdenadac es mosaxerxebeli iyo da gamoeyenebinaT maragi warmarTuli sakraluri enisa. axali ideebi, axali azrebi,
axali filosofiur-religiuri da moraluri Sexedulebani xSirad
gadmoicemian am TargmanSi iseTi sityvebiTa da terminebiT, iseTi formebiTa da saxeebiT, romelnic uSualod warmarTuli wyaroebidan modian
da romelnic pirvelyofil qarTul qristianobas sinkretul xasiaTs
aZleven~ (k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, I, 1956, gv. 186). XI s-Si konstantinopolis
sapatriarqoSi moqcevis gamo, iqamde qarTul saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi
myofi samxreT taos yofili samefos mosaxleoba cdilobda berZnul
eklesiaSic SeenarCunebina qarTulenovani wirva-locva episkopos zaqaria
valaSkertelisa da aToneli mamebis didi ZalisxmeviT.MAmaT es mxolod
nawilobriv SeZles.
wmida nino
lazeT-klarjeTSi
movses xorenaci aseve V s-Si werda, rom wm. ninom iqadaga klarjeTSi
(klarjeTidan masquTebamde), klarjeTi ki berZnuli wyaroebis lazika
anu samxreT egrisia.
sotiropolis kaTedris saxeli ukavSirdeba aseve alaniis samitropolitos.
imis gamo, rom gaqristianebul alanebs esaWiroebodaT TavianTi episkoposi, magram maT (alanebs) ar gaaCndaT mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili
nomaduri (momTabaruli) cxovrebis gamo, konstantinopols gadauwyvetia
kavkasiis zRvispira romelime Tavis iurisdiqciis qveS myof qalaqSi
daesva alanebisaTvis saWiro episkoposi. es yofila q. sotiropolisi p.
ingoroyvas kvleviT (dasax. naSr. gv. 259).
marTlac, sotiropolisis CrdiloeTiT mTeli SavizRvispireTi vidre nikofsiamde saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, xolo
nikofsias iqiT SavizRvispireTSi ar iyo mSvidobiani cxovreba.
amitomac konstantinopoli iZulebuli iyo alanebisagan Zalze moSorebiT daearsebina alaniis kaTedra.
konstantinopoluri dokumenti iuwyeba _ `alaniis mitropolias
sruliad ar aqvs sakuTari samRvdelmTavro kaTedra, radgan aqauri xalxi momTabareobas, nomadur cxovrebas eweva~ (dasax. naSr.
gv. 259).
ai, es yofila mizezi, rom alaniis mitropolia XII saukuneSi gauerTianebiaT sotiropolis saeklesio olqTan, romelic am dros konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Sedioda.
aq, sotiropolis zonaSi iyo am epoqaSi sazRvari bizantiasa da
saqarTvelos Soris~ (iqve, gv. 260).
XIII s-Si saqarTvelos samefos mesxeTis samTavros SeuerTebia trapizonis aqeTi qveynebi, maT Soris, sotiropolisi.
amis gamo konstantinopols sotiropolis kaTedra gadautania trapizonSi.
XIII-XVI ss-Si q. sotiropolis aqeT mdebare mxare daukavSirda
saqarTvelos eklesias /osmalebamde/ _ da Seadgina qarTuli saeklesio olqi _ ofis anu laziis mitropolitis meTaurobiT,
romlis kaTedra XVI s-Si guriaSia _ satrapelaSi. mas alaniis mitropolitis titulic hqonda. magaliTad, afxazTa kaTalikosis mier 1646 w. nakurTx laziis mitropolits germanes
(gv. 263).
am Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtidan gamomdinare alaniisa da laziis
samitropolitoebis sulieri memkvidreoba ekuTvnis saqarTvelos
eklesias da ara ruseTis eklesias, radganac swored saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi jer kidev XVI saukuneSi Semovida
alaniisa da laziis samitropolitoebi konstantinopolisa da
trapezuntis imperiebis daqcevis Semdeg. amis aRniSvna saWiroa, radganac `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ miiCnevs, rom alaniis eparqiis memkvidre aris ruseTis eklesia, radganac alaniis eparqiis iuridiqciis qveS
mdebare miwebi amJamad ruseTSia.
408
kidev erTxel rom gavimeoroT, faqtebiT ar mtkicdeba amJamad oficialurad miRebuli debuleba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo eklesiurad
bizantiis xelqveS iyo da aq berZnuli wirva-locva iyo gavrcelebuli.
numizmatikuri da arqeografiuli masala sxvas miuTiTebs dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo qarTlis samefos safinanso da eklesiuri
nawili.
SeuZlebelia am mxriv kidev erTxel ar gavixsenoT somxuri wyaros
cnoba, rom kirioni ,,Zveli wesis Sesabamisad egrisis arqiepiskoposic
iyo~.
X saukuneSi somexTa kaTalikosma ioanem somxur-qarTuli saeklesio ganxeTqilebis udidesi daZabvis dros, mkiTxvels miawoda
cnoba qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi egrisis Semavlobis Sesaxeb, `mcxeTis kaTalikosi kirioni egrsis arqiepiskoposic iyo winandeli wesis Tanaxmado~.
kirionis `winandeli drois wesebis~ qveS albaT VI saukuneSi arsebuli viTareba igulisxmeba.
kidev ufro adre V saukuneSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (klarjeTSi) qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb werda movses xorenaci.
rogorc iTqva, xorenaci wers - ,,wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan
masquTedamde Tavisi advilad gasagebi eniT~.
maSasadame wmida ninos klarjeTSic uqadagnia, dasturdeba Tu ara es
cnoba sxva romelime cnobiT?
lazeTis mitropoliti germane adasturebda, rom wmida ninom iqadaga lazeTSi.
rogorc aRiniSna, lazeTis mitropoliti germane 1651 wels ruseTis
mefisadmi wardgenili angariSSi wers, rom lazeTis mitropolitis
samyofeli q. ofis taZari wmida ninos dauarsebia da mis epoqaSi sazRvrad
saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris miiCneoda ofi, rizesTan axlos. am
ofsac - xofi erqva. aq yofila aRmarTuli qvis sasazRvro didi sveti, am
adgilebSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze dauarsebia wmida ninos ofis anu
xofis kaTedra. amitomac SemdgomSi, xelsayreli momentis dadgomisas
aRsdga Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba da aqauri lazeTis mitropoliti
aRsdga qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiaSi.
rogorc aRiniSna, gelasi werda - wmida ninos mier ,,RmrTis mcneba
miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma
da lazebma~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 227).
IV saukuneSi, wmida ninos dros rize-xufaTis regions lazika rom
erqva, miuTiTebs lazeTis mitropolit germanes 1651 wels ruseTis
mefisadmi wardgenili angariSi, rom lazeTis mitropolitis samyofeli q. ofis taZari wmida ninos dauarsebia.
lazeTs Cvenc vuwodebT im qveyanas, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi ewodeba ,,klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa, zRvispiri~. swored, aq dauarsebia wmida ninos ofis kaTedra - lazeTis mitropolitis cnobiT, xolo xorenacis cnobiT wm. ninom klarjeTSic iqadaga, amitomac, Cans wmida ninos
409
gamoxda xani, mas mieca uflismieri brZaneba, rom unda eqadaga qarTvelebis
qveyanaSi. marTlac is mowafeebTan erTad Semovida qarTlSi da qarTuli eniT daiwyo xalxis damoZRvra.
rogor? man Seiswavla qarTuli ena? ara, mas sagangebod ar Seuswavlia qarTuli ena da arc dro dauxarjavs mis Sesaswavlad. moxda didi
saswauli, am enasTan dakavSirebiT, iseTi saswauli da Tanac yvelasaTvis gasagebi, rom mis garSemo myofi adamianebi am saswauliT
didad SeSindnen da amasTanave gakvirdnen kidec.
ra moxda? wmidanis cxovrebis Tanaxmad ufalma ineba, rom rogorc
wmida mociqulebs miecaT sulTmofenobisas enebis codna (saqme, 2-14),
aseve suliwmidis mier ,,erT wamSi~ anu elviseburi siswrafiT
mieca wmida ioane zedaznels qarTuli enis codna: -misi mematiane
wers - ,,moeca ioanes enai qarTulad metyveli..., ese saswauli,
Zmano, mimsgavsebul ars sions gardamosvlasa sulisa wmidisasa
wmidaTa zeda mociqulTa da ganyofasa enaTasa cecxlisasa... suliTa wmidiTa wamsa Sina aRatyua sityviTa zraxvad ioane, romeli arca odes asmioda, araTu eswava... romelni maSin mun iyvnes
yovelni zarganxdilni da gankvirvebulni adidebs RmerTsa, moqmedsa sakvirvelebaTasa~ (`cxoreba da moqalaqoba RirsTa mamaTa CuenTa Siosi da evgaresi~, 2005, gv. 29).
maSasadame:
1. suliwmidis mier ioane zedazneli qarTulad ametyvelda;
2. mas qarTuli enis codna mieca ,,wamsa Sina~, anu myisierad;
3. ioanes iqamde arasodes uswavlia qarTuli ena da arc ki smenoda
mis Sesaxeb;
4. ioanem maSinve daiwyo ,,sityvaTa zraxvad~ anu is ukve qarTuli eniT
warmoTqvamda frazebs da saerTod is qarTulad srulyofilad ametyvelda, maSasadame unari mieca qarTulad qadagebisa;
5. es udidesi saswauli sxvebis TandaswrebiT moxda, ramac maT SiSis
zari dascaT da amave dros gaukvirdaT;
6. iq myofma adamianebma maSinve daiwyes RmerTis dideba, radganac
swored isaa (e.i. RmerTia) - ,,moqmedi sakvirvelebaTa~, anu saswauli
mxolod misgan momdinareobda.
7. saswauli Tavisi arsiT identuri iyo sulTmofenobisas ,,cecxlis
enaTa ganyofisas~ mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlisa da maTi
sxvadasxva enebze ametyvelebisa (cxovreba Siosi da evagresi, 2005, gv. 29).
aRsaniSnavia, rom ioane zedaznelis aRniSnuli saswaulis dros mis
gverdiT iyo misi mowafe Sio mRvimeli.
saswaulis mniSvneloba gaorkecda imiT, rom Sio mRvimelzec gadmovida madli suliwmidisa da isic ametyvelda qarTulad.
Sio mRvimelis
cxovrebis aRmweri wers, rom wm. Sio ,,iyo
naTesaviT asuri... odes iovane, moZRvari misi uwyebiTa RmrTisaiTa qveyanad qarTlisa miiwia, eseca netari mis Tanave mogzaur
iqmna da mis Tanave mociqulebrivi qadagebai aRasrula, romelTa
RmerTman misca enai qarTulad metyveli~ (`xsenebai sakvirvelmoqmedisa wmidisa mamisa Siosi~, 2005, gv. 113).
413
maSasadame
1) Sio mRvimeli iyo eTnikurad asuri;
2) misi moZRvari ioane ,,RmrTis uwyebiT~ movida saqarTveloSi;
3) ioanem da Siom aRasrules mociqulebrivi qadageba;
4) maT RmerTma uboZa qarTuli enis codna - ,,romelTa RmerTman
misca enai qarTulad metyveli~.
aRniSnulTa garda arsebobs agreTve Sio mRvimelis mokle cxovrebac, romelSic kerZod naTqvamia - ,,warmoemarTnen wmidanni da movidnen
qarTlad.... kaTalikozsa evlabiozs gamoecxada angelozi uflisai da
auwya mosvla maTi da wina miegeboda... netarman iovaneca wamsa Sina
iswava ena qarTvelTa sulisa mier wmidisa~ (cxorebai Sio mRvimelisa mokled naTqvami, 2005, gv. 107).
wm. Sios `mokle cxovrebac~ imasve imeorebs, rac aRniSnuli sxvaganac,
rom ioane zedaznelma ,,wamsa Sina iswava ena qarTvelTa sulis
mier wmidisa~.
am cxovrebaTa SejerebiT naTeli xdeba, rom ioane zedaznelma, Sio
mRvimelma da Cans sxva mamebmac RmrTis nebiT, suliwmidis mier myisierad miiRes codna qarTuli enisa da RmerTis uwyebiT gamoemarTnen saqarTveloSi, xolo ,,angelozi uflisa~ afrTxilebda
da amzadebda saTanado pirebs maTTan Sesaxvedrad.
marTlac, sruliad gamorCeuli, unikaluri da albaT erTaderTia msgavsi saswauli rac gameorebaa wmida mociqulebze suliwmidis
madliT enaTa dauflebisa, oRond am SemTxvevaSi, qarTul enazea
RvTis madli daSvebuli.
cxadia, es momenti ancvifrebda Zvel qarTvel mamebs da unergavda
maT Tvalsazriss qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb, miTumetes iseT regionebSi, sadac qrTuli ena `dawunebuli~ iyo RvTismsaxurebisaTvis saeklesio sferoSi (igulisxmeba yofili persarmeniis
regioni, tao-basianis mxareebi).
asurel mamaTa aRniSnuli cxovrebani warmoadgendnen oficialur
sakiTxavebs, romelnic eklesiebSi xmamaRla ikiTxeboda wirva-locvebis saTanado momentebis dros. mrevls odnavadac ki eWvi ar epareboda
mosmenilis sinamdvileSi.
es ambavi namdvilad rom ar momxdariyo arc aRwerdnen da arc miiCnevdnen RmrTis sadidebel sakvirvel saswaulad.
sazogadod, locvis enas Zvel qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda, radganac ,,axali aRTqmis~ qadagebiT ena
RvTiuri niSniT iyo aRbeWdili. es sagangebod euwyaT sulTmofenobisas mociqulebsa da Sesabamisad pirvelqristianebs, roca ,,aRivsnen
yovelni suliTa wmidiTa da iwyes sityvad ucxoTa enaTa, viTarca suli igi miscemda maT sityvad~ (saqme, 2, 4).
amiT moixsna is enobrivi barieri, romelic pirvelmqadagebel mowafeebs SesaZloa SexvedrodaT, roca isini wavidnen dasamoZRvrad warmarTebisa mTel msoflioSi.
aseTi enobrivi barieri elodaT asurel mamebsac saqarTveloSi, ma414
gram, rogorc iTqva, suliwmidis mier miecaT ara zogadad codna sxvadasxva enebisa, aramed konkretulad, mxolod qarTuli enisa.
qarTuli enis aseTi gamorCeva uflis mier, rac iyo Tvalxiluli faqti
ara
mxolod asureli mamebis gverdiT mdgomTaTvis, aramed qarTveli erisaTvisac, cxadia bunebrivi siamayiT
avsebda qarTvel mamebs.
aRiwereba iseTi momentic, roca magaliTad qarTlis kaTalikosi Seegeba asurel mamebs asuruli eniT, magram maT qarTulad upasuxes.
asureli mamebi qarTulenovani mqadageblebi iyvnen, ufro metic, qarTulenovani mwerlebic ki, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sio mRvimelis qarTulenovani leqsebi.
VII saukuneSi, Cans asurel mamebze uflis mier gardamovlenili es
enobrivi momenti aZlierebda kirion I kaTalikosis Tavisi enobrivi
reformis gatarebisas gugarqSi. rogorc cnobilia gugarqi, TviT `epistoleTa wignis~ mixedviTac, warmoadgenda mcxeTeli kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval eparqias, sadac adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis IV saukunidanve qarTul enaze aResruleboda wirva-locva (amas
bolnisis sionis warwerebi da sxva epigrafikuli masalac aCvenebs),
amis miuxedavad VI s-Si sparselTa myrobelobisas (romelic somxur
monofizitur eklesias Zlier uWerda mxars), gugarqSi qarTuli mrevlisaTvis eklesiebSi danerges somxurenovani msaxureba, iseve, rogorc
taosa da basianSi.
sparsTa Zlierebis SesustebisTanave, roca bizantiis sazRvarma gadmoiwia da moadga Tbiliss, kirionma gabeda da ineba qarTulenovani
RvTismsaxurebis aRdgena gugarqis qarTuli mrevlisaTvis, ramac Zalze
aRaSfoTa somxuri eklesiis mesveurebi, maT maSinve daabezRes kirioni
sparsTa winaSe, romlebmac kirioni taxtidan Camoagdes da ucxoeTSi
gandevnes.
rogorc iTqva kirionis am didi brZolis mamxnevebeli qarTuli enis
uflismieri mfarveloba iyo, romelic asureli mamebze gancxadda.
safiqrebelia, rom qarTuli enis aseTi gamorCeuloba uflis mier
(rac, rogorc vTqviT faqti iyo), warmoadgenda erT-erT saeklesio wyaros winaswarmetyvelebisa, romelsac ,,qebai da didebai
qarTulisa enisai~ ewodeba.
mas, rogorc Cans, sxva saeklesio wyaroebic hqonda uflismieri niSniT aRbeWdilni.
erT-erTi, unda iyos ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis erT-erTi epizodi.
IX saukuneSi wmida ilarions aukrZales qarTulenovani locva-RvTismsaxureba berZnebma olimpos mTis monasterSi.
maSinve, berZen mamasaxliss gamoecxada yovladwmida RvTismSobeli
da ganucxada ,,mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enisa
metyvelni da cxonebad arian da romelni maT ar Seiwynareben,
mter Cemda arian~ (s. yubaneiSvili, qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172).
yovladwmidam miuTiTa cxonebis Sesaxeb, es ki iyo yoveli qris415
sabednierod, 591 wlis SeTanxmebiT Seicvala sasazRvro xazi sparseTsa da bizantias Soris, imdenad, rom sazRvari am or imperias Soris
mcxeTasa da Tbiliss Soris gavida, mcxeTa bizantiur nawilSi moeqca,
Tbilisi ki sparsulSi. bizantielTa mxardaWeriT gaZlierebulma mcxeTelma kaTalikosma kirionma gabeda da Tavis mrevls, gugarq-qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebT, aRudgina qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba, rac mouTmeneli iyo somxuri eklesiisTvis, Tumca sabolood kirionis RvawliT
TandaTanobiT jer qvemo qarTlis, Semdeg ki taosa da aseve Crdilo armeniis mkvidri qarTveloba daubrunda saeklesio qarTulenovnebas. qarTuli ena _ qalkedonitobis simbolo da qarTvelTa
erovnuli cnobierebis sayrdeni gaxda.
enobrivi viTareba gugarqSi
kirionma aanTo pirveli naperwkali erovnuli gamofxizlebisa, romelic aitaca e.w. dasavleT armeniis mkvidrma qarTulma mosaxleobam gugarqSi, kolaSi, taoSi da kidev ufro samxreTiT, vidre TiTqmis vanis
tbamde, romlis sanapirosTan axlos mcxovrebma qarTvelebma valaSkertis saepiskoposo daaarses.
erovnebaaRorZinebulma qarTulma mrevlma Camoayaliba sxva qarTuli saepiskoposoebic _ anisisa, karisa (yarsisa), dadaSenisa da sxva
qalaqebisa, TviTSemecnebulma, anu somxuri asimilaciisagan gaTavisuflebulma qarTvelebma miiwvies TavianT miwa-wyalze taos mefe didi
daviT kurapalati, romelmac qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli
`qarTvelTa sakurapalato~ Seqmna vanis tbamde mcxovrebi am mkvidr
qarTvelTaTvis.
sixaruli da erovnuli siamaye vinaobaaRdgenili qarTvelebisa ganuzomeli iyo, rac gamomJRavnda gansakuTrebiT aTonis mTaze. swored am
mxareebidan wamosuli iverielebis mier, romelTac yovladwmida RvTismSobeli eweoda imiT, rom qarTul enasa da qarTul sityvas mfarvelobda. swored aseTi saswaulebrivi gamocxadebis Semdgom mieca myisierad
qarTuli enis codna patara eqvTime mTawmindels.
erovnuli identobis aRorZinebis sixarulma aagebina saocari taZrebi
taosa da klarjeTSi mkvidr qarTvelebs, eseni iyvnen niSan-svetebi maTi
erovnuli gamofxizlebisa, somxuri eklesiisagan didi gaqcevisa, misi
uaryofisa da vinaobis aRdgenisa. am gaTavisuflebis didma Zalam aago
swored am kuTxeebSi es arqiteqturis Sedevrebi,
rogorc dagubebul wyalSi grovdeba didi Zala da energia, romelic
vlindeba misi gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, aseTi ZaliT afeTqda qarTuli
kultura samxreT saqarTveloSi.
kirionis `gamofxizlebis~ proeqti
somxur eklesiasTan kirionis cnobilma kamaTma qarTuli enis dasacavad da am sakiTxis gamo ganxeTqilebam gamoafxizla samxreT kavkasiis provinciaTa is qarTveloba, romelnic iqamde somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen.
421
sad ganxorcielda kirionis gamofxizlebis proeqti? anu romel provinciebSi gamofxizldnen iqamde somxuri wirva-locvis qveS myofi
qarTvelebi da aRidgines qarTulenovani wirva-locva?
cnobilia, rom es iyo vrceli mxare gugarqisa. sad mdebareobda is?
amJamindeli Cveni istoriografiis mixedviT is iyo mxolod qvemo qarTli,
magram somxuri geografiiT da sxva wyaroebiT, gugarqi iyo vrceli qveyana
Woroxidan Tbilisamde (da TiTqmis bardavamde).
basiansa, klarjeTsa da taoSi qarTuli enis aRdgenas rom mistirodnen somexi RvTismetyvelebi, es Cans uxtanesis wignidan, romelmac uzarmazari Sroma, savse moTqma-vaebiTa da wuxiliT, miuZRvna am sakiTxs.
kirionis `gamofxizleba~ mxolod qvemo qarTls ar Sexebia, aq uxtanesis dros isedac somxuri taSir-Zorakertis samefo hyvaoda somxuri saeklesio eniT, uxtanesi mistiris kirionis mier basianis, taoklarjeTisa da mezobeli olqebis qarTvelebis mier erovnuli identobis aRdgenas.
somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis qarTuli frTa
qarTvelebi somxeTSi
somxeTSi Zalze didi raodenobis mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba cxovrobda imis gamo, rom jer kidev qristeSobamde II saukuneSi iberiisagan armeniam miitaca istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos nawilebi - xorZene,
gogarena da pariadres kaldebi. cxadia es regionebi qarTvelebiT iyvnen
dasaxlebulni. somxuri eklesiis daarsebis Semdeg somxeTis mkvidri
qarTveloba gadaiqca somxuri eklesiis mrevlad, magram maT qarTuli
eTnoidentoba SenarCunebuli hqondaT, gansakuTrebiT somxeTis CrdiloeT da dasavleT nawilebSi. kirion kaTalikosis moZraobam qarTuli
enis dasacavad, erTgvarad SeanjRria da gamoafxizla gugarqisa da taos
qarTveloba. a. karaSevi Tavis wignSi ,,msoflio saeklesio krebebi~ aRniSnavda, rom zogjer aRmsareblobis gaTaviseba xdeboda eTnikuri niSniT, magaliTad, misi azriT bizantieli berZnebisagan aRmosavleTis
qristianuli xalxebi gancalkevebas cdilobdnen imiT, rom iRebdnen
antibizantiur saeklesio aRmsareblobas. amis gamo, miiRo TiTqos egviptis, siriisa da armeniis mosaxleobam monofizitoba, riTac gaberZnebisgan daicves Tavi. SeiZleba aseve vifiqroT, rom armeniis qarTvelebic
cdilobdnen Zlieri somxuri kulturuli gavlenisgan Tavis dacvis
msgavsi qmedebebiT. SeiZleboda albaT amiTac agvexsna qarTvelTa survili somxuri eklesiisagan gancalkevebisa jer kidev VI saukuneSi
sparsTa mmarTvelobisas. anu qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba qarTvelTa bunebrivi safari iyo erovnulobis SenarCunebisaTvis VI saukuneSi da VII
s. dasawyisSi, magram herakle keisris sparseTSi laSqrobis Semdeg TviTon somxuri eklesiis centrma Sekra ,,unia~ bizantiur eklesiasTan.
somxeTSi mravali qalkedonuri saepiskoposo warmoiqmna. somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebis ricxvi Zalze didi iyo 70-ze meti da isini
422
jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe SeniSnavda, rom istoriuli somxeTis miwawyali armenielebis Semosvlamde qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
mas faqtiurad eTanxmeba n. adonci, romelic mraval wyaroze dayrdnobiT gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom istoriulad qarTvelebis sacxovrisi vanis tbidan qarTlamde Suaze gahkveTes armenielebma, amitom
armenielebis rogorc samxreTiT, ise CrdiloeTiT qarTvelTa qveynebi
moeqca.
magaliTad, n. adoncis azriT, vanis tbis samxreTiT mdebare qveyana
kordueni da CrdiloeTiT mdebare qarTli _ qarTvelTa qveynebi iyvnen.
rac Seexeba qarTvelebis dasaxlebas armeniis dasavleTiT, is xeluxleblad iqna SenarCunebuli _ igulisxmeba qaldevelTa anu WanTa qveyana.
qaldu anu `kardu~ _ iv. javaxiSvilis kvleviTac qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblo yofila, romlis saxeli qarTvelTa samive Stos _
svanebs, megrel-lazebsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebs hqoniaT Semonaxuli.
dasavleT da Crdilo armeniaSi moqceul iberiis yofil miwebze
xorZenasa, pariadresa da gogarenaSi qarTvelTa armenizaciis procesma
gaqristianebis Semdeg religiuri saxe miiRo, rac imiT gamoixata, rom
am qarTvelTa saojaxo ena kvlav qarTuli iyo (an misi dialeqtebi),
magram somxuri maTTvis RvTis sadidebeli da saRvTismsaxuro enad
iqca (Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelTa arc Tu mcire nawili,
romelnic konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyvnen moqceulnni _ berZnulenovanni gaxdnen saeklesio TvalsazrisiT).
armeniis qarTvelebi somxuri enis, kulturis, eklesiis, Semecnebis da
kulturis zegavlenis qveS eqceodnen.
qarTvelTa armenizaciis procesi somxeTis dasavleT da Crdilo mxareebSi ver dasrulda arabTa Semosevebis gamo.
somxuri kulturuli centrebis Zlierebis moryevisas _ arabTa Se423
mosevebis epoqaSi, aRmoCnda, rom dasavleT armeniasa da aseve basiansa, taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi qarTvelebis erT nawils, sabednierod, jer kidev hqondaT SenarCunebuli erovnuli cnobiereba,
nawilobriv ki codna qarTuli enisa da sayofacxovrebo wesCveulebebisa _ erTi sityviT, kulturuli TavisTavadoba, rac
safuZvlad gadaiqca taosa da basianSi qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebisa, erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnisa da
misTvis qarTuli saxis miniWebisa.
aseT epoqaSi qarTul enas siwmindis funqcia mieniWa.
es movlena iyo namdvili kulturuli revolucia qarTuli cnobierebis
aRorZinebisaTvis.
tao-basianis mxareebSi qarTuli Semecnebisa da enis aRorZinebis safuZveli unda yofiliyo
1) kirionis mier qarTuli enis aRorZineba gugarqSi da
2) 726 wlis manaskertis monofizituri kreba, ramac somxuri eklesia
mononacionalur eklesiad aqcia, sadac aRar iyo eTnikur qarTvelTa
(e.i. qalkedonitTa) adgili, da ramac eklesiurad gamoafxizla qarTveloba. erovnulad identobaaRorZinebulma qarTvelobis erTma nawilma
male zurgi Seaqcia somxurqalkedonur eklesiasac da deda qarTuls
daubrunda.
patriarq nikoloz mistikosis miTiTeba (X s.)
997-998 wlebSi qarTvelebi ibrZodnen xlaTTan, magram ver aiRes, Tumca sastikad daamarcxes Tavrizeli amira da misi mokavSireebi.
eklesiurad, rogorc Cans, konstantinopolis sapatriarqo ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTvelebis saeklesio iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas taodan vanis tbamde _ daviT kurapalatis mier gaTavisuflebul miwa-wyalze, magram TviTon, Cans, am periodSi ver axerxebda Tavisi iurisdiqciis
ganvrcobas an SenarCunebas am regionSi, magram Tanaxma yofila iq somxuri eklesiis uzenaesoba
ecno. es Cans ioane drasxanakertelis naSromidan, sadac Semonaxulia
konstantinopolis patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werili. berZeni
patriarqi werda somex kaTalikoss: `Seni RvTismoyvarebisaTvis vgoneb
ar aris gaugebari Cveni gulis didi wuxili da daunelebeli
tkivili somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Sendami rwmunebuli
erToblivi samwysosaTvis Wiris gamo, romelic Tavs dagatydaT
sarkinoz ismaitel moZaladeTagan. aw Tu Tqveni uwmidesoba marTebulad miiCnevs, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa RmrTis moxilvis
da SebralebisaTvis mTeli guliT yovlismpyrobeli RmrTis mimarT vedreba. somexTa, qarTvelTa, alvanelTa Seni samwysosTvis,
aRar Seeguo maT daRupvas da izrune, rom ganswavlo isini yvelaferSi saRmrTo metyvelebiT. werili gamougzavneT mag kurapalatsac da afxazTa meTaursac da vurCevdi, rom maT esminoT
Tqveni darigeba~ (ioane drasxnakerteli, somxeTis istoria, cagareiSvilis gamocema, 1965, gv. 189-193).
Tu es werili sandoa, masSi Cans, rom patriarqi nikoloz mistikosi
(852-925) somxur eklesias ar miiCnevs eTnikuri niSniT Seqmnil samamamTavrod, radganac mis mrevlad somxebTan erTad miiCnevda
qarTvelebic da alvanelebic. am werilSi orjer xazgasmiT aRniSnavs
kidec _ `somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Sendami kuTvnili
samwyso~.
erTi SexedviT ise Cans, TiTqosda `qarTvelTa~ qveS am werilSi igulisxmeba sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, magram Tanamedrove
saqarTvelos imJamad `afxazeTs~ uwodebdnen, xolo `qarTvelTa qveyanas~ uwodebdnen ZiriTadad taos samefos, am da misi mimdebare regionebis mosaxleobas ki `qarTvelebs~. amitom am werilSi `qarTvelTa~ qveS
unda igulisxmebodes im miwa-wylis mrevli, romelic imJamad bizantiis
interess warmoadgenda, kerZod, Teodosiopolis (karin-arzrumis) qristianebi, vidre vaspurakanamde.
iqamde am regionSi eklesiurad batonobda somxuri eklesia, karinevfratis mosaxleoba, VII s-Si TviT taos mrevlic ki somxuri eklesiis
iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda. igive iTqmis amave regionis momijnave
albanur olqebzec. ase rom, nikoloz mistikosis am saqmiani weriliT konstantinopoli cnobda ara sruliad saqarTvelos mrevlze somxuri eklesiis uzenaesobas, aramed mxolod arzrum-vanistbis qarTul segmentebSi. mizezi unda yofiliyo survili, raTa
Zlier somxur eklesias xeli ar SeeSala bizantiuri jarebis winsvlisaTvis vanis tbisken.
425
mravali qalkedoniti kaTalikosis mier imarTeboda, rac MmasSi qalkedoniti mrevlis arsebobasac gulisxmobs.
arabTa Semosevebma garkveulwilad gaaZliera somxuri monofizituri
eklesia, magram iq mainc ar gamqrala qalkedoniti mrevli, romlis gaZlierebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes arabobis Sesustebis Semdeg somxeTSi qalkedonitTa ricxvis gazrda, qalkedonur sarwmunoebaze moqceula somexTa kaTalikosi vahan I (968-69) da sxvani, romelTa ricxvi
ise didi yofila, rom asoRikis cnobiT, jer kidev vahan I-mde, kaTalikos
ananias (946-68) dros somxur eklesiaSi daudgeniaT `qalkedonanTa wesiT monaTlulis xelaxla monaTvla~ (iqve, gv. 91).
qalkedonit somexTa didi ricxvis gamo n. maris mosazreba, rom xdeboda maTi denacionalizacia-gaqarTveleba, arasworia, radgan qalkedoniti somexi kaTalikos-patriarqebi qarTvelebad ar gadaqceulan, iseve, rogorc maTi samwyso. sinamdvileSi, _ iqamde polieTnikuri, anu mravalerovani somxuri eklesia daiSala eTnikuri niSniT
(isic mxolod nawilobriv), kerZod, qalkedoniti eTnikuri somxebi mSobliur somxuri eklesiis wiaRs daubrundnen (da arc miutovebiaT is),
xolo eTnikuri qarTvelebi, romelnic sarwmunoebiT qalkedonitebi iyvnen
cdilobdnen Tavi daeRwiaT aramSobliuri somxuri eklesiidan, da
SeerTebodnen deda qarTuli eklesiis samwysos. unda iTqvas, rom am
epoqaSic ki qarTvelTa umravlesobam, miuxedavad xelsayreli viTarebisa, mainc ver SeZlo somxuri eklesiis datoveba da darCa am eklesiis
wevrad, sabolood ki gasomxda, somxur saeklesio wiaRSi qarTvelTa
armenizaciiT didad dazianda da dazaralda raodenobrivad da
zneobrivad qarTveli xalxi.
somxuri eklesiis polieTnikuroba, anu mravalerovnuloba da somxuri eklesiis batonoba arasomxur mosaxleobaze unda yofiliyo im
mwvaleblobaTa warmoSobis mizezi, romelnic aRmocendnen istoriul
armeniaSi X-XI saukuneebSi (iqamdec da mis Semdegac), magaliTad, Tondrakeloba da sxva.
somxur monofizitur eklesias sastikad ebrZodnen Tondrakelebi. istorikos lastivercis cnobiT, Tondrakeloba aRmocenda harkis gavarSi
da mravalni Seacdina, harki mdebareobda basianis samxreTiT vanis tbisaken.
TondrakelTa mier somxuri eklesiis wes-Cveulebebis sruli siZulvili
gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tondrakeloba gavrcelda im arasomxur mosaxleobaSi, romelTac surdaT gasvla somxuri monofizituri eklesiidan, magram
amis saSualeba maT ar misca Zlierma somxurma eklesiam. amis sapasuxo
protesti, Cans, gamoixata imiT, rom warmoiSva seqta, romelic swored
somxur eklesias uaryofda. isini gansakuTrebiT monofizitur somxur
eklesias da mis wes-Cveulebebs ar cnobdnen (aristakes lastiverteci,
istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema, 1974, gv. 114-125). somxeTis saero da
sasuliero xelisuflebam X-XI saukuneebSi ver SeZlo Tondrakelobis
aRmofxvra, imdenad mZlavri da sicocxlisunariani iyo is (a. abdalaZe,
dasax. naSr. gv. 92).
yofili armeniis erovnebiT qarTveli qalkedonituri mrevli, romel428
wm. daviT da tariWani arian qarTuli eklesiis wmidanebi. isini uwamebiaT taos qveyanaSi, VII saukuneSi, nerse somexTa kaTalikosis samwysoSi,
sofel duvSi, maTi cxovrebis mixedviT, kavSiri hqondaT somexTa qveyanasTan. miuxedavad amisa somxuri eklesiisaTvis isini ucnobebi arian,
isini ar arian somxuri eklesiis wmidanebi, da arian, rogorc aRiniSna
qarTulisa. ra iyo amis mizezi?
arsebobs meore msgavsi magaliTic, miCneulia, rom arzrumi, yofili
Teodosiopoli, romelic qarTulad karnu qalaqad iwodeboda somxeTis
qveyanaSi mdebareobda, 808 wels aq uwamebiaT isaaki da iosebi, maTi eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs zedwodeba ,,qarTvelni~. saqarTvelos
saeklesio kalendarSi 16 seqtembers ixseniebian ,,mowameni isaak da ioseb
qarTvelni, karnu qalaqis wamebulni 808 wels~, unda vifiqroT, rom isini
karnu-qalaqelni iyvnen, eTnikuri qarTvelebi, romelnic IX s-Si arabebma awames. XI s-Si konstantine porfirgenetis cnobiT karnuqalaqelebi
did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen bizantielebs, qarTvelTa jari ki maT
icavda da amaragebda sursaT-sanovagiT, bizantielTa alyis dros.
aqedanac Cans, rom rogorc X ise IX saukuneSi arzrumi (karnuqalaqi) qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, arzrumi ~karinis~ qveynis mTavari qalaqi iyo. am qveyanaSi hqonda mamulebi Tornike
erisTavs, somexi istorikosebis azriT Tornike am qveyneli iyo,
aqve mdebareobda cnobili qarTuli skri ptoriumi erT-erT qarTul
monasterTan.
maSasadame, isaaki da iosebi qarTvel wmindanTa rigSi moxvdnen
TavianTi eTnikuri vinaobis (qarTvelobis) wyalobiT, msgavsadve
daviT da tariWani wamebis Semdeg qarTvel wmindanTa rigSi Caweres, radganac isinic saqarTveloSi eTnikur qarTvelebad anda
qarTuli eklesiis samrevlos wevrebad miiCneodnen, radganac ara
mxolod tao, aramed karini da basianic qarTvelTa qveynebad
miiCneoda IX-X saukuneebSi.
somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi
lazikaSi
da pai pertis, lerionis, bizanis, olnutis da sxva saepiskoposoebi (ix. georgika, IV, nakveTi II, 1952, gv. 185, noticiebi Xa da III).
aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxi ganxilulia
`pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ statiaSi `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ da maTi
adgilmdebareoba iqve darTul rukazea datanili (ix. , 2001, t. III, gv.
328). am rukidan Cans, rom lerionis, bizanas, olnutis da pai pertis
(baiberdis) da sxva saepiskoposoebi moqceulni iyvnen trapezunt-vanis tbis SemaerTebel gzaze, kerZod, trapezunt-giumiSxane-arzrum-manaskert-vanis tbis SemaerTebel gzaze, am qveyanas
somxebi uwodebdnen `dasavleT armenias~, amitomac Tanamedrove somex
mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi iyvnen e.w. `somexqalkedonitTa~ kaTedrebi. am qveyanas noticiebSi ewodeba `lazika~. esaa
istoriuli Wanika (WaneTi) _ basianis zoli, trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, uZveles xanaSive qarTvelTa modgmis tomebis sacxovrisi.
ase rom, `lazika~, berZnuli saeklesio geografiis mixedviT, erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed WaneT-basianis mxares, amJamad, sakmaod daSorebuls saqarTvelodan, amitomac am erTian ekonomikur
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTian geografiul arialze Tanamedrove qarTvelebs
Zalze bundovani warmodgena aqvT, magram istoriulad, rogorc berZnuli noticiebis miTiTeba aCvenebs, es yofila qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana, romlis saepiskoposoebic eqvemdebarebodnen konstantinopols, mas berZnebi eklesiurad `lazikas~ uwodebdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mxare, Semavali bizantiis imperiaSi, bizantiuri politikur-administraciuli dayofis Sesabamisad `armeniad~ iwodeboda. miuxedavad amisa, am qveynis mosaxleoba eTnikuri lazebi (qarTvelebi)
iyvnen da Sesabamisad mrevli maT qveyanaSi mdebare e.w.somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebisa, amitom isini iyvnen ara ,,somexi-qalkedonitebi~
aramed eTnikuri `lazebi~.
e.w. `somex-qalkedonitTa~ namdvili vinaoba
(aRmsarebloba da ena)
miadga vanis tbis sanapiros. mizezi amisa unda yofiliyo ara samxedro
siZliere am samefosi, aramed taodan vanis tbamde mcxovrebi mosaxleobis jer kidev cocxali eTnoTviTSemecneba, maT erT nawils jer kidev
axsovda Tavisi qarTveloba. isini eTnikuri niSniT gaxdnen wevrebi
qarTuli eklesiisa, ris gamoc aq momentalurad Camoyalibda qarTuli
saepiskoposoebi _ erovnuli saxelmwifos frTaTa qveS ayvavda da
gaifurCqna qarTuli suliskveTeba. magram es mouTmeneli aRmoCnda bizantiisaTvis. basili II-m es mxareebi myisierad CamoarTva saqarTvelos
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mosaxleoba daubruna armenizaciis saukunovan gzas.
iqamde SedarebiT sxva viTareba iyo dasavleT armeniaSi. n. adonci
Civis, rom dasavleT armeniaSi somxur-qalkedonituri saepiskoposoebis
mrevli berZnulenovani RvTismsaxurebis danergvis Sedegad berZndeboda, es SeiZleba sadavo iyos, radganac somxebi axerxebdnen berZnuli
iurisdiqciis qveSac wirva-locvis ena somxuri yofiliyo, amis Sesaxeb
adonci TviTve miuTiTebs. Tumca ki samarTlianad wers _ `nacionaluri
ideisa da grZnobebisaTvis konfesionaluri sakiTxebi arcTu mcire safrTxes warmoadgendnen, romelnic drois msvlelobasTan erTad ise
iZabebodnen, rom SeeZloT erovnuli interesebis CaxSoba. aRmsareblobiTi gansxvavebebis mixedviT im droisTvis isazRvreboda enis gamoyeneba (n. adonci, gv. 202).
rogorc aRiniSna, n. adonci werda _ `aRmsareblobiTi gansxvavebuloba im dros gansazRvravda enis gamoyenebas ara mxolod RvTismsaxurebisas, aramed saeklesio suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul literaturaSic. amis
Sesabamisad somxebi, romlebic miekedlnen saimperio eklesias, unarmoklebulni aRmoCdnen SeeqmnaT erovnuli damwerloba mcire armeniis
sazRvrebSi. erovnuli ganaTlebisa da literaturis ar arsebobisas,
enis bedi da erovnuli cnobiereba xdeboda aramyari. somxoba, somxuri
cnobiereba SeiZleba CaxSobiliyo mcire armeniaSi saxelmwifoebrivi
cxovrebisa da interesebis oromtrialSi, rom ara axali sasicocxlo
Zalebis mozRvaveba mezobeli somxeTis kuTxeebidan mas rom ar ganeaxlebina axali suliT da ar gaeRviZebina mcire armeniaSi erovnuli
TviTSemecneba~ (n. adonci, armenia, gv. 202).
n. adonci Zalze wuxs, rom dasavleT anu mcire armeniaSi berZnul
eklesias `mikedlebul somxebs~ erovnuli Zala ar SeswevdaT SeeqmnaT
somxurenovani literatura da isini somxur enas iviwyebdnen, magram,
samwuxarod, Cqmalavs sinamdviles, rom imperiam mcire armeniis olqSi
Seiyvana sxvadasxva warmoSobis arasomxuri tomebi. sinamdvileSi, dasavleT armeniis, anu trapezuntis aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTisa da mis
iqiT mTebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba eTnikuri qarTuli tomebi iyvnen da
ara somxebi.
Teodosiopolisidan trapezuntamde vrceli regioni WanebiTa da sxva
qarTuli tomebiT iyvnen dasaxlebulni. isini VI-VII saukuneebSi imperiam `armeniis~ erT-erT olqSi Seiyvana, iq arsebobda mravali saepiskoposo. konstantinopolis patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi. konstantinopolis
sapatriarqos kaTedraTa nusxebSi dasavleT armeniis olqSi mdebare
435
lia sabWour istoriografiaSi, aramed mkvidri, iqamde somxurberZnuli eklesiis (anu somxur-qalkedonituri) eklesiis wiaRidan TavdaRweuli qarTvelebi daubrundnen mSobliurs.
aRniSnuli regionis mosaxleobis (Teodosiopolisidan trapezuntamde)
sacxovriss n. adonci somxeTs miakuTvnebs, xolo berZnuli saeklesio
geografia _ lazikas (aq iyo lerionis, bizanis, paipertisa da lazikis
sxva saepiskoposoebi). am mosaxleobis eTnoistoria Zalze waagavs
XVII-XIX ss samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidri kaTolike qarTvelebisas.
kerZod, es ukanasknelni (axalcixis regionis qarTveloba) osmaleTis imperiaSi cxovrebis dros sarwmunoebrivad e.w. `frangebi~ (kaTolikebi) iyvnen, eklesiebSi somxurenovani wirva-locva
(riti) utardebodaT, xolo saxelmwifoebrivad mahmadianur qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen. ase rom, am ukanasknelT araviTari qarTuli
instituti ar gaaCndaT TavianT istoriul samSobloSi, Sesabamisad, isini erTdroulad iyvnen frangebic, somxebic da osmalebic.
samcxeli kaTolikebis eTnocnobierebac Sesabamisad iyo Seryeuli, maTi qarTveloba sammagi Sris iqiT iyo Camaluli, amitomac
ZiriTadad isini gasomxdnen kidec, radganac kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba maTSi somxurenovnebiT iyo Semofargluli, ganaTlebac,
Sesabamisad, somxuri gaaCndaT, samcxelTagan mxolod erTi mcire
nawili daubrunda qarTul cnobierebas mas Semdeg, rac rusebma
osmalebi gandevnes axalcixidan. XIXs. bolos maTgan gamosulma
ramdenime sasuliero pirma gaixsena Tavisi bunebrivi erovnuli
vinaoba.
saukuneebiT adre aseTive viTarebaSi imyofeboda trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebis mrevli `lazikaSi~. isini VI saukuneSi da
VIIs. dasawyisSi (iqamdec da Semdegac) bizantiis imperiis mier somxuri
regionisadmi iyvnen mikedlebulni, Tumca eklesiebSi berZnulenovani
wirva-locva hqondaT, Sesabamisad, somxdebodnen anda berZndebodnen imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli mxare gamoavlenda ufro met dainteresebas maT
mimarT.
Tu ra saxisa iyo mcire armeniis mkvidr mosaxleobaze somxuri kulturuli Zaladoba, Tavisdauneblied kargad aRwers n. adonci _ `somxuri cnobiereba mcire armeniaSi sabolood Cakvdeboda, Tu ara axali
Zalebis mozRvaveba mezobeli somxuri olqebidan. isini anaxlebdnen
mkvidri mosaxleobis suliskveTebas da acocxlebdnen maTSi erovnul
(e.i. somxur) Semecnebas~ (n. adonci, armenia... 1908, gv. 202). rogorc iTqva,
sinamdvileSi, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mkvidri mosaxleoba ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo, is romaul-bizantiuri administraciuli dayofis
Sedegad somexi eris hegemonobis qveS aRmoCda, rasac mudam Tan sdevda,
rogorc n. adonci uwodebs, Sida somxuri olqebidan somxur-nacionaluri suliskveTebis gavrceleba, ris Sedegadac bizantiuri imperiis
xelqveS myofi qarTveloba ucxo-somxuri kulturis zegavlenis qveS
aRmoCda. maT arc erovnuli eklesia gaaCndaT.
es procesi ki n. adoncs axarebs da miaCnia `aRorZinebis dasawyisad~
437
donitebs~. sinamdvileSi ki isini, rogorc iTqva iyvnen qarTveli qalkedonitebi, oRond konstantinopolis iurisdiqciis qveS.
basianis somexi episkoposebi
agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovreba somxuridan arabulad uTargmniaT, misi redaqcia garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba amJamad arsebuli somxuri redaqciisagan. kerZod, somxuri redaqciiT, wm. grigolma mxolod
somxeTSi iqadaga da iqve daniSna episkoposebi, arabuli redaqciiT ki,
wm. grigolma episkoposebi iveriasa da sxva qveynebSic daniSna.
n. adonci wers _ `sainteresoa klasifikacia qveynebisa da olqebisa,
sadac daniSnul iqnen episkoposebi. gamoiyofa sami jgufi, pirvelSi
moixsenieba saqarTvelo, afxazeTi da al(b)ania, meoreSi 8 somxuri olqi,
mesameSi 13 sxva somxuri olqi anu ufro zustad, saepiskoposoebi~ (n.
adonci, armenia... gv. 339).
442
n. adonci svams kiTxvas, Tu riT unda aixsnas somxuri olqebis dajgufeba or nawilad. misi azriT, aseTi dajgufeba gamowveuli unda
yofiliyo konfesionaluri azrTa sxvaobiT, kerZod zogierT eparqiaSi
nestorianobis gavrcelebiT, ris aRmosafxvreladac 555 wels mowveuli
iqna kreba (gv. 339).
arabulad wm. grigolis cxovreba iTargmna ara VIs-Si, am krebis (555
wlis) droisaTvis, aramed arabebis gabatonebis Semdeg, albaT VIII-X saukuneebSi, am dros somxur eklesiaSi ebrZodnen qalkedonitur mimarTulebas. 726 wlis manaskertis krebis Semdeg somxur eklesiaSi sabolood
gaimarjva monofizitobam (n. adoncis sityviT, `erovnulma saeklesio
tradiciam~), am krebis Semdeg eTnikuri somxebi daubrundnen erovnulsomxur e.i. araqalkedonur eklesias, magram somxeTis dasavleT provinciebSi mcxovrebi yofili qarTuli mxareebis vinaobaSenarCunebuloba
qarTulma mosaxleobam mxari dauWira qalkedonitobas anu im mimarTulebas,
romelic maT mezobel, maTTvis eTnikurad mSobliur saqarTveloSi iyo
erovnuli mimarTuleba, amis gamo 726 wlis Semdeg somxeTis somxebi
monofizitur eklesiaSi gaerTiandnen, xolo somxeTis qarTvelebi ar SeuerTdnen maTTvis ukve araerovnul somxur eklesias da
SeinarCunes qalkedonitoba.
aRniSnuli ori jgufis gaCena SeiZleba am faqts ukavSirdebodes.
TviTon agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovreba, Cans, somxeTis qarTveli qalkedonitis, nawilobriv armenizebulis, mier aris arabulad Targmnili, radganac masSi uamravi qarTuli sityvaa, vTqvaT, iseTi sityvac ki,
rogoricaa `goWi~ da sxva. is Targmnili unda iyos 726 wlamde.
sazogadod, iqamde, e.i. 726 wlamde, taos, basianis, sperisa da klarjeTis gasomxebuli qarTveli ierarqebi da saeklesio mwerlebi, roca ver
malavdnen TavianT namdvil eTnikur warmomavlobas, anu qarTvelobas,
saWirod miiCnevdnen TavianTi yofna somxur eklesiaSi gaemarTlebinaT
imiT, rom TiTqosda grigol ganmanaTlebelma qristianoba gaavrcela
qarTul qveynebSic da, aqedan gamomdinare, somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciis
qveS qarTvelTa qveynebis (mag. taos an basianis) yofna gamarTlebuli
iyo.
magaliTad, agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovrebis somxuri versiiT,
grigolma gaaqristiana somxeTi kididan-kidemde. qaldeas axlos myofi
q. satalidan, klarjeTis axlo adgilebidan, mesxeTis axlodan _ alanTa karamde, kaspiis sazRvramde _ paitakaranis CaTvliT, q. nizibinis
axlo, agadidan midiamde, atropatenamde.
imave cxovrebis arabuli versiiT, wm grigolma aRniSnul mxareTa
garda episkoposebi gagzavna ara mxolod somxeTis miwebze, aramed iveriaSi, durzukebis mxareSi da alanebSi.
iveriaSi gaagzavna ibirbzxua, afxazeTSi _ sofroni, alaniaSi _ Toma,
aseve somxeTis mimdebare, samxreTis mxareebSi (n. adonci, gv. 327-328).
n. adonci wers, rom n. maris mier gamocemul arabul versiaSi n. maris
mier daSvebulia Secdoma, radganac dedanSi naxsenebia ara `abxazeTi~ (,,gaugzavna abxazebs~), aramed arzanena. arabuli damwer443
es xelmwife me-7 saukunis Sua wlebSi akontrolebda somxeTs da cdilobda somxuri eklesiis qalkedonuri frTis gaZlierebas. somexTa kaTalikosi nerse III taoeli (641-661) iyo misi moZRvari, Zalze daaxloebuli sasuliero piri bizantiis am imperatorisa, romelic Tavis moZRvrisaTvis ar iSurebda saxsrebs, konstans II-is saxsrebiT nerse taoelma
aaSena cnobili zvartnocis taZari wmida grigolis saxelze (v. goilaZe,
bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul epografikaSi 2008, gv.
40).
somexi istorikosis sebeosis cnobiT somexTa kaTalikosi nerse sofel
iSxnidan iyo warmoSobiT, axalgazrdobaSi Seiswavla romaelTa ena da
444
leebis (e.i. somxeTis qarTvelebis mier). arsen safareli, giorgi merCule, daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis aRmweri da albaT sxvebic somexqarTvelTa davis epoqaSi mcxovrebni, wmidas da ,,RvTis kacs~ ar uwodebdnen
araqarTvels da araqalkedonit somexTa kaTalikoss. arsen safarelis
cnobiT, samefos sakaTalikoso taxtze nerse ,,RvTis nebiT~ avida, is iyo
,,Rirsi da marTlmorwmune~, xolo giorgi merCule mas ,,netars uwodebs~.
ufro metad ganadidebs maT daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis aRmweri da
uwodebs ,,Cvens wmida mamas~. somxeTSi, rogorc aRiniSna IV-VIII saukuneebSi mravali qarTveli sasuliero piri moRvaweobda. maT Soris,
CvenTvis cnobilia kirion kaTalikosi - somxeTis centraluri nawilis, airaratis episkoposi, mose gugarqel qarTvelTa episkoposi (Tumca
monofiziti), wmida grigoris cxovrebis arabulad mTargmneli da albaT sxvebic, romelTac momavali mkvlevarebi gamoavlenen. somxur eklesiaSi, SemdgomSic, kerZod XVII-XVIII saukuneebSic, uamravi qarTveli sasuliero piri moRvaweobda, rac Cans matenadaranSi daculi maTi qarTulenovani werilebidan, zogierTis qarTuli gvaric cnobilia. erT-erTi
aseTi e.i. somxur eklesiaSi droebiT moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero
piri iyo, magaliTad, cnobili arqimandriti ioane xelaSvili. ioane
batoniSvils ,,kalmasobaSi~ aRwerili aqvs aseTi ambavi: qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos gauqmebiT anu qarTvelTa umoqmedobiTa da uTavbolobiT ise
aRSfoTda ioane xelaSvili, rom man datova qarTuli eklesia da gadavida somxur eklesiaSi. maSinve mas gauCines ulufa da misces Tavisi
senaki, sadac mis locvas aRwers kidec mwerali (ioane batoniSvili,
Semdgom ioane kvlav daubrunda mSobliur eklesias). ase, rom qarTvelebi IV saukunidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT, mravlad iRwodnen somxur eklesiaSi. rogorc iTqva, somxur eklesiaSi VII-VIII saukuneebSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen mTeli qarTuli Temebi, maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani taoa. mxolod qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebis Semdeg daubrunda es mxare dedasamSoblos eklesiuradac. vfiqrob, am mxareebis qarTvelTa eTnikuri TviTgamoRviZebis procesi jerac ar Sewyvetila, kerZod, qristiani lazebi XVI-XIX saukuneebSi ,,urumebsa~ da
,,romeosebs~ (berZnebs) Seerivnen, xolo mahmadiani lazebi - osmaloTurqebs. SesaZloa maTi TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebis SemTxvevaSi isini
kvlav daubrundnen TavianT eTnoidentobas.
nerse kaTalikosi
somex kaTalikos nerses, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi `wmidas~ uwodebdnen, auSenebia ara mxolod iSxanis taZari, aramed valaSkertSi RvTismSoblis eklesiac. saerTod somxebi am nerses `aRmSenebels~ uwodebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom orives mSeneblobis adgilze, iSxansa da valaSkertSi, qarTuli saepiskoposoebi Camoyalibda. SesaZlo mizezi iyo
eTnikur-qarTuli memkvidreoba, radganac, rogorc Cans, somexTa kaTalikosi nersesi eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, iseve, rogorc TiTqmis misi
Tanamedrove kirioni, romelic araratis, anu somxeTis centraluri
448
provinciis qorepiskoposi da saxelovani episkoposi iyo somxeTSi, misi eTnikuri qarTvelobis Sesaxeb Cven albaT cnobebic ar
gveqneboda, kirioni qarTlis kaTalikosi rom ar gamxdariyo. Cans,
nersec eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, amitomac mis mier aSenebuli taZrebic qarTvelebs erovnul saganZurad miaCndaT da kanonieri pretenziebiT iq qarTuli saepiskoposoebic daaarses.
valaSkertSi nersesis mier agebuli yovladwmida RvTismSoblis taZris
Sesaxeb wers n. adonci. rogorc iTqva, valaSkertSi nerses somexTa
kaTalikosma aago RvTismSoblis eklesia, lastivercis cnobiT, aq X sSi ijda qarTveli episkoposi~ (n. adonci, gv. 24).
gugarqeli, taoeli, vanandeli da arzrumeli aznaurebi somxuri
eklesiis winaaRmdeg
mkvidri mosaxleobis Tvalsazrissa da nebas, rogorc wesi, Sua saukuneebSi gamoxatavda mosaxleobis Tavisufali fena - anu aznaurebi. dabali fena - glexebi uufleboni iyvnen. aznaurebi - qveynis mepatroneni
iyvnen da mis eTnikur saxesac warmoaCendnen.
sabednierod, somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebisas mis agresiul survils
gugarqSi Tavis mrevlad gadaeqcia qarTuli mosaxleoba win aRudga
mkvidri aznauroba. anu gugarqelma aznaurebma qarTul eklesias dauWires mxari kirion kaTalikosis dros (ix. a. jafariZe, saqarTvelos
samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. II). Tu ara maTi mxardaWera, somxuri
eklesiis Semotevas imJamad sparsTa mier dasustebuli qarTuli eklesia ver daupirispirdeboda. qarTuli eklesiis dasusteba ki gamoiwvia
sparseTis Sahebis prosomxurma mikerZoebam, kerZod maTma monofiziturma saeklesio orientaciam. sparselebi qarTuli eklesiis diofizitizms
probizantiur orientaciad miiCnevdnen da devnidnen. roca mavrike keisarma SeZlo, rom bizantia-sparseTis sazRvari Tbilisamde moetana, amiT
zurggamagrebulma kirionma gabeda da nabiji gadadga gugarqis mkvidr
qarTvelebisaTvis wirva-locvis qarTulenovnebis asaRorZineblad, ramac sastikad gaaRiziana somxuri eklesia. gugarqi - kirionis samwyso
iyo. am qveynis namdvili mflobelebi ki, rogorc iTqva mkvidri aznauroba iyo, amitomac somexTa kaTalikosma sagangebo epistoliT mimarTa
gugarqis aznaurebs mxari daeWiraT somxuri eklesiisaTvis, imaT, rom
kirionis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, iqauri mose kvlav episkoposad daebrunebinaT, is imJamad Tavs somxeTs afarebda. swored am gadamwyvet momentSi dauWires gugarqelma aznaurebma mxari qarTul eklesias,
riTac Zlier ganawyenda somexi kaTalikosi. ,,Cven es sarwmunoebac gvaqvs da egec, Tu unda mose episkoposs, movides da kirions daemorCilos~
aseTi iyo gugarqel aznaurTa pasuxi. aqedan kargad Cans maTi eTnikuri
vinaoba - isini saeklesio mTlianobas anu qarTuli eklesiis gaubzarvelobas ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, vidre davas somexi kaTalikosisas.
gugarqel aznaurTa msgavsad dauWires lastivertecis Tanaxmad
449
arzrumelma, taoelma da basianelma aznaurebma mxari qarTul eklesias (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv.44).
aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom TviT eTnikur somxur olqebSi aznaurebi
mxars somxur eklesias uWerdnen, magaliTad ,,epistoleTa wignSi~ kargad Cans, rom vrkanis marzapni - devnida qarTul eklesias.
xolo eTnikur qarTul regionebSi aznaurebi, rogorc iTqva, mxars
qarTul eklesias uWerdnen, am faqtis kargi gamoxatulebaa magaliTi
vanandel-kareli didebulebisa: bakurianisZeebisa anda taoel-vanandeli aznaurebisa, Tornike erisTavisa da misi Tanamosagre qarTveli didebulebisa isini iyvnen erTguli mrevli qarTuli eklesiisa.
maT yvelam kargad icodnen, rom qarTuli eklesiis mxardaWeriT qveyana SeinarCunebda qarTvelobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki gasomxdeboda.
sofeli okomi da anisis somxuri jvari
aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT basiani mdebareobda somxeTSi, magram dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT, magaliTad, is aRwers basianis sofel
okomis tragedias, rom sofeli gadawva da daangria basili bulgarTmmusvrelma, xolo mosaxleoba daundoblad amoxoca, amis mizezad aristakesi Tvlis okomelTa im codvas, rom maT anisis somxuri jvris lursmnebi moaZvres da gaiZaxodnen ,,am lursmnebisgan cxenis nalebs gavakeTebTo~,
qarTvelebi, am SemTxvevaSi-okomelebi daurideblad mopyrobian anisis
e.i. maTTvis araerovnuli somxuri eklesiis jvars.
basili imperatorma, roca qarTvelTa qveynebi da sofebi moaoxra, maT
Soris iyo okomi ,,mefe Zlier ganrisxda da brZana cecxliT, maxviliTa da tyveobiT
gaenadgurebinaT didi daba-qalaqi okomi da mis garSemo mdebare soflebi, aoxrda miwis savargulebi, romlebic im mxareSi iyo, xolo tyveebi
waeyvanaT qaldiis gavarSi, TviTon ki basianisaken gaemarTa da miaRwia
vanandis gavars... mefem qveynis oTxive mxares jari gagzavna marbieli
mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova, raTa ar daendoT arc moxuci, arc
axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc asakovani, arc kaci, arc qali da saerTod
arcerTi asakisa, amgvarad, man daangria da moaoxra Tormeti gavari...
gadaiwva, daingra, ganadgurda, maTi patronebi maxviliT amowydnen... es
Tavs gadaxdaT nacvlad imisa, rom maT moglijes wmida kaTolike eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen: cxenebisTvis nali unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTlianad maT Tavs daatydaT ubedureba.. vai mefis Seubralebel brZanebas...
gaukacrielda keTilmowyobili qveyana da dacarielda. magram ar vici
risTvis SeemTxva maT yovelive es, Wkuis darigebisTvis Tu qveynis mosaxleobis aRviraxsnilobis gamo~ (aristakes lastiverteci, 1974, gv. 47).
aqedan Cans, rom daba-qalaqi okomi, basiani da mis irgvliv 12
sxva mxare - qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic anisis
,,jvris lursmnebis~ upativcemulobis gamo daisajnen - wers a.
450
aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT taoel da basianel qarTvel aznaurTa jarma romelic Tan axlda afxazTa mefe giorgi I-s pativi ar sca
anisis jvars. misi lursmnebi daaZvres da waiRes. SahinSad wodebuli
anisis mefis gagikis gardacvalebis Semdeg memkvidreobisTvis erTmaneTs waekidnen misi Svilebi sumbati da aSoti, saWiro Seiqmna sasamarTlo, maTTan viTarca mosamarTle movida afxazTa mefe giorgi da mSvidobianad Seariga isini, sumbats misca anisis cixe gavarebiTurT, xolo
aSots qveynis Sida mxare, romelic sparseTsa da saqarTvelos uyurebda~ (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 44). maleve sumbaTma giorgi I-is es sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba daarRvia, amitomac igi kvlav
Sevida anisSi damnaSavis dasasjelad. anisidan gamosvlisas giorgis
jariskacebma gaZarcves sakaTedro taZris mokazmuloba, moglijes jvris
lursmnebi da Tan lanZRviT gaiZaxodnen ,,migvaqvs, raTa cxenebis nali
gavakeToTo~ (iqve, gv. 44).
aristakes lastiverteci Semdgom ufro dawvrilebiT wers, rom sumbats ergo qalaqi anisi Tavisi SemogareniT, xolo mis Zmas aSots Sida
mxare somxeTisa, anu anisis samxreTiT mdebare qveyana, romelsac aRmosavleTiT sparseTi, xolo dasavleTis mxridan ki ,,saqarTvelo~ esazRvreboda. maSasadame, aristakes lastivertecisaTvis saqarTveloa ara anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveyana, aramed am qalaqis dasavleTiT mdebare,
marTlac, anisis CrdiloeTiT Tbilisis saamiro mdebareobda, xolo
dasavleTiT ki tao-basianis mxareebi, karinis (arzrumis) veli da
vanandis nawili, saqarTvelos mefis sagamgeo qveyana. am ambidan
ramdenime wlis Semdeg am iverias - saqarTvelos Semoesia imperatori
basili bulgarTmmusvreli, da dadga ,,karinis farTo velze~, Semdeg
gadavida basianiSi da vanandSi (yarsis mxares).
a. lastivertecis cnobiT, basili bulgarTmmusvrelma am qarTuli
qveynebis e.i. karinis, taos, basianis da vanandis ,,oTxive mxares jari
gagzavna, marbieli mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova ar daendoT arc
moxuci, arc axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc asakovani, arc kaci da arc qali
arcerTi asakisa, amgvarad man daangria da moaoxra Tormeti gavari... am
drois borotmoqmedebani: sisxlSi amosvrili moxucTa sapatio WaRara,
maxviliT amowyvetili axalgazrdebi, uricxvi brmebi, romelTac Tvalebi daubneles, vfiqrob, yovelive es Tavs gadaxdaT nacvlad imisa, rom
maT moglijes wmida kaTolike eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone
jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen: cxenebisaTvis nali
unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTlianad maT Tavs daatydaT ubedureba, rac
sazarel sanaxaobs qmnis - aznauri qalebi moedanze gamoiyvanes, moxades Tavsaburavebi, ZuZumwovara yrmebs zogs dedis mkerdidan glejdnen
da qvebs urtyamdnen, nawils ki dedis mkerdze aklavdnen SubiT da de451
ba~, aramed `armenizebuli qarTvelebis~ dabruneba `erovnul-sarwmunoebriv~ wiaRSi. mcxeTis jvris arqiteqtura iqmneboda TandaTanobiT, saukuneTa manZilze. magaliTad, mirianis Zem revma mis jvars daadga `gumbadi~,
rac gaimeores albaT Semdegma arqiteqtorebma. maT Soris avanis arqiteqtorma, radganac misTvis yovelive qarTuli qalkedonitobis simbolos
warmoadgenda. avans ar hqonda sarwmunoebrivi warsuli anu is ar warmoadgenda qristianuli siwmidis mqone sarwmunoebriv adgils. aq igulisxmeba is, rom mcxeTis jvris istoria wmida ninosTan iyo dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, IV s-Si jvris aRmarTvis
Semdegve, moxda udidesi saswauli, jvars daadga didi naTeli, mcxeTis
mosaxleoba xedavda jvarze gadmosul angelozebs, amave dros mTa iryeoda miwisZvris msgavsad da idga sakmevlis suni. am saswaulma xeli Seuwyo
qarTlis mosaxleobis masobriv gaqristianebas. am jvars mieniWa didi
saswaulTmoqmedi Zala. aRadgenda avadmyofebs, acocxlebda mkvdrebs - wm.
ninos cxovrebis Tanaxmad. yovelive es CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom am
jvarze arqiteqturuli nagebobebis Seneba daiwyo IV saukunidanve, kerZod mas Semdeg rac mefis Ze revs jvarma mkvdari Svili gaucocxla man
aRasrula Tavisi aRnaTqvami RvTisadmi da iqamde Ria cis qveS mdebare
jvari gumbaTiT gadaxura. sityva gumbaTs TviT wyaro axsenebs. jvarze
mTxveva da Sexeba, uSualod mis win locva - xalxs SeeZlo, radgan
SexebiT iRebdnen jvris madls anu gumbaTiT da misi damWeri kedlebiT
jvari ki ar daifara mlocvelTaTvis, aramed masze daidga eklesiis msgavsi nageboba Tavisi gumbaTiT. gumbaTis aRmarTvas ki iTxovda jvris
STambeWdavi simaRle. wyarosve cnobiT jvari daamzades mTel aremareSi
yvelaze gamorCeuli xisagan, ase, rom is maRali iqneboda da misi gumbaTic Sesabamisi iqnebida. bunebrivia qristianobis ganmtkicebisa da misi
saxelmwifoebriv simaRleze ayvanis kvaldakal mcxeTis jvarze dadgmuli arqiteqturuli nageboba ixveweboda da ufro srulyofili xdeboda.
xis kedlebi qviT Seicvleboda masze dadgmuli gumbaTis formac gaumjobesdeboda. es procesi ki or V daVI saukuneebs moicavda. ase, rom
mcxeTis jvris TavisTavadi da originaluri arqiteqtura avanis
taZris aSenebamde sam saukunes moicavda da mis formas samaswlovani saeklesio tradicia hqonda. mas Semdeg rac arsen safarelis
cnobiT VI saukunis Sua wlebSi nerse mijinis dros somxuri eklesia
ganSorda marTlmadideblobas qarTuli eklesia da Sesabamisad misi
arqiteqtura qalkedonituri sarwmunoebis simbolodac gadaiqca.
maSasadame, mcxeTis jvris arqiteqtura ukve VI s-is bolos qalkedonitobis simbolos warmoadgenda. am droidan am taZris aRdgena da
mis qvis erTian ansamblad gadaqceva samefo ojaxis zrunvis sagnad iqca.
misi ukve tradiciuli qalkedonuri arqiteqtura gaimeores avanis
qalkedonitma mSeneblebma.
somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebi
minaweri pirdapir ganmartavs Tu romeli dResaswaulis qarTuli teqstia minaweris win, magaliTad - minaweri nomeri 8 ,,Sobai qristesi~
(somxurad) aRniSnavs, rom am sityvebis wina teqsti qarTuli sagalobelia qristeSobisa. nomeri 11 minaweri somxurad aris ,,transliteracia
imave striqonze mis win mdgomi qarTuli sityvisa - ,,brwyinvalesa~.
danarCeni 19 minaweri, am ukanasknelis msgavsad, maT win uSualod mdgomi
qarTuli teqstis bolo sityvas gadmoscems, mxolod ara transliteraciiT, aramed TiTqmis zedmiwevniTi somxuri TargmaniT~ (iqve, gv. 277).
maSasadame 29 minaweridan 20 aSkarad warmoadgens ganmartebas imisa
Tu ra qarTuli sagalobelia am somxuri minaweris win. msgavsivea danarCeni 9 minaweric. somxuri minawerebis daniSnulebaa ganumartos somxuri
anbanis mcodne mkiTxvels, Tu ra saxis qarTuli sagalobelia mis win.
maSasadame, zogierTi sagalobelis somxuri minaweri ganumartavs somxuri wera-kiTxvis mcodnes, Tu ra saxisaa qarTuli sagalobeli.
visTvis iyo saWiro somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebis arseboba? saWiro
iyo im eTnikur qarTvelTaTvis, romelTac ainteresebdaTqarTuli sagaloblebi, magram ar SeeZlo qarTulenovani teqstebis advilad wakiTxva, radganac maT siymawvilidanve taosa dazogierT mimdebare mxareSiSeaswavles ara qarTuli, aramed somxuri wera-kiTxva da amitom
maT uWirdaT qarTuli naweris wakiTxva-gageba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara
yofiliyo aseTi mkiTxveli? diax, SesaZlebelia, Cvens istoriaSi iyo
identuri magaliTebi, magaliTad, me piradad mixilavs XIX saukunis
qarTuli kondakebi, romlebsac hqondaT am kondakTa Tavdapirvel mepatrone qarTvel mRvdelTa mier gakeTebulirusuli ganmartebiTi minawerebi Sesrulebuli melniT an fanqriT, visTvis iyo isini saWiro? im
qarTveli sasuliero pirebisaTvis, romelTac XIX saukuneSi daamTavres
rusulenovani seminaria, iswavles rusuli wera-kiTxva da Semdeg samsaxuri miiRes qarTuli soflebis eklesiebSi, es qarTveli mRvdlebi
gaWirvebiT kiTxulobdnen qarTulad, rusuli ufro exerxebodaT, amitomac, isini wirva-locvis drois dazogvis mizniT windawin rusul ganmartebiTi warwerebs ukeTebdnen vrcel nabeWd qarTul teqstebs, sadac
wirvis moqmedebaTa wesebi iyo gadmocemuli. aseTi qarTuli wignebi
rusulenovani minawerebiT uamravi iyo sabWoTa epoqaSi, imis gamo, rom
imJamad aRar ibeWdeboda sasulieri wignebi, Cven vsargeblobdiT XIX
saukunis naxmari wignebiT, rogorc iTqva isini imqarTveli mRvdlebisaiyvnen, romlebic rusuli wera-kiTxvis ukeT mcodneni iyvnen.
Cans, msgavsi viTareba iyo X saukunis taoSi qarTveli sasuliero
pirebi somxurenovani saswavleblebis dasrulebis Semdeg qarTul wignebSi rTavdnen somxur ganmartebebiT warwerebs.
VI-VIII saukuneebSi somxeTSi mravali qarTveli cxovrobda da isini
iqve swavlobdnen. erTi magaliTia, kirioni.
ismis kiTxva, romel enaze iRebdnen swavla-ganaTlebas taoeli
qarTvelebi vTqvaT VII saukuneSi, roca iq, taoSi, iSxanSi, somxuri saepiskoposo kaTedra iyo gadmotanili? cxadia, mkvidri qarTveloba iyo bunebiTi
mrevli taos marTlmadidebluri somxuri sakaTalikososi, romlis erT
456
yvelaze cnobil patriarqs, kaTalikos nerse iSxnels netarad moixseniebdnen TiTqmis misi Tanamedrove qarTveli sasuliero pirebi. netari
nerse iSxneli, marTlmadidebeli somxurenovani kaTalikosi iSxanis
sapatriarqo taZridan mwyemsavda taoel qarTvelebs, sxvadasxva kuTxis
samwysosTan erTad. aseT viTarebaSi, wirva-locvis ena cxadia iyo somxuri, amitomac, Sesabamisad mTel taos saswavleblebSi qarTveli ymawvilebi swavlobdnen ara qarTul aramed somxur wera-kiTxvas, emzadebodnen
somxur eklesiaSi samoRvaweod, romelic imJamad maTTvis sruliad misaRebi iyo am eklesiis marTlmadideblobis gamo. viTareba, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, mkveTrad Seicvala 726 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac somxuri
eklesia sabolood gaemijna marTlmadideblobas da mtkiced miiRo
monofizituri mrwamsi. am momentma gamoafxizla taoeli qarTvelebi
da ara marto isini, saerTod iqamde somxuri eklesiis omforis (iurisdiqciis) qveS moqceuli qarTveloba. daiwyo mtkice nacionalizacia
somxuri eklesiisa anu somxuri eklesiis mrevls eTnikuri somxebi
SeuerTnen, xolo eTnikuri qarTvelebi cdilobdnen gamosuliyvnen
maTTvis ukve araerovnuli somxuri eklesiidan da mikedlebodnen sakuTars - erovnuls, es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba marTlmadideblobis moyvarul qarTvelebs, romelTac axla saSualeba eZleodaT
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi damkvidrebuliyvnen. mTeli tao - qarTul eklesiad iqca. procesi, rogorc iTqva, aRmtaci da
sixarulis momgvreli iyo qarTvelebisaTvis ormagad, radganac isini
ukve rogorc erovnuli, aseve marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen.
maT iqamde es sixaruli akldaT. Cans kargad grZnobdnen, rom iqamde VIVIII saukuneebSi marTalia iyvnen qarTvelebi, magram somxuri saeklesio
kulturis sferoSi imyofebodnen, Cans maT aRelvebdaT is, rom qarTuli
ena maTi mSobliuri ena kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi sferoebidan
gandevnili iyo, rasac miuTiTebs, swored aRniSnuli qarTveli mxareebidan gamosuli qarTveli berebis mier naloliavebi da gadawerili
,,qebai da didebai qarTlisa enisai~, romelSic qarTuli ena warmoCenilia, rogorc mdabali, dawunebuli da damarxuli (Senaxuli, mouxmarebeli), rogorc marTlac iyo qarTuli ena taoSi VI-VIII saukuneebSi.
erTi sityviT, taodan da mimdebare qarTuli provinciebidan gamosulma qarTvelebma naklebad icodnen VI-IX saukuneebSi qarTuli werakiTxva, magram naswavli da SeTvisebuli hqondaT somxuri mwignobroba,
amitomac, Cans maTTvis X da Semdeg saukuneebSic qarTul wignebSi rTavdnen
somxur ganmartebiT warwerebs, raTa advilad gaegoT Sinaarsi anda
arsi romelime vrceli qarTuli teqstisa. vTqvaT vrceli sagaloblis
gverdiT keTdeboda somxuri ganmartebiTi warwera, rom esaa ama da am
wmidanis sagalobeli anda ama da am dResaswaulisa. es aadvilebda maTTvis RvTismsaxurebas. msgavsi qarTuli wignebi rusuli ganmartebiTi
warwerebiTac gvinaxavs, rac zemoT aRiniSna. ase rom msgavsi praqtika
miRebuli iyo.
msgavsi warmoSobisaa daviT garejis erT-erTi monastris freskebis
somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebic. taoeli qarTvelebis msgavsad somx457
vinc waikiTxavs eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis naSromebs somxebTan dakavSirebiT, gaecnoba maT Rvawls, raTa qarTuli wmida werilidan aRmofxvriliyo somxuris yovelgvari nakvalevi, ris Sesaxebac miuTiTebda kidec giorgi mcire, misTvis maincdamainc Zneli ar iqneba
warmodgena imisa, rom e.w. yofili `armeniis~ miwa-wyalze mcxovrebi
qarTvelebis mizani iyo rogorme ganeSorebinaT qarTveli eri somxuri
eklesiisagan, somxuri kulturisagan, somxuri tradiciebisagan, raTa
SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi erovnuli vinaoba, isini kargad xedavdnen, rom
maT Tvalwin kvlav grZeldeboda saukuneTa win dawyebuli masobrivi
procesi somxebSi qarTvelTa asimilaciisa.
gvirpeli
is wevrs. somxuri eklesiis wevrebi ki samxreT kavkasiaSi mravali arasomexi iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTvelebi. rogorc cnobilia sparselebica
da arabebic gacilebiT ufro metad devnidnen marTlmadidebel
qarTvelebs, viTarca bizantiuri orientaciis mqoneT, vidre monofizit
somxebs, romelnic RaRadebdnen berZnuli sarwmunoebis sawinaaRmdegod
yvelgan da yovel SemTxvevisas. aqedan gamomdinare, jer sparselTa da
Semdeg arabTa mier somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone pirebi ufro daculebi
iyvnen, Sesabamisad somxuri sarwmunoeba im epoqaSi qarTvelTaTvis mimzidveli iyo. erTi aseTi piri anu sarwmunoebiT somexi eTnikurad ki
qarTveli unda yofiliyo taoeli gvirpeli.
Cans, aRniSnuli cnobis avtors surda daewera ,,movida gvirpeli da
moinaTla, rameTu somexi iyo sarwmunoebiT~ anu gvirpeli iyo eTnikuri
qarTveli, somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone, iseve, rogorc iyvnen taoeli
qarTvelebi wina ramdenime saukune, im epoqaSi roca iZulebulni iyvnen
ecxovraT somxur saxelmwifoSi. somxuri sarwmunoebisgan gaTavisufleba da erovnuli eklesiis wiaRSi dabruneba taoelTa da samxreTel
iberielTa didi nawilis ocneba iyo, romelic maT aRusruldaT daviT
kurapalatisa da misi winaprebis dros. samxreT iberiel qarTvelTagan
yvelam SeiZleba ar icoda qarTuli wera-kiTxva, radganac isini somxuri eklesiis zegavlenis wiaRSi aRizardnen, Tumca ki Zalze cdilobdnen am naklis Sevsebas, grigol bakurianisZis monasterSi am codnas
yuradReba eqceoda -,,qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa da enis mcodne~ berebi,
ti pikonis mixedviT sruli wevrebi iyvnen monastrisa. ucodinarebs ki
saswavlebelSi aswavlidnen. grigol bakurianisZis Canawerebidan Cans,
rom is kargad arCevda erTmaneTisagan erovnul warmomavlobasa da sarwmunoebas. magaliTad, roca aRniSnavs, rom Cven qarTvelebi varT mxne
mebrZolebi da iqve aRniSnavs - ,,arasodes damizogavs sisxli, bizantiis
imperiis gaZlierebisaTvis arc CemTan myof naTesavebisa, rom kargad
yofiliyo maTi mefobis Zalaufleba... e.i. bizantieli imperatorebisa.
iSviaTad Tu vinme Cveni tomisagani sakuTar sarecelze bunebrivi sikvdiliT momkvdara, yvelam sisxli daRvara saberZneTis mterTa maxviliTa da
xeliTo~ (georgika, V, 119). am CanawerSi laparakia ara sarwmunoebriv
orientaciaze, aramed eTnikur vinaobaze da grigoli axsenebs kidec
Sesabamis termins ,,toms~, Cveni tomis qveS - eTnikur qarTvels gulisxmobs da ara somexs.
samxreT iberiis, maT Soris tao-basianis mosaxleoba, vanandis, karinis
da mimdebare mxareebis, saerTod ,,iberiis Temis~ mosaxleobis erTi nawili da arc Tu umniSvnelo raodenobisa amtkicebdnen, rom isini ,,naTesaviT qarTvelni~ iyvnen da ara ,,qalkedoniti somxebi~, rogorc surT
maTi warmodgena. magaliTad, giorgi mTawmindeli, roca antioqiis patriarqs ekamaTeboda da ambobda ,,ugunurad Segiracxies naTesavi qarTvelTa da Tavni Tqvenni brZen da mZime giyofiano~, cxadia, sityva ,,naTesavis~
qveS gulisxmobda erovnebiT qarTvels da ara ,,somex qalkedonitebs~.
karinelma Tornike erisTavma, daviT kurapalatis aseve gamoCenilma mxedarTmTavarma ioane mTawmindelma iverTa monasteri ,,qarTvelTa naTe460
savisaTvis~ aages da ara ,,qalkedoniti somxebisaTvis~, radganac am ukanasknelT isedac mravali saepiskoposo da monasteri hqondaT bizantiis imperiaSi, sadac ganadidebdnen kidec somxur eTnoss. VII saukuneSi,
iseve rogorc iqamdec, mravali somexi iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
wevri, magram isini somxebi iyvnen da ara qarTvelebi. taoel didebulTa
wres ganekuTvneboda patara ,,ufliswuli~ eqvTime, romelsac TviT yovladwmida RvTismSoblis CvenebiT daubrunda qarTuli enis codna, radganac mas is daaviwyda bizantiaSi mZevlad yofnis wlebSi, maSasadame,
misi mSobliuri siyrmis ena iyo qarTuli da am enis codna daubrunda
mas.
unda iTqvas isic, rom bizantia da misi imperatorebi ar swyalobdnen
qarTul eklesias, iseve, rogorc adre sparselebi da arabebi. magaliTad,
iberiasTan omis dros, rogorc aRvniSneT imperatorebi ganarisxa qarTuli eklesiis patriotizmma. Sesabamisad isini sjidnen kidec qarTul
eklesias, auqmebdnen qarTulenovan saepiskoposoebsa da samrevloebs
iberiis TemSi, maSin, roca imave dros swyalobdnen somxur eklesias.
lastivertecis aRwerili aqvs, roca qarTvel episkoposebs bizantiaSi
asaxlebdnen da sxva qarTveli episkoposebi saxalxo oms meTaurobdnen
bizantiis sawinaaRmdegod, im dros somexTa patriarqebi didad aRzevebulni iyvnen keisarTa mier.
v. kopaliani wers - ,,anisis warCinebulTa erTi nawili, romelTa
Soris pirveli kaTalikosi petrosi iyo bizantiis imperiis agentis
rolSi gamovida, keisars mxari dauWira da misi survilis dakmayofileba moiTxova~ (iqve, gv. 106). keisris survili ki anisis somxuri samefos
dapyroba iyo. cxadia, radganac somexi patriarqi aseT mZime dros mxars
uWerda bizantias, keisaric loialurad iyo ganwyobili somxuri eklesiis mimarT. saerTod herakle keisridan, vidre basili II-mde da mis
Semdegac, bizantiis imperatorebi arc Tu iSviaTad somxuri eklesiis
mfarvelebad warmoCndebodnen kidec. amitomac somxeTSi miiCneoda, rom
mravali imperatori iyo somxuri warmoSobisa, maT Soris herakle keisari da makedonelTa dinastiac, romlis warmomadgenelni iyvnen basili
meore da konstantine VIII, maT faqtiurad mospes samxreT iberiis qarTuli saxelmwifo, riTac xeli Seuwyves politikuri TvalsazrisiT Turqseljukebis winsvlas bizantiisaken, xolo sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT
iberiis TemSi darCenili qarTvelebis kvlav armenizacias, anu maT ukan,
kvlav somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi dabrunebas, bizantielebma qarTuli
saeklesio institutebi am regionSi mospes. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
Tondrakeloba swored im olqebSi Camoyalibda, sadac erovnul eklesias mowyvetili qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, romelTac aiZulebdnen gamxdariyvnen somxuri eklesiis wevrebi, maT ki irCies raRac sxva sarwmunoebrivi gzis gamonaxva. jer kidev IX s-dan es moZraoba dawyebula
apahunikis mxareSi. safiqrebelia, rom mas Semdeg rac es regioni Sevida
daviT III kurapalatis qarTvelTa samefoSi, albaT moZraoba Senelda,
radganac SesaZloa aq qarTulma eklesiam SeZlo moRvaweobis warmarTva, magram radganac maleve aq bizantia gabatonda, moZraoba albaT kvlav
461
ganaxlda. Tondrakelebi ar eridebodnen arc arabebTan da arc bizantielebTan oms, radganac oriveni mxars uWerdnen maTTvis miuRebel
somxur eklesias.
Tavi XIII
lazikis eparqiebSi istoriulad
mcxovrebi tomebi
konstantinepolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia, rogorc aRiniSna XI
s-Si
(T.miqelaZis kvleva)
konstantinepolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi lazikaSi, rogorc aRiniSna, moicavda qaldiisa da iberiis Temebis mniSvnelovan nawils.
iberiis Temidan (tao, basiani, karini da sxva olqebi) iyvnen gamosuli
cnobili saeklesio da saxelmwifo moRvaweebi (ioane, eqvTime da giorgi
maSenebeli mTawmidelebi, Tornike erisTavi, grigol bakurianis Ze, zaqaria
valaSkerteli episkoposi da sxvani), romelTac Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi miiCneven eTnikur somxebad (qalkedonit somxebad), ufro metic,
mosaxleobas aRniSnuli mxareebisas miiCneven im somxebad, romelTac
miiRes qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba, ris gamoc TiTqosda isini
,,gaqarTveldnen~. qarTveli mecnierebis erTi nawilic iziarebs Tvalsazris imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli mxareebi eTnikuri somxebis istoriuli samSoblo iyo da gvian saukuneebamde somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc qsenofontes cnobili Txzuleba ,,anabasisi~ uCvenebs am mxareTa momcveli vrceli teritoria, istoriulad qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
qristeSobamde daaxloebiT 400 wels berZnebis aTi aTasi kacisagan
Semdgarma jarma gaiara is miwa-wyali, romelTac SemdgomSi iberiis da
qaldeas Temebi moicavdnen. es regioni mdebareobda vanis tbidan trapezuntamde, romelsac rogorc iTqva, istoriulad somxebis miwa-wylad
miiCneven. qsenofontes cnobiT aRniSnuli teritoria somxebze ufro
metad, qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, metic, somxebiT saerTod
ar iyo dasaxlebuli araqsis saTaveebi da misi xeobis udidesi
nawili, aseve Semdegdroindeli arzrumis (karinis), yarsis (vanan462
forma aris kardu, gordu, kordu. iv. javaxiSvilis mosazrebiT saxelwodeba ,,qarTveli~ ,,kardu~ sityvisaganaa miRebuli. imave azrs gamoTqvamda n. adonci (iqve, gv. 117). am sityvis mawarmoeblebi ,,xi~ da ,,en~
sufiqsebi sadaurobisa da krebiTobis aRmniSvnelebi arian (kaxi, kolxi,
javaxi - Wani, zani, svani, fasiani, makroni, tibareni, skviTini). g. meliqiSvilis azriT karduxebi muSqebis erT-erTi tomi iyo, kerZod karduxebis
- gorduenebis saxelwodebas ukavSirebs frigiis dedaqalaqis saxels
,,gordioni~ da frigiis dinastiur saxels ,,gordia~ (iqve gv. 119). Cveni
azriT qarTvelTa saxelwodebebSi (qarTveli, megreli, guruli, margveli, ,,gurj~, ,,georgien~) fuZeebi ,,gr~ - ,,rg~ imave warmoSobisaa.
rogorc iTqva, dasavleT armeniis Semdeg berZenTa jari fasianTa qveyanaSi Sevida - araqsis saTaveebTan. saqme isaa, rom qsenofonti da sxva
mravali berZeni avtori konstantine porfirogenetis CaTvliT fasiss
uwodebda araqss. Tumca isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom Woroxsac fasiss uwodebdnen, ise, rogorc sxva ramdenime mdinares. araqsis xeobis fasianebs T.
miqelaZe kolxur tomad miiCnevs. fasianebis qveyanas qarTulad
basiani erqva (lazikis eparqiis erTerTi umTavresi nawili basiansac moicavda). Tu fasianelebi kolxuri tomi iyo, lazikad
saxeldeba Semdeg saukuneebSi vrceli miwa-wylisa trapezuntidan
valaSkertis CaTvliT moulodneli ar aris.
T. miqelaZes kolxuri eTnikuri elementis buded miaCnia ara
dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo da
wers ,,antikuri wyaroebis aietis samefoc iqaa saZiebeli. Woroxisa da fasis-araqsis saTaveebTan kolxuri tomis fasianebis arseboba kidev erTi mZlavri sabuTia am mosazrebis sasargeblod
(T. miqelaZe, qsenofontis ,,anabasisi~, 1967, gv. 127).
Sav zRvaSi Semdinare ramdenime mdinaresac, rogorc iTqva, fasisi erqva. berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT mdinare Ffazisi mZlavrad Seedineboda zRvaSi, TiTqosda is ,,vardeboda zRvis wyalSi~. fasisis berZnebi
aRwerdnen ara rogorc Waobis mdinares, romelic mdored da mZimed
Seedineba zRvaSi, rogorc vTqviT md. rioni, aramed Woroxis msgavs mTis
mCqefare, wyaluxv mdinared. erTi berZeni avtori werda ,,argo axla
fasisSi dgas... raodeni Zala aqvs mis vardnas pontoSi~ (iqve, gv. 126). T.
miqelaZis ganmartebiT sityva fasisi berZnulidan Semosula qarTulSi. fasisi, berZnuli ,,RmerTis~ saxeli iyo, mis erT-erT vaJs erqva kolxi.
Zv.w. III s. aleqsandrieli mecnieris mneasis TqmiT ,,kolxebma Tavisi
saxeli miiRes kolxisagan, romelic fasisis vaJi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 126).
maSasadame, fasianebis saxeli kolxebs ukavSirdeba, kolxebis eTno
bude T. miqelaZis TqmiT, rogorc aRvniSneT, iyo samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo, mas T. miqelaZe amatebs fasis-araqsis saTaveebsac, e.i. fasianTa qveyanas (istoriul basians). basiani amasTanave
mesxebis qveyana iyo. anu kolxebi da mesxebi erT eTnosad warmoisaxa. Cans, amitomac qsenofontemdec hekatos mileteli mesxebs kolxur tomad miiCnevda. basianelebs, iseve, rogorc maT mezobel
taoelebs rogorc somxebi ise berZnebi VII-X saukuneebSi iverebs (iberebs)
464
uwodebdnen. es miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom winare qarTvelebis diferenciacia dRes cnobil qarTl-kaxelebad da megrelebad moxda mogvianebiT epoqaSi, kerZod, pirvel aTaswleulSi. aqamde isini eTnikur erTobas qmnidnen. maSasadame, ar momxdara `Tubal-kainuri tomebis~ (megrelebis) qarTizacia, rogorc n. mari fiqrobda, radganac zogadqarTuli eTnikur-erovnuli erTobis diferenciacia gvian saukuneebSi daiwyo. amas
unda miuTiTebdes prokofi kesarielis cnobebi lazebis qarTulenovnebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad lazuri sityva ~quTaTisi~, sinamdvileSi
Zveli qarTulia). maSasadame kolxebi iseTive frigieli warmomavlobis (e.i. mesxuri) tomia, rogorc vTqviT karduxebi. maSasadame
lazikis anu iveriis Temis ZiriTadi eTnosi iyo qarTveloba
(jer kidev aradiferencirebuli) da ara somxebi, Tumca ki fasianebis qveyanas qsenofontec armeniis nawilad miiCnevs. maSasadame,
fasianebis qarTuli tomi qristeSobamde moeqca politikur armeniaSi, Tumca ki Tavisi erovnul-qarTuli identoba gvianobamde
SeinarCuna.
fasianebis Semdeg berZnebis aRniSnuli jari taoxebis qveyanaSi Sevida, anu Semdegdroindel taoSi. ,,x~ - mravlobiTobis mawarmoebelia,
taoelebs anu taoxebs urartueli wyaroebic icnoben diauxis saxeliT.
Zalze sainteresoa, rom T. miqelaZis TvalsazrisiT aia-kolxeTis
qveS, SesaZloa diauxis gaerTianeba igulisxmeba. ,,mxaris toponimikam da argonavtebis miTis analizma dagvasmevina sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom, erTis mxriv argonavtebis miTSi aietis samefos saxiT,
xolo meores mxriv herodotesTan aia-kolxeTis saxiT daiaenis
gaerTianeba xom ar airekla. g. meliqiSvilma taoxebi hesperitebs daukavSira~ (iqve, gv. 128).
Cveni TvalsazrisiT qarTuli wyaroebis arian-qarTlis qveS igulisxmeboda tao-basianis mxareebi, arian-qarTvelTa mefis Zes ,,azoni~,
,,azo~,`azove~ erqva, anu aia-kolxeTis saxiT taos qveynis asaxvis SesaZleblobebi izrdeba imiT, rom argonavtebis meTaursac igive saxeli
,,iazoni~ erqva. rac albaT Soreuli gamoZaxilia, areklili qarTuli
wyaroebis mier. T. miqelaZis azriT hesperitebi md. tigrosis saTaveebTan (sispiritSi) cxovrobdnen, amitomac ar eTanxmeba g. meliqiSvils, rom
taoxebi igive hesperitebi arian. diauxis anu diaienis gaerTianeba
samxreTiT Tanamedrove erzrumamde vrceldeboda. SemdegSic qarTuli
tomebi aqve cxovrobdnen. qsenofonte ixsenebs, rom taoxebi, xalibebi da
fasianebi erTad ibrZodnen mtris winaaRmdeg. es momxdara md. araqsTan
(fasisTan) axlos (iqve, gv. 79).
taoxebis Semdeg qsenofontes jari md. harpasosTan (T. miqelaZis azriT
WoroxTan) xalibebis qyveyanaSi Sesula (iqve, gv. 41). xalibebi rkinis
mwarmoeblobiT ganTqmuli qarTuli tomi iyo.
iqedan samxreTisaken Semobrunebuli berZnebi skviTinebis qveyanaSi
Sesulan. Tanamedrove q. baiberdTan axlos yofila skviTinebis dedaqalaqi
gvimniasi. Tanamedrove ziganas uReltexilidan berZnebs zRva daunaxavT.
465
ziganasa da trapezunts Soris berZnebi makronebis qveyanaSi Sesulan. iv. javaxiSvili makronTa satomo saxels ukavSirebda eTnikur
terminebs margali, megreli. marTlac, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi andria
pirvelwodebulis mogzaurobis Sesaxeb trapezuntis sanaxebs uwodeben
,,sofeli megrelTa~, SesaZloa berZnul wyaroSi ewera ,,qveyana makronebisa~, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sityva ,,lazika~ qarTulSi iTargmneboda, rogorc ,,sofeli megrelTa~. strabonis dros makronebi sanebis
saxels atarebdnen (straboni, XII, 3, 18). aRsaniSnavia, rom qsenofontes
mixedviT sxvadasxva tomebi iyvnen kolxebi da makronebi. kolxebi trapezuntidan ordumde kotioramde cxovrobdnen, d. miqelaZis azriT
makronebisa da kolxebis qveynebs erTmaneTisgan md. maCka-dere hyofda
(T. miqelaZe, qsenofontes anabazisi, gv. 44).
kolxebis qveyanaSi trapezuntis garda kerasuntic mdebareobda. orive
qalaqi sinopis koloniad iTvleboda. kerasunti Tanamedrove giresunad moCanda. kerasuntis samxreTiT strabonis sityviT zRvis sanapiroze
mdebareobda koncxi iazonia (iqve, gv. 46), rac miuTiTebs, rom argonavtebis miTis kolxida ufro trapezuntis mxareebisaken anu samxreTdasavleT saqarTveloSia saZiebeli, e.i. iq, sadac qsenofontes
dros kolxebi cxovrobdnen da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi. T.
miqelaZe wers rom qsenofontes cnoba kolxebis qveynis trapezunt-kerasuntis regionSi arsebobis Sesaxeb ueWvelia, radganac
es Tavisi TvaliT ixila man (iqve, gv. 135). iyvnen mTieli kolxebic,
isini berZnebs SeebrZolnen (iqve, gv. 138), maTi mezoblebi iyvnen drilebi, qarTuli tomi, romlis saxeli unda JRerdes ,,TrialeTis~ saxelSi.
SesaZloa rogorc kolxebi, ise drilebic ufro CrdiloeTiT gadasaxldnen
Semdeg saukuneebSi. maT garda CrdiloeTiT, T.
miqelaZis azriT, gadasaxlebulan svanebic, berZnebi drilebis Semdeg mosinikebs Sexvdnen. ,,ar aris gamoricxuli SesaZlebloba, rom
,,mo-sin~ saxeli gadmocemdes svanur saxels ,,aris masala, romelmac
SeiZleba svanebis samxreTidan mosvla dagvidasturos~ (iqve, gv.
138). bolos berZnebi tibarenebs Sexvdnen megrel-Wanur toms T. miqelaZis
azriT, Tumca mecnierTa erTi nawili maT iberebTan akavSirebs. aqedan
isic SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom iberebi da megrel-Wanebi erTi eTnosi,
gaudiferencirebeli erTiani xalxi iyo qsenofontes dros, Tumca ki tomebad dayofili. ufro adre Tubal-tabalebad cnobili tibarenebis somxeTSi gansaxlebis sazRvari md. Terme-Caimde aRwevda. es unda
iyos cnobili Termodonti, sadac Temestiosis sityviT kidev erTi
fasisi yofila. aq q. fasisis akademiaSi uswavlia mas.
aqedan Cans, rom trapezuntidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde qsenofontes cnobiT umetesad qa rTuli tomebi bina drobdnen,
romelnic politikurad armeniaSi Sediodnen. Tumca armenia sparseTis samefos erT-erT olqs warmoadgenda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukuneSi taoeli, basianeli da mimdebare adgilebis qarTvelebi moqiravneebis saxiT msaxurobdnen bizantiur jarSi (ix. kopaliani, bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierToba XI s-Si), msgavsadve
466
qsenofontes epoqaSic ,,qarTveli tomebis erTi nawili aqemeniduri sparseTis jarSi moqiravneebad msaxurobda~ (T. miqelaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 57).
qarTvel tomTa erTianobis Sesaxeb unda miuTiTebdes maTi satomo
saxelebis fuZeebis identuroba. magaliTad, kard (karduxebi), xald, qald
(xaldebi), xalibebis Wanuri tomi T. miqelaZis azriT cxovrobda md.
halisis auzidan md. Woroxamde. md. kelkiti da ara md. rioni unda
igulisxmebodes im mdinare fasisad, saiTkenac gacurva isurves
berZenma jariskacebma, raTa daepyroT fasianTa qveyana, sadac ,,maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda~ (iqve, gv. 113). md. kelkitis axlos
iyo cnobili Termodonti, sadac Temestiosis sityviT kidev erTi q.
fasisi yofila. es meore md. fasisi md.kelkiti unda iyos. masze mdebare
qalaqsac fasisi erqva, xolo masze mcxovreb xalxs ki `fasianebi~.
sabolood unda iTqvas, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
lazikis eparqia istoriulad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,
romelTac eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba SeunarCunebiaT saukuneTa
manZilze, amitomac uwodes bizantielebma mas XI s-Si ,,iberiis
Temi~.
kolx-sirielebi anu Savgvreman-xuWuWTmiani
egvi pturenovani xalxi (Zv.w.VIII-IV ss.)
migracia _ mosaxleobisa balkaneTidan kavkasiisaken VI-IV saukuneebSi _ erTerTi mTavari Temaa berZen-romaeli avtorebisa. ufro Zveli
cnobebiT, balkaneTidan mcire aziaSi mosaxleobis gadasaxleba dawyebula qristeSobamde XI s-Si. IX-VIII ss-Si mcire aziaSi frigielebi
gadmosaxlebulan, Semdgom sxvadasxva tomebi, bolos ki Tesalielebi,
galatebi da makedonelebi. TesalielTa gadmosaxlebis anarekli unda
iyos argonavtebis miTi.
qristeSobamde IV-I saukuneebis istoria Semonaxuli ara aqvT
berZen-romael mwerlebs.
m. berZniSvili amis Sesaxeb wers _ `meoTxe saukune da misi momdevno
xana odnavadac araa aRbeWdili istoriaSi... rogori mdgomareoba sufevs kolxeTSi lizimaqes Semdgom vidre Zveli welTaRricxvis pirvel
saukunemde, amis Sesaxeb Cven istoriul wyaroebSi araviTari cnoba ar
mogvepoveba~ (m. berZniSvili, q. fazisis istoriisTvis, 1969, gv. 70).
unda vifiqroT, rom amitomac ar aisaxa wyaroebSi samxreTidan, kavkasiisaken, mosaxleobis gadaadgileba, anda balkanuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis migracia mcire aziis Sua regionebidan ufro CrdiloeTiT.
I-II saukuneTa berZen-romael avtorebs iberielebi, albanelebi, Crdilo midielebi da Crdilo armenielebi Tesaliuri, anu balkanuri warmoSobis xalxad miaCniaTY imiT, rom maT miiCnevdnen argonavtebis (Tesalielebis) STamomavlebad. magaliTad, tacitusi albanelebis da iberebis Sesaxeb wers _ `amboben, rom Tesalielebisagan arian warmoSobilni~
(`tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, 1973, gv. 57). amave dros ki
miaCnia, rom iberebi kolxuri xalxia da iberTa samefo dinastia kolx467
ukve ara siriul da egvi ptur, aramed balkanur-Tesaliuri warmoSobis xalxad miaCda zogierT avtors. magaliTad, Zveli zanti
da uZluri, muqkaniani kolxebis adgils iWers gamrje da cqviti
TeTrkaniani xalxi swored iseTni, rogoric dRes arian. magaliTad, ax. w. IV saukunis avtoris avienis sityviT, kolxebi arian
gamrjeni imdenad, rom mosavals maRali kldis frialoebzec ki
sTesaven (m. berZniSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 31).
axali kolxebis sicqvitisa da unarianobis Sesaxeb mravali avtori
werda. faqtia, rom Zv.w. V saukunis kolxebis aRweriloba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba Semdeg saukuneTa avtorebis cnobebisagan, icvleba ara mxolod kolxis garegnuli saxe, aramed sacxovrisic. kolxeTis sazRvrebi inacvlebs Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken (iqve, gv. 30).
qarTuli tomebis migracia samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken
`gordu_teixosi~
`gordo_runiosi~
`gordu_kome~
`man_gordu_si~
Cans, frigias erqva ara `gord~, aramed `gordu~ (gordo), aqedanve unda
iyos qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba gordueli, anu qorTueli-qarTveli, an, rogorc iTqva, `galato~-dan.
es `galato~-c SesaZloa iyo evropidan Semosuli imave frigielebis
Soreuli Tvistomni galebi. cnobilia, rom `galebs~ mcire aziaSi `galato~-ebi ewodaT.
SesaZloa gordusganaa nawarmoebi pontospira xaldebis saxelic.
xaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen strabonis cnobiT..
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Semdgom gvianxeTebis warwerebis periodSi, mcire
aziaSi aRmoCenilia luviur-ieroglifuri warwerebi. isini TariRdebian Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT. am warwerebSi Cans, rom luviaSi, luviis
gverdiT arsebobda `muskebis qveyana~ _ suverenuli politikuri erTeuli. frigielTa teritoriaze `luvias~ qveynis gverdiT an `luvias~
qveynis sazRvrebSi yofila moqceuli `muskebis qveyana~ IX-VIII
saukuneebSi (gv. 129).
aq sainteresoa, rom etimologiurad saxeli `luvia~ axloa `libiasTan~. Zveli berZnuli da aseve somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT babilonis
mefe nabuqodonosorma Tavisi qveynidan ayara da pontospireTSi daasaxla `iberTa tomi~, romelic iqamde `libiasTan~, libiis qveynis gverdiT
cxovrobda. unda vigulisxmoT, rom qronologiuri Tanxvedris gamo
`iberTa~ tomi unda iyos is `muSqebi~, romelnic cxovrbdnen `luvias qveyanaSi~ anu libiaSi.
aqamde, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul libias aigivebdnen afrikasTan
da berZnul cnobas ugulebelyofdnen.
Tu luvia igive libiaa, xolo iberebi aRniSnuli muSqebi,
luviis qveyanaSi mcxovrebni, aRmoCndeba, rom saqarTvelos istoriisTvis realuri axali wyaro iqna mopovebuli.
asuruli wyaroebiT, muskebi mniSvnelovani xalxi iyo, imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom sxva xalxebis sacxovriss muskebis qveynis mixedviT gansazRvravdnen, magaliTad, asurul lursmul warwerebSi ixseniebian xalxebi (tabalebi, tuna, tuxan, que), romlebic `dasavleTis muskebis~ gverdiT
cxovrobdnen (gv. 137). `muskebis qveyanas~ aseve ewodeboda `mTiani mxare~.
`ieroglifur-luviuri ena lursmnuli luviuris axlo monaTesavea.
luviurTan erTad indoevropuli enebis anatoliur (xeTur-luviuri)
jgufis luviur qvejgufs qmnis~ (gv. 145).
ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebi, rogorc iTqva, moixseneben `musqebis
qveyanas~. erT-erTSi luviis mbrZanebeli ambobs: `me ganmadides egvi pteSi, babilonSi, muSqebis da sirielebis qalaqebSi~ (gv. 149), aqedan Cans,
rom muSqebi TavianTi mniSvnelobiT dganan egvi ptelebis, babilonelebis
da sirielebis gverdiT.
muSqebis, igive musqebis saxelwodebas, rogorc wesi, ukavSireben
473
474
Cvens eramde VI-IV ss-Si kolxuri erovnebis arsebobas imiT amtkiceben Cveni mecnierebi, rom Zv.w. VII-VII ss-Si Camoyalibda axali Zlieri
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli, mTel antikur samyaroSi
farTod cnobili kolxeTis samefo, romelsac herodote axlo aRmosavleTis didi monarqebis - midiisa da aqemenidebis iranis gverdiT ixseniebs (qse, t.5, gv. 596).
msgavsi istoriuli faqtis Semcveli cnobebi herodotesTan ar gvxvdeba. Herodote Tavis Txrobas iwyebs TqmulebebiTa da miTebiT, aq
mefis asul evropes motacebis eposis (miTis) gadmocemis Semdeg
mogviTxrobs, rogor moitaces argonavtebma medea kolxidaSi. amis sanacvlod kolxTa mefem gagzavna eladaSi mociquli (herodote, I, 2). ase,
rom kolxTa mefe herodotesTan da saerTod berZnul wyaroebSi mxolod miTebTanaa dakavSirebuli, ~kolxTa mefe~ an ~kolxeTis mefe~
sxvagan arsad aRar gvxvdeba herodotes vrcel TxzulebaSi, Tumca ki
kolxeTs sakmaod xSirad ixseniebs.
ucxouri istoriografia miiCnevs:
kulxa ar iyo Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze, rom kolxeTic mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba davukavSiroT dasavleT saqarTvelos. Zveli berZnuli kolxeTis pirvandeli mniSvneloba moicavs ara
mxolod urartul kulxas, aramed zogadad Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiro teritorias, kerZod, ki dRevandeli TurqeTis sinopsa da trapizons Soris. berZnuli kolonizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba agreTve kolxeTis cnebis gagebac - herodote aRniSnavs,
rom mdinare fazisi (rioni) warmoadgens kolxeTis CrdiloeT sazRvars. kolxeTi dasaxlebulia sxvadasxva tomebiT, maT Soris mosxebiT,
makronebiT, mosinikebiT, TviT kolxebiT, marebiT, tibaranebiT da sxva
tomebiT, kolxeTi araa erTi eTnosi (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003w. krebulSi amirani,
IX 2 , 2003, gv. 55-60).
herodotes epoqaSi semituri tomebi CrdiloeTiT ufro vrclad iyvnen
gansaxlebulni, vidre Semdgom. magaliTad, herodotesTan sirielebsa da
paflagonielebs Soris sazRvrad md. halisi iTvleba, romelic istoriul kolxeTTan axlos miedineboda. herodotes kolxebi kanis feris,
Tmis saxeobisa da enis mixedviT aseve semitur an samitur tomad miaCnia
da ara indoevropelebad. zemoT CamoTvlil tomebs is semitebs ukavSirebs, aseve Tavdapirvel kolxebs akavSirebs ara evropul, aramed muqkanian rasasTan. is wers - `cxadia, rom kolxebi egvi ptelebi arian...
radgan kolxebi Savgvremanebi arian xuWuWTmianebi... egvi ptelebsa da
kolxebs ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTis~ (herodote, VII, 72). mecnierebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili, egvi ptelebi evropelebisagan gansxvavdebodnen rasobrivad kanis muqi feriT da TmiT. aseve kargadaa cnobili isic,
rom amJamindeli `kavkasiuri rasa~, ufro zustad ki dasavleT saqarTve475
los mosaxleoba ganekuTvneba samxreTevropul rasas da araviTar SemTxvevaSi muqkanian semitur an qamitur rasas. amitomac herodotes `kolxebi~ rasobrivadac ki gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobisagan.
meore berZeni avtori straboni aseve sagangebod aRwers kolxeTs.
strabonis mixedviT qristeSobamde I saukuneSi kolxeTi warmoadgenda
krebiT saxels mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisa - trapizonidan - biWvinTamde. am epoqis berZnuli wyaroebiT kolxeTi ar aRniSnavda eTnoss, aramed berZnul wyaroebSi sityva `kolxeTi~ geografiuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. rogorc Cans, es cnobili faqtia dasavleT
evropuli samecniero wreebisaTvis, amitomac Cans, wers kidec am sakiTxis Sesaxeb centralur evropaSi moRvawe mecnieri, romelmac piradad
Seiswavla qarTvel mecnierTa mosazrebani aRniSnul sakiTxze - `qarTveli mecnierebi cdebian, roca sityva `kolxeTiT~ eTnoss aRniSnaven, `kolxeTi geografiuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda berZnul
wyaroebSi!~ (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa
kvleva, boni, 2003w. krebulSi amirani, IX 2 , 2003, gv. 55-60).
evropel mecnierTa Tvalsazrisi es mTlianad eTanadeba Zvel qarTuls,
qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi mudam xazgasmiT miTiTebuls, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar cxovrobda adgilobriv-kolxuri eTnosi, rom
aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelo istoriulad mudam erTi eTnosiT,
erTi xalxiT, erTi erovnebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da es iyo qarTveli
xalxi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos saerisTavoebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba imTaviTve qarTveli xalxis ganuyofeli nawili iyo - igulisxmeba
- gurulebi, egriselebi, margvelebi, Takverelebi Tu svanebi bunebiT
qarTvelebi iyvnen da maT amitom `qarTizacia~ ar esaWiroebodaT, rameTu
TviTve iyvnen e.w. `qarTebic~ da qarTvelebic. amis axsnas iZleva iv.
javaxiSvili, miaCnia, rom qarTvelTa uZveles samSobloSi karduSi erT
erad iyo formirebuli Semdegdroindeli svanebi, Wanebi, megrelebi da
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. isini imTaviTve erTi erovneba,
erTi qarTveli eri iyvnen.
Tu arsebobda kolxeTis samefo - TavisTavadi saxelmwifo, cxadia, aq
SesaZlebeli iyo kidec `kolxebis erovnebis~ formireba, rogorc amas
miiCnevs sabWouri istoriografia. namdvilad arsebobda `kolxeTis
samefo~? Tanamedrove evropis istoriografia ambobs - kolxeTis samefo ar arsebobda - wyaroebiT es ar dasturdeba, amitomac wers evropeli
mecnieri: - `cdebian qarTveli mecnierebi, roca kolxeTis samefos
arsebobas faqtad miiCneven! kolxeTi samefod moixsenieba mxolod argonavtebis eposSi, straboni samefo dinastis arsebobas
mxolod iberis aRwerisas moixsenebs da ara kolxeTis aRwerilobisas~ (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa
kvleva, boni, 2003w. krebulSi amirani, IX 2 , monreali-Tbilisi,
2003, gv. 55-62). is kvlav imeorebs - `cdebian qarTveli mecnierebi,
rodesac `kolxur TeTrs~ kolxeTis samefos arsebobis damadasturebel faqtad miiCneven (iqve, gv.60).
476
Tanamedrove evropuli istoriografiis msgavsad, Zveli qarTuli istoriografia saerTod ar icnobs `kolxeTis samefos~. Cveni winaprebi
dabejiTebiT amtkicebdnen, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba erTi eri (erovneba) iyo. amitomac Seqmna man erTiani saxelmwifo farnavazis dros.
amJamad arsebobs ori Teoria qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb.
pirveli aris ZvelqarTuli, romelic amtkicebs, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba erTian ers warmoadgenda qristeSobamde saukuneebiT adrec, meore ki aris e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobda kolxuri da `qarTis~ erovnebebi da am ukanasknelma SeZlo axali erovnebis formireba.
saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis mamebi da mematianeebi arasdros iziarebdnen am Teorias da maTTvis swored pirveli Teoria warmoadgenda WeSmaritebas.
o. lorTqifaniZe argonavtebis Sesaxeb wers Semdegs: 1. argonavtebis Tqmulebas icnobda homerosi (o. lorTqifaniZe `argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv. 15), is axsenebs iasons
(`iliadaSi~) da aiets (odiseaSi) (aieti, homerosis TqmiT, heliosis (mzis)
Svilia, heliosi ki okeanem warmoqmna), axsenebs aseve argos, magram homerosi ar icnobs kolxeTs. is oqros sawmisis qveyanas uwodebs `aietis qveyanas~. `homerosTan ar ixsenieba medea, kolxeTi, oqros sawmisi~
(r. henigi). e.i. `kolxeTi~ da `oqros sawmisi~ argonavtebis miTSi Casmulia
homerosis, e.i. VIII s-is Semdeg.
homerosamde arsebobda `folkloruli argonavtika~. homerosis poemebis sabolood gaformeba moxda Zv.w. IX-VII s.s. (o. lorTqifaniZe
`argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv.16).
homerosis garda argonavtebs icnobs berZnuli e.w. `kiklikuri poezia~ (Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.). argonavtebs icnobs hesiode (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.) _
`elinuri religiisa da miTologiis sistematologi~ (gv. 17). misi poema
`Teogonia~-Si ixsenieba `heliosis Ze aieti~ da `medea~, iasonisa da medeas
vaJi mediosi, md. fasisi. aseve VIII-VII ss. sxva avtorTa TxzulebebSi
(iqve, gv. 18).
`argonavtebis Tqmulebis uZvelesi birTvi Seqnilia mikenur xanaSi~
(Zv. w. II aTaswleuli), safuZvlad dasdebia mikenuri, anu aqeuri periodis
zRvaosanTa I mogzauroba Zalze Soreul qveynebSi (e.i. troas omis (Zv.
w. XIII, 40-30-iani wlebi) uwinares), xolo Tqmulebis Cawera moxda Zv. w.
VIII-VII ss. (am dros gaCnda TqmulebaSi sityva `kolxeTi~ an ufro aqeTa
periodSi) _ e.i. VI-V ss-Si (iqve, gv.30).
477
namdvilad cnobilni arian Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-dan (o. lorTqifaniZe `argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv. 33), romelnic Semdgom
daiZrnen mcire aziisaken.
r. henigi wers, rom argonavtebis miTSi `kolxeTi~ da `oqros sawmisi~
CarTulia ufo gvian, rodesac ganxorcielda md. fasisisaken berZenTa
laSqrobebi Zv. w. VIII s-dan, `radganac homerosTan ar ixsenieba `medea~,
`kolxeTi~, `oqros sawmisi~.
`argonavtika sakolonizacio moZraobis `ideologiis~ garkveuli
gamoxatulebaa. amdenad, misi geografiuli garemo kolonizaciasTan
erTad farTovdeba.
berZnuli koloniebis _ fasisisa da dioskuriis daarseba arauadres
Zv. w. VII s. aris zRvari `aietisa~ da `kolxeTis~ lokalizaciisTvis
kavkasiaSi, e.i. SesaZloa, berZnul samyaroSi ixmareboda sityva
`kolxeTi~ an `aieti~, magram is ar ukavSirdeboda Savi zRvis
kavkasiur sanapiros, mxolod berZnuli koloniebis daarsebis
Semdeg Savi zRvis kavkasiur sanapiroze masTan identificirda
`kolxeTi~, aieti da sxva (l. elnicki).
`argonavtebis Sesaxeb Tqmulebis uZveles versiebSi aia, e.i. aietis
sabrZanebeli jer kidev ar iyo dakavSirebuli kolxeTTan da gaiazreboda, rogorc raRac idumali qveyana, sadRac samyaros sul ukidures
nawilSi moqceuli (iqve, gv. 33. a. leski, germaneli mecnieri).
`Zv. w. VIII saukunemde berZnebi ar icnobdnen kolxeTs.
argonavtebTan dakavSirebuli siuJetebi analogias poveben Zv. aRmosavleTis miTologiaSi, aiasTan dakavSirebuli terminebi ki SuamdinareTis xalxTa enebSi~.
_ `argonavtikis uZvelesi versiiT `aia~ miTiuri qveyanaa sadRac qveynis dasasrulSi mdebare da mas saerTo araferi aqvs kolxeTTan, gv. 34
(f. haasi, germaneli xeTologi).
xeTuri wyaroebiT, xeTebisaTvis verZis tyavi iyo samefos keTildReobis gamsazRvreli sagangebo Zalis fetiSi, xeTuri sawmisi muxis xezea
Camokidebuli.
f. haasis _ germaneli xeTologis daskvna _ `Tqmuleba oqros sawmisis
Sesaxeb centralur-antoliuri, xaTuri (protoxeTuri) warmoSobisaa,
amitom kolxeTSi ver warmoiSoboda (iqve, gv.34), xolo aia da masTan
dakavSirebuli Tqmuleba oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb kolxeTSi mxolod Zv.
w. 750 wlisTvisaa berZeni kolonistebis mier miletidan gadatanili.
argonavtebis laSqrobis msgavsi siuJeti, romelsac saberZneTTan
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, qarTul miTologiaSic arsebobs, rac qvemoTaa aRwerili
ucxoel mkvlevarTa didi nawilis TvalsazrisiT _ `qveyana `aia~
aris umisamarTo qveyana, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs Savi zRvis
sanapiroebTan~.
e.i. argonavtebis kolxeTSi laSqroba aris zRapruli warmosaxva
berZnuli miTologiisa, Tanac miTis Tavdapirvel variantSi kolxeTi
arc ki moixsenieba. argonavtebis laSqrobis msgavsi siuJeti, romelsac
479
saberZneTTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, qarTul miTologiaSic arsebobs, rac qvemoTaa aRwerili.
eTnosTa gadasaxleba da sakolonizacio moZraoba
kolxeTi
III aTaswleulis miwurulsa da II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi unda vivaraudoT~ (T. miqelaZe, Ziebani, gv. 72).
T. miqelaZe SemTxveviTi arqeologiuri monapovariT, romelic quTaisis muzeumSi inaxeba (`adreuli kolxeTis keramika~) akeTebs iseT grandiozul daskvnebs, TiTqosda Zv.w. XV-XII ss-Si `megrul-Wanuri mosaxleoba ukve damkvidrebuli iyo rionis SuawelSi~ (T. miqelaZe, gv. 71-72).
faqtia, rom e.w. `kolxuri gvianbrinjaos adre etapis Zeglebi~ aRmoCnda ara raionis qvemowelze, aramed farcxanayanebSi, dimSi, goraSi. kolxuri culis I da II saxeobebi _ dimSi, saqaraSi, godoganSi (d. qoriZe,
`kolxuri kulturis ...~)
Cemi azriT, es nivTebi rionis qvemowelze ar aRmoCnda imitom, rom
Waobiani iyo da adamianis cxovrebisaTvis uvargisi teritoria, xolo
dimi da sxva punqtebi istoriuli qarTlis miwa-wylad miiCneoda Zveli
wyaroebis mier.
am `kolxeTSi~ saxnisi ar aRmoCnda, es Zalze afiqrebT Tanamoazreebs
da gamosavals varaudebis dakanonebaSi eZeben (iqve, gv. 139).
o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi md. rionis auzis
qvemowelze damkvidrebuli iyo megrul-Wanuri mosaxleoba, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi _ afxazur-adiReuri mosaxleoba.
(sakvirvelia, rom rusi specialistebis azriT adiReuri mosaxleoba
kavkasiaSi,kerZod ki Crdilo kavkasiaSi damkvidrda Zalze gvian, monRolTa gamanadgurebeli laSqrobebis Semdeg XIII-XIV saukuneebSi, sadac (Crdilo kavkasiaSi) adiRevelebi Sesulan CrdiloeTis mxridan,
qarTveli mecnierebis aRiarebuli nawili ki adiRevelebis samSoblod
dasavleT saqarTvelos saxaven).
h. Slimanis azriT ki kolxeTi Woroxis qvemowelze mdebareobda da ara rionisa.
h. Slimani `Zveli saberZneTisa da kolxeTis mZlavr urTierTkavSirs baTumis regionSi varaudobda (o. lorTqifaniZe. `argonavtika da
Zveli kolxeTi~, Tb. 1986, gv.44).
Slimans baTumis midamoebSi ruseTis saarqeologio sazogadoebisagan 1883 w. gaTxrebis Catarebis ufleba uTxovia.
urartus mefe sardur II-is warweraSi ixsenieba `kolxa||kulxa~ Zv.w.
VIII s. 50-40-iani wlebi. samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi _ `Zlieri
politikuri gaerTianeba~ ganadgurda kimerielebis Semosevebis Sedegad. g. meliqiSvilma ase waikiTxa erTi asuruli warwera mefe tiglaTfilesar I-isa _ Zv.e. XII-XI s. `nairis qveynis dampyrobeli daianamde da
kilxis qveynis mpyrobeli zRvamde~ (iqve, gv. 44). Semdgom kolxeTis centrma CrdiloeTiT gadainacvla, Woroxis xeobaSi da ara rionisa. o.
lorTqifaniZe fiqrobda, rom kolxeTis centri md. rionis qvemowels
moicavda, Cveni kvleviT kolxeTis ZiriTad nawilebi md. Woroxze mdebareobda da trapezusis mimarTulebiT iyo gavrcobili. ratom ar miaCnda md. Woroxis auzi mas kolxur regionad? cnobilia, rom wyaroebis
Tanaxmad kolxeTi sanaosno mdinaris fazisis sanapiroebze mdebareobda, romeli iyo sanaosno mdinare - rioni Tu Woroxi?
483
li sabWoTa istoriografia, aramed mxolod Temur-lengis Crdilo kavkasiaSi laSqrobis Semdeg, ramac saerTod Secvala eTnikuri saxe Crdilo kavkasisa. ,,pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ amis Sesaxeb wers - ,,XIVXV saukuneebSi mongol-TaTarTa samxedro eqspediciebisa da aseve
Temurlengis gamaukacrielebeli laSqrobebis Semdeg, Crdilo
kavkasiis eTnopolitikuri ruka kardinalurad Seicvala. axali
adiRe-Turqulenovani xalxebi gadaadgildnen gaukacrielebul
raionebSi, nawilobriv Seaviwroves alanebi anda Seerivnen maT,
miitanes TavianTi Cvevebi da rwmena, xolo XVIII s-Si miiRes
musulmanoba~ (,,pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~. t.I, moskovi, 2000,
gv.443, rus.enaze). am adiRevelebis STamomavlebia afsuebi-adiRurenovani xalxi.
svanebi kolxeTSi
arqeologia
bizantiis imperiis administraciuli dayofis Sesabamisad, olq `dasavleT armeniaSi~ moeqca is qarTuli mxareebi, romelnic jer kidev
qristeSobamde armeniam CamoaWra iberias, pariadris mTis mimdebare qveyana da xorZene. am mxareebTan erTad gogarenec iberiisagan
strabonis cnobiT, miutacebia somxeTs. marTalia, qarTvelTa samefom
gogarene ukan daibruna, magram aRniSnuli mxareebi (pariadres mTis
mimdebare qveyana da xorZene) aRarasodes dabrunebia saqarTvelos.
aseTi politikuri gadanawilebis Sedegad am mxareebSi mcxovrebi
mkvidri qarTvelebi, ormxriv asimilacias ganicdidnen. erTdroulad
isini cxovrobdnen bizantiaSic da mis olq `armeniaSic~, am qarTvelebs
Sesabamisad hqondaT ormagi _ berZnuli da somxuri politikuri da
kulturuli zewola.
amis Sedegad cxadia, mimdinareobda qarTvelebis asimilacia, magram,
sabednierod, es procesi sakmaod mcire xans gagrZelda, imdenad, rom
rodesac tao-klarjeTis samefom da Semdgom gaerTianebulma
saqarTvelom Tavisi politikuri sazRvari vanis tbamde miitana
_ iqaur qarTvelebs jer kidev axsovdaT TavianTi eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba.
vinaobaaRorZinebuli qarTvelebi qmnidnen kidec erovnul qarTulqalkedonur saepiskoposoebs am `somxur~ qveyanaSi, romelTac Cveni Tanamedrove somexi istorikosebi `somxur-qalkedonur~ saepiskoposoebs
uwodeben, magram TviT n. adoncis kvlevac ki aCvenebs, rom dasavleT armenia _ qarTuli warmoSobis qveynebisa da mosaxleobisagan Sedgeboda.
489
n. adoncis sityviT, somxuri zewolis Sedegad mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis erTi nawili, jer kidev qristeSobamde qarTuli miwebis mitacebis dros, daZrula Tavisi sacxovrisidan da ufro CrdiloeTiT
gadasaxlebula - ` ,
~ (n. adonci, gv. 395).
`am duRilSi Camoyalibda somexTa nacionaluri saxe~, _ wers n. adonci (iqve, gv. 395),
somxuri erovneba, misi sityviT, Camoyalibda qristeSobamde ramdenime
saukuniT adre - somxuri erovnebis maformirebeli masebis frigielebis (balkanelebis), aseve samxreTuli arameuli tomebisa da armeniaSi
istoriulad mkvidri adgilobrivi qarTveluri tomebis _ mosxebis, matienebis, sasperiebis, alaridielebis da sxvebis urTierTSereviT.
n. adoncs mohyavs strabonis cnoba, rom antioqos didis (223-187) orma
mxedarmTavarma artaqsiam da zariadram erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles
armenia da gamoacxades damoukidebloba, Tumca somexTa mefeebi iqamdec
iyvnen cnobilni.
n. adonci wers _ `somxuri erovneba formirda sxvadasxva tomebisa da aseve sxvadasxva rasebis elementTa urTierTSereviT. aqemenidTa teritoria, romelsac Semdgom armenia ewoda, dasaxlebuli iyo
sxvadasxva erovnebebiT, somxebTan erTad. am Sav zRvamde gadaSlil msxvil sparsul satrapiaSi cxovrobdnen matienebi, sasperiebi da alarodebi. qserqses laSqrobisas armenielebi frigielebTan erTad idgnen,
xolo alarodebi da sasperiebi erTad, maTTan gverdiT _ mosxebi da
tibarenebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, marebi da kolxebi, utielebi da mikebi
_ erTad. 10 aTasi berZnis ukan daxevis dros _ fasianebisa da esperitebis, e.i. saspeirebis, aseve taoxebis miwa _ ukve armeniad iTvleboda da
sxva armeniisagan gansasxvaveblad dasavleTi ewodeboda. mmarTveli anu
satrapi erTi nawilisa iyo tiribazi, meorisa _ oronti (qsenofonte,
anabazisi, III, 5,17, IV, 3,4 da 4,4, VII 18,25). mezobeli tomebi am dros sargeblobdnen damoukideblobiT, kerZod _ karduxebi, xalibebi, qaldeebi,
makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koiotebi da tibarenebi (iqve, VII, 8, 25).
nawilobriv an mTlianad es erovnebebi iqcnen mkvidr mosaxleobad
im teritoriisa, romelic Semdgom eWira armenias (n. adonci, gv. 394).
rogorc vxedavT, TviT adoncis cnobiT, kolxebi, karduxebi, qaldeebi
da sxva qarTvelTa winapari tomebi iyo mkvidri mosaxleoba dasavleT
armeniisa, maT srul asimilacias somex xalxSi aferxebda romis da
bizantiis imperiis siaxlove armeniis centralur nawilTan, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom dasavleT armenia umeteswilad aRniSnuli
imperiebis xeldebuli qveyana iyo.
Zalze sainteresoa n. adoncisave cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom somxeTis
Zveli mkvidri mosaxleoba, zemoT CamoTvlili da xsva tomebi
`sisxlis siaxloviT~ erTi warmoSobisa iyvnen (gv. 394).
am tomTagan mravali gaqra istoriis asparezidan, magaliTad, alarodebi, saspeirebi, taoxebi, fasianebi _ rogorc erovnebebi, magram maTi
saxelebi daerqvaT maT yofil sacxovris qveynebs, rac asaxa geografi490
armeniis samxreTiT mcxovrebi kurtebi (qurTebis winaprebi) da karduxebi (qarTvelTa monaTesaveni) n. adoncis sityviT, somxebis gavlenis
qveS aRmoCdnen (gv. 418). aseve maTi mezobeli matienebi kaspiis zRvisken
gelebis da karduxebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen utiebi, isini Tavdapirvelad utiebis samxreTiT cxovrobdnen, Semdeg CrdiloeTiT, maTTan erTad CrdiloeTiT gelebic gadasaxldnen (gv. 420).
n. adoncs albaneTis somxur olqad miaCnia siuni-sivnieTi, Tumca isini somxebisgan gansxvavdebodnen (gv. 423).
utielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen mTidan Camosuli gargarebi, isini
gardmanTanac cxovrobdnen. sabolood, yvela am eTnojgufis `infiltracia~, e.i. armenizacia moxda SemdegSic (gv. 425).
n. adoncis gamokvlevebidan Cans, rom somxeTis gare mxareebi,
miTumetes dasavleT armenia, sadac trapezuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen _ qarTvelTa istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma SeZlo eTno da erovnuli
vinaobis SenarCuneba, rogorc nerse somexTa kaTalikosis dros,
ise mis Semdeg: tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefos Zliereba am
Segnebas efuZneboda.
iberebi xotenesa da akiliseneSi (Zv.w. I s.)
somxeTis olqebi xotene da akilisena istoriulad iberebis sacxovrisi yofila. isini jer kidev qarTuli olqebi iyvnen apianesa da
strabonis epoqaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, swored ase gadmogvcems apiane.
kerZod, is amis Sesaxeb wers miTridates kolxeTisaken gadaadgilebis
marSrutis aRwerisas. CvenTvis es momenti imiTaa saintereso, rom aRniSnuli olqebi SemdgomSi lazikis samitropolitos nawilebi gaxdnen
da axlos mdebareobdnen karinis, anu Teodosiopolis olqTan, saerTod
e.w. iberiis TemTan. ufro metic, Cven albaT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isini
Teodosiopolisis miwa-wylis nawils Seadgendnen, mis Semogaren regions, romelTa soflebisa da dabebis mosaxleobas ase TavdadebiT icavda
qarTvelTa samefos laSqari konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi (roca
am soflebis mosaxleobis darbeva da SimSiliT amowyveta surda bizantiur mxares mravalgzis, razedac TviTon wers imperatori). iberebi aq
ara mxolod apianes, aramed basili II bulgarTmmusvrelis epoqaSic
cxovrobdnen.
apiane am mxareTa iberebis Sesaxeb wers _ `miTridatem Seusvenebliv
sirbiliT iara da daaxloebiT meoTxe dRes gadalaxa evfrati,
xolo Semdeg sami dRe idga da aiaraRebda imaT, vinc masTan
erTad iyo, an mas uerTdeboda, Semdeg SeiWra xoteneSi, armeniaSi.
iq man ukuagdo xotenebi da iberebi, romlebic mas isrebiTa da
SurdulebiT abrkolebdnen da gadavida mdinare afsarosze... miTridatem zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara~ (apiane, miTridates omebis
istoria, 1959, gv. 195).
imave ambavs aRwerda straboni, kerZod, miTridatem gadalaxa evfrati,
493
sadac iyo akilisenes wyaluxvi mTa, qarTulad albaT `wyaluxvi~ JRerda rogorc `fasis mTa~, `fasisi~, radganac p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, uxvwylian qveyanas fasisi erqva, aqedanaa albaT `basianis~ provinciis saxelic. straboni wers _ `pompeusis mier devnili miTridate aq gamoiqca, pontos samefos am ukidures kuTxeSi, dai pyro dasteirasTan akilesenes wyaluxvi mTa, maxloblad iyo evfratic, romelic
sazRvravda akilesenes mcire armeniisagan da aq cxovrobda manam,
sanam alyaSemortymuli iZulebuli ar gaxda gaqceuliyo mTebis
gadaRma kolxidaSi da iqidan ki bosforSi~ (strabonis geografia,
1957, gv. 212).
n. xazaraZe azustebs, Tu sad mdebareobda es raionebi _ `Tu strabonisa da apianes moyvanil cnobebs erTimeores SevudarebT, Tan afsarosWoroxisa da evfratis saTaveebs Soris xotene-xorZenes mravali mecnieris mier gaziarebul lokalizacias gaviTvaliswinebT, SesaZloa davuSvaT, rom akaliseneSi mdebare cixe-simagre dasteira pariadris mTebis (anu tao-speris) samxreTiT ganlagebul regionSia saZiebeli, pontos
samefosa da didi armeniis sazRvarze, iq, sadac kolxeTSi (pontospireTSi) mimavali is gza gadioda, romliTac Zv.w. I saukuneSi
pompeusisgan devnilma miTridatem da misma qveiTma jarma isargebles, xolo gvian vaxtang gorgasalma da misma laSqarma~ (n.
xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001, gv. 368).
lazikis eparqiis erTi nawili, romelic aRniSnul regionebsac moicavda, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mier miCneulia azonis mamis samefod, anu
arian-qarTlis samefos erT nawilad. aq brZoliT Sesula mefe farnavazi, Semdeg ki vaxtang gorgasali.
vaxuStis cnobiT, klarjeTi azonis mamiseuli samefos, anu arian-qarTlis nawili iyo. Sesabamisad, klarjeTis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebic arian-qarTlis samefos nawilad miiCneoda. klarjeTis samxreTiT ki tao-speri, aRniSnuli xorZene, akilisene da
sxva mxareebi iyo. maSasadame, azonis mamis qveyana iyo tao, speri,
xorZene da mimdebare mxareebi.
azonisa da farnavazis omisas farnavazi SeiWra azonis mamul
samefoSi swored aRniSnul mxareebSi. isini, imJamad ukve `saberZneTis~ nawilad miiCneoda. azons `berZnebi~ uWerdnen mxars, artaanis
naqalaqarSi `iqmna brZola didZali da moswydes orgniTve uricxvi.
xolo iZlivnen berZenni farnavazisagan. ivltoda banaki maTi da mokles azon da uricxvni spani maTni mosrnes da tyve qmnes da warvida
farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekeleciT
Semoiqca. movida klarjeTs, dai pyra klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad~ (q.c. I, gv. 23).
ekeleci da anZoreTi (anZiaZora) aseve ixsenieba vaxtang gorgaslis
cxovrebaSi, roca is, rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa odindel istoriul samSobloSi, anu arian-qarTlis miwebze ibrZoda, kerZod, es brZola mimdinareobda Semdgomi Teodosiopolis (karinis) _ trapezuntis arealze,
anu swored iq, sadac Semdgom lazikis eparqia Camoyalibda.
494
ilze~, e.i. mTaSi ganlagebuls niSnavs (gv. 21). `mosxebis qveyanas~ straboni meorejerac axsenebs: `mosxebis qveyana, romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi misi nawili aqvT kolxebs,
meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~ (XI, 2, 18).
samlocvelo ki ar aris samad gayofili, aramed mosxebis qveyana. misi
erTi nawili armenielebs daupyriaT, xolo ori danarCeni Tavisufal
nawilTagan erTi iberebis, meore ki kolxebis xelSia.
n. xazaraZis kvleviT `mosxebis qveyana~ mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, e.w. `istoriul kolxeTSi~, aramed samxreT
saqarTveloSi _ istoriul mesxeTSi.
is ikvlevs sxvadasxva epoqis wyaroebs da askvnis _ `straboniseuli
`mosxikes~ (mosxebis qveynis) moTavsebas istoriuli mesxeTis
adgilze ufro gviandeli xanis (Zv.w. I-ax.w. III ss) werilobiTi
wyaroebic uWeren mxars~ (n. xazaraZe,: `ZvelaRmosavluri da
qarTveluri Ziebani~, 2001 w. gv. 222).
Tu `mosxebis qveyana~ _ istoriuli mesxeTia da misi erTi
nawili kolxebis xelSia moqceuli strabonis Tanaxmad, maSin
kolxeTi aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed trapizonis mxare
_ e.w. lazistanis aRmosavleTi teritoria, kerZod ki Woroxis xeobis
zRvispira nawili e.w. bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri da TviTon
klarjeTi. radgan istoriul mesxeTs dasavleTis mxridan sazRvravda
swored md. Woroxis xeobis erT-erTi qedi, romelsac lazistanisa ewodeba.
istoriuli mesxeTis erTi nawili rom armenielebis mier iyo dapyrobili strabonis epoqaSi, es Zveli qarTuli wyaroebiTacaa cnobili.
kerZod, pariadres kalTebis CamorTmevis Semdgom iberiasa da armenias
Soris sadavo iyo basiani da tao mtkvris saTaveebamde.
xolo ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, klarjeTis momijnave istoriuli mesxeTis mxare artaani _ ZiriTadad mudam iberiaSi Sedioda, isaa
erTaderTi qarTuli regioni, romelic erTdroulad emijneboda
lazistans, qarTlsa da somxeTs.
n. xazaraZe askvnis _ `geografiis XI, 2,17-Si, iseve, rogorc XI, 2,18-Si
moxseniebuli `mosxebis qveyana~ (`mosxike~) istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriazea saZiebeli (iqve, gv. 222).
strabonis `fazisi~ am SemTxvevaSi namdviladaa Woroxi.
n. xazaraZec ase fiqrobs strabonis `mosxikes~ adgilmdebareobis
dadgenis dros. `fazisis saTaved warmodgenilia ara fazis-rionis saTave, aramed Worox-fazisisa (armenia) (iqve, gv. 212). strabonisa da pliniusis mixedviT, kolxeTis mdinare fazisis Senakadebi arian glavkosi da
hi posi, (Strabo, XI, 2,17, XI, 3,4,
Plin, NH, VI, 13), klavdios ptolemaiosi glavkoss
uwodebs mdinares, romelic likosTan erTad 72030/ - 43045/7 -ze erTvis
afsaros-Woroxs (Ptolem, V, 10,3).
pliniusis mixedviT, fazisis saTave mosxebis mTebSia. Woroxis saTavec mesxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli.
`mosxuri mTebidan~ n. xazaraZis kvleviT, momdinareoben `mesxeTis
mdinareebi: Woroxi da misi Senakadebi TorTumi da bana-fanaskerti.
496
pliniusis cnobis amgvar interpretacias mxars uWers Semdegic: solini (ax.w. III s.), romlis Txzuleba ZiriTadad pliniusis naSromis safuZvelzea dawerili, fazisis, araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebs erTad ixseniebs. solinis azriT _ `henioxuri mTebi araqss gadmoRvrian, mosxuri ki _ faziss. araqsi saTaves iRebs evfratis saTaveebTan
axlos~, raki solini mogviTxrobs erT garkveul regionSi ganlagebuli da ara erTmaenTisagan daSorebuli mdinareebis saTavebze, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom `fazisis~ saxelwodebiT solini aRniSnavs ara
kolxeTis mdinare fazis-rions, aramed mesxeTis mdinare fazisWoroxs (Woroxis saTavis siaxlove araqsis da evfratis saTaveebTan saeWvo ar aris (n. xazaraZe, gv. 223).
n. xazaraZe aseve miiCnevs: `istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze mosxebis qveynis Zieba gamarTlebulia kornelius tacitusis (ax. w. III ss) im CvenebiTac, romlis Tanaxmad mosxebis miwa-wyali armeniis mezobladaa moTavsebuli (cnobaSi naTqvamia, rom mosxebi
Tavs esxmian armeniis miyruebul adgilebs). straboniseuli `mosxikes~ zemoT SemoTavazebul lokalizacias eTanxmeba mosxebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Zv.w. IV-V saukuneebis berZnuli wyaroebis monacemebic (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 223).
n. xazaraZe eTanxmeba T. miqelaZes da wers, rom friqses anu levkoTeas
taZari, saZebnia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriul qarTlSi, xolo
argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi saZebnia ara rionis dablobze,
aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (Woroxis auzSi) _ `istoriul samreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. friqses
saxelTan dakavSirebuli Zeglisa da qveynis Ziebis sasargeblod
laparakobs T. miqelaZis is sayuradRebo Teoriac, romlis Suqze
argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi, ukeT aia-kolxeTi, saZiebelia
ara rionis dablobze, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, Woroxis auzSi~ (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 224).
marTlac, n. xazaraZis kvlevis Tanaxmad _ `straboni friqsesa da argonavtebis Txzulebis gmirebis (iazoni, medea, medosi, armenosi da sxva)
samoqmedo asparezad warmogvidgens ara rionispira kolxeTs, aramed mis
farglebs gareT (samxreTiT) mdebare regions. am TvalsazrisiT Semdegi cnobebia sayuradRebo: strabonis Tanaxmad, friqsesa da iazonis
laSqrobis Zeglebi mravlad moi poveba. geografosi wers: `friqsess
miuTiTeben kolxeTisa da iberiis sazRvarze, xolo iazonisas _ bevrgan
armeniis, midiis da maT mezoblad mdebare qveynebis adgilebSi~ (I, 2,39),
straboni azustebs: `iberiaSi aris erTi patara qalaqi friqsopolisi,
axlandeli idessa, kargad gamagrebuli adgili kolxeTis sazRvarze~
(XI, 2,18). eratosTeneze (Zv.w. III s.) dayrdnobiT straboni gvamcnobs, rom
iazonma `dastova xomaldi, rodesac kolxebisagan midioda da armeniasa
da midiamde xmeleTiT ilaSqra~.
armeniaSi iazonis yofnaze mis saxelze agebuli taZrebi laparakoben (XI, 13,10). iazonma TiTqos araqss kalapoti Seucvala (XI, 14,13). misi
Tanamgzavri armenosi armeniis eponomia (XI, 4,8), TanamgzavrTagan dasax497
ldnen akiliseneSi, uwin sofenebis gamgeblobaSi rom iyo, zogic sispiritisSi, armeniis sazRvrebs iqiT, strabons midiis saxelwodeba medeasa
da misi vaJis medosis saxelidan gamohyavs.
argonavtebis Tqmulebis gmirebis moqmedebis regioni samxreTidan
esazRvreba `mosxikesaTvis~ navaraudev miwa-wyals. `mosxikes~ uSualod emezobleboda farnakes da miTridate pergamonelis sabrZolo
areals, amitomac SeZles maT levkoTeas gaZarcva istoriuli mesxeTis samxreTiT.
argonavtebis Tqmulebis gmirebi armeniasa da midiaSi gadasulan
uSualod kolxeTidan, maT iberia rom gaevloT, straboni mogvcemda
Sesabamis cnobas (iseve, rogorc mogvca cnoba friqses taZris iberiaSi
arsebobis Sesaxeb). es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom argonavtebis kolxeTi araa dasavleT saqarTvelo. saidanac armeniaSi Sesasvlelad maT
iberia unda gaevloT. magram Tuki kolxeTi _ trapizon-Woroxis xeobaa,
iqedan armeniaSi Sesvla SesaZlebeli iyo sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris
ufro cnobili iyo Semdgom artanuj-artaanad wodebuli gza, romlis erTi mTavari toti Sedioda armeniaSi, iqidan ki midiaSi.
aranakleb cnobili iyo trapizon-Teodosopolis gza.
n. xazaraZe, iseve, rogorc XX saukunis zogierTi sxva qarTveli mkvlevari, xSirad laparakobs strabonis cnobebis uzustobebisa da winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb (dasax. naSromi, gv.211, 216), magram am SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
strabonis fazisad CavTvliT Woroxs, misi `uzustobani~ Semcirdeba.
magaliTad, `fazisis saTave armeniaSia~ (im epoqaSi Woroxis saTave armeniaSi iyo), faziss erTvis glavkosi da hi posi~ _ wers straboni. Tuki
glavkosad CavTvliT artanujiswyals liganis xevTan axlos (Sdr. `like~,
likani, liganisxevi _ likes axsenebs ptolemaiosi, romelic glavkosTan erTad erTvis Woroxs), aqac strabonis `uzustoba~ mcirdeba.
straboni wers: magaliTad, `fazisze curva SeiZleba sarapanamde~ (XI,
2,17). TuU Cven gavbedavT da davZlevT tradiciul Tvalsazriss da CavTvliT, rom sarapana ar aris imereTis Sorapani da sarapanad CavTvliT
Woroxis romelime sanaosno navsayudels (magaliTad arTvins), maSin
aRar visaubrebT strabonis `uzustobebis~ Sesaxeb, radgan Woroxi d.
baqraZis cnobiT namdvilad iyo sanaosno arTvinamde (masze 200-ze meti
brtyelZira navi dacuravda, romliTac Woroxis xeobis saqoneli _ daxerxili ficrebi da produqtebi gadahqondaT Savi zRvis portebSi da
piriqiT _ Savi zRvis portebidan ZiriTadad marili da msubuqi saqoneli gahqondaT arTvinamde).
toponimi Sorapani qarTul samyaroSi mravlad meordeba, magaliTad,
`Sorapani~ erqva qalaq ozurgeTs XV saukuneSi istoriuli atlasis
mixedviT. straboni wers `iberiaSi oTxi Sesasvlelia: erTi aris
kolxuri cixe-simagre Sorapanze da masTan arsebul viwroebze,
romelzec fazisi momdinareobs, swrafi da xmauriani miemarTeba
kolxidaSi, romelzec 120 xidiT gaivleba mixveul-moxveulobis
gamo. mravali nakadulebiT warmoiqmneba (fazisi) zemoT mdebare
mTebSi, mravali nakadulisagan, xolo dablobSi Rebulobs sxva
498
p. ingoroyva wers _ `aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxeTis istoriuli teritoriebidan kolxebis satomo saxelTan dakavSirebulia saxelwodeba ara
501
romis imperia administraciuli mmarTvelobis mxriv IV s-isTvis iyofoda oTx prefeqturad. prefeqti Tavis xelSi aerTianebda samoqalaqo
da samxedro uwyebebs
n. adoncis sityviT, romis imperiis msgavsad, sparseTic oTx `kustad~ _
administraciul erTeulad iyofoda (n. adonci, somxeTi... gv. 217). eseni
iyvnen `aRmosavleTi~, `dasavleTi~, `samxreTi~ da `CrdiloeTi~.
CrdiloeTis anu kavkasiis kusti (mxare) Tavis mxriv 13 qveynad (Saxrad)
iyofoda, maT Soris iyo iberia, anu sparsulad _ `varjani~, albaneTi
anu `rani~, somxTi anu `armenia~.
503
ivane javaxiSvils gamoTqmuli aqvs mosazreba, rom ,,qarTvelebma IX smde araferi icodnen saqarTveloSi wminda andrias misiis Sesaxeb~ Cveni didi mecnieris am da sxva mosazrebebs qarTvelTa pirvelganmanaTleblis Sesaxeb upasuxa mRvdelma miqael TamaraSvilma (qarTuli
eklesiis dasabamidan dRemde, 1995, gv. 163). am mxriv, TavisTavad isicaa
aRsaniSnavi, rom eqvTime mTawmindelis Tanaxmad im wignTa Soris, ,,romelTa
kaTolike eklesiai ara Seiwynarebs~ dasaxelebulia ,,cxovreba wmidisa
andriasi~. eqvTimem Teodore sabawmindels gaugzavna sia im wignebisa,
romelic miuRebeli iyo sayovelTao (e.i. kaTolike) marTlmadidebluri
eklesiisTvis. kerZod ,,mociqulTa cxovrebani, romelnime ganryenil arian
mwvalebelTagan: wmidisa maTe maxarebelisa da wmidisa andriasi~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, 1970, gv.13).
aqedan Cans, rom eklesiisaTvis miuRebeli iyo wminda andrias cxovrebis arsebuli redaqcia, radganac igi mwvalebelTagan ,,garyvnilad~ miiCneoda, ukeTesi ki ar arsebobda. amitomac Cven unda gamovTqvaT mosazreba rom SesaZloa arsebul redaqciaSi vrclad iyo saubari wm. andrias
saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, magram igi ar gamoiyenes Zvelma istorikosebma, radganac mwvalebel redaqciasTan ar surdaT raime kavSiris daWera.
gogarena, korduena da basiani (V- VII ss.)
bi (naxararebi) pativis mixedviT arian Camowerilni. maT Soris aRiniSnebian erisTavi bagratunebi, taSiris erisTavebi da sxvani.
nerses kaTalikosis dros, 555 wels Semdgar krebas eswreboda 32
erisTavi. sebeosis somex mefeTa erisTavebis siaSi ixsenieba taos erisTavi
da aseve basianis erisTavi.
xorenacis cnobiT, somexTa mefe gansakuTrebiT ajildovebda bagration erisTavebs.
st. orbeliani mogviTxrobs, rom somxeTis mefem daniSna Tavisi qveynis oTxi bdexSi _ aRmosavleTSi iyo siunis bdexSi Tavisi _ 21 erisTaviT,
CrdiloeTSi _ gogarenisa (`gogaris~) _ 22 erisTaviT, dasavleTiT
`kordu~-sa _ 21 erisTaviT da samxreTiT angelenis (`angelis~) bdexSi _
22 erisTaviT (gv. 254).
gogarena (somxurad gogari) da korduena (somxurad `kordu~) _
qarTuli qveynebi iyo, misi qarTuli mosaxleoba iqamdec da
Semdgomac somxdeboda, qarTvelobis SenarCuneba somxuri samefos SigniT uZnelesi da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli saqme iyo (n. adonci,
gv. 292).
faustis cnobiT, taos olqs marTavdnen mamikonianebi, somexTa
mefis mTavarsardlebi _ xorenacis mixedviT. Semdeg isini taronSi
gadavidnen IV s-dan.
berZen-romaeli avtorebi icnoben `fasians~ (basians) da isini basians
fasianad moixseniebdnen.
basianis erTi nawili iyo vanandi da mas, xorenacis sityviT, zemo
basiani erqva (gv. 300).
basians Tavisi erisTavi marTavda. airarati mefis domeni iyo, bagrevandi _ bagratidebs ekuTvnoda.
n. adoncis sityviT _ `kotaia cnobili iyo ptolemeosisaTvis, magram
is somxur literaturaSi pirvelad gvxvdeba sebeosTan VIIs-Si~ (gv. 302).
kotaia iyo gavari, anu qveyana airaratis provinciaSi. kotaias
amJamad zangibasari hqvia. is aris md. razdan-zangis xeobaSi.
safiqrebelia, rom tao xorZenas nawili iyo. sityva ,,xorZena~
etimilogiurad axaloa sityva ,,arzenasTan~, romelsac konstantine porfirogeneti uwodebda arzrum-artanujis mxares. safiqrebelia, rom ,,xorZena~ sityva aTasi wlis Semdeg X saukunisTvis ,,arzenad~ iqca da erqva
taos momijnave mxareebs.
somxebis gadasaxleba persarmeniidan bizantiur somxeTSi
(V-VI ss.)
n. adonci wers _ `imperiuli TvalsazrisiT, imperiis interesebis dacvis mizniT somxebis gadasaxleba dasavleTiT Zalze sasurveli iyo. TviT imperatorebi axalisebdnen am moZraobas. magaliTad, imperatori mavrike. somxebis CasaxlebiT imperiam didad
isargebla, somxebi bizantias emsaxurebodnen TavganwirviT. samSoblos politikuri cxovrebis SeboWili CarCoebidan gaTavisu505
flebis Semdeg mTeli maTi Zalebi ifurCqneboda. somxebma saxeli gaiTqves saxelmwifo cxovrebis bevr sferoSi, samxedrosa Tu
samoqalaqoSi. maTgan gamovidnen saxelganTqmuli pirebi, romlebsac imperiis winaSe Zalze mniSvnelovani damsaxurebebi hqondaT. mravali somexi brwyinavda TviT saimperatoro taxtze da
saTaveebic ki daudes axal dinastias (somxuri cxenosani jari
ibrZoda imperiis Soreul mxareebSi saxelmwifos samxedro didebisTvis. Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo somxebis roli kulturulsulier cxovrebaSi, imperiisTvis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli
istoria _ xatmebrZoluri moZraoba daiwyo imperiis aRmosavleT
mxareebSi didwilad somxebis simpaTiiT da mfarvelobiT.
imperiaSi somxebis gansaxlebam TviT somxeTs naklebi sikeTe moutana,
radganac somxeTi icleboda adamianuri resursebisagan. imperiaSi midiodnen unariani, mxne Zalebi, iseTi niWis mqone pirebi, romelTac SeeZloT imperiis mRelvare talRebze Tavis daWera. somxuri aristokratiis
naRebi, naxararebis ojaxebi eSurebodnen dedaqalaqSi da alamazebdnen
saxelmwifo moRvaweTa rigebs (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi,
1908, gv. 205).
imperiaSi somxebi iseT Zalas warmoadgendnen, rom zogjer TviT
imperatoris winaaRmdeg awyobdnen SeTqmulebebs imperiisave
dedaqalaqSi da aryevdnen kidec saimperatoro taxts, magaliTad,
n. adoncis sityviT, 548 wels somxebma moawyves SeTqmuleba
dedaqalaqSi imperator iustinianes winaaRmdeg. SeTqmulebas meTaurobda somexi mxedarTmTavari artavani, romelmac bizantias
dideba moupova liviis omSi, romelmac mokla tirani honorisi.
n. adoncis cnobiT, prokofi kesarieli artavanis motivs xsnis
imiT, rom misi samSoblo armenia dapyrobili iyo, amitom mas
somxebi sayvedurobdnen umoqmedebas. meore somexi didebuli narsesi iustinianes epoqis udidesi figura iyo, Tavisi gamarjvebebiT daCrdila
valerianes samxero geniac ki.
somxuri problemebis gamo Sewuxebuli iustiniane sparseTis
Sahs Txovda, maT Soris mcxovrebi somxebi rogorme daemorCilebinaT saerTo ZaliT. is werda _ `somxebi daumorCilebeli xalxia, da
marad Cveni mtrebi arian, maTgan mudam SeSfoTebulebi varT~ (iqve, gv.
206). somxebis sulier-erovnuli siZliere or imperias aSfoTebda,
maS erovnulad da sulierad ase Zlieri xalxi rogor `qarTveldeboda~ tao-klarjeTSi?
iveria da persarmenia (IV-VI ss.)
sparsuli armeniis sazRvrebi IV-VI ss-Si e.w. `marzpanobis~ dros aseTi iyo: persarmenia moicavda Semdeg provinciebs _ taiqi, taroni,
airarati, vaspurakani da siuniqi.
taroni da vaspurakani mdebareobdnen vanis tbasTan, airarati sparsuli armeniis centrSi, xolo mis dasavleTis mxares _ persarmeniis
506
n. adonci `marzpanuls~ uwodebs arSakidebis Semdegdroindel somxeTs, radganac qveyanaSi ijda sparseTis Sahis warmomadgeneli _ marzpani. misi dedaqalaqi iyo qalaqi dvini, romelsac aRmosavleT somxeTisTvis iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc dasavleT somxeTisTvis
Taeodosiopolissa da iq mjdar romis warmomadgenels _ komits.
CrdiloeTiT marzpanuli somxeTis sazRvari aRwevda kangaramde.
lazaris cnobiT, sparseTTan mebrZoli iberiis mefe vaxtangi aq eloda
damxmare somxebs. vaan mamikonidi daexmara vaxtangs, somxuri jari mivida iveriis mefesTan da banaki dasca kangaris kantonSi. kangari gugarenis olqSi Sedioda, maSasadame, gugarena somxeTis gareT mdebareobda_
iberiaSi (n. adonci, armenia..., gv. 222).
dasavleTiT somxeTs esazRvreboda kolas olqi, sasazRvro punqtad
iTvleboda kola, xolo tao (taiki) mTlianad somxeTSi Sedioda.
arSakidebis dros albaneTis mxares somxeTis sazRvari iyo md. mtkvari. marzpanobis dros sazRvari q. xalxalTan gadioda. xalxali mdebareobda mtkvris marjvena mxares (n. adonci,Aarmenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 223) albaneTSi. sparsul jars albaneTidan xalxalamde mtkvari
unda gadaevlo.
n. adoncis azriT, xalxali aris md. zagemze mdebare amJamindeli
TaTruli sofeli xilxila. maxloblad arsebobda aseve meore
msgavsi saxelis punti - `xilxala~, romelic iv. javaxiSvilis
1923 wlis rukis mixedviT mdebareobda nuxpato-SeqTan axlos.
aRsaniSnavia, rom hereTis sazRvrad vaxuSti batoniSvils miaCnda punqti
gulgula. saxelebi xalxali/xilxila,xilxala/ da gulgula msgavsni arian. vaxuStis masze aTasi wlis winandeli punqtis adgilmdebareoba SesaZloa unda ganesazRvra ara TelavTan, aramed xalxalTan, maSin
hereTis sazRvari gadaiwevda aRmosavleTiT da daemTxveoda albaneTisas.
n. adoncis sityviT, IVs-Si somxeTma dakarga mravali ganapira mxare,
Cveni azriT, amis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo eTnikuri gansxvaveba. isini (ganapira mxareebi) - ar iyvnen somxuri olqebi. rogorc mravaljer iTqva
marzpanuls n. adonci aseve uwodebs meore saxels _ tanuteruli somxeTi. mas aseve vaspurakanulsac uwodebs.
507
vaspuri _ erqva sparseTis cnobil gvarebs, aqedan vaspurakani. n. adoncis sityviT, _ `armeniis Tanatoli administraciuli sidideebi
iyvnen iberia, albaneTi, atropatena, adiabena, da aravastani~ (iqve,
gv. 221).
misive sityviT, musulmani avtorebi `armeniis~ qveS igebdnen ara mxolod armenias, aramed aransa da saqarTvelos (gv. 242).
,,qarTvelTa samefos~ daarseba (IX-X ss.)
qarTls, aramed taos administraciul olqs, romlis mmarTveliba (mefoba) aRmoCnda klarjeTis kurapalatis xelSi. es orive Tanamdeboba mefoba da kurapalatoba axla ukve erTi piris, adarnases ojaxis xelSi
gaerTianda da gadaecemoda kidec memkvidreobiT.
imxanad `kurapalatoba~ - bizantiis vasalobas gulisxmobda, `qarTvelTa
mefoba~ ki - arabi xalifisagan gamomdinareobda.
arabTa xalifam IX-X saukuneebSi somexTa mefeebs uwyaloba tituli
`somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~. am titulSi `qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS
igulisxmeboda ara Sida qarTli, aramed somxeTis samefoSi Semavali
qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli tao-basiani. taos mmarTvelebs iqamde hqondaT `iverTa mTavris~ tituli, axla ki arabTa mier ~qarTvelTa mefis~
titulis tarebis ufleba mieniWa somexTa mefes, rac mas udasturebda,
rom SeeZlo qarTvelTa aRniSnuli mxareebis avtonomiuri marTva. erTerTi bolo `somexTa da qarTvelTa ~mefe iyo smbati, romelmac qarTvelTa
mefis tituli gadasca adarnase qarTvelTa kurapalats. am tituls
atarebdnen aSot I 884 - somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe
smbat I 914 - jer somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe, mere somexTa mefe
aSot erkaTi 918/922/ - somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe (safiqrebelia, rom
aSot erkaTma qarTvelTa mefis tituli miiRo saojaxo-dinastiuri gziT,
kerZod misi meore simamri yofila `qarTvelTa didi mTavari sahaki~,
romelsac, i. drasxanakertelis sityviT, aSoti Tavis memkvidred gamoucxadebia).
maSasadame, qarTvelTa mefis tituli taos mflobelobas gulisxmobda.
gogareni da ara `hereTi~
511
IX-XI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi yovel saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas saxeli sakuTari kuTxis mixedviT hqonda
miRebuli. magaliTad, afxazeTis samefos xalxs erqva-afxazebi, kaxeTisas _ kaxelni, taos samefoelebs _ `naTesaviT taoelni~ an taoelni,
qarTlis samefos mcxovrebT _ `qarTvelni~ (igivea, rac `qarTvelTa
samefos~ xalxi) _ vis erqva mesxni IX-XI ss-Si? aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnul saukuneTa wyaroebSi `mesxi~ gvxvdeba mas Semdeg, rac basianis provincia Semodis qarTul politikur samyaroSi. pirvelad es moxda, rogorc
cnobilia, taos mefis daviT kurapalatis dros, romelmac `zemoni qveyanani~, anu Teodosiopol-basianis mxareebi SemoierTa. TviTon `mesxi~
basianis saxelTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli etimologiuradac, rogorc
cnobilia `xi~ sadaurobis gawarmoebuli sufiqsia _ kolxi, kaxi da
sxva. basianis, anu fasianis mcxovrebs `basxi~ - mesxi unda rqmeoda (es
etimologiuri igiveoba p. ingoroyvam daamtkica afxazeTis mxareTa
ganxilvis dros).
512
moskovSi dastambuli `bizantiis istoriis~ Tanaxmad, XI s-Si trapezuntidan vanis tbamde bizantiam daaarsa axali administraciuli erTeulebi _ `vaspurakanis Temi, iberiis Temi da Teodosiopolis Temi~.
iqamde arsebobda `qaldeas Temi~. lazikis samitropolitod wodebuli
bizantiuri saeklesio erTeuli Sesabamisad moicavda aRniSnul mxareTa did nawils da isic XI s-Si unda gafarToebuliyo am Temebze saeklesio iurisdiqciis ganvrcobis Sedegad. rogorc aRiniSna, olnutis
saepiskoposo mardaliaSi, xorZene da bizana manraliasTan axlos, taronis mimarTulebiT, andaki _ vanandSi (yarsis olqSi) iyvnen ganlagebulni.
qarTvelTa brZola basian-tao-karinisaTvis
laZe, bagrationTa samefo saxli, 1995, gv. 19). amave saxlis wevri unda
yofiliyo aseve egrisis erisTavi quji.
safiqrebelia, rom qarTvelTa ori saxelmwifo ebrZoda erTmaneTs,
eseni iyvnen mcxeTis qarTli da arian-qarTli.
dasavleT armeniis xalxSi eTnoidentobis Ziebis Sedegi
(IX-X ss.)
Tavi XIV
arian-qarTli
sityva `qarTvelis~ etimologia
amJamad miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, sityva `qarTveli~ ukavSirdeba mcxeTaSi `qarTlis mTas~, romlis mcxovrebTac TiTqosda ewodaT `qarTveli~,
Semdgom ki es saxeli ganivrco irgvliv macxovreblebzec.
sityva `qarTvels~ agreTve akavSireben sityvasTan `qarTa~, rac Semoragvul adgils niSnavs. ZiriTadad aseTi iyo sabWoTa epoqaSi istoriografiis Tvalsazrisi.
517
ufro adrindels gamoxatavs mixeil TamaraSvili: _ `sayovelTaod miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, adgilobrivi tradiciis mixedviT, `saqarTvelo~ nawarmoebia sityvisagan `qarTlos~, `iafetis badiSiSvilis saxelisagan, romelsac wilad rgebia es mxare. mis Svilebs mamis saflavTan fici daudiaT,
rom mamis adgilsamyofels `qarTloss~, anu `qarTls~ uwodebdnen, mis
saxelisuflebo miwebs ki _ saqarTvelos~ (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde, 1995, gv. 38).
TamaraSvilis wignis weris dros jer naklebad iyo cnobili `moqceva
qarTlisai~ da amitom ucnobi iyo qveyana `arian-qarTli~, magram am wyaros,
kargad icnobda daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvrad miCneuli arsen beri, romelic wmida ninos cxovrebaSi wers, Tu vin arian qarTvelebi da rogor unda
aixsnas etimologiurad sityva `qarTveli~. kerZod, is wers - `Cven Svilni
varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da ena maTi vuwyiT~.
maSasadame, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ TvalsazrisiT, absoluturad gansxvavebulad warmoidgineba qarTvelTa warmoSoba. qarTvelebi am wyaros
cnobiT, ar Camoyalibebulan saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, e.i. qarTlosisagan,
aramed samxreTSi arsebobda saxelmwifo `arian-qarTli~, romlis mcxovrebT,
am wyaros mixedviTve, erqvaT `arian qarTvelni~ anu `qarTvelni~.
`arian-qarTlis~ politikuri elita aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi
Camosaxlda Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi. axali qveynis mosaxleoba
`qarTvelebi~ iyvnen imis gamo, rom isini `Svilni~, anu STamomavlebi iyvnen`maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTa~, anu sityva `qar Tveli~ m cxeT is
gadedaqalaqebamdec arsebobda da erqva arian-qarTlis mosaxleoba s.
meore mxriv, qarTlis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, `qarTvelebi~ qarTlosis
STamomavalni arian, megrelebi `egrosisa~ da a.S., maSin, roca ufro Zveli
wyaros, `moqcevas~ mixedviT, rogorc iTqva, `arian-qarTvelebi~ mefis Ze
azonis meTaurobiT Tanabrad gansaxldnen `egriswylidan hereTamde _ (albaneTamde)~, anu am wyaros mixedviT, rogorc egriswyalTan mcxovrebi
egr iselebi, ise aRm osav leT saqa rTve los mosa xleo ba, `ari anqarTvelTa~ STamomavlebia. qarTvelebia, rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba egriswyalTan, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba.
`da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoi, Ze arian-qarTlisa
mefisai, da mas miuboZa mcxeTai sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas
hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~
(Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv,81).
Zalze Rrma da sagulisxmo gansxvavebaa.
garkveulia, rom qarTlis cxovrebis cnobebi e.w. kavkasielTa da qarTvelTa eTnarqebis Sesaxeb Sedgenilia movses xorenacis `istoriis~ gavleniT,
albaT, monRolebis Semdeg, radganac arsen beri XII s-Si `eTnarqTa~ Teorias ar icnobda, xolo `moqceva qarTlisa~ aris I aTaswleulis wyaro,
romelic sinas mTazec ikiTxeboda IX-X ss-Si. maSasadame, `qarTveli~ _
`arian-qarTvelTa~ STamomavals niSnavs. mas etimologiuri kavSiri ara
aqvs arc `qarTlosTan~ da arc sityva `qarTasTan~.
518
arian-qarTlis eri
arian-qarTlis mdebareoba amJamadac kvlevis sagania.
n. xazaraZis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac mniSvnelovans uwodebs akad. g.
giorgaZe, arian-qarTli mdebareobda tao-basianis mxareebisaken. ,,n. xazaraZis koncefciiT arian-qarTli, iseve rogorc mosxike klarjeTisa da mis samxreTiT mdebare tao-basianis mxareebis aRmniSvneli
termini iyo, ekleci-anZianZora-steri ki am didi regionis samxreT
sazRvarTan dRevandel erznjanis zeganze mdebare qalaqebi~ (g.
giorgaZe, n. xazaraZe. kavkasiur-axlo aRmosavluri krebuli, 2001, gv. 13).
,,Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi
vuwyiT~ - werda arsen beri, daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvari, Tavis ,,wmida
ninos cxovrebaSi~.
I aTaswleulSi qarTveloba darwmunebuli yofila, rom isini iyvnen
,,arian-qarTlidan~ gamosuli xalxis STamomavalni da agreTve imaSic, rom qarTuli ena yofila igive ena, rac ,,arian-qarTvelTa~ ena
iyo Zvel samSobloSi (maSasadame, maTi Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeboda ,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciisgan, rom magaliTad, qarTuli ena TiTqosda
saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda sxvadasxva enebis aRrevis Sedegad).
Tu Cven SevajerebT ,,wmida ninos cxovrebis~, aseve, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~
da ,,moqcevai qarTlisais~ koncefciebs, SeiZleba mivideT Semdeg mosazrebamde: arian-qarTlis qveynidan Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Camovida mefis
Ze azoni Tavis samxedro elitis TanxlebiT, maT Seqmnes axali saxelmwifo,
magram wyarosave cnobiT, mkvidr, Zvel qarTul mosaxleobas, arianqarTvelTa Camosvlamde, ukve hqonia saxelmwifos mowyobis niSnebi
da hyavda mmarTvelebi. SeiZleba iTqvas dinastiac - e.w. mcxeTeli
mamasaxlisebis ojaxi. am ojaxis wevri farnavazi moaxerxebs Camosuli
samxedro aristokratiis elitis nawilis mimxrobas, mkvidrTagan ki jaris
Seqmnas da SeebrZoleba azons. azoni marcxdeba da gadadis Tavisi mamis
qveyanaSi, anu ,,arian-qarTlSi~ - esaa klarjeTi da mis samxreTiT mdebare
mxareebi (albaT tao, karini, basiani da a.S.). farnavazi aqac amarcxebs azons,
laSqravs samxreTis mxareebs (e.i. klarjeT-arian-qarTls) da brundeba Sin
- mcxeTaSi. erTi sityviT ,,arian-qarTlSi~ Cans igulisxmeba vrceli
qveyana trapezuntidan (zRvispira didi qalaqidan) karnu- qalaqamde da anZianZoramde (dRevandel erzinjanis zegnamde), anu qaldeasperi-tao-basiani da misi momijnave mxareebi, is qveyana, sadac qsenofontem qarTveli tomebi aRwera, qveyana, romelsac straboni uwodebs
xorZenes, pariadrsa da gogarens, iberiis mxareebs, romelic armeniam
CamoaWra istoriul saqarTvelos qristeSobamde II s-Si. iqamde es
mxareebi Sedioda iberiaSi, cxadia iberebiTve anu qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 183). parxaris mTa p. ingoroyvas azriT aris igive pariadres mTianeTi anu pontos mTebi md. kelkit Cais
SesarTavidan Ralisamde da dasavleT evfratamde. s. janaSias azriT pariadre, skidisi da mosxis mTebi aRmosavleT pontos qedis nawilebia (iqve, e.
cagareiSvilis komentari, gv. 182).
519
Sua welis qvemoT. miiCneva, rom mesxiberebi anu mosxebi arian muSqebis
memkvidreebi. am ukanasknelT ki aigivebdnen frigielebTan.
eTnonimi qarTveli g. meliqiSvilis TvalsazrisiT aRniSnavs cixe-simagris mobinadres, aseve qalaqis cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli aris frigielTa
dedaqalaqis gordionis saxelwodeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom frigielTa saxelmwifos damaarsebels gordiasi erqva. frigielTa memkvidreebad igulisxmebian ara mxolod muSqebi, aramed zogadad iberebi. ,,qarTvelur
samyarosTan frigielTa mimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas i pyrobs
Sida anatoliaSi (iazilikiaSi) napovni qalRmerT kibelasadmi miZRvnili
Zvel frigiul areiastis warweraSi (Zv.w. me-VI saukunis I naxevari) moxseniebuli eTnonimi ,,vrekun~, romelic gaigivebulia erTerTi frigiuli tomis brekunebis anu brigebis saxelwodebasTan. herodotes cnobiT, brigi
iyo frigielebis aRmniSvneli termini, vidre maT ar miatoves balkaneTi,
mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebamde. eTnonimi vrekun avlens msgavsebas qarTvelTa
aRmniSvnel somxur eTnonimTan virk, vrkan, vrasti-sTan. termini vrkan gvxvdeba me-X saukunis somex istorikosTan uxtanesTan, aseve me-V saukunis
wyaroSi - lazar farpecis somxeTis istoriasa da movses xorenacis naSromSi, igive datvirTva aqvs termin vrois~ (g. qavTaraZe, anatoliuri warmomavlobis 2 amierkavkasiuri eTnonimi, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli
2001, gv. 57). aRsaniSnavia, rom termini vrkan moxsenierebuli aris aseve epistoleTa wignSi. maSasadame, ivaraudeba, rom frigiel tom brigebisagan
warmoiSvnen iberebi igive vrkan-vracebi, eTnonimi qarTveli iseve,
rogorc egri, egriseli, margveli, gurieli da sxva msgavsi qarTuli satomo
saxelebi ,,gr~, ,,rg~ fuZiT frigiul `brig~-Tan, aseve gordion, gordiasTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
aseve sagulisxmoa, rom Zv eli sa eklesi o a vto reb i, rom eln ic
qarTvelebs, somxebsa da sxva kavkasiur toms erT winapars - Targamoss uZebnidnen, miiCnevdnen, rom Targamosis mama TarSi (Trakiulelinur eTnarq) iavanis Ze iyo, iafetur xalxTa rigidan. anu Zvel
qarTvelTa warmodgeniT qarTvelebi iafeturi (e.i. indoevropuli)
xalxi iyo Trakiul-balkanuri wridan (`iafetis Zeni-gomeri, magogi,
madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da Tirasi... iavanis Zeni-eliSa, TarSiSi,
qiTami da dodanimi~. dabadeba, 1 0,1-3).
(`ese Targamos iyo Ze
TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~. qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955,
gv.3). e.i. genealogia ase warmoidgineba: noe-iavani-TarSi (TarSiSi)
- Targamosi. iavani-Trakiul-elinur eTnarqad iTvleboda, xolo
misi Ze Targamosi-kavkasielTa eTnarqad. es uCvenebs, rom Zvel
saqarTveloSi kavkasielebsa da balkanur tomebs erTi warmoSobis
xalxebad miiCnevdnen.
Zveli qarTveli saeklesio avtorebi qarTvelebs indoevropelebad miiCnevdnen, kerZod ki iafetis STamomavlebad, iafetma ki yvela indoevropels daudo safuZveli. maSasadame, qarTvelebi arian indoevropelebi am mosazrebiT da araferi uSlis xels isini frigielTa
pirdapir STamomavlebad miviCnioT, iseve, rogorc somxebi da albaT sxva
Zveli tomebic. rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi brige528
sx
sg
Sk
muSqi svani.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `art~-`urt~ _ iyo saxeli xalxisa, romelic cxovrobda alzis qveyanaSi, anu igive muSqebi=gordienas xalxi.
ingoroyva wers _ `zanur (megrul-Wanur) dialeqtebSi bgera `r~
gadadis bgeraSi `j~ (Tavdapirvelad rTuli bgera: `rj~) _ p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 437).
safiqrebelia, rom ara bgera `r~ gadadis `j~-Si, aramed Cans protoqarTulSi arsebobda rTuli bgeraTkompleqsi `rj~, romelic iSleboda
ase - `r~ da `j~ ; misgan nawarmoeb sityvebSi xan erTi `r~ bgera Canda, xan
meore - `j~;
magaliTad:
xorji-xoji
xori- (xari)
533
furji-fuji
furi
klarji-klarZi-klazi -lazi
klari
gurji-guri
guji-(quji)
alz-alZ-arZ-arj fuZeebSi `rj~ _ p. ingoroyvas azriT, aris `Tavdapirveli rTuli bgera~. es Tavdapirveli rTuli bgera `rj~ iSleboda
calkeul or `r~ da `j~ bgerebad, romelTac asaxva i poves dialeqtebSi,
magaliTad, xari Tavdapirvelad gamoiTqmoda rogorc `xorji~. am Tavdapirveli sityvidan miRebuli iqna saliteraturo qarTulis xori (xari) da
megrul-Wanuris `xoji~ (niSnavs xars), Tavdapirveli formidan furji, furi
da fuji (p. ingoroyva, gv. 437). xorji-xori-xoji, furji-furi, fuji. arjiari, aji
Mmsgavsadve alZena-arZenadan _ arena (rZ-r) _ `arena~ SeiZleba miRebuli
iyos arian-qarTli, anu alzis qveyana da aseve alZika anu laZika-lazika.
aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sityva `arianis~ (`arian-qarTlis~) Tavdapirveli forma iyo arjiani-arZiani-arziani (arzian-qarTli).
534
nawili V
Tavi XV
avanis anu `iverTa~ sakaTalikoso
(`kaTalikosni aRmosavalisani~)
VI s. bolos (VII s. dasawyisSi) avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoebrivi
niSniT Ggamoeyo dvinis sakaTalikosos. is Tavis iurisdiqcias ZiriTadad
avrcelebda qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul miwa wyalze, tao-basianze da agreTve
gugarqad wodebul teritoriaze,romelic somxuri geografiis mixedviT
Woroxamde vrceldeboda. es olqebi marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli,magram saukuneTa manZilze somxeTis mier iyo mitacebuli da
somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda VI-VII saukuneebSi, avanis sakaTalikosos arsebobisas.
iqauri qarTveloba imJamad, somxuri kulturisa da eklesiis gavlenis
qveS moeqca, Tumca eTnikur-erovnuli (qarTuli) identoba bolomde dakarguli ar hqonda.
am mosaxleobam anu avanis sakaTalikosos qarTulma mrevlma Tavis aseve
qarTul ierarqiasTan erTad SemdgomSi, kerZod VIII s.-dan wamoiwyo udidesi
mniSvnelobis saqme: kerZod rogorc ki SesaZlebeli gaxda ganerida somxuri saeklesio centris monofizitur aRmsareblobas da qalkedonitoba
aRiara Tavis sarwmuneobriv mimarTulebad.
iqamde avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoebrivi niSniT, magram Sinagani erovnulobis, Tavisi arasomxurobis(anu qarTvelobis) gamo ganSorda somxur
eklesias da Tavis sarwmunoebad qalkedonitoba anu saqarTvelos erovnuli aRmsarebloba gamoacxada, aseve miiRo qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sxva
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic (magaliTad saeklesio arqiteqtura).
avanis sakaTalikoso aseve miiRebda saeklesio da kulturuli saWiroebisaTvis qarTul enasac, rom dacloda- avanis sakaTalikoso maleve gaauqma somxurma eklesiam.
SemdgomSi, rogorc aRiniSna, es dawyebuli saqme mainc gagrZelda-daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg gugarqis, taosa da basianis qarTvelobam
aRidgina qarTulenovneba anu Tu ki iqamde maTi wirva-locvisa da literaturis ena iyo somxuri, axla is uaryofil iqna da mis nacvlad mosaxleobam qarTulenovneba daibruna saeklesio saWiroebisas (e.i. maTi saSinoojaxuri (qarTuli) ena axla ukve sazogadiebrivi urTierTobis saSualebad, kulturis enad iqca)
Zvel somxur saistorio geografiaSi `iveria~ ZiriTadad erqva taosa
da basians.
aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT iveria mdebareobda ara anisis CrdiloeTiT, aramed mis dasavleTiT.
VI s-Si `iverTa mTavari~ taos mflobels erqva.
VII-X ss.-Si arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda
535
Tbilisis saamiro da taSir-Zorakertis samefo, xolo Sida qarTli sadavo qveynad iyo afxazeTis, kaxeTisa da Tbilisis saamiro-samTavroTa Soris.
am drosac saxeli `iveria~ Zveleburadve erqva taos miwa-wyals (basianTan erTad) da taos momijnave mxareebsac, anisis dasavleTiT.
amitomac, XI s.-Si imier taos samefos miwa-wyals bizantielebma misi
dapyrobis Semdeg, `iveriis Temi~ uwodes da masSi anisic Seiyvanes.
bizantielebi ~iverias~ konstantine porfirogenetis epoqamdec uwodebdnen taos olqsa da mis momijnave mxareebs.
X s-Si aRniSnuli imperatoris cnobiT iverielebs araqsis marcxena
sanapiros qveynebi ekuTvnoda.
konstantine porfirogeneti bevrs saubrobs amis Sesaxeb.
maSasadame, araqsis dasavleT sanapiros qveynebi, sadac mdebareobdnen
TviT dedaqalaqebic ki somxuri administraciuli erTeulebisa, mainc `iveriad~ iwodeboda da es wodeba (iveria) am mxareebisaTvis ar iyo usafuZvlo:amis mizezi iyo is, rom istoriuladac am miwebi iverielebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, kerZod, Zv.w II saukunisaTvis, strabonis cnobiT iberebisagan
armeniam miitaca pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena, amitom
araqsis marcxena sanapiros qveynebi (Tu ufro meti ara) iberebis istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, radganac strabonis xorZena da somxebis mier gugarqad saxeldebuli qveyana, swored am mxareebSi unda veZioT.
armenielebma mitacebul mxareebis zeda fenebSi gaavrceles somxuri
kultura.
dabali fenebi kvlav iberiuli iyo.
somxuri eklesiis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, aRniSnul mxareebis armenizaciis xarisxi jer kidev ar iyo yovlismomcveli, rogorc es Semdgomma saukuneebma aCvena.
vfiqrob, ZiriTadad am mizezis gamo, avanis sakaTalikoso gamoeyo somxuri eklesiis mTavar centrs dvins.
am gamoyofis mizezad miiCneva sarwmunoebrivi momenti, magram mas ufro
metad eTnikuri safuZveli unda hqonoda.
kerZod, Tanamedrove erevnis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 588 wlidan (sxva
azriT 591 wlidan) Zvel sofel avanSi rezidencia daido armeniis marTlmadidebelma (qalkedonitma) patriarqma.
miiCneva, rom amas safuZveli daudo imperator mavrikes (582-602) sazavo
xelSekrulebam sparseTiTan, ris Sedagadac avani da tao bizantiis imperiaSi moeqca.
es faqti unda yofiliyo safuZveli (da ara mizezi), ramac gaabedina adgilobriv, metwilad qarTuli warmoSobis taoel-basianel
da avanel mosaxleobasa da samRvdeloebas mieRoT im sarwmunoebrivi mimarTulebis sapirispiro
aRmsarebloba, romelsac dvinis
somxuri sakaTalikoso aRiarebda.
cnobili kanonisti kartaSevi, Tavis wignSi `saeklesio krebebi~ wers
rom VI saukuneSi egvi ptelebma, sirielebma da somxebma monofizituri
aRmsarebloba miiRes TavianTi eTnikuri niSnis gamo. kerZod, maT surdaT
536
bizantiis centrisagan TavianTi EeTnikuri gansxvavebulobis sarwmunoebrivi gamoxatva. amitomac roca bizantiis centrma mtkiced dauWira mxari
qalkedonitobas, periferiebma mis sapirispirod monofizitoba aRiares.
Tu kartaSevis am mosazrebas mivusadagebT eTnikurad iseT rTul regions, rogoric iyo tao-basian-avanis mxareebi, SeiZleba msgavsi suraTi
davinaxoT.
tao da basiani iyo arasomxuri mxareebi, misi mosaxleoba `iverebad~
ZvelTaganve iwodeboda, Tumca ki somxuri saeklesio da administraciuli
uRelis qveS.
xelsayreli politikuri momentis dadgomisTan ave maT myisve
Seqmnes dvinis sawinaaRmdegod saeklesio centri avanSi,
qalkedonituri sakaTalikosos saxiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli qarTuli
arqiteqturiT agebuli eklesiebiTa da Cans, aseve sxva mravali
qarTuli niSniT.
v. aruTinova-fidaniani ra Tqma unda, avanis arqiteqturas ar akavSirebs
qarTulTan da miiCnevs, rom `mas aqvs eCmiaZinis, bizantiuri martiriumebis
da konstantinopolis sofiis taZris~ gavlena ( `pravaslavnaia enciklopedia~ t 1. moskovi, 2000, gv.74 ), magram mcxeTis jvris da avanis taZris
arqiteqtura TiTqmis identuria.
damtkicebulad miiCneva, rom avanis `arqiteqturuli ansambli somxuri
arqiteqturis erT-erTi pirveli miRwevaa, mis gverdiT mdebare sasaxlesTan
erTad agebulia 588-597 wlebSi kaTolikos ioanes mier~. (iqve gv.74).
TiTqosda, jer is augiaT da Semdeg misi gegmiT mcxeTis jvari, magram
qarTul wyaroebSi naTlad Cans, Tu rogor miiRo saukuneTa manZilze mcxeTis jvarma Tavisi Camoyalibebuli saboloo saxe, avanis
agebis Sesaxeb aseTi cnobebi ar arsebobs.
kerZod, mcxeTaSi jer aRimarTa wminda ninos mier didi zomis jvari, es
jvari gumbaTiT gadaaxurina rev mefem IV s. bolos, am jvars garSemo
gaukeTes `kubo~. anu is SemosazRvres kedlebiT. e.i. mas hqonda kedlebic
da saxuravic(gumbaTi).
jvris taZris gumbaTis simaRle gansazRvra im xem, romelic mokveTes
wminda ninos dros da romlisganac Seamzades jvari.
matianeSi moTxrobilia- `viTarca naTel iRes mefeman da ... yovelman
erman, maSin dga xe erTi adgilsa erTsa... auwyes episkopossa xisa misTvis,
xolo episkoposman Tqva... `mis xisagan jer ars Seqmnad jvari patiosani,
romelsa Tayvani sces yovelma simravleman qarTlisaman... mohkveTes xe
igi... moaqvnda aTsa aTeulsa kacsa... saswauliTa zecisaTa CvenebiT jvari
patiosani mcxeTas i pyres xeliTa kacobriviTa da mivediT borcvsa mas
qveSe... xolo xvalisa dRe aRvides kldesa mas zeda... mun aRimarTa jvari
igi didebiTa mefeTagan da modrka eri igi uricxvi da Tayvani sces jvars...
raodenisame dRisa Semdgomad, martvilisa ukan, ixiles saswauli didi...
sveti naTlisa, saxed jvarisa dga jvarsa mas zeda da Tormetni igi varskvlavni saxed gvirgvinisa, garemos misa, xolo borcvi igi kumoda saxed
sulnelad da xedvides saswaulsa amas yovelni da mravalni uRmrToTaganni moiqces... mere kualad ixilnes sxva saswauli jvarisa, viTarca ra
537
cecxli dga Tavsa zeda misa, Svid wilad mzisa ubrwyinvalesi zeda daadgra
mas da, viTarca saxumilisa naberwyalni aRavlen, egresaxed angelozni
RvTisani aRvidodes da gardamovidodes mas zeda, xolo borcvi igi iZvroda Zlierad... iqmnebodes saswauli igi wliTi wlad da yoveli eri...
movidodes Tayvanismcemad gulsmodgined. da mas Jamsa revis Zesa mefisasa, esva ymawvili mcire da iyo sneul da miwevnul iyo sikvdilad ... da
moiRo da dadga igi winaSe jvarisa da cremliT ityoda: ~ukueTu miboZo
yma ese cocxali aRvaSeno kubo sayudelad Senda~ da munqvesve
ganikurna yrma igi... movida (revi) aRnaTqvamisa aRmasruleblad...
da gulmodginebiT aRaSena kubo jvarisa mcxeTisa rev, Zeman mefisaman... guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda berZenTasa... aman
iwyo eklesia jvarisa patiosnisa da aqamomde jvari velsa zeda iyo da
qmna eklesia weliamdis oden... guaram kurapalatsa esxnes Zeni... stefanoz
da demetre. ...Zma stefanozisi saxeliT demetre aRaSenebda eklesiasa jvarisa
patiosnisa, rameTu senica iyo mis Tana d aver SemZlebel iyo ganSorebad
karsa eklesiisasa (q.c., I, gv.120-140).
stefanozi da demetre bagrationebi herakle keisarma prosparsuli
orientaciisaTvis taxtidan gadaayena, mis nacvlad qarTlis taxti misca
adarnase xosroians ~... maSin mouwoda keisarma Zesa bakurisasa, qarTvelTa
mefisasa naTesavsa daCisasa, vaxtangis Zisasa, romeli erisTaobda kaxeTs,
romelsa erqva adarnase~
matianedan Cans, rom mcxeTis jvris taZris mSenebloba daiwyo IV
s. bolos rev mefem, man ~kubo~
anu kedlebi auSena jvars, mis
gverdiT sxva eklesiis mSenebloba guaram kurapalatis dros VI s. bolos
daiwyo.
Cans, rom rev mefis mier aSenebuli ~kubos~ forma imeorebda
jvris frTebis formas.
jvris eklesias ukve meoTxe saukunis bolosve eqneboda jvris ori
frTis Sesatyvisi kedeli, romelmac sabolood tetrakonqis saxe miiRo
anu tetrakonqis mSenebloba gansazRvra taZris centrSi aRmarTulma jvris
formam.
imdenad misaRebi yofila qarTuli eklesiisaTvis jvris taZris
forma, rom ukve VI s. Sua wlebSi mis Sesabamisad aages ninowmidis
ekle sia. V I s. b olos k vlav aR sdga j vris taZris mSeneb loba
magram ara nebismieri arqiteqturiT, aramed im formiT, romelic
axsovda mosaxleobas da borcvze aRmarTuli am jvrisaTvis ukve
tradiciuli iyo.VII s. jvris taZris arqiteqtura gaimeores WyondidSi.
ase, rom mcxeTis jvris taZari saukuneTa manZilze Sendeboda da man
Tavisi arqiteqturuli saxe TandaTanobiT miiRo, xolo gumbaTi aSkarad
qarTuli xalxuri arqiteqturisaganaa gadmoRebuli.
xalxi mcxeTis jvris gumbaTis msgavs gumbaTebs XX s. dasawyisSic ki
agebdnen. magaliTad is gmoyenebulia leCxumSi sofel sairmeSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis gadaxurvis sistemaSi.
aqedan gamomdinare IV-VI ss-Si Camoyalibda jvris taZris arqiteqtura, romelic gaimeores avanis arqiteqtorebma, romelic
538
`da wargzavnes antioqias monazoni erTi sakurTxevelad, rameTu ganwesebul iyo kurTxeva antioqiiT kaTalikosisa da verRaravis xelewifeboda
svlad gzasa antioqiisasa... xolo dReTa Teofilaqte antioqiel patriarqisa waravlines mociqulni.. da miuTxres... didsa Wirsa Sina arian qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan netarisa anastasi mRvdelmowamisaTa ara kurTxeul ars siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo
man hyo kreba da ganaCina... raTa Sekrbebodnen episkoposni simravlisa
misisani da akurTxevdnen kaTalikossa JamiTi-Jamad ... xeldasxmul hyo...
erTi movlinebulTa monazonTagani, saxeliT ioane... amas antioqiis krebasa Sina gapatiosnda~ (q.c. I gv.226)
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ am CanarTis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1906 wels
gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba kirion II kaTalikosma, rom es monaTxrobi
exeboda samxreT saqarTvelos tao-basianis mxareebis saeklesio
mowyobas, v. goilaZis azriT ki, aq, gadmocemulia afxazeTis sakaTaliksos
daarsebis cnoba. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis qarTlis cxovrebis sxva CanarTi - `aman bagrat ganaCina kaTalikosi
afxazeTs~ (IXs-Si).
e.i zemoT aRniSnuli pirveli CanarTi qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT ar
ukavSirdeba afxazeTs, amitomac swori unda iyos kirion II, rom es CanarTi
ukavSirdeboda tao-basianis (Sesabamisad avanis) saeklesio mowyobis sakiTxs.
CanarTSi naxsenebia `qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani~ (q.c.
I gv.226).
`qarTvelTa~ provincia erqva, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, tao-basianis mxareebs da mis irgvliv teritorias, romelic droebiT, armeniaSi mdebareobda.
am mxareSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen, magram politikurad isini `somxebad~ iwodebodnen.
am CanarTSi amitomac ganmartavs antioqiis patriarqi, rom saqme Seexeba
`qarTvelTa soflebis mkvidrT~.
aseT SemTxvevaSi qronologiuradac ufro dalagebulia msjeloba.
anastasi antioqieli patriarqi TiTqmis Tanamedrove iyo avanis
qalkedoniti kaTalikosis ioane bagaranelisa, romelic 609 Tu 610
wels gardaicvala.
amis Semdgom, arabobis Semosevebis gamo, marTlac, rTuli iqneboda antioqiisa da tao-avanis saeklesio urTierToba.
avanis kaTedra marTlac umRvdelTmTavrod darCa da qalkedoniti episkoposebi SeierTa somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si, magram es mdgomareoba, anu
eTnikuri mRvdelTmTavris gareSe yofna, ar akmayofilebda tao-basianis
qarTuli qalkedonituri soflebis mrevls.
maT Cans, surdaT saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopovebiT gamoexsnaT TavianTi Tavi somxuri eklesiisagan.
magaliTad moRweulia iSxanis taZris minaweri, sadac adgilobrivi
mRvdelTmTavari trapezuntSi Cavida, raTa konstantinopolis patriarqs
daesxa misTvis xeli.
arzrum-Teodosiopoli tradiciulad antioqieli patriarqis samwysos
ganekuTvneboda da iqve mdebareobda kidec avanis memkvidre tao-basianis
540
Tavi XVI
pontos yofiTi garemo da geografiuli pirobebi
(s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007.rus.enaze)
xalibebi da armenoxalibebi
,,pontos samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan Zlierdeboda
somexTa yofa. araa SemTxveviTi, rom pliniusi ukve werda xalibebisa da
armenoxalibebis Sesaxeb~ (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria, 2007.
rus.enaze. gv. 36).
Temiskira da Termodonti
Temiskaras velTan Zveli miTologia aTavsebda amazonebs md. Temodontze dedaqalaq TemiskiraSi, sadac micurda herakle, raTa moepovebina
dedofal i politas sartyeli (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria,
2007. rus.enaze. gv. 36).
trapezunti
trapezunti iyo am olqis yvelaze didi qalaqi, md. maCkaderedan 3 km-Si,
iq V da IV s. mijnaze iyo qsenefonte. tranezuntis gareSemo cxovrobdnen
kolxebi, romlebic drilebTan erTad emterebodnen am qalaqs. pontos
qalaqebi kerasunti da kotiora (ordu) - sinopis koloniebad iTvle542
sis sanapiroze. Wanebis erTi nawili imperiaSi cxovrobda, meore mis gareT.
IV-V ss. mijnaze lazTa eqspansia intensiuri gaxda CrdiloeTiT da
aRmosavleTiT. imperatorma iustine I-ma (518-527) konstantinopolSi samefo
gvirgvini uboZa lazTa mefes, winaswar ki monaTla imis gamo, rom sparseTi
lazikas miiCnevda Tavis teritoriad da lazTa mefisadmi konstanti popolis daaxloebas mtrul qmedebad ganixilavda.
lazikaSi bizantiuri garnizonebis gasamagreblad iustiniane I (527-565)
mimarTavda RonisZiebebs, iq datyvevebuli bulgarelebi gaugzavna.
iustinianes dros (petras agebamde) q. rizes aRmosavleTiT mdebare raioni
ukve veRar kontroldeboda bizantielTa mier, Tumca iq iyvnen qalaqebi
aTina da afsari, romelnic cnobdnen maTze saimperio xelisuflebas. (gv.
58).
Teodore didis (379-395) pontos dioezi moicavda Semdeg provinciebs
(eparqiebs) - vifinia, paflagonia, elenononto, polemoniakis ponto, galatia
I da galatia II, kapadokia, armenia I da armenia II, trapezunti da kerasunti, aseve neokesaria komania, polemonia miekuTvneboda polemoniakis pontos, xolo amasia, amiso, sinopi, ivora, zila, xaltoni Sediodnen
elenopontos SemadgenlobaSi. provincia armenia I-Si Sediodnen sevastia
(sivasi), nikopoli, kolonia, satala da sevastopoli (ara cxumi). (iqve, gv. 58).
V s. trapezuntSi idga pontos pirveli legioni, rac am qalaqs aniWebda
gansakuTrebul rols, rogorc Tavdacvisas, ise imperiis aRmosavleTis
sazRvrebis dacvisas. imperiis am sazRvrebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda armeniebisa da polemoniakis pontos provinciebs. imperatorma iustiniane I-ma iq daniSna erTiani
samxedro meTauri Magister militum-is tituliT da gauZliera jari.
amis Semdeg Seiqmna aq romaelTa mZlavri forposti. (iqve, gv. 59).
535 wels iustinianem gaaerTiana potos ori provincia - polemoniaki da
elenoponto, magram meore welsve 536 wels iustinianem moaxdina reorganizacia da maT adgilas Seqmna oTxi provincia - armenia I, armenia II,
armenia III da armenia IV. es mas esaWiroeboda bizantiis samxreT kavkasiaSi eqspansiisaTvis.
pirveli armeniis (mas aseve Sida armenia erqva) SemadgenlobaSi, romlis
dedaqalaqi iyo bizana (evfratis piras, mas erqva aseve iustinianepoli),
Sevida Sida olqebis yvela qalaqi (Teodosiopuli, satala, nikopoli, kolonea). am provinciis meTauri iyo maRali rangis moxele - prokonsulis
wodebiT. provincia elenopontis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida sinopi, amiso, amasia da sxv.
trapezuntis da karasuntis sanapiro Seiyvanes armenia pirvelis SemadgenlobaSi. isini iyvnen samxedro-sazRvao flotis bazebi. es qalaqebi
Sesabamisad gamoiyvanes polomeniakis pontos Semadgenlobidan.
s. karpovma i. voronovis naSromze dayrdnobiT did samecniro brunvaSi
Seitana cneba imisa, rom dioskuria anu sebastopolisi iyo q. soxumi. (iuri
voronovi - ,,dioskuriada - sebastopolisi - cxumi, moskovi, 1980).
Sesabamisad fazisi misTvis mdebareobda foTTan axlos, aseve arianes
546
aRwerili aTina-fazisi, pitiunti, biWvinTa, anakofia - axali aToni. is eyrdnoba aseve maqsimovis Sromebs (s. karpovi, trapezuntis imperiis istoria,
2007, rus. enaze).
s. karpovis TvalsazrisiT ,,lazika iyo buferuli saxelmwifo, is sursaTiT (mariliT, RviniT da marcvleuliT) maragdeboda trapezuntidan.
iustinianem trapezuntidan ganaxorciela dasavleT kavkasiaSi sazRvao da
saxmeleTo operaciebi, misi brZanebiT iq miwispirTan gaaswores (daangries)
Zvelromauli simagreebi, radganac fiqrobda, rom maT sparselebi advilad
Caigdebdnen xelSi. Tavdacvis mTavar kvanZebad iqcnen trapezunti da xelaxla aSenebuli da gamagrebuli sebastopolisi da pitiunti. s. karpovi
eyrdnoba prokofi kesarielis ,,SenobaTa Sesaxeb~. (gv. 59).
sad mdebareobda pitiunti da sebastopolisi?
XXVIII (28-e) novelaSi CamoTvlili provincia elenopontos qalaqebi amasia, ebora, evxaita, zela, leontopoli, sinopi, amisi, xolopolemoniakis
pontos qalaqebidan dasaxelebulia neokesaria, komana, trapezunti,
kerasunti, polemonia da aseve cixe-simagreebi (da ara qalaqebi) pitiunti da sebastopoli ,,am sasazRvro simagreebis iqiT iyo
lazika~ ( ). (gv. 59).
afxazeTis sebastopolissa da biWvinTas sparseTi naklebad dai pyrobda,
magram Tu isini trapezuntis regionSi iyvnen, maTi gamagrebiT trapezuntTan erTad Seikvreboda erTiani TavdacviTi sistema, marTlac am sistemam
kargad imuSava da sparseTi damarcxda.
sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis iqiT iyo lazika
,,am simagreebis
iqiT iyo lazika.~ - wers s. karpovi. maSasadame jer iyo sebastopolispitiunti, Semdeg ki, maT iqiT lazika mdebareobda.
sebastopolisi da pitiunti mdebareobdnen lazikis dasavleT
sazRvarTan. Ees unda gavigoT ise, rom isini mdebareobdnen trapezuntis mxares - rogorc prokofi wers fazisis dasavleT sanapiros mxares ,,1 dRis gzis~ iqiT, anu Woroxidan
daSorebulni
iyvnen dasavleTisken 30-iode km-iT.
iustinianes mier pontos sazRvrebTan, kerZod WaneTSi, armeniasa da lazikaSi Sendeboda axali strategiuli gzebi, iwmideboda tyeebi, Sendeboda
axali cixesimagreebi. aRsdga Zvelebi. ZnelSesaRwevi xevebis (klisurebis)
Sesasvlebebi ki iketeboda.
iustinianem aRadgina satala, didi cixe-simagre mis kedlebTan 530 wels
sparselebi damarcxdnen. mTavari strategiuli trasa gadioda trapezuntidan pai pertisaken (baiberdisaken) - da Teodosiopolisaken. damarcxebis
Semdeg 557 wlisaTvis Wanebma aRiares maTze saimperio Zalaufleba, iqamde
isini Tavs esxmodnen am gzaze vaWrebs da Zarcvavdnen. Tavs esxmodnen
armenias.
md. akamfsisis CrdiloeTiT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi iustinianem aago
petras cixe-simagre, romelic akontrolebda dasavleT lazikasa da mis
vaWrobas. petras mieniWa is strategiuli mniSvneloba, romelic adre trapezunts gaaCnda. misi mdgomareoba gaZnelebuli iyo, lazuri mosaxleobis
mtrobis gamo. sparseTis alyis Semdeg petra Cabarda 541 wels da
dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, mTavari samxedro forfostad kvlav
547
siwmideebi
wm. grigoli neokesarieli, saswaulTmoqmedi III saukunisa iyo ponto
polemoniakis mitropoliti, romlis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda trapezuntis saepiskoposo. (is unda exila Tavis CvenebaSi wm.
mefe vaxtang gorgasals am mxareebSi laSqrobisas. mitr. an.). am eparqias
eklesiurad, Semoklebis mizniT- `lazikis eparqiasac~ uwodebdnen
SemdegSi.
romaelma mefisnacvalma agrikolam sevastieli da nikopoleli (mcire
aziis Sida olqebis) qristianebi daxoca. lisiam, moawyo tribunali satalaSi, qaldeas sazRvarTan. 40 sebastieli mowame, 45 nikopoleli mowame,
wm. evstrati da misi 4 TanamoRvawe (wm. aqvsenti, evgeni, mardari da oresti),
wm. orenti da misi 6 Zma, daxocilebi laziis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi da
pitiuntSi (!) - qristinaTa masobrivi angariSsworebis msxverplni iyvnen
(daiwera maTi cxovrebis sxvadasxva versiebi). (gv. 214).
qalaq komanaSi amasiis mefisnacvalma agri pam dasaja qristiani mowame
- vasiliski. is dabadebulia sofel xumialaSi, xolo am wmindanma amasiidan komanamde gzaze mdebare sofel dakozaraSi moaxdina saswauli ris
mowme romaelma jariskacebma qriste aRiares. sofel komanas uban dioskoraSi mas Tavi mokveTes - miTi cxovrebis mixedviT (gv. 215).
liciniuss surda amasiis episkopos vasilis (daaxl. 309 w.) wameba.
pirvelma CvenTvis cnobilma trapezuntelma episkoposma domnam monawileoba miiRo 325 wlis nikeis I ms. krebis muSaobaSi. (gv. 215).
pontoeli mRvdelmTavrebi araerTxel aurCeviaT konstantinopolis patriarqad.
Tavd apirvela d trapezunti iyo neokes ariis sa mitropolitos
erTerTi saepriskoposo (ponto polemoniakis eparqia). (gv. 216).
(Darrouzes J. Notatiae episcopatuum... P. 223, 237, 255).
trapezuntis kaTedris samitropolito rangSi ayvana moxda, rogorc
Cans or etapad (680/81 da 787 wlebSi) fazisis mitropolitis tituli gadaeca
trapezuntis meufes da mRvdelmTavarma qristeforem xeli moawera VII ms. krebis (787) aqtebs, Tavdapirvelad rogorc fazisisa da
trapezuntis episkoposma, xolo Semdeg ubralod rogorc trapezuntelma. (gv. 216).
sakuTriv trapezuntis kaTedris ayvana samitropolito rangSi,
Cans moxda basili I (867-886) mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi. pirveli
trapezunteli episkoposi mitropolitis xarisxis iyo aTanase (843886). (gv. 216).
trapezuntel mitropolits notaciebSi (X s. dasawyisSi) 33-e adgili ekava (XIV s.-mde) da erqva ,,lazikis eparqiis~ mitropoliti.
X .
XIV . 33-
(gv. 216).
kerasunti, romelic aseve neokesariis eparqiaSi Sedioda XI s. bolodan
550
samitropolito gaxda. amasiis samitropolitosac (elenopontos eparqiaSi) sapatio adgili eWira konstantinepolis saepiskoposo cxrilSi. (gv.
210).
trapezuntis mitropolitma wm. vasilim 913-914 wlebSi aRadgina sakaTedro taZari, magram trapezuntis mitropolitis mier arqiepiskoposis titulis gamoenebam gamoiwvia patriarq nikoloz I mistikosis (901-907, 912-925)
protesti. man moiTxova raTa qaldiis sapatriarqo egzarqoss gaegzavna
konstantinopolSi prelati axsna-ganmartebis misacemad. qaldiis mitropoliti aseve ganisaja patriarqis mier monastridan erTerTi beris, albaT
misi yofili moZRvris gaZevebisaTvis.
(e. i. trapezuntis mitropoliti igivea rac qaldiis mitropoliti, amave dros is aris ,,lazikis eparqiis~ mitropoliti, anu lazika da qaldea sinonimebia).
- X .
XIV . 33-
(Darrouzes, Notatie episcopatuum... P.272).
lazikis eparqias kaTedraTa siebSi X-XIV ss-Si eWira 33-e adgili.
trapezuntis avtokefalur mitropolias am siebSi ewodeba lazikis eparqia (anda eparqia lazikaSi). (gv. 216).
913-914 wlebSi trapezuntis mitropolitma wm. vasilim aRadgina RvTismSoblis sakaTedro eklesia trapezuntSi. man Tavis Tavs mianiWa ufleba
etarebina tituli arqiepiskoposisa, ramac aRaSfoTa patriarqi nikoloz I
mistikosi (901-907, 912-925).
kerasuntis wm. epifanes monasteri droebiT gadaeca alaniis mitropolits saxarjod, rasac protesti mohyva monastris mxridan, male kerasuntis kaTedraze gadmoiyvanes Turqebis mier dapyrobili ankiris mitropoliti. bizantiur samyaroSi gansakuTrebiT iyvnen saxelganTqmulni
trapezuntis sami monasteri - vazeloni, sumela da wm. giorgis peristereota. vazelonis monsteri - maWukaSi dauarsebiaT 270 wels. man
Tavisi saxeli miiRo zabulonis mTisagan, romelzec is idga (zabuloni erqva wm. ninos mamas, mitr. anania).
sumela - daarsda XII s-Si, aToneli berebis mier, romelTac aq miutaniaT RvTismSoblis saswaulTmoqmedi xati, romelic gadmocemebiT luka
maxarebels dauxatavs. sumelas monasters uxvad asaCuqrebdnen trapezuntis imperatorebi. (gv. 218).
aseve cnobili iyo wm. evgenis monasteri, romelic ayvavda IX-XII ss-Si
da gaaCnda didi miwis farTobebi trapezuntSi, qaldeasa da pai pertSic.
trapezunti Tavis saeklesio gavlenis gavrcelebas cdilobda alaniaSi, romlis mitropolitsac kaTedra trapezuntSi hqonda. Tavis gavlenas trapezunti yirimzec avrcelebda. rogorc Cans, mas surda Tavisi
gavlenis gavrceleba iberiaSi jer kidev X s. dasawyisSi magaliTad
923 wels trapezuntSi miuRiaT gadawyvetileba raTa iSxnis episkoposisaTvis xeli trapezuntSi daesxaT (gv. 219).
gv. 220. ,,alaniis mitropolits gaaCnda sakuTreba trapezuntSi,
aTinasa da lazikaSi~.
551
ankaris samitropolito qristes Sobidan 325 wels daarsda, Tavdapirvelad keisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolitos sapatio primatobis
qveS myofi, 451 wels is gaxda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
samitropolito. meSvide saukuneSi samitropolitos iurisdiqciaSi 8 eparqia Sedioda, me-11 saukunisaTvis ki am eparqiebis raodenoba
eqvsamde Semcirda. Turq-selCukebis mier am teritoriis okupaciis Semdeg
eparqiebis raodenoba kidev ufro Semcirda da me-13 saukunis bolos, saerTod gaqra. ankaris samitropolitos CrdiloeTidan prousis (Prousa)
samitropolito, nikaias (Nikaia ) samitropolito da neokaisariis
(Neokaisaria , gangras (Gangra ) mxare) samitropolito esazRvreba;
aRmosavleTidan kaisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito; samxreTidan
ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito da filadelfiis samitropolito;
da dasavleTidan ki filadelfiis samitropolito, prousiis (Prousa)
samitropolito da nikaias (Nikaia) samitropolito esazRvreba.
sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: dorilaioni (Dorylaion), ankaris aRmosavleTiT 228 km-Si; kotiaioni (Kotyaion), dorilaionis (Dorylaion) samxreTdasavleTiT 65 km-Si; anastasioupolisi (Anastasipupolis), ankaris CrdilodasavleTiT 85 km-Si; iouliopolisi (Iouliopolis), ankaris Crdilo-dasavleTiT 135 km-Si; ioustinianupolisi (Ioustinianoupolis), ankari samxreT-dasavleTiT 135 km-Si; gordioni (Gordion), ankargis samxreT-dasavleTiT 70 km-Si;
kaloumni (Kaloumni), ankaris CrdiloeTiT 40 km-Si; mizosi (Mizos), ankaris
dasavleTiT 45 km-Si; da koptolofosi (Koptolofos), ankaris aRmosavleTiT
65 km-Si.
1921 wels moxda samitropolitos aRmosavleTi nawilis okupacia berZnuli
samxedro Zalebis mier. kerZod, 1921 wlis 2 ivliss moxda kotiaionis
(Kotyaion) okupacia, xolo 1921 wlis 6 ivliss ki dorilaionis (Dorylaion)
okupacia. 1922 wlis agvistoSi, damarcxebis Semdeg, berZnuli samxedro
Zalebi gandevnes am teritoriidan da moxda marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobis nawilis evakuacia ki saberZneTSi, nawili ki iqna ganadgurebuli gamarjvebuli Turqebis mier. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis
gacvla saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris, marTlmadidebelma mosaxleobam
samitropolitos danarCeni nawilic datova. dRes samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar gvxvdeba marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
ankaris mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
57. jonikius (Johnnicius) II
ivlisi 1779 - marti 1811
d. 1823
(to m. Nikaia)
58. sofroniusi (Sophronius) I
marti 1811 - 1814+
d. 1814
59. meTodiusi (Methodius)
ivnisi 1814 - 13 maisi 1823
17711850
(to p. Antioch)
60. agaTangelus (Agatangelus)
maisi 1823 - seqtemberi 1827 1 7 8 0 1852
Myrianthousis (to m. Thiva)
61. Teodosiusi (Theodosius) II
oqtomberi 1827 - 1834+
d. 1834
(ex t.b.Zichna Mar 1821)
561
ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolitos CrdiloeTidan ankaris samitropolito esazRvreba; aRmosavleTidan kaisariis (Kaisaria) samitropolito da anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; samxreTidan anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; da dasavleTidan ki mas pisidiis (Pisidai) samitropolito
da filadelfiis samitropolito SemosazRvravs. sxva mniSvnelovani
qalaqebia: nigdi (Nigdi), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT 230 km-Si; arqelaisi (Archelais), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 150 km-Si; karvali (Karvali), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 130 km-Si; parnasosi (Parnassos), ikonionis (Ikonion) CrdiloeTiT 200 km-Si; tba tattas (Tatta)
sanapiroze; tiana (Tyana), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT 210 km-Si; iraklia (Iraklia), ikonionis (Ikonion) aRmosavleTiT 170 km-Si; laranda (Laranda),
ikonionis (Ikonion) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 110 km-Si; dalisandosi (Dalisandos), ikonionis (Ikonion) samxreT-dasavleTiT 85 km-Si; koralia (Korallia),
ikonionis (Ikonion) dasavleTiT 80 km-Si, amave saxelis mqone tbis napirze;
tiriaioni (Tyriaion), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 75 km-Si; da
filomilioni (Philomilion), ikonionis (Ikonion) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 120 kmSi, amave saxelis mqone tbis napirze.
1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
ikonionis (Ikonion) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
50. rafaeli (Raphael)
ivlisi 1780 - seqtemberi 1803
d.e1806
(to m. Larissa)
51. kirili (Cyril)
seqtemberi 1803-dekemberi 1810
177 51821
Sermpetzoglous (to p. Adrianoupolis)
52. neofitus (Neophytus) I
dekemberi 1810 - 1825+
d. 1834
53. anTimus (Anthimus) III
oqtomberi 1825 - seqtemberi 1835 1 7 8 8 1878
Vamvakis (to m. Larissa)
54. samuel (Samuel)
seqtemberi 1835 - 8 ianvari 1840
d. ?
(ex yofili m. Pisidia) gadamdgari
55. ioakim (Ioachim) II
ianvari 1840 - ivnisi 1846
d. ?
(ex m. Vodela) gadamdgari
56. meletius (Meletius) II
ivnisi 1846 - 1849+
d. 1849
(ex m. Dimistrias)
57. neofitus (Neophytus) II maisi 1849 - ianvari 1865+
d. 1864
(ex m. Elasson)
58. sofroniusi (Sophronius)
11 ianvari 1865 - 1 maisi 1873
d. 1890
Christidis (to m. Didymotichon)
59. agaTangelusi (Agathangelus) 1 maisi 1873 - 17 ivlisi 1885
d. 1885
(ex m. Mithymna)
60. doroTeusi (Johnnicius)
26 agv. 1885 - 22 ivlisi 1887
d. 1924
563
gra) mxare) samitropolito; samxreTidan anadis (Anada) (antioqiis sapatriarqo) samitropolito; dasavleTidan ki mas ikonionis (Ikonion) samitropolito da ankaris samitropolito SemosazRvravs. sxva mniSvnelovani
qalaqebia: moutalaski (Moutalaski), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
10 km-Si; kamouliana (Kamouliana), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 40 km-Si;
neapolisi (Neapolis), keisariis (Kaisaria) dasavleTiT 75 km-Si; prokopioni
(Prokopion), keisariis (Kaisaria) dasavleTiT 55 km-Si; miTridationi (Mirhridation), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 155 km-Si; mokisosi (Mokissos), keisariis
(Kaisaria) samxreT-dasavleTiT 130 km-Si; kiskisosi (Kiskissos), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 205 km-Si; zila (Zila), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTaRmosavleTiT 250 km-Si; pterioni (Pterion), keisariis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 245 km-Si; efqaita (Efchaita), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 260 km-Si;
da askli piioni (Asklipiion), keisariis (Kaisaria) samxreTiT 310 km-Si.
1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
keisariis (Kaisaria) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
91. leontius (Leintius) III
ivlisi 1796 - 1 oqt. 1801
d. ?
(to m. Melenikon) gadamdgari
92. filoTeusi (Philotheus)
oqt. 1801 - maisi 1816+
d. 1816
(ex yofili m. Tornovon)
93. meletiusi (Meltius) II
maisi 1816 - 1817+
d. 1817
(to m. Neokaisaria)
94. ioanikiusi (Johnnicius)
ivnisi 1817-15 noemberi 1823+ d. 1823
(to m. Nikia) ix. SeniSvna 1
95. qrisanTusi (Chrisanthus)
noemberi 1823-dekemberi 1830 d. 1836
(to m. Ephesos)
96. gerasimusi (Gerasimus)
dekemberi 1830 - mart 1832 d. 1837
Domninos (ex m. Ouzitsa) gadamdgari (to m. Ankyra)
97. paisius (Paisius) II
marti 1832 - 30 ianv. 1871+
17771871
Kepoglous
98. eustaqe (Eustace)
3 oqt. 1871 - 26 ianv. 1876+
18241876
Kleovoulos, ix. SeniSvna 2
99. meTodius (Methodius) II
28 ianvari 1876 - maisi 1878 d. 1897
Aronis (ex m. Mytilini)(to m. Didymotichon)
100. ioane (John)
21 maisi 1878-28 aprili 1902 1 8 3 4 1902
Anastasiadis
101. gervasi (Gervase)
14 maisi 1902 - 16 marti 1910 d. 1916
Orologas (ex m. Korytsa)(to m. Ioannina)
102. sofroniusi (Sophronius)
27 marti 1910-25 aprili 1911 d. 1917
Nistopoulo (ex m. Ankyra) droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to m. Kolonia)
103. ambrosi (Ambrose)
25 apr. 1911 - 13 Teber. 1914
1854-1931
565
568
seqcia F
mitropoliebi samxreT-aRmosavleT saSualo aziaSi
qaldiis (Chaldia), xerianis (Cheriana) da kerasusis (Kerasous)
samitropolito
qaldiis (Chaldia), xerianis (Cheriana) da kerasusis (Kerasous) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da helenopontos (Helenopontus) egzarxosi
qalaqi argiropolisi (Argyropolis), ganlagebuli trapezousis (Trapezous) samxreTiT 80 km-iT daarsda rogorc tiras (Thyra) dasaxleba (kolonia)
qristes Sobamde 700 wels, berZnebis mier, romlebmac pirvelebma aRmoaCines vercxli am regionSi. romis imperiis kontrolis qveS is qristes
Sobamde 63 wels gadavida, qristes Sobamde 37 wels pontos mefe polemon
I-s gadaeca da qristes Sobidan 64 wels is kvlav romaelebma daibrunes.
mravali saukunis Semdeg, is SeuerTda axali romis (bizantiis) provincia qaldias, romelic daaxloebiT 840 wels Seiqmna. saxelwodeba argiropolisi (Argyroupolis) (vercxlis qalaqi) ganekuTvneba romaul periods,
axlo-maxlo arsebuli vercxlis sabados gamo. trabzonis (Trebzond) imperiis nawili 1204 wlidan, is iyo daculi Tavisi mTliani adgilmdebareobiT manam, sanam is dai pyro osmanTa imperiam 1479 wels, trabzonis (Trebzond)
imperiis damxobidan 18 wlis Semdeg.
es teritoria iyo neokeisariis (Neokaisaria ) samitropolitos
nawili daaxloebiT 840 wlamde, manam sanam Seiqmneboda trapezusis
(Trapezous) samitropolito da, sxva eparqiebs Soris, daqvemdebareSi hyavda xerianiis (Creriana) eparqia. 1624-53 wlebSi xerianiis (Cheriana) eparqia gaxda arqieparqia da iqca samitropolitod 1767 wlis ivlisSi.
qalaqi kerasusi (Kerasous), ganlagebuli Savi zRvis sanapiroze trapezusis (Trapezous) dasavleTiT 120 km-iT, gaxda qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolitos nawili 1913 wlis 12 dekembers.
kerasusi (Kerasous) gaxda neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolitos nawili qristes Sobidan 431 wlamde da gaxda samitropolito
1085-1147 wlebis ganmavlobaSi. kvlav samitropolito 1621 wels, is
iqca sapatriarqo egzarqatad 1644 wels, 1698 wels trapezusis (Trapezous ) samitropolitosTan mierTebamde. amis Semdeg is daubrunda
egzarqatis statuss da 1774 wlis ivlisSi kvlav miuerTda trapezusis
(Trapezous). amis Semdeg, is rCeboda samitropolitos SemadgenlobaSi 1913
wlamde.
CrdiloeTidan qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolitos SemosazRvravs
Savi zRva, trapezusis (Trapezous) samitropolito da rodopolisis
(Rhodopolis) samitropolito; aRmosavleTidan trapezusis (Trapezous)
samitropolito, rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito da Teodosioupolisis (Theodosiupolis ) samitropolito; samxreTidan Teodoupolisis samitropolito da koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito; da koloniis (Kolonia) samitropolito da neokeisariis (Neokaisaria) samitropolito dasavleTidan.
sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebia: xeriania (Cheriana), argiropolisis (Argy569
ropolis) samxreT-dasavleTiT 60 km-iT; siissa (Syissa) [ saisini ! ], argiropolisis (Argyropolis) samxreTiT 60 km-iT; mesoqaldioni (Mesochaldion),
argiropolisis (Argyroupolis) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 20 km-iT; da Toania (Thoania),
argiropolisis (Argyropolis) Crdilo-dasavleTiT 65 km-iT.
1916 wlis ivlisSi argiropolisi (Argyroupolis) dai pyro rusulma armiam,
magram, mefis damxobis Semdeg, 1918 wlis 15 Tebervals, rusebi gaaZeves. 1920
wlis ianvar-noemberSi samitropolitos teritoria iyo pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis nawili.
1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
qaldiis (Chaldia) mitropolitebi 1800 wlis Semdeg
15. sofronousi (Sophronius)
noemb. 1790 - 13 noemb. 1818+
d. 1818
Lazaridis
16. silvester (Sylvester) II
ianvari 1819-6 agvisto 1830+
d. 1830
Lazaridis
17 Teofilus (Theophilus)
seqtemb. 1830 - 17 Teb. 1864 d. 1864
Adysaios
18. gervasi (Gervase)
14 ivlisi 1864 - 1 maisi 1905 1 8 2 0 1906
Soumelidis, gadamdgari, 8 marti, 1906+
19. laurentiusi (Laurentiu)
1 maisi 1905-25 oqtomberi 1922 d. 1928
Papadopoulos (to m. filippi)
20. basili (Meletius) (pirvelad)
25 oqt. 1922 - 10 maisi 1924 1 8 8 7 1941
Komvopoulos (ex m. Mithymna) gadayenebuli (to former, to m. Chaldia) ix.
SeniSvna 1
basili (Meletius) (meored)
19 ivnisi 1930-2 oqt. 1930
18871941
Komvopoulos (ex former m. Chaldia) (to m. Drama)
21. kirili (Alexander)
10 oqt. 1943 - 1 maisi 1991+
19081991
Axiotis
21. spiridoni (Ambrose)
18 oqt. 1903 - 25 aprili 1991 b. 1940
Papageorgiou (ex a. America) droebiT gadayenebuli
SeniSvna 1. 1924-30 wlebSi mitropoliti basili gaemgzavra amerikaSi da
dairqva ,,amerikis mitropoliti~. amisaTvis, 1924 wlis 10 maiss ekumenurma
sapatriarqom mas CamoarTva sasuliero wodeba. eqvsi wlis Semdeg man
moinania Tavisi saqcieli da iyo aRdgenili.
570
Fotianos, gadamdgari
13. ieremia (Jeremias)
27 noemb. 1864 - oqt. 1878+
d. 1878
Georgiadis (ex t.b. Nyra 13 Teb. 1860)
14. geradiusi (Gennadius)
agvisto 1879-10 ianvari 1889 d.?
Vasiliadis (ex former a. Rhodopolis), gadayenebuli
koloniis (Kolonia) mitropolitebi 1889 wlis Semdeg
13. doroTeus (Doroteus) I
2 ianvari 1889 - 1894+
d. 1894
(ex m. Halepion)
14. leontiusi (Leontius)
15 Teb. 1894 - 29 aprili 1899 1 9 4 4 1926
Choetouriotis (ex t.b. Lefki marti 1886) (to m. Philadelphia)
15. polikarpi (Polycarp)
16 maisi 1899 - 28 aprili 1911 18641935
Psomiadis (to fromer m. Neokaisaria)
16. sofroniusi (Sophronius) II
28 aprili 1911 - 10 Teb. 1917+
d.
1917
Nistopoulos (ex fromer m. Kaisaria)
17. doroTeus (Dorotheus) II
11 ivlisi 1917 - 17 ianvari 1919 d. 1924
Christidis (ex m. Sozoagthoupolis) gadamdgari, 24 oqtomberi, 1923+
18. gabrieli (Gabriel) (pirvelad)
9 aprili 1967 - 29 dek. 2003+
1819-2003
Premetidis
rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolito
rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) mitropoliti, yvelaze pativcemuli da
lazikis (Lazica) egzarxosi
qalaqi rodopolisi (Rhodopolis) (dRevandeli qvacixe, Kvatsikhe,
saqarTvelo), ganlagebulia quTaisis aRmosavleTiT 35 km-iT, antikuri kolxeTis teritoriaze. mogvianebiT cnobili rogorc lazika, saxelmwifo am teritoriaze Camoyalibda qristes Sobidan meoTxe saukuneSi.
542 wels, romis imperiis gavlenis neitralizebis mizniT, igi daipyro sparseTma. Tavisi gavlenis dabruneba romis imperiam SeZlo 549-56 wlebSi sparseTis winaaRmdeg mimdinare lazikis omis Sedegad. amis Semdeg lazika
rCeboda romis imperiis gavlenis qveS daaxloebiT qristes Sobidan 700
wlamde, manam, sanam ar moxda am teritoriis okupacia arabebis
mier. amis Semdeg lazikis mosaxleobam gadainacvla samxreT-dasavleTiT trabzonamde da Sesabamisad, lazika daerqva ukve lazebiT
dasaxlebul axal teritorias.
rodopolisi (Rhodopolis) warmoadgenda fazisis samitropolitoSi
Semaval eparqias. fazisis samitropolito gauqmda arabebis SemoWris Semdeg da mecxre saukuneSi misi teritoria SeuerTda trapezousis (Trapezous) axal samitropolitos.
trabzonis samxreTiT, mTian teritoriaze, sami istoriuli monasteri
mdebareobs. sumela (Soumela), dikaiosimonis (Dikaiosimon) samxreTiT 20 kmiT, gadmocemis mixedviT daarsda 386 wels. vazeloni (Vazelon), dikaiosimonis (Dikaiosimon) samxreT-dasavleTiT 10 km-iT, gadmocemis mixedviT daars572
da 270 wels. monasteri peristereota (Peristereota) ki, gadmocemis mixedviT, 752 wels daarsda. trabzonis imperiis mmarTvelobis periodSi samive
monasteri iyo eklesiurad avtonomiuri da maTi Zalaufleba garSemomyof
dasaxlebazec vrceldeboda. es avtonomia 1461 wels am teritoriis osmanTa imperiis mier okupaciis Semdegac gagrZelda da TiToeul monasters
hqonda sapatriarqo egzarqatis statusi. 1863 wlis maisSi samive
egzarqati gauqmda da maT adgilas Camoyalibda rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) axali arqieparqia. unda aRiniSnos, rom am arqieparqias didxans ar
uarsebia, 1867 wlis 7 seqtembers is gauqmda da isev aRdga sami egzarqati.
1920 wlis oqtomberSi egzarqatebi kvlav gauqmda da is rodopolisis
axalma samitropolitom Caanacvla.
rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) samitropolitos samxreTidan da aRmosavleTidan trapezousis (Trapezous) samitropolito SemosazRvravs,
xolo samxreTidan da dasavleTidan ki qaldiis (Chaldia) samitropolito.
samitropolito taxti aris qalaq dikaiosimonSi (Dikaiosimon ),
trapezousis (Trapezous) samxreTiT 25 km-iT. Turquli saxeli miRebulia am teritoriis saxelwodebidan romis imperiis batonobis periodSi maWuka (Matsouka).
1916 wels, rusulma armiam moaxdina dikaiosimonisa (Dikaiosimon) da monasterbis okupacia, magram 1918 wels, mefis damxobis Semdeg, moxda maTi
gandevna am teritoriidan. 1920 wlis ianvar-noemberSi samitropolitos
teritoria iyo pontos avadsaxsenebeli berZnul-somxuri respublikis
nawili. 1923 wels, mas Semdeg rac moxda mosaxleobis gacvla saberZneTsa
da TurqeTs Soris, samitropolitos teritoriaze aRar darCa marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba.
rodopolisis (Rhodopolis) ierarqebi
(arqiepiskoposebi 1863-1867 wlebSi, SemdgomSi mitropolitebi)
1. genadiusi (Gennadius)
3 ianvari 1864 - 7 seqt. 1867
d. 1894
Vasiliadis, droebiT gadamdgari (to former, to b. Nikopolis)
2. gervasi (Gervase)
16 noemb. 1902 - 10 oqt. 1906 1 8 6 7 1934
Sarasitis (ex t.b. Nazianzos 28 ivlisi 1901) (to m. Korista)
3. leontiusi (Leontius)
10 oqt. 1906 - 22 seqt. 1909 1 8 4 4 1926
Chroutouriotis (ex m. Philadelphia) droebiT gadamdgari, 2 ivnisi, 1926+
4. kirili (Cyril)
22 seqt. 1909 - 11 ianv. 1944+ 1 8 7 2 1944 Chatzipapadimitriou
5. ieronimusi (Hieronymus)
5 agv. 1954 - 17 noemb. 2005+ 1 9 1 2 2005
Konstantinidis (ex t.b. Trallis 28 ianvari, 1951)
[[SeniSvna: avtori samwuxarod moeqca sabWoTa epoqis saistorio gavlenis qveS,magaliTad, is imeorebs XX s.-Si Seqmnil legendas TiTqosda
daaxloebiT 700 wlisaTvis dasaleT saqarTvelodan lazebi gadasaxld573
(anu q. poleminioni) daitova Tavissave samRvdelmTavro gamgeblobaSi, amitomac ase iwoda - ,,qristefore trapezuntisa da fadisas episkoposi~.
aseve moawera kidev xeli krebis dadgenilebebs.
N#3 da #4 notaciebiT (806-815 wlebSi) da aseve #5 notaciiT (820-829
wlebi) p. ingoroyvas kvleviT, trapizonis kaTedras ewodeba - ,,polemonis
pontos kaTedra~ me-8 saukuneSi (p. ingoroyva, gv. 237, SeniSvna 1), polemons fadisa erqva, am kaTedras ki ,,fasidisa~ erqva.
e.w. foT-fazisisa datrapezuntis kaTedrebis erTmaneeTTan dakavSireba Secdomaa,erTTmaneTs trapezuntisa da polemonionis (fasida-fadisas) kaTedrebi ukavSirdebodnen .
Tavi XVII
petras cixe-simagre da petras saepiskoposo
kaTedra
petras cixe-qalaqi
n. adoncis cnobiT cixe-qalaqi petra mdebareobda imperiis Crdilo sazRvarze. radganac lazika imperiaSi Sedioda petra mis CrdiloeTSi mdebareobda. petras aSeneba-dafuZnebiT iustinianem imperiis sazRvari gaafarTova CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. iustinianemde imperiis Crdilo-sazRvari mdebareobda trapezuntTan axlos, rizes raionSi, mxolod
iustinianes gafarToebis Semdeg gadaiwia imperiis Crdilo sazRvarma md.
Woroxis SesarTavamde. am sazRvris dasafiqsireblad iustinainem aago
kidec petras simagre da imperiis sazRvrebis am gafarToebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra sparseTma.
ase rom, petra mdebareobda lazikis qveyanSi da, imavdroulad,
imperiis Crdilo sazRvarze, anu petra lazikis CrdiloeTSi mdebareobda imperiis sasazRvro mdinaris fazisis anu Woroxis siaxlov es.
mravali Zveli ucxouri wyaros Tanaxmad md. fazisi didxans
iyo bizantiis imperiis Crdilo sazRvari. Cven mecnierebaSi ganmtkicebuli azriT md.fazisi iyo md. rioni, es Tvalsazrisi ucxoeTSic gavrcelda, amitomac zogierTi ucxoelis mtkicebiT VI saukunedan da TviT Tamar mefis drosac ki sazRvari saqarTvelosa da
bizantias Soris gadioda md.rionze anu fazisze. am azrs icavda
cnobili bizantiologi T.uspenski(ix.p.ingoroyva,giorgi merCule,
1954,gv.267), amJamad icaven karpovi da sxvani. marTlac,Tuki rioni
fa zis ia ,ma Sin ,r adg ana c w ya roT a c no biT sa zRv ar i f azi sze g adioda,sasazRvro mdinare rioni gamodis, TviT XIII s.-Sic ki. sinamdvileSi fazisad iwodeboda md.Woroxi, romlis siaxlovesac
idga petras cixe-simagre,rome lic bizantiis Crdilo sazRvars
icavda.
577
petras cixe-qalaqi zRvispiras mdebareobda, fazisis sanapirosTan axlos. prokofi magaliTad wers: `sparsTa jari ise mivida petraSi, rom
fazisi marjvniv hqondaT~ da sxva mravali msgavsi fraza, romelic fazisTan
petras siaxloves metyvelebs. Tu fazisi aris rioni, rioni imdenadaa
daSorebuli petra-cixisZir-gonios, rom jaris marSrutis aRsawerad saWiro
iqneboda ara rionis xseneba, aramed sxva romelime ufro axlos mdebare
mdinarisa anda punqtisa.
meore SemTxvevaSi arqeopolisTan axlos gamavali sparsTa jari exmianeba arqeopolisis berZen mebrZolebs da miemarTeba fazis-petrasken, Tan
iqadneba rom male dabrundeba ukan _ maTi dialogidan aSkaraa, rom arqeopolisic da petrac axlo arian mdinare fazisTan. erT regionSi, erT
arealze arian. sxva dros ki, petraSi damarcxebulma mebrZoleebma md.
fazisi gadalaxes da Tavs swrafad uSveles, aseTi magaliTi bevriaromelTaganac Cans,rom mdinare fazisad Woroxi iwodeboda,xolo goniosTan
axlos unda yofiliyo qalaqi fazisi
manZilebi persarmeniidan petramde. prokofi kesarielis cnobiT,
sparseTis Sahi da misi Zalebi petras cixe-simagreSi, Savi zRvis piras,
fazisis(Woroxis) SesarTavTan miemarTebodnen persarmeniidan, kerZod ki,
dvinis sanaxebidan. misi cnobiT, sparsuli jari lazikaSi omebis SualedebSi isvenebda da Zalebs iRdgenda persarmeniaSi, kerZod ki, dvinis sanaxebSi. aqedan isini miemarTebodnen sabrZolvelad petraSi. marTlac, sparseTsa da lazikas Soris imyofeboda persarmeniis qveyana, anu, sparselTa
mier dapyrobili somxeTis qveyana da misi ekonomikuri centri dvini. amitomac dvinis sanaxebis SerCeva sparsuli jarisTvis lazikaSi laSqrobis dros bunebrivi iyo.
qarTuli XX saukunis istorikosebis mtkicebiT, sparsuli jarebi petraSi Sediodnen suramis uReltexilis gavlis gziT.
Cven ar veTanxmebiT qarTvel istorikosTa mtkicebas, rom sparsuli jarebi
petraSi suramis gziT Sediodnen im Zalze ubralo mizezis gamo, rom
dvinidan petramde V-VI saukuneebSi arsebobda pirdapiri gza. Tanamedrove punqtebis saxelebis gamoyenebiT es gza iyo
_ dvini _ yarsi _
ardagani _ arTvini _ petra. es iyo imdenad cnobili gza, rom mis piras IXX saukuneebisTvis warmoiqmna `qarTvelTa samTavros~ dedaqalaqi _ artanuji, cnobili savaWro qalaqi, romelic konstantine porfirogenetis
sityviT, vaWrobda somxeTTan, afxazeTTan, iberiasTan da siriasTan. maSasadame, aRniSnuli gza realurad
sicocxlisunariani iyo pirvel
aTaswleulSi. Tu sparsuli jari dvinidan suramis gziT gaswevda petraSi, mas orjer da samjer ufro grZeli gza unda gaevlo. jer es jari unda
Sesuliyo TbilisSi, Semdeg suramis gavliT dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gaevlo is TiTqmis mTlianad suramidan petramde da Semdeg CarTuliyo gaafTrebul omSi. es ki sruliad araracionaluri gza iqneboda, radganac ukve
arsebobda pirdapiri gza: dvini _ yarsi _ artaani _ arTvini _ petra,
arsianis qedis gavliT, persarmeniis qalaq yarsidan ardahanamde sul 97
578
km-ia, ardahanidan arTvinamde _ 99km. arTvinidan borCxamde _ 37km, borCxidan aWariswylamde _ 29 km. aWariswylidan baTumamde _ 17 km. sul yarsidan
petramde daaxloebiT iqneboda 97+99+37+29+17=277 daaxloebiT 300km, maSin,
roca persarmeniis aRniSnuli qalaqidan suramis qedis gavliT petramde
iqneboda 800-900 km mainc. maSasadame, jari ivlida mokle da ukve arsebuli
300-kilometriani gziT.
brZolebi q. petrasTan lazikis didi omis dros (542-562).
542 w. `lazTa mefis~ gubaz II-is miwveviT sparsTa jari petras miadga.
meTaurobda Sahi xosro I. petras cixis aRebisas iranelebma gvirabi gaiyvanes. erTi koSki Camoingra da bizantieli strategosi cibe daiRupa. petraSi sparsTa jari Cadga (542 w.).
549 w. gubaz II-m axla bizantiis imperators sTxova daxmareba sparsTa
winaaRmdeg. iustinianem 8000 meomari gamogzavna (aqedan 1000 Wani). alya
Semoartyes petras gubazis laSqarTan erTad. sparsTa laSqari kvlav
miadga petras, gaaZliera cixis SigniT mdgomi Tavisi jari da axali 3000
meomari Caayena.
551 wels bizantielebma besas meTaurobiT ieriSi miitanes petraze. qalaqs
2300 iraneli icavda, bizantielTa jarSi 6000 meomari iyo, qalaqi aiRes,
magram 500 iraneli akropolisSi gamagrda da cecxlSi daiwva.
`bizantielebma petris zRudeebi miwasTan gaaswores, rom mters is momavalSi kvlav ar daekavebina~.
gubazs `mefes~ uwodebdnen romaelebi (bizantielebi), magram iranelebi
mas `mefes~ ar uwodebdnen _ mermeroes werilSi igi mefed ar ixsenieba.
omi kidev 10 weli gagrZelda (_ sul 20 weli).
bizantia irans Soris 562 wels daido zavi 50 wliT. lazika bizantiis
vasalur qveynad darCa.
(iqamdec II s-is 30-ian wlebSi lazTa mefe malasa daniSna romis imperatorma. IV s _ bizantiis imperatori ugzavnida samefo niSnebs lazTa
mefes? mefe waTe II-m gvirgvini imperatorisagan miiRo).
VII s. bolos iqca bizantiis provinciad. lazikis adgilobriv mmarTvels mefis tituli CamoerTva, mieca `patrikiosis~ tituli.
xe-tye petraSi. sparsTa Sahma gadawyvita Savi zRvis sanapiroze Seetana gemTsaSeni masala, mas surda aego xomaldebi da berZnebi gaeZevebina
Savi zRvidan. amisTvis man Seitana kidec xe-tye lazikis gavliT Savi
zRvis navsadgurSi, magram xe-tyes mexi daeca daiferfla da xosrom gegma
ver ganaxorciela. es RonisZieba moewyo petras omebis dros. rogor unda
SeetanaT petraSi xe-tye, romeli gziT? prokofi wers, rom xe-tye navsadgurSi miitanes didi gasaWiriT da Sori gziT, ismis kiTxva _ mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo tyeebiT iyo dafaruli da Tu lazika dasavleT
saqarTveloa, ra saWiro iyo aq Sori gzidan xe-tyis Setana? an rogor
miitanes is petrasTan? magram Tu fazisi aris Woroxi, Woroxze xe-tye
gadahqondaT brtyelZira navebiT, Tavisi TvaliT naxa dimitri baqraZem,
rom md. Woroxze dacuravdnen brtyelZira navebi dReSi 50-200 erTeuli,
romelTac klarjeTidan baTumsa, rizesa da trapizonSic ki md. Woroxze
579
ar iyo petras cixe-simagre. man mxolod VI s.-Si mii pyro yuradReba, viTarca strategiulma wertilma sparseTTan omis dros da VI saukuneSive
iqna dangreuli, rodesac bizantia darwmunda rom, is strategiul punqtad
ar gamodga omianobis dros.
petras saepiskoposo kaTedrad ar unda miviCnioT Ppetras cixe
simagre, aramed
is
unda veZioT baiberdis (pai pertis) axlos _
wers
n. adonci (n. adonci,somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi,spb,1908,gv.
147.rus.enaze).
Zveli SavizRvispireTis istoriuli geografiis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli mkvlevari n.adonci ar iziarebda Tvalsazriss, rom iustinianes
mier fazisze agebul petras cixesimagreSi mdebareobda saepiskoposo
kaTedra,misi azriT petras kaTedra sxvgan iyo saZebni. TviTon is petras
kaTedras eZebda baiberdTan. Tumca saepiskoposo saydari sxva petraSic
SesaZloa rom yofiliyo.
magaliTad, erT-erTi petra mdebareobda trapezuntis maxloblad, mdinare
xartiSze, sanapirodan 5 km-is daSorebiT [aq aris Zveli qalaqi ,,argiria~,
mdinaris aRmosavleT napirze mdebareobs petras cixe, romelsac axla
bedromas(petromas) uwodeben (Sdr.: petroni - bedroma). mdinare xartiSze
aRniSnuli punqtis (argirias) siaxloves kidev ori sxva Zveli naqalaqari
mdebareobs - filokaleia (gorele), da isxopolisi (tirobolu). isini q.
argiriasTan erTad qmnidnen saerTo samoqalaqo regions, sadac 1879 wels
dafiqsirebuli iyo 30 eklesia. rogorc vTqviT, aq mdebareobs ,,petromas~
cixe. SesaZloa konstantinepolis sapatriarqos fasisis samitropolitos
`petronis~ (petras) saepiskoposo kaTedra aq mdebareobda da aqaurma
episkoposma moawera xeli VII msoflio krebis aqtebze ase- ,,petronis
episkoposma ganvsazRvre da wavwere, sofelsa Sina megrelTasa~.
rogorc iTqva, Zveli qarTveli mTargmnelebi berZnulad miCneul sityvas ,,lazika~ Targmnidnen ase: ,,sofeli megrelTa~, anu aRniSnuli xelmoweris Tanaxmad petras (petronis) saepiskoposo kaTedra mdebareobda lazikaSi. saqarTvelos eklesiis Zveli wmida mamebi ki lazikas uwodebdnen
,,megrelTa qveyanas~ (trapezuntis regions), e.i. aqtSi ewera `petroni lazikaSi~. trapezuntis regions,rogorc iTqva,samegreloc erqva. ,,arg~, ,,egr~
fuZeTa mqone saxelebs trapezuntTan mravali punqti atarebda, maT Soris
aRniSnuli qalaqi petras cixesTan ,,argiria~ (amJamad halkavela). aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT aRniSnul gorele-filokaleias, aseve erT dros erqva
,,gurele~, rac etimologiurad ,,egr~ saxelTan axloa. ,,egr~, ,,arg~ Ziriani
saxelebi aseve aris trapezuntidan moSorebiT md. araqsis (fazisis) saTaveebTan. magaliTad erzrumis samxreTiT 70-90 km-Si istoriul manraliasTanAaxlos aris punqti ,,ergani~, ,,argina~, aseve adgilis saxellia ,,argolia~ (axlandeli ,,ugurlu~), arcTu Sors misgan aris adgili ,,ergin~ (erginkou) da sxva mravali punqti. am fuZiT (,,arg~, ,,egr~) ki sityvebi egrisi,
samegrelo da mravali sxva qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli eTnonimia nawarmoebi.
Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi,rogorc iTqva, trapezuntis olqs ,,samegrelo~
erqva. petras kaTedra, swored am ,,samegrelo-lazikaSi~ anu Cveni TqmiT
,,samxreTis egrisSi~ unda yofiliyo. rogorc vTqviT, petrebi mravali iyo
581
regioni WaneT-sperTan mdebareobda _ is qarTuli mosaxelobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. p. ingoroyvas kvleviT ki, qarTvelebi `fasiss~ uwodebdnen wyals,
mdinares. am regionSi ki mdinareebis kelkitis, Woroxis, evfratisa da
araqsis saTaveebi iwyeboda, amitomac am vrcel regionsac mTlianad SesaZloa fasisi-fasiani ewodeboda.
Tavi XVIII
quTaTisi, uqimerioni, arqeopolisi,
noqalaqevi, rodopolisi da sxva qalaqebi
quTaTisi
saqarTveloSi erTidaigive saxelis mqone toponimebi mravalia. s. yauxCiSvilma aRniSna rom ,,kut~, ,,quT~ fuZis mqone toponimebi mcire aziaSic
mravalia. `quTahia~ _ amJamadac qalaqis saxelia TurqeTSi yofil qarTvelur samyaroSi, galateas miwaze md. saqariasTan axlos.
Woroxis xeobaSic aris aseTi saxelis mqone ramdenime punqti. magaliTad maradidTan mdebareobda sofeli ,,quTureTi~, romlis saxelic axloa ,,quTaTisTan~.
imave regionSi aRmoCnda meore aseTi saxelis mqone punqti- ,,qifaisi~.
is mdebareobs Woroxis zemowelSi q. ispirTan axlos 1923 wels gamocemuli rukis mixedviT (Semdgeneli ev. baramiZe, redaqtori iv. javaxiSvili).
qifaisi igive `qiTaisi~ unda iyos, romlis saxelic axloa sityva ,,quTaisTan~, xolo Woroxis xeobaSi `kut~ fuZis mqone toponimebi-kvaSta, kvatia da
sxva-mravalia.
quTaiss zogjer aigiveben Zvel wyaroTa aiasTan, kutaiasTan an prokofis
quTaTisTan:1) pliniusis mixedviT (ax.w. I s.) aia mdebareobda fasisis SesarTavidan
15.000 nabijze, daaxloebiT 12-24 km.
2) strabonis mixedviT, `aias mdebareobas miuTiTeben qalaq fasisTan~ _
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qalaq fasisis mdebareobas miuTiTeben md. fasisis SesarTavTan, aqedan gamomdinare q. aiac zRvis sanapirosTan axlos
yofila.
e.i. pliniusisa da strabonis mixedviT, `aia~ _ Tu is iyo kutaia _ mdebareobda ara kolxeTis siRrmeSi, aramed zRvis sanapirosTan axlos.
3) apolonios rodoselis argonavtikis mixedviT, aietis samefos satax584
to qalaqi iyo `aia~, sxva TargmaniT `kutaia~, xolo qveyanas erqva `aia~,
sxva TargmaniT _ kutaia.
Tu sad mdebareobda is _ ap. rodosels garkveuli ara aqvs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom apolonios rodoseli Tavis poemaSi moixseniebs im
uZveles qalaqebs, romelnic arsebobdnen ara mis dros, aramed warsulSi,
wina saukuneebSi Zv. w. II aTaswleulidan, magram `es qalaqebi aRar iyo mis
dros, avtori argonavtikis Zvel istorias gadmogvcems~ (v. jaoSvili, quTaisi,
1989, gv. 64).
4) prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, kotiaioni, anu quTaTisi mdebareobda
md. reonis napiras. kvitaieli (kotaioneli) iyo aieti.
antikuri epoqis mravali wyaros cnobiT kutaia-quTaisi mdebareobda
md.fazisze, zRvasTan axlos. dRevandeli quTaisi ki mdebareobs zRvidan
daSorebiT, md.rionis sanapiroze, yvirilas SesarTavis maRla.
amJamad md.rioni iwodeba fazisad, magram am mtkicebas ewinaaRmdegeba
s. yau xCi Svi lis a da sxv aTa ga mok vle va, ro m m d. Zir ula a s aTa ve
fazisisa(radganac maszea Sorapani), misi azriT Zirulas SerTvis Semdeg
ukve yvirila iwodeboda `fazisad~, yvirilas SerTvis Semdeg ki rioni.
arcerT am monakveTze Tanamedrove quTaisi ar mdebareobs, is ufro
maRlaa. e.i. quTaisi radganac arc Zirulasa da arc yvirilaze ar mdebareobs da yvirila-rionis SesarTavis maRlacaa, amitom, aqedan gamomdinare,
dRevandeli quTaisis mdebareoba ar eTanadba antikuri wyaroebis kutaias
mdebareobas, miTumetes ,rom kutaias cixe-simagre `uqimerioni~ vakeze
idga wyaroTa cnobiT, bagratis (taZris) cixe ki maRal gorazea da is ar
SeiZleba uqimerionad CaiTvalos. amitomac s.yauxCiSvili uqimerions punqt dablagomTan eZebda.
antikuri quTaisis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis gamodgeba Tanamedrove uqimerionisa da quTaisis arqeologiuri Seswavla.
uqimerionis arqeologia
arqeologma o. lanCavam uqimerionis adgilmdebareobis gamosakvlevad
Caatara sagangebo savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba, ris Sedegadac ar
daeTanxma diubua de monperes mier jer kidev XIX s. 40-ian wlebSi gamoTqmul
azrs, rom uqimerioni iyo quTaisis cixe.
o. lanCavamde s. yauxCiSvilma XX s. 30-ian wlebSi dabejiTebiT daaskvna,
rom uqimerioni namdvilad ar iyo dRevandeli quTaisis cixe.
maSasadame TiTqmis orsaukunovani Tvalsazrisi romelic gaziarebuli
iyo samecniero wreebis mier uqimerionis quTaisis cixesTan igiveobis
Sesaxeb uaryofili iqna.
maS sad mdebareobda uqimerioni?
,, sxvadasxva mecnieri uqimerions sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT varaudobda.
magaliTad i. sixaruliZe mas didRvabunas (gordis) cixesTan aigivebda
cxeniswylis midamoebSi. es mosazreba misaRebad miaCnda sxva mkvlevarebsac (d. musxeliSvili), akad. n. berZeniSvili uqimerions cucxvaTis cixesTan aigivebda. aris sxva mosazrebanic, ukanasknel wlebSi quTaissa da
585
SeiZleba davsvaT kiTxva - ratom ar SeeWvdnen arqeologebi, roca berZnulis nacvlad qarTuli warwerebi aRmoaCines, rogor jdeba es warwera im
TvalsazrisSi rom dasavleT saqarTvelo IV-IX saukuneebSi konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo, faqtebi xom ar ewinaaRmdegebian maT mier gaTavisebul ,,qarTizaciis~ dogmebs?
SesaZloa, arqeologi r. isakaZe marTalia, roca miiCnevs, rom V saukuneSi
samnaviani bazilika gadaakeTes cacxlTayvanismcemelTa sagzebelad, miT
umetes, rom arqeologiuri masala iZleva amis Tqmis saSualebas, magram es
movlena dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo ara lazTa mefe gubazis
gawarmarTebasTan aramed zogadad, qarTlis samefoSi momxdar movlenasTan, - V s. dasawyisSi (vaxtang gorgaslamde), mematianes TqmiT,
,,dai pyres qarTli sparsTa da ganryunes eklesiani da damales
jvrebi qarTvelTa da yovelTa Sina eklesiaTa qarTlisaTa cecxlis msaxurTa sparsTa aRagznes cecxli~.
quTaisi, yvela Zveli qarTuli wyaros mixedviT, argveTTan erTad
yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis samefoSi:
moqcevai qarlisais mixedviT, azos samefos sazRvari ido md. egriswyalze.
qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, farnavazis samefoSic egrisi da argveTi
saerisTaoebi iyvnen. isini Sediodnen e. w. `dasavleTis erisTavTa~ jgufSi
qristeSobamde.
I saukuneSi mefe aderkis samefoSic Sedioda egrisi, iseve, rogorc yvela Semdgom saukuneSi, ris Sesaxebac sxva TveebSi gvaqvs miTiTeba.
erTi sityviT yvela qarTuli wyaros cnobiT egrisi da miT umetes
argveTi - ara lazTa samefoSi, aramed qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda.
lazTa samefoSi quTais-argveTis yofnis Sesaxeb Teoria SeiTxza XX s.
samecniero wreebSi.
ase, rom sxvaa wyaroTa miTiTeba da sxvaa Semdeg Seqmnili samecnieroliteraturuli Tvalsazrisi.
arqeolog r. isakaZis dakvirveba mniSvnelovania imiT, rom misi
monapovari sruliad eTanadeba wyaros, rom qarTlis eklesiebSi V
s.-is I naxevarSi ,,cecxlis msaxurTa sparsTa aRagznes cecxli~.
quTaisis samnaviani bazilikac maSasadame sagzebelad gadaukeTebiaT, vaxtang gorgaslis dros viTareba gamosworda da es bazilikac aRdgenila.
lazTa samefoSi, anu bizantielTa saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi rom yofiliyo quTaisis Zveli taZrebi, rogorc iTqva iq usaTuod aRmoCndeboda berZnuli warwerebi, magram rogorc iTqva aRmoCnda ara berZnuli, aramed
qarTuli warwera, SesaniSnavi asomTavruli asoebiT amokveTili
taZris antefiqsze. r. isakaZem gamoaqveyna misi fotoc (r. isakaZe,
quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi, qarTvulri memkvidreoba, 2009,
gv. 148).
egrisi eklesiurad qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi rom Sedioda VI
saukuneSic, amis Sesaxeb wers ioane drasxanakerteci, somexTa X saukunis
patriarqi. misi sityviT- kirioni egrisis arqiepiskoposic iyo ,,winandeli
588
wesis~ Tanaxmad.
kirioni VI s. bolosa da VII s. dasawyisSi moRvaweobda, misi `winandeli
dro~ ki VI an V-VI saukuneebi iqnebodnen.
qarTul wyaroebSi egrisi qarTlis eklesiis nawili iyo, magaliTad,
niqozelis samwysoSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi glolaRebiTurT., xolo vaxuStis cnobiT kaTalikosobis dawesebamde ( V s.-mde)
`samoqalaqo~ samTavroeli episkoposis samwysoSi Sedioda.
numizmatika. Zalze mniSvnelovania n. ugrexeliZis, rogorc numizmatikosis dakvirveba, rom III-VI saukuneebSi mTel saqarTveloSi, rogorc
aRmosavleTSi, ise dasavleTSi erTiani fuladi sistema moqmedebda. ,,es imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnul saukuneebSi aRmosavleT da
dasavleT saqarTvelo erT politikur sivrceSi moiazreboda~ (n.
ugrexeliZe, saqarTvelo numizmatikuli masalis mixedviT, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIII, gv. 238).
es dakvirveba imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom aqamde iTvleboda TiTqosda
dasavleT saqarTveloSi III-VI ss-Si mxolod bizantiuri, xolo aRmosavleTSi sparsuli monetebi iyo gavrcelebuli da TiTqosda isini metoqeobdnen erTmaneTTan. n. ugrexeliZem faqtebiT daadastura, rom es ase ar
iyo da saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi erTnairi fuladi sistema moqmedebda,
anu dasavleT saqarTvelo ar iyo maincdamainc bizantiis xeldebuli. rac
eklesiur iurisdiqciasac gamoricxavs.
etimologia (meria-uqimerioni, quTureTi-quTaTisi). prokofi,
rogorc iTqva, wers, rom uqimerionis cixe idga ara goraze,aramed `quTaTisis vakeze~.
saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelos vakeze toponimi uqimerioni ar gvxvdeba.
prokofis azriT, quTaTisic da uqimerionic lazikaSi mdebareobdnen,
Cveni azriT lazika erqva ara rionis vakes, aramed Woroxis auzs, amitomac
ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aramed Cvens mier lazikad miCneul Woroxis
xeobaSi veZebT Sesabamis toponimebs.
pirvel rigSi vfiqrobT, rom sityva `uqimerionis~ fuZis erTi nawili
unda iyos ,,meri~ - an ,,mere~ (uqi-meri-oni).
gvaqvs Tu ara Woroxis auzSi msgavsi fuZis mqone toponimebi, aseTebia
uamravi t. futkaraZis ganmartebiT aWarasa da mimdebare regionebSi ,,meria~,
,,mere~ ewodeba mdinaris pira gavakebul adgils.
veidenbaumis wignis ganmartebiT ,,meria - vake adgilia~. e. veidenbaumis
wigni saerTod ganmartavs Tu ras aRniSnavs sityva ,,meri~ - ,,sof. xeba
mdebareobs Woroxis marjvena napirze... sofeli Rebimeri, romelic naCvenebia
rukaze katafxiis pirdapir, aRar arsebobs, es albaT, xebaa an xebi-meri
(meri-vake), radganac sofeli namdvilad katafxiis pirdapir mdebareobs.
xebis qvemoT, maradidTan misvlamde aris sof. olgauri~ (e. veidenbaumi,
baTumidan arTvinamde, 2005, gv. 77).
maSasadame meria-mere-meri -esaa vake adgili wylis piras (e. veiden589
istoria (uqimerioni).
prokofis mixedviT - quTaTisis maxloblad
iyo erTi metad magari cixe, saxelad uqimerioni. aq hyavdaT lazebs kargi
mcveli razmi. am cixis dacvaSi monawileobas iRebdnen romaeli jariskacebic. am cixesTan dabanakda sparseli mTavarsardali mermeroe mTeli
Tavisi jariT. mis xelSi iyo kolxidis saukeTeso nawili, anu moxirisi.
amis gamo lazebs saSualeba aRar hqondaT uqimerionis mecixovneTaTvis
sursaTi miewodebinaT anda evloT aRniSnuli gziT ,,svaniasa da skvimniaSi~ (prokofi, brZola goTebTan, VIII, 14)
Cveni azriT aWariswyal-Woroxis SesarTavTan axlos mdebare uqimerionis cixesTan dabanakebuli sparseli mTavarsardali mermeroe akontrolebda iberia-artaanis gzas. uqimerionis garSemortymis Semdeg ki mas saSualeba mieca TiTqmis mTlianad gaekontrolebina meore gza aWariswylis
SesarTavidan Siga saqarTvelosaken anu Tanamedrove xulo-adigenis gza.
592
aRniSnul aWariswyal -Woroxis (e.i.dokonis-fasisis) SesarTavTan uSualod mdebare punqt nesosze gamavali gza zemo aWarasa da mimdebare
regionebs ukavSirdeboda. prokofis epoqaSi, Cans, zemo aWarasa da mimdebare regionebs svaniasa da skvimnias uwodebdnen. lingvistebi mTel dasavleT saqarT veloSi, maT Soris guriaSi mraval svanur toponoms pouloben. erT aseTad magaliTad-lanCxuTi miiCneva.
,,svanias~ qveS Cveni mecnierebi Tanamedrove svaneTs ganixilaven, maSin,
roca ,,svania~, VI s.-Si,
Cans erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos vrcel
miwa-wyals Woroxis aRmosavleT sanapirodan kavkasiis mTebamde.
svanebs sparsuli orientacia hqoniaT, amitomac isini sastikad isjebodnen bizantiuri jarebis mier, Semcirda maTi teritoriebic, es toponimi
(svania, svaneTi) xSirad gvxvdeba Tanamedrove SavSeTSic.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, uqimerioni erge-liganSi mdebare kutaias maxlobladaa, kutaia moxirisTan erTad erT seqtorSi, anu Worox-aWariswylis SesarTavis qveyanaSia. misi funqcia pirdapiraa miniSnebuli esaa zemo
aWarisa da mimdebare regionebis anu svania-skvimniasaken mimavali gzis
Caketva, Tumca moxirisSi (ergeSi) roca zis mteri, es gza isedac Caketilia,
igulisxmeba aWariswyalze gamavali gza, romelic swored ergeSi uerTdeba Woroxispira gzas
maSasadame uqimerioni cixe - erTgvari sagzao Camketia.
uqimerionis dapatroneba niSnavda mTeli Crdilo anu mTiani
lazikis, Woroxispira qveynis xelSi Cagdebas, masSia erge-ligani
(moxirisis mxare), arTvini (rodopolisi), skanda-sarapanas cixeebi
anu artaan-iberiisaken mimdebare lazeTi. amitomac sparselebi
yovelwliurad cdilobdnen uqimerionis dakavebas.
bolos gamcemlis wyalobiT ,,Caigdes xelSi sparselebma uqimerionis
cixe da mtkiced daepatronen lazeTs, magram marto es lazike ki ar
Caigdes xelSi sparselebma, aramed skvimniac da svaniac, da amrigad
moxirisidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali gamoecalaT xelidan romaelebsa da lazTa mefes~ (prokofi, omi goTebTan, VIII, 16).
`moxirisidan iberiamde~ niSnavs imas, rom liganidan artaanamde mdebare qveyana anu lazikes mTian nawils daepartronen sparselebi, maT
xelSi moeqca skvimniaca da svaniac, anu zemo aWaris mxare, uqimerioni
aWariswylispirs akontrolebda, anu gzajvaredins. rogorc iTqva masze
gadioda ori mTavari gza, erTi amJamadac arTvinisken mimavali, meore ki
xulosaken. arTvinis gza gadadioda iberiaSi (artaanSi), xolo rogorc
iTqva xulos gza imJamad skvimnia-svaniad saxeldebul qveyanaSi, anu zemo
aWaras gavliT Siga saqarTveloSi anu aseve iberiaSi.
magram uqimerionis cixe akontrolebda kidev erT gzas, amJamindeli
qobuleTisken mimarTuls. unda vifiqroT, rom uqimerionis zurgidan dacvis
mizniT sparsTa sardalma swored qobuleTis mxares aago kidev erTi cixe
- sarapanisi. Cven viciT, rom sarapanas cixe strabonis drosac arsebobda,
mis Semdeg sarapanis cixe daerqva kidev erT cixes iberiisaken mimarTuls,
is unda yofiliyo artaan-artanujs Soris arsianis qedze. magram axla
mermeroes augia kvlav sarapanisis saxelis mqone cixe sul sxva mima593
594
arqeopolisi
noqalaqevis arqeologia
prokofi kesarielis TqmiT arqeopolisi iyo ,,mTavari da udidesi
qalaqi lazebis qveyanaSi~ (prokofi, georgika II, 1965, gv. 182) amasTanave
,,Zalian gamagrebuli~ (iqve, gv. 101) mdebareobda fazisis marjvena sanapiros qveyanaSi, ,,metad quS serze da mas Camoudis mdinare, qalaqis zemoT
aRmarTuli mTebidan~ (iqve, gv. 188), erTi dRis savali gziT igi daSorebuli
moxirisidan. XIX-XX ss. mkvlevarTa umetesobis azriT arqeopolisi iyo
amJamindeli punqti noqalaqevi, senakTan (yofil cxakaias raionSi). sabWoTa epoqaSi noqalaqevs ukve uwodebdnen ,,lazikis anu mTeli dasavleT
saqarTvelos dedaqalaqs~.
aris Tu ara arqeopolisi igive noqalaqevi yvelaze metad unda gaarkvios
arqeologiurma Seswavlam.
marTlac noqalaqevSi pirveli gaTxrebi Catarda 1930-31 wlebSi.
1973 wels daiwyo e. w. ,,stacionaruli gaTxrebi~.
1987 wels Sejamda 10 wlis gaTxrebis Sedegebi. noqalaqevis arqeologiuri
eqspediciis xelmZRvanelobam gamoaqveyna krebuli ,,noqalaqevi - arqeopolisi~ (Tb. 1987) miZRvnili ,,egrisis (lazikis) samefos (dasavleT saqarTvelo) dedaqalaqis cixe-goji - noqalaqevi - arqeopolisis Seswavlisadmi~
(ix. aRniSnuli wignis anotacia).
no qalaqe vis arq eologi urm a Se swa vla m S eiZ leb a iT qva s d id
sagonebelSi Caagdo patiosani mkvlevari arqeologebi.
aRmoCenilma Zalze mwirma masalam marTlac gaaogna jer kidev pirveli
arqeologiuri eqspediciis wevri 1930-31 wlisa, cnobili arqeologi l.
musxeliSvili. is werda: ,,noqalaqevis sakiTxi lamis iseTive bneliTaa
moculi dResac, rogorc gaTxrebis dawyebamde... saerTod iseTi STabeWdilebaa, TiTqos mosaxleobis kvali am Zvels qalaqSi an mTlad warxocila
droTa ganmavlobaSi, an araa da sulac araferi kvali ar yofila. es
metad sakvirveli movlenaa. sxva ara iyos ra, meeqvse saukunis naSTebi
mainc mravlad unda aRmoCeniliyo - Cven ki SedarebiT mcireodeni
Tixis natexebis garda ara gvi povia ra. prokofi arqeopoliss mravladdasaxlebuls da kolxeTis udides da upirveles qalaqs uwodebs.
prokofis ki unda scodnoda ra aris qalaqi. qalaqi xis saxlebiT iyo
gaSenebuli, xe dalpa, rac gasakviri ar aris samegrelos nestiani havisaTvis, magram, nuTu, imdroindel mosaxleobas, garda qoTnebisa, sxva
ram nivTebi ara hqonia, samkauli, iaraRi, liTonis WurWeli da
sxva? - sad daikarga yvela es? am kiTxvas pasuxis gacema unda~.
(noqalaqevi-arqepolisi, 1987, gv. 304).
l. musxeliSvili wers:- fazisze gemebi sarapanamde dadioda, gemebs ki
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba aSenebda, amasTanave fazisze strabonis mowmobiT 120 xidi yofila gaSenebuli,amasTanave ,,mdinares sistematurad swmindavdnen, amitom pirvel saukuneSive ,,kolxeTs gacxovelebuli aReb-micemoba hqonia ucxoeTTan~, IV s.-Si Temiste kolxeTs ,,elinuri kulturisa da
595
muzaTa sadgurs uwodebda~, xolo VI s.-Si prokofisa da agaTias cnobebiT ,,kolxeTi mdidari, dawinaurebuli, mWidrod dasaxlebuli da
daba-qalaqebiT savse qveyana~ iyo, amitomac es ,,elinuri kulturis~ simdidris, gacxovelebuli aReb-micemobis kvali uTuod unda
aRmoeCinaT arqeologebs ,,arqeopolisSi~, magram ara arqeologiam
sul sxva suraTi aCvena, - noqalaqevis mosaxleobas ,,mwiri keramikis garda ara moepoveboda ra~ (iqve, gv. 304).
am faqtma, rogorc iTqva gaaogna patiosani mkvlevar-arqeologi l. musxeliSvili. aqedan gamomdinare, mas rom dascloda albaT mividoda daskvnamde,
rom arqeopolisi eZia sxva regionSi.
[Cveni azriT arqeopolisi Woroxis anu fazisis marjvena sanapiroze
mdebareobda, albaT sadRac Tanamedrove baTumisa da cixisZiris maxloblad].
l. musxeliSvilis eqspedicias, ucxoeli mecnieris a. Snaideris
xelmZRvanelobiT ar dauklia cda, rogorme noqalaqevSi aRmoeCinaT saqalaqo cxovrebis Sesabamisi monapovari, magaliTad, wers, rom
eqspediciam ,,zRudis SigniT, vakeze, mTis ferdobze da zeviT akropolisSi,
40-mde sacdeli ormo gavTxareT, zogierTi sakmaod Rrmad (2-3 metramdi), magram yvela uSedegod~ (iqve, gv. 304). e. i. am ormoebSi saqalaqo
cxovrebis Sesabamisi kulturuli fena ar aRmoCnda.
eqspedicias am kraxis Semdeg imedi daesaxa, rom zRudis gareT eZebnaT
Zveli qalaqis naSTebi. ,,TviTeul ezos zRudis gareT Tavisi Wa aqvs.
zogan siRrmiT 3 saJenamde. da, adgilobrivTa TqmiT, arasodes araferi
aRmoCenila~ (iqve, gv. 304).
eqspediciis daskvna aseTi iyo - ,,qalaqi ver vnaxeT~.
maT imedi hqondaT, rom gaagrZelebdnen kvlevas da raimes i povnidnan
noqalaqevis dedaqalaqobis dasadgenad.
sabolood imJamad 1930-31 wlis eqspediciam daaskvna - ,,arsad ar aRmoCnda Zveli sasaflao da arc Zveli samosaxlos fenebi. amitom eqspediciis
xelmZRvanels Snaiders saerTod Seepara eWvi, rom noqalaqevi iyo
cnobili arqeopolisi.
daskvnaSi ,,noqalaqevis gaTxrebis Sedegebi doqtor Snaiderisa 1929-1930
wlebi~ kerZod naTqvamia - ,,Zveli geografebis cnobebiT qalaqebi
ixsenieba mxolod zRvispiras da fazisis gaswvriv. am qalaqTagan
ukve pliniusis dros (I saukune) umravlesoba aRar arsebobda,
aqedan cxadia: sakuTriv Sida - qveyana berZen-romaelTaTvis ucnobi iyo da arc maTi gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. aqedan unda davaskvnaT,
rom mainc da mainc Zveli qalaqis Zebna noqalaqevSi amao iqneba~
(iqve, gv. 297).
doqtor Snaideris, noqalaqevis patiosani mkvlevar-arqeologis, es gancxadeba Zalze mniSvnelovania.
dasavleT saqarTvelos ,,Sida qveyana berZen-romaelTaTvis ucnobi iyo da arc maTi gavlenis qveS imyofeboda~. es daskvna mTlianad eTanadeba ,,qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da ,,moqcevai qarTlisais~
dabejiTebul cnobebs, rom mefe farnavazis droidan dasavleT
596
rom varcixe ar iyo rodopolisi da noqalaqevi ar iyo arqeopolisi e.i. cnobili bizantiuri punqtebi.
erTi sityviT cixe-gojSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala araa sakmarisi mis arqeopolisad gamosacxadeblad. amave Tvalsazrisisa unda iyvnen
arqeologebi v. leqvinaZe da l. xvedeliZe, romelTac akritikebs n. lomouri. arqeologiuri monapovris ukmarisobis miuxedavad is mtkiced dgas
Tvalsazrisze, rom noqalaqevi aris arqeopolisi da mas uwodebs - ,,egrisis anu lazikis - mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos momcveli saxelmwifos
dedaqalaqs~. mas, iseve, rogorc mraval sxvas ar aocebs Tundac faqti
imisa, rom varcixeSi (e. i. maTi TvalsazrisiT rodopolisSi) ar aRmoCnda
berZnul-bizantiuri monetebi, da saerTod varcixeSi bizantiuri moneta
ar aRmoCnda!
prokofis epoqis wyaroebiT-arqeopolisSi idga bizantiuri samxedro
nawili, mravali aTasi mxedrisagan Semdgari.
rogorc wesi, yvelgan, samxedro nawilis sadgom punqtSi mravlad i poveba monetebi, radganac mxedrebs anazRaurebas monetebiT uxdidnen. garda
amisa, yvelgan sadac ki aseTi jari mudmivad banakdeboda mkvidri mosaxleoba kargad daculobis gamo, awyobda bazrobebs, Sendeboda Sesabamisi
Senobebi, aReb-micemoba yvavoda, fuli trialebda, rogorc wesi, ara erTi
da ori TviT, aramed wlobiT da zogjer aTeulwlobiT da saukuneobiT,
amis gamo samxedro nawilebis sadgom punqtebSi mravlad pouloben monetebs. aRniSnulis garda, aseTi punqtebi, rogorc wesi TandaTanobiT qalaqebad iqceoda xolme, rasac xels uwyobda intensiuri daculi vaWroba. Tu
aseTive qalaqi iyo rodopolisi, Tanac saepiskoposo centriT, Tavisi kaTedriT. nuTu aseT qalaqSi monetebi ar unda aRmoCeniliyo? nuTu es faqti
ar aeWvebT mecnierT, - bizantiur saxelmwifoSi xom saepiskoposo kaTedrebs, ara ubralo qalaqebSi aramed mniSvnelovan centralur qalaqebSi
aarsebdnen! aseTi iyo saeklesio wesi bizantiur samyaroSi.
msgavsadve, SeuZlebelia lazikis ,,dedaqalaqSi~ - arqeopolisSi aseTi
mwiri arqeologiuri naSTebi aRmoCeniliyo, Civili imisa, rom kulturuli
fenebi wyalma gadarecxa, dasturia mxolod imisa, rom namdvilad noqalaqevSi ar aRmoCnda Sesabamisi arqeologiuri masala.
asve, Zalze niSneulia, rom ar aRmoCnda berZnuli warwerebi noqalaqevsa da varcixeSi
-`bizantiis imperiaSi Semavali lazikis
samefos
dedaqalaqsa da
berZnuli saepiskoposo centrSi~, SeuZlebelia aseTi statusis mqone qalaqebSi ar aRmoCeniliyo berZnuli
warwerebi, Tu ki vinme ityvis, rom droTa msvlelobam isini gaaqro,
SeiZleba mas SevekiTxoT, maS ratom aRmoCnda noqalaqevTan Zalze
axlos (nojixevSi) imave epoqis qarTuli warwerebi?
n. lomouris azriT konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semavali berZnuli saepiskoposo kaTedra IV saukunidanve idga noqalaqev-arqeopolisSi
(noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi,1987, gv. 40).
cxadia, misi es gancxadeba sruliad usafuZvloa. emyareba mxolod im
faqts, rom noqalaqevSi aRmoCnda erTi Zveli eklesiis naSTi, romelic man
IV saukuniT daaTariRa, Semdeg ki miRebuli Stampis Sesabamisad CaTvala,
600
mox-irisi
max-o
max-vilauri
max-injauri
max-unceTi
max-uncori
ergedan vidre TiTqmis zRvamde Woeroxis mimdebare sakmaod vrceli
regionis soflebis, mdinarisa da adgilebis saxelebSi Cans fuZe-Ziri
`max~,rac sityva moxirisis naSTi unda iyos.
es faqti saSualebas iZleva gamoiTqvas mosazreba,rom moxirisi erqva
am regions da ara Tanamedrove quTaisis sanaxebs.
rodopolisi
arqeologia (arqeolog v. jafariZis wigni - ,,vardcixis naqalaqari~,
gamosca gamomcemloba mecnierebam 1989 wels).
arqeologi SesavalSive wers, rom aseTi qalaqi ucnobi iyo qarTuli
wyaroebisaTvis - ,,qarTuli waroebi TiTqmis srulebiT arafers gvamcnoben vardcixis Zveli istoriis Sesaxeb~ (v. jafariZe, vardcixis naqalaqari,
1989, gv. 3).
v. jafariZe, ise rogorc sxva arqeologebi, vardcixes uwodebs baRdadis
raionSi erTerT nacixars- varcixes. iqauri mosaxleobisaTvisac ki saxeli ,,vardcixe~ ucnobia.
savaraudod saxel `varcixis~ etimologia iseTivea, rogorc varZiisa,
varianisa, varkeTilisa da sxv.
varcixis Zvel saxelad miiCneva vardcixe, radganac 1737 wlis imereTis
rukaze erTerT axal cixes, ,,vardis cixe~ ewodeba da is miiCneva XVII
605
saukuneSi aSenebulad.
v. jafariZe yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe eWvmiutanlad miiCnevs, rom varcixe aris berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis qalaqi rodpolisi.
535 wlis keisar iustinianes cnobiT ,,arqeopolisi da rodopolisi udidesi
da Zveli simagreebia lazeTSi~ (geo, II, 1965, gv. 35-36).
prokofi kesarielis mixedviT rodopolisi ,,yvelaze uwinares xvdeboda gzaze iberiidan kolxeTSi SesulT~ (iqve, gv. 186).
bizantiur kaTedraTa nusxebSi e.w. ekTezisebSi rodopolisSi iyo berZnuli
saepiskoposo kaTedra.
v. jafariZe eWvmiutanlad acxadebs, rom is Sedioda foTis mitropolitis daqvemdebarebaSi, maSasadame miiCnevs, rom cnobili fazisis berZnuli
samitropolito foTia, xolo varcixe - rodopolisia. Sesabamisad udgeba
Tavis arqeologiur kvlevas- varcixis gaTxrisas fiqrobda, rom Txrida
rodopoliss, magram man ver moi pova Sesabamisi arqeologiuri masala.
saepiskoposo qalaqSi gaTxris Sedegad Sesabamisi masala unda aRmoCeniliyo kidec. is bizantiis imperiis saepiskoposo centrs Txrida, amitom
qalaqis, anda saqalaqo cxovrebis Sesabamisi naSTi unda aRmoeCina, miT
umetes, rom iustinianes TqmiT rodopolisi udidesi da Zveli cixe-simagre
iyo, amitom am cixe-simagris Tu kedlebi ara misi saZirkveli mainc unda
aRmoCeniliyo.
araferi msgavsi v. jafariZes ar aRmouCenia.
man mxolod Sua saukuneTa momcro qarTuli eklesiis naSTi da aseve
Sua saukuneTa cixis nakveTebi aRmoaCina.
Tavis aRniSnul wignSi is TiTqmis yovel meore gverdze wers - ,,Wrilis
gasufTavebam qveda donezec ki mkveTrad gamoxatuli kulturuli
fena an raime erTeuli monapovari ar daadastura~ (v. jafariZe,
vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989gv. 14).
Txris Sedegad man daadgina: ,,am cixe-qalaqis teritoria ar Seicavs ax. w. pirveli saukuneebis araTu kulturul fenas, aramed am
xanis raime erTeul monapovars~ (maSasadame, varcixe ar SeiZleba iyos
strabonis radopolisi!).
sabolood ki daaskvna- `VI s. momdevno xanis mkveTrad gamoxatuli
kulturuli fena cixe-qalaqSi ar gamovlenila, yovel SemTxvevaSi
misi gamoyofa jerjerobiT ar xerxdeba~ (iqve, gv. 17). maSasadame arc
prokofis epoqis rodopolisia.
magram arqeologi mainc IV-VI saukuneebiT aTariRebs ,,cixis Sida
farTobis kulturul fenebs da safortifikacio nagebobebs~.
rusul reziumebSi v. jafariZe aRniSnavs, rom naqalaqaris teritoriaze qristianobamdeli fena ar dadasturda (iqve, gv. 146),
rac aRmoCnda aris ara importuli (berZnul-romauli samyaros produqciis naSTi) aramed adgilobrivi, da mxolod ,,mcire jgufi importisa~ (vardcixis naqalaqari, 1989,gv. 147),
ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom berZnul qalaqSi ,,adgilobrivi~ (me vity606
mindeli taSpinar).
Cemi azriT ki rodopolisis saepiskoposo qalaqi iyo punqti `varda~,
romelic mdebareobda mdinare kalapotamosis napirze, trapezuntis regionSi da ara varcixe, romlis arqeologia miuTiTebs, rom iq arasodes
mdebareobda raime qalaqi.
rogorc iTqva, 1923 wels gamocemuli topograf ev. baramiZis mier Sedgenili rukis mixedviT, romlis redaqtoria iv. javaxiSvili q. ofis samxreTiT
(ofsa da rizes Soris) md. kalapotamosze iyo qalaqi (an didi daba)
saxelwodebiT ,,varda~, Tavisi eklesiiT.
rodopolisis lokalizeba mxolod misi saxelwodeis mixedviT xdeba.
varcixesac rodopolisi imis gamo uwodes, rom is erT-erT rukaze ,,vardiscixis~ saxeliTaa aRniSnuli.
Cveni kvleviT ki istoriuli rodopolisis eparqia moicavda of-rizes
mTianeTs vidre amJamindel giumiuSxanemde. Cvens misazrebas gvimtkicebs
Semdegi faqti:
XIX s.-Si berZenma sasuliero pirebma axal saeklesio olqs, romelic
maT aRadgines swored am regionSi uwodes saxeli- ,,rodopolisis samitropolito~ es samitropolito swored aRniSnul of-rizes mTianeTis regionSi mdebareobda vidre 1920-ian wlebamde (am droisaTvis Turqebma is
gaauqmes, radganac marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba am regionidan saberZneTSi gadasaxlda), es rodopolisis samitropolito mdebareobda ofrizes samxreTiT da gadaWimuli iyo giumiSxanemde.
ratom uwodes XIX s._Si konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Semaval
rodopolisis samitropolitos swored es saxeli ,,rodopolisi~? me
vfiqrob imis gamo, rom maTi codniT aq istoriulad mdebareobda qalaqi
am saxelwodebiT rodopolisi (`varda~ anu ,,rodosi~). marTlac, aq am
saxelis qalaqi yofila kidec 1923 wlis rukis mixedviT.
marTlacda, ratom unda ewodebinaT berZnebs XIX s-Si `rodopolisis
samitropolito~ of-giumiSxanes mTianeTis regionisaTvis Tu istoriulad
rodopolisi iq ar mdebareobda?
Tavi XIX
fazisi foTi-fadisa-fasidi
fazisi
klimaturi periodebi
Ta doqtoris, geolog
mis I saukunemde, zRvis done 8-10 metriT dabla imyofeboda (Tumca TandaTanobiT imatebda misi done).
fanagoriuli regresiis dros Savi zRvis zolSi zRvisgan gaTavisuflebul xmeleTze (Selfuri zona) gaSenda uZvelesi qalaqebi, magram es exeba
im Selfs, romelic garkveuli kuTxiT daxrilia zRvisken, magram foTTan
Selfuri zona TiTqmis zRvis donezea (imdenad, rom amJamadac SeiZleba foTTan wyalqveS moqceul teritoriaze 2 km-ze metic ki
fexiT gavla), anu zRvis donis dawevis drosac ki foTTan Selfis
magier gvqonda md. rionis mier Semotanili myari masala, romelic
ileqeboda foTis akvatoriaSi. maSasadame, aq qalaqis an qalaqebis
aSeneba SeuZlebeli iyo _ daWaobebisa da wyaluxvobis gamo ara
mxolod regresiis (zRvis ukan daxevis), aramed transgresiis (zRvis
donis awevis) drosac.
geologiuri WaburRilebi, romlebic dadgmulia foTis raionSi, aCvenebs,
rom 4 metri siRrmidan qvemoT, 15-25 metris intervalSi (TiTqmis 200 metr
siRrmemde), zRviur naleqTan erTad morigeoben torfis Sreebi, rac
metyvelebs imaze, rom mTeli meoTxeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, holocenis CaTvliT, es teritoria ganicdis stabilur daZirvas, rac gamoTvlilia. es aris weliwadSi 6-9 milimetri.
am labiluri, anu moZravi teritoriis gamo fanagoriuli regresiis
dros aq qalaqebi ver gaSendeboda (igulisxmeba foTis akvatoria).
(sxva viTareba iyo WoroxTan, engurTan da sxva mdinareebTan).
rioni aris RerZuli zoli mTaTaSua qvabulisa da mTeli Camorecxili
masala grovdeboda am qvabulSi, romelic (es masala) zRvisken miaqvs
rions, amis gamo teritoria aris labiluri, anu moZravi.
es niSnavs, rom es teritoria TandaTanobiT iZireba: 10 weliwadSi 6
santimetriT, 100 weliwadSi _ 60 santimetriT, xolo 1000 weliwadSi 6 metriT,
anu I saukunidan dRemde, anu 2000 wlis manZilze is CaiZira 10-12 metriT,
amitomac gvaqvs torfis Sreebi siRrmeebSi.
daskvna _ foTi ar aris antikuri qalaqi fazisi.
literatura: . , ` ~, 1966, ..
-, 1978.
doqtori, geologi g. maisuraZe
(geologis naazrevis gacnobis Semdeg me miCndeba aseTi kiTxva _ Tu
mdinare rioni ase xSirad icvlida kalapots, rogor aaSenes masze 120
xidi, miT umetes WaobebSi, rasac Tanamedrove teqnikiTac ver axerxeben?)
rionis qmedeba foTTan
ramdenime Cems werilSi gamovTqvi frTxili mosazreba, rom fazisi ar
mdebareobda Tanamedrove foTis adgilas. fasiselma akademikosebma es
varaudi mecnieruli kvlevebiT ganamtkices.
`fasisis saero akademiam~ gamosca aRniSnuli mecnierebis nakvlevi, romlidanac aRmoCnda, rom is adgili sadac amJamad qalaqi foTi mdebareobs,
2000 wlis win, strabonis dros, ueWvelad zRviT iyo dafaruli, anu Tan610
tikuri cnoba. kerZod, `Turqma generalsimusma murad III-m 1578 wels foTTan, uSualod zRvis sanapiroze aago foTis cixe, romelic 280
wlis Semdeg, 1858 wels, zRvis napiridan 1,8 km-iT iyo daSorebuli.
saqmis realoba imaSia, rom rioni msoflioSi gamoirCeva, rogorc
naSali masalis (sila, Slami da sxv.) didi raodenobis zRvaSi
Semtani. mecnierTa mier araerTgzis dadgenilia, rom yovelwliurad md. rions zRvaSi Seaqvs 8-12 milioni tona naSali masala,
risi didi nawili zRvis sanapiros Soriaxlo ileqeba da iwvevs
xmeleTis matebas zRvis xarjze~ (iqve, gv. 70).
maSasadame, murad III-s rionis SesarTavis siaxloves augia foTis cixe,
romelic 280 wlis Semdeg zRvas ukve daSorebuli iyo 1,8 km-iT. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, xmeleTis mateba am adgilas ufro naklebi iyo vidre Suquras
pirze, ratom? saqme isaa, rogorc s. zaqaraias naxazidan Cans, Suqura ufro
axlo yofila md. rionis SesarTavTan, xolo foTis cixe ufro moSorebiT
mdgara.
maSasadame, 9 metri mateba xmeleTisa yofila ara Savi zRvis mTel sanapiroze, aramed uSualod md. rionis SesarTavTan. Tumca arc foTis cixesTan yofila mcire.
erTi sityviT, md. rionis SesarTavTan gaSenebuli qalaqi xmeleTis matebis gamo, 2500 wlis Semdeg, zRvis sanapirodan ramdenime aTeuli km-iT
iqneboda daSorebuli.
sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, qalaqi md. rionis SesarTavTan, am mdinaris
Slamianobis gamo, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi zRvas daSordeboda da
uvargisi gaxdeboda naosnobisaTvis.
im epoqaSi arc silis satumbi manqanebi gaaCndaT da arc rkina-betonis
jebirebs agebdnen.
maS sad aages q. fazisi?
samwuxarod es saukunovani kiTxva pasuxgaucemeli darCa. Tumca ki, piradad me mainteresebs ara antikuri qalaqi fazisis adgilsamyofeli, aramed
Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli fazisis samitropolito centrisa, kerZod, IVVII saukuneTa viTareba.
arqeologebis erTi nawilis azriT swored am epoqaSi mkveTrad aiwia
Savi zRvis donem, TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT 3-4 metriT.
am klimatur epoqas uwodeben holocens.
anu zRva TandaTanobiT maRldeboda TiTqmis X saukunemde, XVI s.Semdgom
ki isev daiwia da Tanamedrove nulovan doneze dadga (d. wereTeli, `pleistocen gruzii~, 1966, (rusul enaze); p. v. fedorov, `pleistocen ponto-kaspia~,
1978, (rusul enaze).
rionis SesarTavTan, am viTarebis gamo, rogorc Cans, namdvili
tropikuli warRvna iyo.
erTi mxriv mdinares Semohqonda 10-12
milioni tona Slami, amave dros ki zRvis done maRla iwevda, rasac
Tan erTvoda dasavleTis qarebis gamo gaSlil vakeze mdinaris
Segubeba. Waobi da fafiseburi niadagi, araTu rionis sanapiroebs,
aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos vakis did nawilsac moicavda.
612
fazisis Sesaxeb, askvnis, rom Tu foTi fazisia, maSin `e.w. didi berZnuli
kolonizacia Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi ar Sexebia foTs(q. faziss)~ (iqve, gv.
172).
g. gamyreliZe gulisxmobs, rom arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT,
q. foTs ar Sexebia `e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizacia~, cxadia, q.
fazisi miletelTa daarsebuli iyo da fazisi TviT iyo didi berZnuli
kolonizaciis Sedegi, magram, radganac q. foTTan ar aRmoCnda am kolonizaciis raime kvali, es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom q. foTTan
ar unda eZion q. fazisi, aramed sxva regionSi, iqneb Woroxis
SesarTavTan, ufro samxreTiT.
g. gamyreliZe ganagrZobs _ q. foTsa da mis SemogarenSi `ucxouri
nawarmi kolonizaciis epoqaSi ar Cans, xolo Zv.w. VI-V saukuneTa importuli nawarmi mcirea da sul daaxloebiT 100 erTeuliT (keramikis natexebi)
ganisazRvreba. amitom aq raRac intensiur berZnul sakolonizacio
moqmedebebze saubari jerjerobiT sruliad usafuZvloa~ (g. gamyreliZe, `q. fasisis adgilmdebareobis da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis~, iberiakolxeTi, saqarTvelos antikuri periodis arqeologiur gamokvlevaTa
krebuli, #1, 2003, Ziebani, damatebani, IX, gv. 172).
aRsaniSnavia, rom mwiri arqeologiuri masala, mikvleulia, miwis qveS 6
metris siRrmeze, paliastomis tbis fskersa da zRvaSi _ `dRevandeli
foTis teritoriaze yvelaze Zveli arqeologiuri monacemebi adgil natexebTan paliastomis tbis dasavleT nawilSi Tixa-torfian fenebSi dadasturda. aq aRmoCnda Zv.w. IV s-is antikuri Savlakiani WurWlis qusli da
amforis Ziri (Zv.w. III s.). q. foTis midamoebSi aRmoCnda Zv.w. V s-is kolxuri TeTris 2 cali didraqma. q. foTSi, pirveli maisis quCaze, geologiuri
burRvis Sedegad, 6 metr siRrmeze aRmoCnda sinopuris msgavsi Zv.w. II-I ssTa keramikis naSTebi~ (iqve, gv. 174).
foTis midamoebSi cxovreba qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg gagrZeldeboda Cveuli gziT, anu adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofa iseTive iyo,
rogorc mTel danarCen istoriul dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac ukve IV
s-dan eklesiaTa mSenebloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. aseve yofila Tanamedrove foTis maxloblad paliastomis tbis adgilas erT-erT sofelSi,
sadac idga eklesia( am droisaTvis, Cans, iqamde zRvis doneze ramdenime
metriT dadablebuli wyali maRldeboda da 0-van dones uaxlovdeboda
da kidev ufro maRla iwevda magram es neli TandaTanobiTi procesi iyo)
marTlac, paliastomis tbis nawilSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines sofluri dasaxleba, SeiZleba iTqvas qarTuli ti pisa, radganac mas ar
gaaCnia brwyinvaleba berZnuli civilizaciisa.
hidro-arqeologi wers _ `paliastomis tbis samxreT nawilSi kaparWanas boloSi, adgil `naeklesiarze~ aRmoCnda riyis qvebiT nagebi
kedlis naSTebi. tbis dasavleT nawilSi, malTayvasTan, dadasturda III-VIII ss-Ta namosaxlaris naSTebi. arqeologiuri kvleviT gairkva,
rom paliastomis tbaSi punqt `natexebSi~ Zveli namosaxlaria da
misi naSTebi 900 kvadratul metrze vrceldeba... paliastomis tbis
farTi 18 kv.km-ia, zRvisa da tbis done Tanabaria~ (iqve, gv. 126).
616
fazisis akademia
IV s-Si fazisTan yofila akademia.
Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad, is mdebareobda `kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi, md.TermodontTan da TemiskirasTan~.
Temiskira da Termodonti cnobili punqti da mdinarea trapezuntis
628
dasavleTiT.
erTaderTi regioni, romelic romaul-bizantiur samyaroSi erTdroulad iTvleboda armeniad da amasTanave kolxeTad _ iyo ponto-trapezuntis regioni.
iustinianem, imperiis xelaxali administraciuli dayofis dros VI s.-Si
ponto-trapezunti Seiyvana I armeniaSi, amis Semdeg ki VII s-is dasawyisSi
imperiam ufro axali administraciuli dayofis Semdeg, ponto Seiyvana
`armeniakonis TemSi~.
ase, rom ponto-trapezuntis regioni _ bunebrivad wodebuli `kolxeTad
~, amavdroulad, armeniis administraciul erTeulSi Sedioda, Temistiosis
werilis `fazisi~, radganac Termodontsa da TemiskirasTan mdebareobda,
amis gaTvaliswinebiT _is moqceuli iyo ponto-trapizonis regionSi, aq
unda yofiliyo `fazisis akademia~ (trapezunti didi saswavlo kerac iyo.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, rom cnobilma somexma maTematikosma
VII saukunisa anania Sirakunma ganaTleba miiRo trapizonSi berZen mecnier
tusikTan, aq man maTematikis garda Seiswavla filosofia, kosmografia da
geografia. is monawileobda uZravi kalendris SedgenaSi. misi naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia `ariTmetikis saxelmZRvanelo~, `kosmografia~, `mTvaris
ciklis cxrilebi~ (v. Caloiani, anania Sirakacis msoflmxedveloba `bizantiiskiis vremennik~, 1957, t. 12, rus. enaze).TviT wyaro iZleva am mosazrebis
gamoTqmis uflebas,esaa IV s-is ritorisa da filosofosis Temistiosis
werili `ritorikis nayofi movwyvite ... pontos boloSi fasisis maxloblad, sadac argom Tesaliidan wamosulma daisadgura ... iq, sadac
cnobilia Termodonti, amaZonT saqmeebi da Temiskiri. da ai, aseTi
barbarosuli da pirquSi adgili erTi kacis sibrZnem gaxada elinuri muzebis taZrad. im kacis, romelic damkvidrda kolxebisa da
armenielebis qveyanaSi da aswavlida, Tu rogor gaiwvrTna ritorikul
xelovnebaSi da rogor brwyinavde elinur dReobebze~ (Temistiosi,
georgika, I, gv. 50).
sad mdebareobda `ritorikuli skola~?1. pontos boloSi;
2. fazisis maxloblad;
3. TermodontTan;
4. TemiskirasTan;
5. kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi.
maSasadame, es skola ar iyo mxolod kolxebis qveyanaSi, is iyo
`kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi~.
arsebobs ori mniSvnelovani mosazreba Temistiosis mier naxsenebi qalaqis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb.
erTi ekuTvnis cnobil qarTvel mecniers s. yauxCiSvils, meore cnobil evropel mecniers oto zeeks.
am ukanasknelis mixedviT, es iyo qalaqi sinopi (georgika I, gv. 45).
629
Termodontze cxovrobdnen asurebi makronebis gverdiT. isini amtkicebdnen, rom kolxebisagan miiRes windacveTis Cveuleba.
iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT, `winaT kolxebs md. TermodontTan unda
ecxovraT~ (qarTveli eris istoria, Sesavali, I, 1950, gv. 10).
aqve cxovrobdnen xalibebi (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,
gv. 80).
strabonis cnobiT, Termodonti da Temiskira pontoSi mdebareobda (da
ara kolxeTis CrdiloeTSi, straboni, I, 3,7).
md. Termodonti (Terme-Cai) (fl. ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,
berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I, 1967, gv. 24) kerasuntis
samxreTiT miedineba (iqve, gv. 19).
`xalibebis Semdeg aris tomi asiria, mdinare Termodonti, elinuri qalaqi Temiskira... elinuri qalaqi kerasunti~ (wers skilaqs kariandeli (iqve,
gv. 51).
`mdinare Termodonti Camodis armoniosis mTidan da miedineba Temiskiris
WalebSi, sadac odesRac amazonebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen~
(georgika, I, gv. 109).
amianes mixedviT, Termodonti md. halisTan axloa da iq cxovroben
xalibebi. kerZod, Termodontsa da kerasunts Soris.
straboni xalibebs odnav CrdiloeTiT, trapezuntTan aTavsebda (gv. 151).
maT sazRvraven bizarebi, sapirebi, makronebi da filirebi.
kolxebis es Zveli qveyana bizantiis imperiam Seiyvana Aarmenia I-is provinciaSi, romelsac emezoblebodnen Aarmenia IV, armenia II da Aarmenia III.
maSasadame Temiskira Termodontis regioni erTroulad imyofeboda kolxebisa da armenielebis qveyanaSi.
sinopi, Termodonti da Temiskira pontos provinciis erT boloSi mdebareobdnen, meore boloSi md.Woroxi gaedineboda.
aq, md.kerasuntTan makronebis tomis gavlis Semdeg qsenefonte fasianebis tomisaken gaemarTa(cxadia is ukanve ar dabrundeboda da araqsis anda
rion-Woroxis xeobebisaken ar gaemarTeboda,sadac aseve fasianebi cxovrobdnen). maSasadame erTerTi fasisi md.kelkitis qvemowelzecaa saZebni.
es regioni erTdroulad iyo pontos bolo, kolxebisa da armenielebis
qveyana, aq iyo md.Termodonti da qalaqi Temiskira da Cans fazisic, amitom
aq eZebda otto zeeki Temistiosis ritorikul skolas.
s.yauxCiSvili foTTan aTavsebda ritorikul skolas, magram arcerTi
sxva Taxvedra am mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad ar arsebobs, magaliTad
foTi arasodes iwodeboda armenielebis qveynad. foTis regionSi
ar miedineba mdinare Termodonti da ar aris punqti Temiskira,
maSin roca Temistiosis mier moxseniebuli yvela monacemi ufro sinopis
anu pontos meore bolos Seesabameba.
(rogorc iTqva,q.Termes gaswvriv md. irisis xeobaSi, amJamadac ki aris q.
fazari, meore qalaqi amave saxelwodebiT-fazari mdebareobs aseuli
kilometriT daSorebiT-rizesa da xofas Sua. mis gaswvriv Woroxis sanapiroze mdebareobs kargafazaris qedi, amave regionSia araqsis pirze
631
q.fasinleri.
rogorc Cans, erT dros fasinleri, kargafazari da fazari(II) qmnidnen
erT regions fazisis saxelwodebiT.
Cans, aRniSnul regionSi gamaval sam mdinares araqss, kelkitsa da Woroxs
fazisi erqva).
`faz~ fuZis mqone saxelebis ganvrcoba istoriul
lazikaSi(trapezuntis regionSi)
n. adoncis mixedviT, iustinianes epoqaSi da aseve VII s.-Si armeniis
administraciuli sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde.
is wers _ `iustinianes Semdgom epoqaSi VIIs. dasawyisidan imperiis axali dayofis Sesabamisad, erTerTi vrceli administraciuli erTeuli iwodeboda armeniad, (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `armeniakoni~). misi sazRvrebi gadaSlili iyo sinopidan fazisamde da evfratamde. bizantiis provinciebis
reorganizaciis Semdeg Seiqmna axali olqi `armeniakoni~. man gaaerTiana
yofili olqebi kapadokia, I da II armeniebi da ponto. konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, man es saxelmwodeba- `armeniakoni~ miiRo
somxebis saxelis mixedviT, romlenic iq mezoblad cxovrobdnen~
(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 203).
maSasadame, VII s. dasawyisSi `armeniakonis Temis~ sazRvari aRwevda fazisamde. Tuki fazisi foTia, maSin foTamde aRwevda am `armeniis~ sazRvari.
sabednierod, n. adonci fazisis qveS iseve, rogorc yvela Zveli avtori,
gulisxmobs ara rions, aramed md. Woroxs. es mdinare marTlac iyo berZnuli lazikis Crdilo sazRvari. saqme is iyo, rom TviT n. adoncis Tanaxmad,
saeklesio geografiam Semoinaxa imperiis administraciuli dayofis (diokletianesdroindeli) saxe imiT, rom Tavis saWiroebisTvis iyenebda mas.
e.i. lazikis Zveli saxeli, misi teritoriis Zveleburi gageba Semoinaxa eklesiurma dayofam.
n. adonciT lazikaSi trapezuntis samitropolitoSi Semavali bizanis,
pai pertis, keramevis, lerionisa da sxva saepiskoposoebi, Sesabamisi qalaqebi ganlagebulni iyvnen Teodosiopolis-trapezuntis SemaerTebeli
gzis sanapiro regionSi, anu istoriuli WaneTSi, maT momcvel saeklesio olqs ewodeboda `samitropolito lazikaSi~, anu swored am
mxareeebs erqva lazika bizantiuri saeklesio geografiis mixedviT da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos.
lazika~ berZnuli eklesiuri gagebiT erqva aRniSnul regions
(e.i. qaldea-Wanikas) da ara dasavleT saqarTvelos.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am regionSi mraval punqts erqva `fazisi~. iq
iyo `fasianis~ saepiskoposo, fasisis samitropolito, araqssac fasisi erqva _ porfirogenetis mixedviT _ erTi `fasisi~ yofila trapezuntTan, is
iyo aseve Termodontisa da Temiskiras siaxlovesac _ Temistiosis werilis Tanaxmad.
amJamadac ki trabzonis olqSi,rogorc aRiniSna, mraval punqts `fazari~ ewodeba,magaliTad-`salpazari~-q.tonias marcxniv, aseve `eskipazari~
632
Tavi XX
afxazeTi
I. konstantinopolis patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werilebi
afxazTa mefeebs
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos arasodes ganucxadebia pretenzia dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi Zveli iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT konstantinepols msgavsi pretenzia rom
hqonoda gamoTqvamda rogorc warsulSi, ise meoce saukuneSi saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis procesis dros.
cnobili berZeni kananisti sardeli mitropoliti maqsime Tavis wignSi
,,saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia~ (aTeni, 1966) konstantinepolis araviTar pretenzias ar gamoTqvams saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT.
es Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro adre gamoTqva cnobilma kvlevarma mixeil
TarxniSvilma. is wers- ,,bizantias arc patriarqobis dros arc sxva
romelime xanaSi araviTari pretenzia ar ganucxadebia saqarTvelos eklesiis Sesaxeb~ (miqel TarxniSvili, werilebi 1994, gv. 463).
aRniSnuli mosazrebis TvalsaCino magaliTia konstantinopolis patriarq nikoloz mistikosis werilebi afxazTa mefeebis mimarT (iqve, gv. 436438).
bizantiis gamoCenilma ierarqma nikoloz mistikosma, romelic wm. fotis
mowafe iyo, mravali princi puli mniSvnelobis werili miwera Tavisi epoqis mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo da saeklesio pirebs. maT Soris is werda
635
nopolis iurisdiqciaSi.
bunebrivia ararsebuli berZunli saepiskoposoebis gauqmeba SeuZlebeli
iyo, da amitomac konstantinopolis sapatriarqos arasdros gaaCnda
pretenziebi saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT.
H 838
afxazeTis sakaTalikoso, istoriulad yovelTvis zogad qarTuli eklesiis erT nawils warmoadgenda, qarTuli eklesiis meore
nawili iyo qarTlis sakaTalikoso.
zogad qarTuli eklesiis mTlianoba miiRweoda saerTo saeklesio samarTliT, saerTo sjuliskanoniT, saerTo qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro eniT,
saerTo tradiciebiTa da saqarTvelos patriarqis
saerTo meTaurobiT.am or pirvelierarqs Soris erTs uxucesi,xolo
meores umrwemesi ewodeboda.
erTian qarTul eklesiaSi wodeba `kaTalikosi~ Seesabameboda berZnuli sapatriarqoebis `mitropolitis~ wodebas.
rogorc berZnuli sapatriarqos mitropolits uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen Tavisi episkoposebi,aseve qarTlis kaTalikoss eqvemdebarebodnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi,
xolo afxazeTis kaTalikoss dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, xolo orive
es sakaTalikoso erTiani qarTuli eklesiis saeklesio administraciuli erTeulebi(samitropolito olqebi) iyvnen.
rogoc iTqva, maTi zemdgomi saeklesio instituti iyo saerTo sjuliskanonis da saeklesio samarTlis SemmuSavebeli adgilobrivi saeklesio
krebebi.
es sakaTalikosoebi aRiarebdnen aseve upiratesi pirvelierarqis avtoritets. mas `uxuces patriarqs~ uwodebdnen. misi movaleoba iyo uzunveleyo sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiaSi(e.i.qarTlisa
da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebSi) saerTo sjuliskanonis dacva,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi axali saerTo kanonebis SemuSaveba(mag.XVI
s.-is `samarTali kaTalikosTa~).
aRsaniSnavia, rom saeklesio krebis mier afxazeTisa da qarTlis
kaTalikosTa monawileobiT gamocemul kanonebs mTels saqarTveloSi (cxadia afxazeTSic) savalddebulod aRsasrulebeli Zala eniWeboda samoqalaqo samarTlis sferoSic.
zogierT saelesio-sakanonmdeblo krebas miRebuli aqvT kanonebi,
romelnic ufro saero-samoqalaqo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvnebian, aseTebia magaliTad sasjelTa CamonaTvali qurdobisaTvis, yaCaRobisaTvis da
sxva msgavsi. rogorc aRiniSna am kanonebs savaldebulod aRsasrulebeli
Zala eniWeboda.
`uxuces~ pirvelierarqad anu `saqarTvelos patriarqad~,rogorc wesi
,irCevdnen mcxeTel kaTalikoss, magram gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi biWvinTel anu afxazTa kaTlikoss gadaecemoda es tituli (`saqarTvelos partiarqi~).
magaliTad Sah-abasis Semosevebis Semdeg (XVII saukunesa da XVIII s.I
638
lobels aqvs zedwerili `es galobani mas kargsa giorgi mefesa, didsa,
didiTa vedrebiTa aRuwervebian minCxisada~.esaa is afxazTa mefe giorgi II
(922-957), romelsac werilebs werda patriarqi konstantinopolisa, igi iyo
qarTuli enisa da kulturis udidesi moyvaruli, imdenad, rom is evedreboda, `didi vedrebiT~ mimarTavda Tavisi samefos poetsa da kompozitors
ivane minCxs,rom mas daewera axali qarTuli sagaloblebi.
meore mxriv, nikoloz mistikosic evedreboda, rogorc werilebidan kargad Cans, afxazTa mefes giorgi II-s Tavisi mfarveloba ar moeklo alaniis
eparqiisadmi. miuxedavad xvewna-mudarisa da Sesabamisi mimarTvisa, Cans,
giorgi mefes imdenad didi yuradReba ar miupyria ucxo patriarqis saTxovrisadmi. samagierod, misi yuradReba mSobliurisadmia mi pyrobili. misi
`vedrebis~ Sedegad ivane minCxs, viTarca kompozitors da poets, SemouRia
damoukidebeli saleqso sazomebi e.w. `spaduqni~ da `morTulni~, cxadia,
Tavisi Sesabamisi musikiT (musikaluri kompoziciiT), romelsac aRtacebiT
Sexvedria mTeli qarTuli samyaro X saukuneSi, ris gamoc afxazeTis gareTac is Zlier gavrcelebula (p. ingoroyva, g. merCule, gv. 672).
sinur xelnawerSi dacul sagalobels ivane minCxis mier darTuli aqvs
Semdegi kidurwerili: `wmidao giorgi, Seewie giorgi mefesa winaSe meufeTa meufisa da adide~ (iqve, gv. 670).
abazgiis avtokefalia _ s. yauxCiSvilis Secdoma
s. yauxCiSvilis (`georgika~, IV, nawili2) noticiebis cxrilebSi konstantinopolis avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa Soris ramdenjerme gvxvdeba
`abazgiis~ eparqia, kerZod, noticia I-Si, noticia VI-Si, notocia VII-Si da
noticia VIII-Si, magram aq yvelaze saintereso is momentia, rom TviT s.
yauxCiSvilis ganmartebiT, zogierTi noticiis berZnul dedanSi,
sinamdvileSi weria ara `abazgia~, aramed `amasia~, xolo s. yauxCiSvilma CaTvala, rom dedanSi daSvebulia Secdoma da `amasiis~ nacvlad yvelgan Cawera `abazgia~. Tanac `amasiis~ nacvlad Tavis mierve dabeWdil berZnul teqstebSi Secvala sityva `amasia~
sityva
`abazgiiT~ da aseve dabeWda.
s.yauxCiSvilis am Tamamma qmedebam, roca man berZnul teqstSi
ramdenime adgilze Secvala sityva `amasia~ sityva `abazgiiT~ da
aseTi Secvlili saxiT dabeWda (gamosca), aman() mkvlevarTa Taobebs
Seuqmna STabeWdileba TiTqosda berZnul dedanSi dawerilia
`abazgiis avtokefalia~, sinamdvileSi ki weria `amasiis avtokefalia~.
`amasia~ iyo trapezuntTan axlos cnobili savaWro-ekonomikuri centri da am qalaqis episkoposs didi gavlena hqonda. TviT s. yauxCiSvilis
cnobiT, noticia VI-s dedanSi `avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa~ nusxaSi
weria _ `35. eparqia amasiisa _ sebastopolis arqiepiskoposi~ (georgika IV, nawili 2, 1952, gv. 139).
s. yauxCiSvilma dednis am Canawers daurTo ASeniSvna _ `aSkara
Secdomaa, unda iyos `abazgias~ (georgika, IV, 2, gv. 139, SeniSvna 2).
amis Semdgom wignze TandarTul oficialur ganzogadebul no642
ticiaTa cxrilSi s. yauxCiSvilma `amasiis~ adgilas Cawera `abazgia~ (ix. gv. 192-Tan CarTuli sqema). sinamdvileSi ki qalaqi sebastopoli swored qalaq amasias regionSi mdebareobda, Tumca sebastopoli SesaZloa cxumsac erqva(s. yauxCiSvilma Cans am saxelis `sebastopolis gamo~ miiCnia amasia abazgiad).
noticia VIII-Si aseve `avtokefalur arqiepiskoposTa nusxaSi weria _ `eparqia amasiisa _ sebastiupolis arqiepiskoposi~ (georgika,
IV, 2, gv. 141). aqac dedans s. yauxCiSvilma daurTo SeniSvna _ `unda
iyos `abasgiisa~ (iqve, gv. 141) da Semdgom yvelgan noticia VIII-Si
dednis `amasia~ s. yauxCiSvilis mier Secvlili iqna `abasgiiT~ da
mkiTxvelisTvis miwodebuli iqna berZnuli SriftiT.
mkiTxvels
eqmneba STabeWdileba,rom am TiTqosda dedanSi sinamdvileSi weria `abasgia~. rac ase ar aris.
ase rom, `abasgia~ avtokefalur saepiskoposoTa ricxvSi sinamdvileSi
ar yofila moxseniebuli noticia VI-sa da noticia VII-Si, maSasadame, darCa
noticia I da noticia VIII. am noticiebSi namdvilad aris moxseniebuli
saxeli `abasgia~?
me piradad Zalze veWvob, Tumca es saintereso sakvlevi sakiTxia. mizezi isaa,rom im teritorias sadac qarTuli wyaroebiT
mdebareobda `afxazeTis saerisTavo~, (e.i. teritoria md klisuras iqiT)
berZnul wyaroebSi ewodeba `alania~. amitomac Tu am teritoriaze saarqiepiskoposo mdebareobda berZnul wyaroebSi misi saxeli iqneboda `alaniis saarqiepiskoposo~ da ara abazgiisa.
afxazeTis saeklesio miwebi
afxazeTi istoriulad erqva teritorias md. klisuras marjvena sanapiros iqiT nikofsiis mimarTulebiT.
klisuras marcxena sanapiros aqeT mcxeTisaken Savi zRvispireTi da
mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo iberiad, anu qarTlad ganixileboda Sesabamisi mcxeTuri saeklesio iurisdiqciiT.
mefe miris gardacvalebis Semdeg misi anderZis Tanaxmad dasavleT
saqarTvelo, viTarca sauxuceso teritoria, ergo mefis Zmas arCil II-s,
amasTanave gansakuTrebuli uflebebi afxazeTSi moi pova afxazTa erisTavma
leon I-ma, romelic politikurad gaTavisuflda berZnebisagan. amis Semdeg
man gadawyvita qceuliyo `qarTlis erisTavad~ anu mieRo `qarTlis eriTavis~
tituli. risTisac Tavisi samarTavi teritoria Seiyvana qarTlis samefos
SemadgenlobaSi im pirobiT,rom SerTavdnen mefis qaliSvil guranduxts.
Ppirobis aRsrulebis Semdeg leon I aRmoCnda im `siZeTa~ siaSi, romlebsac SeeZloT legitimuri ufleba ganecxadebinaT qarTlis (iberiis) samefo taxtze. am uflebis damadasturebeli erT-erTi niSani, kerZod, `samefo
gvirgvini~ miiRo kidec samefo ojaxidan. Mmaleve, dasavleT saqarTvelo,
viTarca saufliswulo teritoria, gadaeca guranduxts, leon I-is meuRles.
maT ojaxs amis Semdeg ukve ekuTvnoda miwa-wyali md. klisuradan lixis
qedamde, romelsac legitimuri samefo dinastia marTavda. samefo legitimacia afxaz mefeTa ojaxSi guranduxtma miitana. guranduxtis vaJma leon
meorem afxazTa mefis tituli miiRo,magram mas sruli ufleba hqonda
643
Tavi XXI
abazgia
abaSa-xubuSqia
qarTuli tomebis vanis tbasTan cxovrebis Sesaxeb m. qurdiani wers vanis tbis samxreTiT mdebare xubuSqias qveyana saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe enis mqone eTnosma daarsa (m. qurdiani, xubuSqia, kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, 2001, gv. 130).
is wers, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, samxreTSi qarTveluri onomastikis sistematurma figurirebam adreve Cauyara safuZveli
hi poTezas, rom qarTvelur tomTa pirvelsacxovrisi saerTod samxreTSi
mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 132).
Tumca ki TviT m. qurdianis TeoriiT qarTvelTa winare samSoblo aris
gansaxlebis Tanamedrove teritoria,saidanac xdeboda qarTveluri tomebis (karduxebis, mesxebisa da sxv.) samxreTiT eqspansia, CrdiloeTidan samxreTSi waweuli es tomebi aarsebdnen saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebs TavianTi
ZalauflebiTa da toponimikiT (iqve, gv. 135). misi TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi odesRac cxovrobda saerTo-qarTveluri tomi
romlis saxelwodeba dakavSirebuli unda iyos eTnonimTan ,,abaSi~. ,,es
fuZe - rogorc hidronimi da toponimi - faqtia saqarTveloSi. magram
warmoadgenda Tu ara is eTnonims? a) abaS-i unda edos safuZvlad
eTnonims abSil-i//afSil-i. igi miRebuli Cans abaS-fuZeze il sufiqsis
darTviT - ,,abSil~; b) ar aris gamoricxuli rom abaSil-abSil
mTliani fuZec yofiliyo. abSilidan aris miRebuli afSil-i. amdenad, sruli ueWvelobiT SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom arsebobda qarTveluri tomi, romlis saxelic qarTulad iyo abaS-i (an
abaSili). am eTnonimis svanuri forma - abasg, abazg, abaSq (ar aris
gamoricxuli zogierTi svanur dialeqtSi - abasq-abasg-abask) swored
644
svanuridan unda iyos nasesxebi. berZnulSi abaSebis tomis aRmniSvneli terminebi - abask-ebi, abazg-ebi... berZnebi xSirad moixseniebdnen erTsa da imave toms sxvadasxva saxeliT, vTqvaT TviTsaxelwodebiT da mezobelTa mier darqmeuliT, da mas am saxelebis
Tanaxmad or an met tomad warmosaxaven da Semdeg erTmaneTis
gverdiT aRweren~ (iqve, gv. 129). Sesabamisad abaSTa erTi tomi berZnebma
ori saxeliT moixsenies, Tavdapirvelad qarTuli abSil-i uwodes, Semdeg
ki svanuri abask-abazgi. anda SesaZloa saerTo qarTveluri tomi am droisaTvis ukve sam sxvadasxva qarTvelur enaze metyvelebda magaliTad abaSebi
(abSilebi) - qarTulad, abazgebi (abaskebi) - svanurad - wers m. qurdiani. is
uSvebs albaTobas, rom abaSebis am tomma, romelsac zanurad - xubuSqebi
erqvaT, ilaSqra vanis tbisken da iq saxelmwifoc Seqmna.
vanis tbis samxreTiT e.w. ,,nairis~ sartyelSi qarTvelTa cxovreba m.
qurdians ar eeWveba. is imowmebs n. xazaraZes, romlis mixedviTac qristeSobamde XII-VII saukuneebSi arsebobda muSqebis ori qveyana - erTi - evfratis zemo welidan tigrosis saTaveebisa da zemo welis marcxena napiris CaTvliT (e.i. wina aziaSi), meore ki mcire aziaSi. md. halisis (yizilirmakis) Sua welis samxreTiT (n. xazaraZe, saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis
problemebi (mosxebi), 1984, n. xazaraZe, saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli terminologia, 1993, n. xazaraZe. Tsu axalcixis filialis Sromebis krebuli, I, 1998).
m. qurdiani miiCnevs, rom muSkebis es orive qarTuli qveyana saqarTvelodan
gasuli tomebis eqspansiaTa - laSqrobaTa Sedegad gaCnda iseve, rogorc
xubuSqias qveyana (iqve,gv. 130).es Tvalsazrisi ar dasturdeba, radganac
wyaroebi miuTiTeben ara tomebs moZraobas CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken, aramed piriqiT samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken.
abaSa-abazgia
(abasxi-abaSxi-abasgi)
m.qurdianis azriT abaSelTa megrulenovani tomi SeiWra da vanis tbasTan
iq daaarsa ,,xubuSqias~ samefo II aTaswleulSi qristesSobamde( ,,kavkasur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli~ 2001.gv.130).
Tu aseTis daSveba SesaZlebelia, SeiZleba davuSvaT sapirispiroc, rom
samxreTSi, araqsze anu fazisze mcxovrebi fasianelebi, igive basianelebis
nawili (bas-xi,mes-xi) gadasaxlda
ufro CrdiloeTiT- dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, sadac maT basxebi,abasxebi,abazgebi daerqvaT.
basian-eli=bas-xi=abasxi=abazgi.
saxel abasgTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos,rom `baS~ fuZiT mravali
toponimia rionze q.abaSas irgvliv.
sofeli `Sua baSi~ mdebareobs mdinare rionis marjvena sanapiroze,
samtrediis raionSi (Sua baSs esazRvreba wyaltubos raionis sofeli
sayulia), sofeli (qalaqi) abaSa mdebareobs samegreloSi, sofeli Zveli
abaSa _ misgan sakmaodaa daSorebuli(Zveli abaSa senakTan mdebareobs,
noqalaqevis mxares), sofeli `zemo abaSa~ mdebareobs md. rionis marcxena napiras, istoriul guriaSi, kerZod, amJamad samtrediis raionSi, sofel
645
aqedan Cans, rom saxelebi muryvami (yvami) da Wyoni erTi fuZisa SeiZleba yofiliyvnen. aseve albaT SesaZlebeliamuryvami-muryomi-muryoni-murWyoni-Wyoni .
maSasadame QWyondidi niSnavs did uTxovris xes
dinastiaTa svanuri Ziri
648
dadianebi
()
(adiRe-qaSagni)
ruka _ ` IX-XI ~ (ix. wigni , 1987, gv. 78)
mixedviT, adige (qaSagi) ganlagebuli iyo uSualod saqarTvelos (abxazTa
samefos) mezoblad, Crdilo-dasavleTiT, Savi zRvis piras da cxumamde
CrdiloeTidan esazRvreboda afxazeTis sazRvars. mis gverdiT iyo (
() _ alani (iasebi) vidre Tergamde (yubansa da Tergs Sua).
sxva rusuli wignebiT ki, adiRe mdebareobda kidev ufro dasavleTiT,
afxazeTs ki CrdiloeTidan esazRvreboda ara adige, aramed alania.
Temur lengis Semdeg, am adgilebSi Casaxldnen Cerqezuli tomebi (sinurcimbiruli tomebi), maTac, Cans, uwodes saxeli `adige~ iqamde at teritoriaze mcxovrebi Zveli xalxis saxelis mixedviT.
XIX saukunis erTi rusi generlis cnobiT, adiRe-ubixebs hqondaT sakuTari damaluli ena, oficialurad laparakobdnen Cerqezul enaze, magram
hqondaT damaluli sakuTari ena, romelsac Cerqezebis SiSiT ar amxeldnen.
Cemi azriT, isini iyvnen naSTebi Zveli jiqebisa, romlebic dai pyres Temur-lengis epoqaSi Cerqezebma da daimones.
kosag-qaSagisagan, Cemi azriT, sityva Cerqezi etimologiurad ar miiReba.
Semdeg, rogorc cnobilia, Cerqezulma tomebma dai pyres abazebi, maTi saxelic miiTvises, Semdeg igive moimoqmedes afxazTa mimarTac.
`ebze stalin~
XX s. 30-ian wlebSi kultad gadaqcevis epoqaSi ssrk xalxTa momReralTa gundebi umRerodnen stalins.
CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom yaraCai-CerqezeTis imJamindeli olqis momReralTa gundic umReroda did belads aseTi sityvebiT-`ebze stalin~ e.i
`qarTvelo stalin~.
iqauri mosaxleoba qarTvelebs uwodebs `ebze~-s. e.i. `ebze stalin~ niSnavs-`qarTvelo stalin~.
rogorc cnobilia, sityva `abaz~-iT aRniSnaven afxazebs,
aRniSnuli mosaxleoba kargad icnobda maT Mmezobel abazinebis
tomsa da afxazebsac. TiTqos maTTvis unda ewodebivaT sityva `ebze~,
magram isini am sityviT qarTvelebs moixsenebdnen. ratom?
am sityviT -`obez `ebze~ aRniSnavdnen qartvelebsroca temur lengma Crdilo kavkasiaSi Camoasaxla adiRe-Cerqezuli
xalxi, am xalxebis sxvadasxva mraval toms sakuTari saxelic ki ar gaaCn649
da, amitomac am tomebs maTi gansaxlebis axali adgilis anda maT mier
dapyrobil- damorCilebuli adgilobrivi tomis saxeliT moixsenebdnen,
rogorc magaliTad egvi pteSi mcxovreb arabebs `egvi ptelebs~ uwodeben,
crdilokavkasiaSi mcxobrabi `abazebi~`ebzeebi~(`qarTvelebi) roca erTerTma adiReurma tomma dai pyro am dampyrobel tomsac abazebi,E`ebzeebi~
uwodes, magram sxva adiRe-CerqezebisaTvis zogadad `ebze~ mainc qarTvels
niSnavda. unda gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom Tavdapirvelad `abazi~ adgilobrivi qarTuli tomis saxeli iyo. damorCilebis Semdeg misi saxeli `abazi~ uwodes dampyrobel Cerqezul toms-e.w. `abazinebs~.
magram zogad adiRe-Cerqezul metyvelebaSi sityva abazi- `ebze~ zogadad
mainc qarTvels aRniSnavda. amitomac maTTvis `qarTeli stalini~ iyo `ebze
stalini~ da aseve umRerodnen mas.
daskvna
safiqrebelia,rom saxelebi `safxazi~ da afxazi erTmanTTan iyos
d a k a v i r e b u l i , d a m i u T i T e b d e s q a r T u l i to m e b i s m i g r a c i a s
samxreTidan CrdiloTisaken
Tavi XXII
svaneTi I_VI ss.-Si
`svanebs uwodeben iberielebs~(straboni, XI, II, 19)
`im xalxTa Soris, romelnic Tavs iyrian dioskuriadaSi arian ftirofagebic, romlebmac es saxeli miiRes usufTaobis da WuWyis gamo. maT axlos cxovroben soanebi, romlebic arafriT Camouvardebian maT usufTaobiT, magram sjobnian ZlierebiT, da SeiZleba iTqvas,rom isini TiTqmis
yvelaze kargi meomrebi da Zlierebi arian yvelasTan SedarebiT, yovel
SemTxvevaSi isini batonoben yvela xalxze, romelnic kavkasiis maRlobebi
uWiravT dioskuradis garSemo. maT yavT mefe da sabWo 300 kacisagan, rogorc
amboben SeuZliaT 200 000 kacisgan Samdgari jaris gamoyvana, marTlac
mTeli xalxis masa brZolisunariania, Tumca araorganizebuli Zala, maT
qveyanaSi rogorc gadmoscemen mTis nakadebs CamoaqvT oqro da barbarosebi
iWeren faceriT da bewviani tyaviT aqedan, amboben warmoiSva miTi oqros
sawmisze. zogierTebi maT agreTve uwodeben iberielebs - dasavleTelebis msgavsad, oqros silis gamo, romelic orive qveyanaSia~ (straboni, XI, II,
19).
-` , ~(straboni, XI, II, 19).
`svanebi TavianTi isris boloebisaTvis iyeneben Sxams, romlis suni dauWrel adamianskac ki tanjavs, sxva xalxebs kavkasiis axlomcxovrebT ufro
mokrZalebuli da umniSvnelo miwebis farTobi uWiravT, xolo albanur
da iberiul tomebs, uWiravT umetesi nawili kavkasiis aRniSnuli yelisa,
650
yofili da misca dedofalma simtkice rusis uvnebelad gaSvebisaTvis~ (q. c. II, 1959, gv. 54).
yuradsaRebia aq naxsenebi ,,svani didebulebi~ saqme isaa, rom ajanyda
ara mxolod svanebi, aramed mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo, SeiZleba iTqvas vardan dadiani iyo lideri, didebulebisa, - maT xom ar uwodebs
mematiane ,,svan didebulebs~?
aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc afxazeTis, ise odiSis erisTavebi svanuri warmoSobisani iyvnen. anu dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebis urmravlesoba svanuri warmoSobis iyo (ix. qvemoT), afxazTa,
CvenTvis cnobili, ori mefe aseve svani iyo.
aseTi faqtebi SesaZloa gadmonaSTia imisa, rom odesRac mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos ,,svaneTi~ erqva.
Cveni kvleviT bizantielTa da sparselTa omis ,,svaneTisaTvis~
VI s-Si gulisxmobda ara davas dRevandel mestiisa da lentexis
raionze aramed mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, am ukanasknels uwodebdnen isini imJamad ,,svaneTs~.
Cans qarTul wyaroebSic airekla es faqti. kerZod am ,,svaneTSi~ (e.i.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi) rodesac Camoyalibda odiSis, afxazTa, argveTis,
svanTa saerisTaoebi _ yvela didebuli Sesabamisad svanuri warmoSobisa
aRmoCnda.
rac aisaxa maT samefo dinastiazec, yovel SemTxvevebi, rogorc iTqva,
cnobilia ori afxazTa svani mefe: Savliani ioane da Savliani adarnase.
vardaniZeebi iyvnen guriis erisTavebi, dadianebic vardaniZeTa erT-erTi
Stos STamomavlebi arian, vardaniZeebi iyvnen aseve svaneTis erisTavebic,
magram TviT vardaniZeebis gvaris damfuZnebeli iyo vardan svanTa erisTavi
- rogorc miiCnevs e. TayaiSvili. Tumca giorgi CubinaSvilis varaudiT
vardaniZeTa didebuli gvaris damfuZnebeli iyo X s. lentexis xatis
warweraSi moxseniebuli vardani (a. maruaSvili, maruSianTa, ganStoeba vardaniZeebi, ,,svaneTi~, 2008, gv. 281).
aqedanac Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebi svanuri warmoSobisani iyvnen. vardan svanTa erisTavi - ar unda yofiliyo mxolod
mizezi am mniSvnelovani faqtisa, aramed mas istoriuli safuZveli unda
hqonoda. misi mTavari mizezi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTvelos svanuri safuZvlebi.
XI saukunis jumaTis xatis (g. CubinaSvilis daTariRebiT), warweraSic
moxseniebuli erisTavT-erisTavi varden II vardanisZe, igive svanTa erisTavi
vardania (iqve, gv. 282. is iyo giorgi II-is Tanamedrove) misi winaprebi iyvnen
(erisTavT erisTavi bakuri (X s., vardan erisTavi XI s. 30-iani wlebi, Cans
maTi STamomavali iyo ivane II vardaniZe (XI_XII s. damdegi) yvela isini
dakavSirebuli arian svaneTis saerisTavosTan (iqve, gv. 282).
aseve, miiCneva, rom vardaniZeTa sagvareulo warmoqmnili maruSianTa sagvareulodan (iqve, gv. 282). cnobili mxedarTmTavris zviad erisTav maruSianis Svilis saxelic vardani yofila (iqve, gv. 283). mefe giorgi I-isa da
maruSianebis konfliqtis Semdeg TrialeTSi baRvaSebi damkvidrdnen.
652
jer kidev n. janaSia miuTiTebda svanur toponimur monacemebze (`lanCxuTi~, `foTi~) dayrdnobiT, rom mdinare rionis xeobis orive mxare) dasavleT saqarTvelos dablobi dioskuriamde da ufro CrdiloeTiT, xobis,
enguris da webeldas xeobebi, aseve istoriuli argveTis Crdilo nawili,
Semdegdroindeli leCxumi da raWa, svaneTis mTianeTTan erTad, saerTod,
dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo nawili, Tavdapirvelad svanuri tomebiT
iyo dasaxlebuli. `enobrivi monacemebiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulsa da I
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi svanuri tomebi dasavleT saqarTvelos baris raionebSi vrcladaa gavrcelebuli (`iS~ sufiqsiani
toponimika) (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, gv. 341).
toponimur masalaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kolxebis
CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi fasianebi svanuri tomi unda yofiliyo. Qqsenefontes epoqaSi (Zv. w. V s.) etimologiuradac, `fa-sianebi~ waagavs antikuri
avtorebisaTvis kargad cnobili xalxis `suanebis~ saxels. (`fa-prefiqsi,
`siani~-`suani~).
kolxeTi, Zveli berZnuli wyaroebiT, Tavdapirvelad moicavda Savi zRvis
samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiros trapizonamde. berZnuli kolonizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad Seicvala da gafarTovda kolxeTis cnebis gagebac.
657
herodotesaTvis kolxeTis Crdilo sazRvari aris mdinare fazisi, kolxeTi ki sxvadasxva tomebiTaa dasaxlebuli. es araa erTi eTnosis, erTi
xalxis qveyana. strabonis epoqaSic (I saukune) kolxeTi krebiT saxels
warmoadgens vrcel sanapiro teritoriisa ukve trapizonidan biWvinTamde.
am dros mdinare fazisis, xobis, engurisa da agreTve webeldas xeobebSi
mcxovreb svanebsac (vidre dioskuriamde) Cans berZnebma, qveynis saxelis
mixedviT, `kolxebi~ uwodes, raTa isini ganesxvavebinaT mTis svanebisgan.
marTlac, Zveli avtorebi maT `suano-kolxebs~ uwodebdnen. ptolemaiosi (I
saukune) mTis svanebisa da baris svanebis gansxvavebis mizniT uwodebs
ukanasknelT `suano-kolxebs~. Eeseni (mTis svanebi da `suano-kolxebi~)
erTi eTnosia, mravalricxovani xalxi, strabonis mixedviT, maT saomrad
gamohyavT 200 aTasi mebrZoli (es ufro metia, vidre iberebisa da albanelebis jari erTad).
ptolemaiosi axsenebs kolxeTis sxvadasxva tomebs, maT Soris lazebsa
da manrilebs (`ekritikes qveynis mcxovrebT~), Cveni mecnierebis azriT,
Tanamedrove megrel-Wanebis winaprebi unda yofiliyvnen lazebi. manralebi
ki (sxva tomi) egrisis qveynis (`ekritikes~) mcxovrebni. `klavdios prolemaiosis cnobidan is gamomdinareobs, rom `egrisi~ da `megreli~ (`margali~) saxelebi Tavdapirvelad dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT, eTnikurad aramegrul nawils unda rqmeoda da qveynis dasavleT nawilsa da
sakuTriv megrul (zanur) mosaxleobaze SemdegSi gavrcelda. SeiZleba es
laz-megrelTa mier am mxareSi mtkice hegemonobis mopovebas da lazikis
samefos Zlierebis xanasac (Sdr. megrulSi _ `margali~ _ terminis xmareba mdabio fenis, glexobis aRsaniSnavad. `zino-squas~ _ zeda fenis, aznaurobis sapirispirod) ukavSirdebodes~ (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,
1970 t. I, gv. 424).
svanebs, romelTac strabonis mixedviT hyavdaT basilevsi da sabWo 300
kacisagan Semdgari~ (Strabo, XI, 2,19). svanebs, rogorc straboni iqve wers,
`zogierTebi iberiul tomebad miiCneven~ (iqve, XI, 2,19).
svanebs, rogorc aRvniSneT, 200 000 kaciani laSqari hyavT, `mTeli xalxi
meomaria~, e.i. yvela mamakaci (brZolis unaris mqone) salaSqrod gahyavdaT.
albaT es iyo mTeli mosaxleobis mesamedi, aqedan gamomdinare, svanebis
saerTo ricxvi 600 000 mainc unda yofiliyo. Tu gavixsenebT, rom imJamad
tuafsedan lazebamde svanebis garda aseve cxovrobdnen kerketebi, aqelebi da henioxebi (maTgan zogierTi sakmaod didi tomi iyo, henioxebs oTxi
basilevsi hyavdaT), eseni, svanebTan erTad, Tanamedrove afxazeTsa da svaneTSi ver moTavsdebodnen ukiduresi mravalricxovnebis gamo. amitomac
unda vifiqroT, berZeni mwerlebis `suanokolxebi strabonisa da ptolemaiosis epoqaSi Tanamedrove lanCxuTamde iyvnen gansaxlebulni da mxolod lazTa samefos Zlierebis epoqaSi (III-IV ss qristes aqeT) ufro
CrdiloeTiT wainacvles anda maTSi moxda lazuri tomebis `SeRweva-infiltracia~. Amis Sedegad suano-kolxebma SeiTvises lazuri (Semdegroindeli megruli) metyveleba. swored am process vuwodebT Cven `megrizacias~. g. meliqiSvili lazeTis samefos sazRvrebis CrdiloeTiT ganvrcobas ukavSirebs III s. bolodan `romaelTa Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas aRmo658
savlur provinciebSi~. rogorc ariane wers, I-II ss-Si md. WoroxTan miwawyali (fazisamde) iberiis samefos da mis qveSevrdom tomebs eWiraT, am
droisTvis ukve romaelTa gavlenis sferoSi myof lazeTis samefos aRniSnul adgilebSi mcxovrebi iberiuli tomebi SeuerTebia: `aq adre iberias
hqonda fexi mokidebuli, axla ki romaelTa da lazTa samflobeloebi
Cans, iberia aqedan gandevnili Cans, zogi misi samflobelo lazTa samefos
SemadgenlobaSia Sesuli~ (narkv. I, gv. 555).
kidev ufro gafarTovda lazTa mflobeloba CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT
(Sesabamisad Tavisi dialeqtiT) VI s-Si dasavleT saqarTveloSi bizantielebTan sparselebis damarcxebis Semdeg. g. meliqiSvili wers _ `kidev
ufro met warmatebas miaRwies lazTa mefeebma CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT,
menandres (VIs.) mowmobiT lazTa samefo IV s. bolosTvis didad gaZlierebula da svanebi daumorCilebia~ (iqve, gv. 555).
s. janaSias azriT, IVs. dasasrulisaTvis unda daeqvemdebarebinaT lazebs svanebis garda aseve afSilebi, abazgebi da sxva mezobeli tomebi
(iqve, gv. 556). `lazTa mefeebma sabolood moaxerxes iberiis mflobelobis
likvidacia das. saqarTveloSi da iqauri samflobeloebi SeierTes~ (iqve,
gv. 556).
maSasadame, lazTa mefeebma bizantielebis (romaelebis) daxmarebiT jer
Woroxsa da rions Sua mdebare teritoriis SeerTeba SeZles, Semdeg ki
ufro CrdiloeTiT svanebiTa da sxva tomebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wylis
mierTeba, ramac aq, cxadia, svanuri toponimikis Semdeg lazuri (megruli)
toponimikisa da enis ganvrcoba ganapiroba. am process SeiZleba vuwodoT
md. rionis orive sanapiros da zRvispira teritoriis momcveli mxaris
`megrizacia~. samecniero literaturaSi e.w. `qarTizacia~ ganimarteba,
rogorc `qarTis tomebis~ SeRweva _ infiltracia _ araqarTul an araqarTvelur tomebSi... sadac SeaRwevda qarTlis elementi, vrceldeboda qarTuli
ena da aRm. qarTuli kultura. aseTi viTareba Seiqmna ara marto aRmosavleTiT hereTis (albaneTi) teritoriaze, aramed dasavleT saqarTveloSic
(qse, t. X, gv. 459-160. statia `qarTvelebi~).
`qarTizaciis~ gverdiT, rogorc toponimikisa da saistorio wyaroebis
Seswavla aCvenebs, mimdinareobda agreTve e.w. `megrizaciis~ procesi.
unda davaskvnaT, rom Cvens Tvalwin aris ori Tvalsazrisi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi qarTveli tomebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb, erTi TvalsazrisiT,
romelic amJamad ufro miRebulia, dasavleT saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan
dasaxlebuli iyo megrul-lazuri tomebiT, Semdgom aq moxda `qarTis
tomebis~ gansaxleba (kerZod, md. Woroxidan vidre md. rionamde), ris Sedegadac aRniSnuli megrul-lazuri mosaxleoba gaiyo orad, erTi nawili
aRmoCnda md. rionis marjvena sanapiroze, meore nawili ki md. Woroxis
marcxena sanapiroze gansaxlebuli. esaa dasavleT saqarTvelos e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria.
meore TvalsazrisiT ki, uZvelesi droidanve dasavleT saqarTvelos
zRvispireTi dasaxlebuli iyo svanebiT (`suano-kolxebiT~), romelTac
agreTve iberebsac uwodebdnen (strabonis cnobiT). mxolod III-IV ss. Semdgom,
659
lazTa samefos gafarToebasTan erTad, aq moxda lazuri tomebis SeRwevainfiltracia (svanur mosaxleobaSi md. rionis, xobiswylis da enguris
xeobebSi vidre mTis svanebamde). esaa dasavleT saqarTvelos e.w. `megrizaciis~ Teoria.
Cveni TvalsazrisiT ki, ar momxdara dasavleT saqarTvelos arc `qarTizacia~ da arc `megrizacia~- gansaxilvel xanaSi, radganac uZvelesi
droidan VIII-IX ss-mde, dasavleT saqarTvelo dasxlebuli unda
yofiliyo jer kidev naklebad
diferencirebuli saerTo fuZeqarTuli enis matarebeli xalxiT
(iseve, rogorc aRmosavleTi),
romlis diferenciaciac daiwyo SemdegSi (saqarTvelos saxelwifos rRvevis kvaldakval anu XIII s-dan).
Sesabamisad, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis Camoyalibebisas (anu
wmida werilis Targmnis xanaSi) iqaur tomebs aerTianebdaT jer
kidev daunawevrebuli ena (e.i. Zveli qarTuli), Sesabamisad is erTi
xalxi iyo(Tumca tomebad danawevrebuli).
`egrisi _ romel ars svaneTi~
farnavazis Zem saurmagma Crdilo kavkasiis mosaxleoba Camoasaxla qarTlis samefos CrdiloeT nawilSi _ `saurmag warmoiyvana igini yovelTa
kavkasiis naTesavTa naxevarni, ...dasxna mTiuleTs didoeTiTgan vidre
egrisamde, romel ars suaneTi~ (q.c. I, gv. 27).
aq sainteresoa, rom strabonic wers TiTqmis imaves, rom iberiis Crdilo
mTianeTi dasaxlebulia skviTuri modgmis iberebiT da rom es skviTuri
iberebi da iberebi TanamonaTesaveni arian.
Cveni mematianec aRniSnavs imaves: misi cnobiT, Crdilo kavkasia dausaxlebeli iyo, Semdgom iq gadaasaxles samxreT kavkasieli mosaxleobadatyvevebuli qarTvelebi da isini TandaTanobiT gadaiqcnen Crdilo kavkasiis mkvidr mosaxleobad _ `arca iyo kaci kavkasiasa CrdiloT da umkvidro
iyo qveyana igi kavkasiiTganve vidre mdinaremde didad, romeli Sesdis
zRvasa darubandisasa... gamovida xazarTa mefe gardavlo mTa kavkasia, misca Zesa Tvissa tyue somxiTisa da qarTlisa da misca qveyana kavkasiis
nawili, lomekis mdinarisa dasavliT, dasavleTamde mTisa da daeSena
uobos da naTesavni misni arian ovsni~ (q.c. I, gv. 12).ovsni anu `skviTni~
qarTuli wyaros mixedviT am e.w.`skviTebis~(rogorc axali xalxis)
formirebaSi `tyve qarTvelebs~ hqoniaT wvlili.
Crdilokavkasielni, raRac xarisxiT qarTvelTa genetikuri memkvidreebi iyvnen da isini farnavazis Zes Camousaxlebia da dausaxlebia `didoeTidan vidre egrisamde, romel ars svaneTi~.
svaneTi-kaxeTi
`CrdiloeTiT egriss svaneTi ekra, istorikosi ambobs: `didoeTidgan
vidre egrisamde... ars svaneTi~ (cxovreba mefeTa) _ wers iv. javaxiSvili
(iv. javaxiSvili, t. II, gv. 50).
didoeTsa da egriis Sua moqceuli iyo raWa, dvaleTi da fxovi, Cans,
isinic svanur tomebad miiCneoda. ufro metic, iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, sva660
boda moqceuli.
Zvel svaneTze meti informacia aqvs `qarTlis cxovrebas~, sadac naTqvamia: `egrisi, romel ars svaneTi~, am cnobiT TiTqosda svaneTi ewodeboda egriss, anu dasavleT saqarTvelos.
magram,saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove istorikosebi VI saukunisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelos ara svaneTs aramed lazikas uwodeben, rac qmnis Seusabamobas.
Cveno kvleviT ki VI s.-Si politikuri mniSvnelobiT lazika erqva ara
dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed erge-ligan-klarjeTs (da `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispirs~).
ai, am lazikis damarcxebis semdeg bizantia-sparseTis gacxarebuli omebi mimdinareobda ukve mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis, anu egris-svaneTisTvis.
iqamde ki lazika, anu `bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri~ dainarCuna bizantiiam.
sazavo molaparakebebis dros erT periodSi dadginda, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelo anu egris-svaneTi gadacemoda sparseTs, viTarca nawili iberiisa,
xolo iberia sparseTis xeldebul qveyanad iyo aRiarebuli, maSasadame, iberia Tavisi nawiliT _ egris-svaneTiT sparsesTs darCa,
xolo klarjeTi anu lazika ki bizantias. Tumca Semdgom egrissvaneTisTvis brZolebi kidev didxans gagrZelda.
qarTuli wyaroebiTac, egris-svaneTi mudam iberiis nawili iyo. C-244
afsilebi
berZnuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom lazikis Semdeg mdebareobda afsilebis qveyana, xolo afsilebis qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda misimielebis qveyana.
Cven garkveuli gvaqvs, rom afsilebis qveyana _ esaa Tanamedrove guriis
zRvispira nawili _ md. sufsas xeoba. xolo misimielTa qveyana, Cans, erqva
Tanamedrove guriisa (da nawilobriv aWaris) mTianeTs.
afsileTs da misimineTs, Cans, miiCnevdnen im svaneTis qveynis nawilad,
romelic Woroxis zemoT mdebareobda.
`svaneTis qveynebi~ iyo, Cans, afsileTi, misimineTi, abaSgia da e.w `afxazeTis alania~.
abaSgia _ rionis xeobaSi, misimineTi da afsilebi mis qvemoT, xolo
alania _ maRla, Semdgom afxazeTSi.
VI s. omisas svanebi ufro metad emxrobodnen sparselebs, amitomac
bizantielebma Crdilo kavkasiidan Semoiyvanes alani mebrZolebi da svanebis miwebze daasaxles Semdgom afxazeTSi.
Cans, qarTul tomebs (svanebs,afsilebs,abaSgebs) `svaneTis omebis~ dros(
VI s. da VII s. dasawisi) wauweviaT Crdilo da Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, imdenad, rom murvan yrus dros, VIIIs. dasawyisSi afSileTi
erqva ara Tanamedrove sufsis xeobasa da mimdebare qveynebs, aramed cxumTan (soxumTan) mdebare regions, Sesabamisad, Crdilo _ Crdilo-dasav662
unda vifiqroT, rom sityva `suanebi~, `svanebi~ etimologiurad dakavSirebulia wyalTan, mis fuZeSi umTavresia `su~, ,,s~, `S~, rogorc sityvebSi
mesxi, afSili, abasxi, misimieli,
SesaZloa svaneTi VI s.-Si erqva dasavleT saqarTvelos da svanebis
nawili _ rionis WaobebSic cxovrobda mTebSi asvlamde, xolo mTielebi
iyvnen klarjebi, gurulebi, egriselebi, argvelebi da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxi (ara Waobis xalxi) _ fuZe _ `gr~.
Sesbamisad, erge-klarjeTis mosaxleoba qmnida lazebis samefos, xolo
egriselebi, argvelebi da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba qmnida
iberias, calke idga rionis Waobebi, sadac cxovrobda `gaSlili wylis~
anu Waobis xalxi (,,faS~, ,,suan~, ,,bas,~ ,,mes~ xalxi), es Waobis xalxebi (e.i.
afSilebi, svanebi da sxva) sadavo iyo lazikasa da iberias Soris VI s.
erT periodSi.
rionis vrceli Waobebi iyo mkvdari regioni, mas ver amCnevdnen da arc
aRwerdnen Zveli avtorebi, swored am mizezis gamo _ gauvali, ugzo-ukvlo
Waobebsa da ekal-bardebiT daburuli mxare, vrceli kera malariisa da
cieb-cxelebisa, sadac mdored miizlazneboda rioni, romelic zRvas imdenad nela erTvoda - SeuZlebelia yofiliyo prokofis da sxvebis mier
aRwerili mCqefare mdinare fazisi.
rioni, miuxedavd imisa, rom XX s-Si Waobebis daSrobis grandiozuli
663
samuSaoebisa, amJamadac mainc mdored erTvis Sav zRvas, kerZod, zRvis Relvis
dros, ara mdinare Sedis zRvaSi, aramed piriqiT, zRva Sedis mdinaris kalapotSi da is zRvis wylis sadinari xdeba. karg amindSi mdinarisa da
zRvis SeerTeba aseTia _ isini TiTqosda erTmaneTs enacvlebian, xan mdinare
Sedis zRvaSi da xan zRva Semodis mdinaris kalapotSi. am process adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sagangebo terminiT aRniSnavs _ `zi pi~ am terminiT
aRiniSneba sinusoiduri silis gorakebi mdinaris kalapotSi, romelic
warmoiqmneba swored am aRwerili procesis gamo.
md. boasi _ s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, iyo ori boasi: erTi erTvoda Woroxs,
meore ki rions. Cemi azriT, radganac Zvel avtorTa dabejiTebul miTiTebiT boasi gamoedineboda WaneTis mTebidan (georgika, 2, gv. 100). cxadia,
igulisxmeba ara yvirila, aramed Woroxis Senakadi, anda Woroxi Tavis
saTavesTan.
saqarTvelos kuTxeebsa da lazikeSi mravali erTnairi toponimi da
hidronimi iyo. magaliTad, egriswyali (afxazeTSi (bediasTan) da `egres-su
anu egriswyali trapizonis mxares (iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, t. II, gv. 123), klisura (cxumTan) da `klasuri~ (trapizonisaken) (iqve, gv. 23). `pitia~ _ `trapizonTan~, `pitiunti~ cxumTan, sebastopolisi, trapizonis olqSi da abazgiaSi. `zegana~ (`zeganTa sofeli~) XI s-Si Sida qarTlSi (T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, gv. 33) da `zigna~ qaldiaSi (trapizonis mxare), aseve ziginevi (afxazeTSi), zegani sof. kldeeTTan, zestafonSi. q. fazari (igive fazisi), (Zveli
aTina trapizonTan) (georgika II, 1965, gv. 102) da fazisi. `boasi~ erqva Woroxs
an mis Senakads prokofi kesarielis mixedviT, aseve rogorc zogierTi
fiqrobs md. yvirilasac. fazisi erqva Woroxsac da aseve rionsac. magaliTad, prokofi kesarieli lazikas ase aRwers _ `lazike yovelgan, mdinare
fazisis rogorc aqeTa, ise iqeTa mxareze gauvalia. qveynis orsave mxares
uzarmazari kldeebia romlebic iq viwrobebs qmnian, aseT gzebs romaelebi `klisurebs~ uwodeben~ (georgika II, 1965, gv 102). md. rionTan dasavleT
saqarTvelos barSi kldeebi arsadaa, is aris Woroxis sanapiroebze, istoriul lazikeSi. prokofi garkveviT wers _ `md. boasi gamodis WaneTis
sazRvris maxloblad armenielTa adgilebSi, romlebic farangionis garSemo
cxovroben. TavSi is karga manZilze marjvniv mimdinareobs. Txelia ...
vidre im adgilamde, sadac marjvniv iberTa sazRvrebi aris, xolo pirispir kavkasiis mTa Tavdeba, mis Semdeg rac es mdinare miaRwevs im adgils,
sadac kavkasiisa da iberiis sazRvrebia, aq, radgan mas bevri sxva wyalic
emateba, is izrdeba Zalian da nacvlad boasisa, amieridan fazisad wodebuli, ganagrZobs mdinarebas naosnobisaTvis gamosadegi, vidre evqsinad wodebul zRvamde, sadac misi SesarTavia da mis orive mxriT lazike aris ~
(georgika, II, gv. 100).Woroxis SesaniSnavi aRweraa.
664
Tavi XXIII
alania
`alanTa qveyana, romel ars afxazeTi~
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, egrosis wili qveyana aRwevda md. yubanamde (`mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa~), Tumca farnavaz-qujis mier daarsebul `qarTlis samefoSi~ misi mxolod erTi nawili Sesula, kerZod, qarTlis samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari gavlebul iqna md. egriswyalze,
romelzec mdebareobda qalaqi bedia.
maSasadame farnavazis dros qarTlis samefos saxelmwifo sazRvari
bediasTan gadioda.
mdinare egriswyali amave dros yofila sazRvari qarTlis samefosa da
`saberZneTs~ Soris aleqsandre makedonelis droidan (q.c., 1955, I, gv. 177).
vaxtang gorgaslis Semdgom qarTlis samefos sazRvarma gadaiwia ufro
CrdiloeTiT Dda Ddaido mdinare klisuraze (kelasurze).
md. kelasuris iqiT, e.i. aRmosavleT sanapiros mxares mdebare qveyanas
VIII s-dan `afxazeTi~ erqva, xolo aqeT, e.i. dasavleT sanapiros mxares `qarTlis samefo~. sazRvari bizantiasa da qarTlis samefos Soris aq, rom
yofila es Cans `qarTlis cxovrebis~ sxva cnobidanac. kerZod ki imperatoris brZanebidan imJamad ( VIII s. daswyisSi) mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof
afxazeTis erisTavisadmi. qarTlis samefos am sazRvarTan dakavSirebiT
keisari Semdeg brZanebas aZlevs Tavis moxeles-afxazeTis erisTavs leon
I-s : -` yovladve sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa Cvengan qmnil ars vneba...
xolo Senda mibrZanebies erisTaoba afxazeTisa, Sen da SvilTa SenTa da
momavalTa SenTa miukunisamde. aramed keTilad pativscmdi mefeTa da
erTa magaT qarTlisaTa, da amieridan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa egrisaTa~(q.c.I.gv.240).
am brZanebaSi orjeraa naxsenebi qarTlis samefos sazRvrebi,romelTac
iqamde bizantielebi xSirad arRvevdnen(`sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa Cvengan qmnil ars vneba~), amieridano ki, wers imperatori, jerovnad unda
sce pativi qarTlis mefeebs da maTi samefos sazRvrebs egrisSi (`amieridan nuRaramca xelgewifebis vnebad maTda da sazRvarTa maTTa
egrisaTa~), qarTlis samefos sazRvari egrisSi, rogorc iTqva, imJamad md.
klisuraze gadioda, maSasadame am sazRvris darRveva akrZala keisarma.
brZanebaSi CamoTvlilia is damsaxurebani, romelnic miuZRodaT qarTlis mefeebs bizantiis imperiis winaSe, miuxedavad amisa Cven xSirad
varRrvevdiT maT sazRvrebs, axla ki arabebis Semosevis gamo saWiroa
davafasoT es damsaxurebani da aRar davarRvioT qarTlis sazRvrebi, Sen
ki kerZod, wers keisari afxazeTis erisTavs, aRar daarRvio qarTlis samefos sazRvari egrisSio.am cnobidanac Cans,rom qarTlis samefos sazRvari
egrissa da afxazeTs Sua mdebareobda VIII s. dasawyisSi.
romeli tomi iyo hegemoni VIII s.-mde klisura-kelasuridan vidre yubanamde?
iqauri mkvidri mosaxleoba yofila `egriselebi~ (`qarTlis cxovrebis~
665
mematiane wers, rom afxazTa pirvelma mefe leonma Tavisi samefo gayo
rva saerisTavod:
`1. dasva afxazTa(erisTavi) da misca afxazeTi, jiqeTi, vidre xazarTa
mdinaremde;
2. dasva (erisTavi) cxoms da misca egris iqiTi anakofia alaniTurT;
3. dasva bedias da misca egrisis aRmosavliT cxeniswylamde da a.S.~ (q.c.
IV, gv. 796).
maSasadame, cxumis saerisTavoSi Sedioda `anakofia-alaniTurT~,
mis marjvniv mdebareobda bediis saerisTavo, xolo marcxniv afxazTa saerisTavo.
mefe leonis dayofis mixedviT `alania~ mdebareobda bediidan biWvinTamde.
cxumis erisTavi amave dros anakofia-alaniis erisTavic iyo, radganac
am saerisTavoSi mdebareobdnen aRniSnuli erTeulebi. e.i. cxumis saerisTavo
aerTianebda anakofiisa da alaniis `qveynebs~, TviTon cxumi ki wyaros
mixedviT `afSileTSi~ Sedioda. maSasadame, cxumis saerisTavoSi alania-anakofiasTan erTad afSileTic Sedioda, xolo afxazTa saeriTavo, rogorc iTqva) ufro CrdiloeTiT iyo.
vaxuStis cnobiT, leon I-is dros `afxazTa samefos~ jer kidev ar erqva
es saxeli (e.i. afxazeTi).
leeon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg gamefda leon II `afxazTa erisTavi~,
mas unebebia Tavisi vrceli samefosaTvis ewodebina `afxazeTi~. e.i. iqamde
afxazeTi erqva anakofia-cxumis iqiTa teritorias vidre mdinare yubanamde. axla ki,afxazTa erisTavis gamefebis Semdeg, afxazeTi ewoda vrcel
qveyanas lixis mTidan yubanamde. es afxazTa erisTavi- leon meore, qarTlis mefeTa memkvidris guranduxtis vaJi iyo, guranduxts ki ekuTvnoda `egrisi, argveTi, Takveri da guria~.
saerTod, qarTuli matianeebis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, aseTi viTareba
iyo: mdinare egriswylamde (Semdeg ki md. Kklisuramde) ganfenili iyo
`qarTlis samefo~, mdinare klisuras (kelasuris) iqiT (marjvniv) ki `saberZneTis~ anu bizantiis imperiis miwa-wyali iyo.
bizantielebs aq (anu md. kelasuridan yubanamde) hyoliaT TavianTi
erisTavi leon I, mas usargeblia arabTa Semosevebisas bizantiis dasustebiT, aseve xazarebTan naTesaobiT da xelsayreli politikuri momentis
Sedegad VIII s-is dasawyisSi moupovebia damoukidebloba bizantielebisagan, mas amave dros SeurTavs qarTlis mefeTa qaliSvili guranduxti (asuli mir mefisa).
qarTlis mefe arCilis (miris Zmis) gardacvalebis Semdeg guranduxts
samefo ojaxidan mziTvis saxiT ergo e.w. `sauxuceso~miwa-wyali.
es iyo samefo sakuTreba dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ `egrisi, argveTi,svaneTi,
Takveri da guria~ (iqamde es mxare arCils ekuTvnoda).
mdidari mziTviT Sevida guranduxti afxazTa erisTavis ojaxSi,rogorc
vTqviT es iyo vrceli miwa-wyali dasavleT saqarTveloSi-Semdegdroindeli imereTi,samegrelo,svaneTi,raWa-leCxumi da guria.
668
669
675
Tavi XXIV
mefeebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi
`qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli
`qarTvelTa samefos~ saxelwodeba da `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli dakavSirebulia taosTan da basian-karinTan.
magaliTad sumbat daviTisZis Txzuleba ,,qarTvelTa mefed~ pirvelad
axsenebs adarnases, daviT I-is Zes - ,,aman adarnase aRaSena bana, xeliTa
kvirike banelisaTa~ (,,cxoreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~, 1990, gv. 48) es
moxda IX saukunis bolos.
adarnase I (mefobda 888-923) iyo SviliSvili bagrat I kurapalatisa
(+876) da, rogorc aRiniSna, Svili daviT I-isa (+881) mas hqonda ,,qarTvelTa
mefis~ wodeba.
adarn ase I ekuT vnoda aSo t I-is (78 6-826) ST amomavalTa taos
Stos( mxolod am Stos hqonda ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis tarebis ufleba).
aSot I-is STamomavalTa meore, klarjeTis Sto am tituls ar atarebda.
bizantiuri karic ganasxvavdeboda am Stoebs da taos Stos wevrebs ufro
maRal tituls ,,kurapalatisas~ aniWebda, maSin, roca klarjuli Stos
zogierT wevrs ,,magistrosobiT~ akmayofilebda.
923 wlidan 958 wlamde adarnase I-is Svilebs_ daviT II-s, bagrat Is, aSot II-sa da sumbat I-s morigeobiT gadaecaT ,,qarTvelTa mefis~
tituli, anu isini (Zmebi) Cans, asakis ufrosobis Sesabamisad, erTimeoris
Semdeg atarebdnen am tituls. maT Svilebsac (STamomavlobasac) Cans asakiT ufrosobis mixedviT mieniWaT ufleba ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ wodebisa.
kerZod sumbat I-is Svili bagrat II regveni 958-994 wlebSi iyo ,,qarTvelTa mefe~, mis Semdeg ki maTi didi ojaxis (saxlis) Svili bagrat pirvelis
Ze daviT III kurapalati 994-1001 wlebSi iyo ,,qarTvelTa mefe~.
aqedan Cans Semdegi, ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli gadaecemoda ara mamidan
ufros Zes, (rogorc mcxeTel mefeebs hqondaT aseTi wesi), aramed gadaecemoda samefo saxlis (samefo ojaxis) wevrebs ufrosobis mixedviT, es ufrosoba albaT ganisazRvreboda asakiT, xnovanebiT.
`qarTvelTa samefo saxlis~ Tanabaruflebiani wevrebi iyvnen
adarnase I-is Svilebi da SviliSvilebi, e.i. daviT II, bagrat I, aSot
II da sumbat I, maTi Svilebi bagrat II regveni, daviT III kurapalati da sxva is wevrebi am samefo ojaxisa, romelnic imJamad
yvelaze ufrosebi iyvnen xnovanebiT. roca maT Soris romelime
gardaicvlebida `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli samefo ojaxis im wevrs
gadaecemoda, romelic asakiT yvelaze ufrosi iyo.
Zveli iberiis samefo saxlSi aseTive wesis arsebobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda straboni.
es wesi Cans asaxulia farnavazis cxovrebaSi, roca quji ucxadebs
farnavazs, rom ,,Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi~, anda ,,me var mona Seni~, aqedan Cans rom quji da farnavazi erTi
676
dros hqondaT wodeba ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~. es tituli TavisTavad gulisxmobs,rom misi mflobeli aerTianebda somxebisa da qarTvelebis qveynebs. sad mdebareobda is `qarTvelTa qveyana~, romelsac imJamad
armeniis mefe flobda? cxadia es iyo saqarTvelos romeliRac mxare.
CvenTvis, maSasadame, sainteresoa, is Tu IX-X ss-Si armeniis mefeTa titulaturaSi
romel teritoriaze mdebare administraciuli erTeuli igulisxmeboda ,,qarTvelTa qveynis (samefos)~ qveS.
Tu vityviT, rom aq igulisxmeboda mcxeTis qarTlis samefo, unda iTqvas,
rom arabobis Semdeg aseTi samefo aRar arsebobda, piriqiT, TbilisSi
Camoyalibda arabuli saamiro, romelSic mcxeTac moiazreboda teritoriulad, ase rom Tanamedrove Sida qarTlSi IX-X ss-Si saxelmwifoebrivi
erTeuli ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ saxiT ar arsebobda. arabTa saamiros dasustebis Semdeg Sida qarTli `afxazeTis~ nawilad moiazreboda.uxtanesTan
mcxeTis da Tbilisis mimdebare qarTls `afxazTa qveyana~ ewodeba.mas
`afxazTa~ mefeebi marTavdnen da ara `qarTvelTa~ mefeebi. maSasadame
armeniis mefeTa titulaturaSi `qarTvelTa mefe~, ar igulisxmeboda Sida
qarTlis mmarTveloba.
iqneb Semdgomi saqarTvelos mefeebis erT-erTi tituli ,,qarTvelTa
mefe~ gamogvadges am Ziebisas.
qarTvelTa samefos, rogorc wesi am periodSi (X s.-dan) uwodebdnen
tao-klarjeTis samefos, ufro zustad taos samefos. mas bagrationi mefeebi marTavdnen klarjeTTan erTad.
kidev erTxel, rom vTqvaT ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS igulisxmeboda
tao-klarjeTis samefo, taos samefo.
iqneb armeniis mefeTa titulaturaSic ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ gulisxmeboda
taos da aseve mimdebare qarTuli provinciebis (basinis, karinis an vanandis) mflobelobas?
marTlac armeniis mefeebis tituli ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~ ar
gulisxmobda Sida qarTlis flobas, radganac is sadavo teritoria iyo,
ufro zustad, is Sedioda Tbilisis saamiroSi da saamiros dasustebis
Semdeg iqca sadavod.
armeniis mefeebis tituli ,,qarTvelTa mefe~ realur administraciul
erTeuls gulisxmobs da es unda yofiliyo ,,tao-basiani~.
marTlac es ase Cans aristakes lastivertecis naSromis mixedviT.
aristakes lastivertecisTvis ,,qarTvelTa qveyana~, ,,saqarTvelo~ mdebareobda ara anisis CrdiloeTiT, aramed anisis dasavleTiT. misTvis ,,qarTvelTa qveyana~ da ,,saqarTvelo~ moqceuli iyo berZenTa da sparselTa qveynebs Soris. mizezi amisa iyo is, rom marTlac, anisis CrdiloeTiT taSirZorakertis ,,somxuri samefo~ mdebareobda,xolo mis maRla, rogorc iTqva Tbilisis saamiro, romelic ebrjineboda ,,kavkasieli mTielebis~ qveynebs.
Cven gvainteresebs, rogorc iTqva, IX-X ss-Si romel qveyanas uwodebdnen
somxebi ,,qarTvelTa qveyanas~, ,,saqarTvelos~ da ,,qarTvelTa samefos~.
ari stak es lastiv erte ci ga mWvi rvaled we rs i mis S esax eb, rom
,,qarTvelTa~ qveynebi moqceulni iyvnen anisis dasavleTiT, karinis
678
yinvis gamo gaqceuli basili mixvda, rom ,,mxolod uflis xels SeuZlia
misTvis qarTvelTa qveynis gadacema~ (iqve, gv. 53).
maSasadame `qarTvelTa qveyana~(iverTa qveyana)
qalaq
anisis
dasavleTiT mdebareobda.
amitomac daarsa aRniSnul teritoriaze (anisis dasavleTiT) basili IIis Zmam imperatorma konstantinem bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli
,,iberiis Temi~.
iberiis TemSi anisic ki Seiyvanes, marTlac anissa da mis garSemo
mravali qarTuli eklesia da qarTuli saepiskoposoc arsebobda,
rasac Cqmalavdnen sabWoTa istorikosebi.
am ukanasknelTa azriT `prozeliturma qarTulma eklesiam~ daiwyo aRniSnul qveynebSi (e.i. tao-basin-karin-airarat-SiraqSi) somxebis ,,gaqarTveleba~ qalkedonitobis miRebiT, sinamdvileSi, qarTul eklesias aseTi qmedebis survili arasodes hqonia, misi gamarjveba emyareboda mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikur qarTul TviTSemecnebas, maT erovnul gamofxizlebas
arabTa uRlis gadagdebis Semdeg.
istoriuli iberiis miwa-wyalze (gugarqSi, xorZensa da pariadreSi), mcxovrebi qarTvelebi marTalia,TiTqmis aTasi weli somxur-bizantiur-sparsul da arabul garemoSi imyofebodnen, magram
m a T m a i n c S e Z le s e r o v n u l- e T ni k u r i v i n a o b i s S e na r C u n e b a I
aTaswleulSi, amitomac Seqmnes kidec maleve
,,iberiis Temi~, administraciuli erTeuli bizantiis imperiaSi. Aarzrum-tao-basian-valaSkertSi qarTveloba kidev didxans cxovrobda, maT saboloo gamusulmanebamde anu, XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde (erTi_ ori qarTveli mRvdeli aq
XIX saukuneSic moqmedebda).
tao-basianis mflobel somex mefeebs IX-X ss-Si (am teritoriaze qarTvelTa cxovrebis gamo) aseve hqondaT tituli ,,qarTvelTa mefisa~, anda erqvaT ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavebisa~. igulisxmebda somxeTis samefoSi Semaval qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul tao-basian-karanis floba, es faqti markirdeboda `qarTvelTa mefis~ Sesabamisi tituliT
armeniaSi Semavali ,,qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS rogorc iTqva, ar igulisxmeboda Sida qarTli da mcxeTa, aramed tao da basiani mimdebare
mxareebiTurT.
p. ingoroyvas kvleviT ufro adre, daaxloebiT VII saukunisaTvis taos
mflobels hqonia ,,qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituli. misi saxeli vaSdeni yofila.
maSasadame tao-basiani `qarTvelTa samTavrod~ VI-VII saukuneebSic iwodeboda, Tumca armeniaSi iyo moqceuli, Semdeg is ,,qarTvelTa samefod~
iwoda kvlav armeneli mefeebis mflobelobis qveS.
SesaZloa armeniis mefe, sumbat aRmsarebelma, romelic albaT aseve
iwodeboda ,,somexTa da qarTvelTa mefed~, Tavis qaliSvils mziTvad gaatana ,,qarTvelTa samefo~ (anu tao-basiani), es qaliSvili ki SeirTo klarjeTSi Casulma aSot I kurapalatis Zem bagrat I-ma, romelic 876 wels
gardaicvala. bagrat I-is Zeebs ewodaT ,,taos Sto~ da isini rogorc
aRvniSneT mis Semdeg iwodebodnen ,,qarTvelTa mefeebad~. maSasadame, Tu aseTi mosazreba sworia, bagrat I-is STamomavlebs ,,qarTvel680
erTi Taobis Semdeg ,,qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli mieniWa adarnase I kurapalats, qarTvel bagrationTa Stodan, qarTveli aSot I didi kurapalatis
SvilTaSvils, adarnase amave dros iyo taos erTpirovnuli mflobeli,
maSasadame taos mflobeloba mis mepatrones aZlevda uflebas hqonoda
tituli ,,qarTvelTa mTavari~ anda ,,qarTvelTa mefe~, taos mflobeloba
mis mepatrones uflebas aZlevda ,,qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~
wodeba hqonoda.
Tu davubrundebiT qarTvel bagrationebs SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva, rogor
gaxda adarnase I taos mflobeli?
taos mflobeloba mas uflebas aZlevda, rogorc iTqva ,,qarTvelTa
mefis~ tituli etarebina. iyo Tu ara misi mama daviT I taos mflobeli?
Tu daviT I, romelic 881 wels mokles, ar iyo taos mflobeli unda
vifiqroT, rom misma Svilma adarnase I-ma aSot somexTa mefis memkvidreebisagan miiRo samarTavad taos (e.i.`qarTvelTa~) qveyana, xom ar miaTxova
aSot somexTa mefis memkvidrem Tavisi qaliSvili adarnase I-s da mziTevis saxiT miiRo tao siZem?
iqneb sxva msgavsi gziT?
aseve sakiTxavia, iyo Tu ara somexi bagrationi aSoti vaSden `iverTa
mTavris~ uflebrivi memkvidre, vaSden iverTa mTavris memkvidre iqneb qarTveli bagrationebi adarnase, daviT I da misi mama bagrat I iyvnen?
mirdatis Zeni da bagrationebi klarjeTSi
vaxtang gorgasali+elene
mirdati mirdatis dai (SerTes guram bagrations)
sikvdilis win vaxtang gorgasalma Tavis meore colis elenes _ keisris asulisagan SeZenili Svilebis samyofelad daadgina qarTlis samefos teritoria, moqceuli egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua _ misi anderZi
momaval mefe ufliswul daCisadmi aseTi iyo _ `sazRvari afxazeTisa,
romelic mocemul ars egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, igi TviT
ZmaTa SenTa dedisa ars _ igi aqundes maT~ (q.c. I, gv. 204).
marTlac, keisris asuls teritoria klisurasa da egriswyals Sua mziTvad mohyva bizantiis keisrisagan da is SeuerTda qarTlis samefos. Ees
teritoria klisurasa da egriswyals Sua ergo saerisTavod elenes Svilebs.
am miwa-wyals ewoda `dasavleTi qarTlisa~.
vaxtangis anderZis aRsasruleblad _ `coli da orni Zeni vaxtangisani
wariyvanes erisTavTa da dai pyres dasavleTi qarTlisa~ (q.c. I, gv. 204),
e.i.faqtobrivad daeuflnen teritorias egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua.
egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua moqceul teritorias `dasavleTi qarTlisa~
ewodeboda (q.c. I, gv. 204). maTi erisTavebi iyvnen vaxtangis Svilebi leoni
da mirdati.
leonis gardacvalebis Semdeg daCi mefem gadawyvita eTxova mirdatisaTvis, raTa mas gaecvala teritoria,e.i. moenacvlebina teritoria, kerZod,
682
687
Tavi XXV
`ena~
Zveli qarTuli ena - salaparako norma regionebSi
Cvenamde moRweul Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi, miuxedavad maTi
warmomavlobisa yvelgan daculia erTi da igive enobrivi norma.
Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi ar igrZnoba kuTxuroba, mxareebisTvis niSandoblivi metyvelebis (enakavebisa Tu dialeqtebis) gavlena.
rogorc iTqva, romel regionSic unda iyon isini dawerilni (afxazeTSi,
egrisSi, svaneTSi, argveTSi, guriasa Tu tao-klarjeT-kaxeT-hereTSi)_ enobriv-gramatikuli norma erTi da igivea.
ra iyo amis mizezi?
mizezi, Cans, iyo is, rom IV-Xss-Si (da Semdeg) qarTuli ena ar iyo daSlili dialeqtur doneze, saliteraturo normis dacva (da, amitomac, misi
Seswavla) ar iyo saZnelo saqme kuTxeebSi moRvawe mwerlebisaTvis (isini
xom ZiriTadad berebi iyvnen, umetesi, safiqrebelia, arcTu mainc da mainc
ganswavluli).
Zveli qarTuli ena dialeqtur doneze daSlili rom yofiliyo I
aTaswleulSi (an mis maxlobel xanaSi), es uTuod aisaxeboda mwerlobaSi.
magaliTad, XXD saukuneSi Cven gvyavda sagangebod, umaRles saswavleblebSi ganswavluli mwerlebi, miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc amJRavnebdnen
TavianTi kuTxeebis metyvelebaTaTvis damaxasiTebel niSnebs, magaliTad,
galaktion tabiZes aqvs- `gadiwera Cemi leqsi~ (unda iyos gadaiwera), vaJafSavela da TviT akakic, romelic gmobda literaturaSi kuTxuri metyvelebis danergvas, TavianT SemoqmedebaSi avlendnen TavianTi kuTxeebis salaparako normebs, Tu aras vityviT otia ioselianze, o. CxeiZesa, e. TaTaraiZesa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. ratom?
mizezi amisa aris is, rom XX saukuneSi dialeqtur doneze qarTuli ena
mkveTrad iyo dayofili, ramac saliteraturo mwerlobaSic gaJona.
magaliTi gviCvenebs Semdegs: aseve rom yofiliyo dayofili Zveli
688
zogadqarTuli eklesiis damaarsebeli, amis asaxva iyo is, rom Zveli saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris svaneTsa, afxazeTsa Tu samegreloSi, iseve
rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arsebobda erTi saeklesio, anu wirvalocvis ena, romelzec iTargmna wmida werili.
3) erTaderTi lazuri sityva romelic Semonaxulia berZnul wyaroebSi
,,quTaTisi~, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazuri enis Sesabamisad iyo
nawarmoebi, sinamdvileSi is zogadqarTuli sityvaa. rac safuZvels iZleva
mosazrebisa, rom zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba jer kidev ar iyo daSlili VI saukuneSi. zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobis gamo iyvnen qarTulenovanni egris-lazeTidan gamosuli saeklesio moRvaweebi da didi mamebi - ioane lazi da ioane minCxi, sxvani, aTeulobiT da aTasobiT mama
Semoqmedni zogad qarTuli kulturisa.
qarTuli kulturis mkvlevarTa mier faqtiurad dRemde miviwyebulia
udidesi da gasaocari Rvawlis wmida werilis pirveli qarTveli mTargmnelebisa anu IV-V saukuneebis moRvaweebisa, romelnic idgnen qarTuli
sasuliero mwerlobis saTaveebTan. maTi Rvawli erTgvarad gadaCrdila
X-XI saukuneebis mTargmnelTa didma muSaobam. unda iTqvas, rom TviTon XXI saukuneebis didi mTargmnelebi - giorgi mTawmindeli, efrem mcire da
sxvebi Zalze afasebdnen pirvelmTargmnelTa namuSakevs.
bolo 1500 wlis ganmavlobaSi anu V-XX saukuneebSi qarTul eklesiaSi
gamoyenebuli teqstebi SemuSavebulia anu Targmnilia ,,pirveliTganve~ anu
IV-V saukuneebSi, isini TiTqmis ucvlelad movidnen dRemde da gamoyenebulni arian saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis.
eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebma xelaxla ki ar Targmnes wmida werili, aramed pirvelmTargmnelTa teqstebi Seaderes da dauaxloves X-XI
saukuneebSi bizantiis eklesiaSi gamoyenebul berZnul redaqciebs.
IV V ss. pirvelmTargmnelTa didi pleadis wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen ioane lazi, moZRvari petre iberisa, TviTon petre iberi,
TiTqmis maTi Tanamedrove, iberiis samefo karze moRvawe pirebi da
Cans ierusalimSi, petres garemos wevrebi.
somexTa wmida werilis Targmna maT epoqaSi daiwyo IV saukunis bolosa
da V saukunis dasawyisSi. miiCneva, rom mesrop maStocma somxuri anbani 405
wels Seqmna. daaxloebiT amave dros albaT ukve intensiurad muSaobdnen
wmida werilis qarTulad gadmosaRebad.
pirvelmTargmnelTa didi pleadis wevri anda SeiZleba meTauric iyo
ioane lazi, unda vifiqroT, rom mis monasterSi ierusalimSi aRmoCenili
warwerebi amas adasturebs - isini SeiZleba marTlac pirveli iyvnen qarTul
saeklesio warweraTa Soris.
lazTa monastris satrapezos iatakis mozaikur warweraSi naxsenebi pirebi,
safiqrebelia, wmida werilis qarTveli mTargmnelebi iyvnen, misi teqsti
aseTia: ,,SewevniTa qristesiTa da meoxebiTa wmidisa TevdoresiTa
Seiwyalen antoni, abai da iosia, momsxmeli amis sefisai da dedmamai iosiaisi, amen~.
miiCneva, rom monasteri aSenebuli yofila wmida Tevdores saxelze,
winamZRvari yofila antoni, mozaika ki daumzadebia (mousxams) iosias (e.
693
WeSmariti da marTali~.
wmida werilis qarTuli pirvelTargmanebi WeSmariti da marTali yofila, amitomac X-XI ss-is ,,mTargmnel-redaqtorebs~ isini ar SeucvliaT. am
teqstebma dRemde ucvlelad moaRwies da saeklesio msaxurebaSi gamoiyenebian.
k. daneliam, gamoCenilma enaTmecnierma, gamowvlilviT Seiswavla XI s.
dasawyisSi ,,Tarmnili~ teqstebi da mivida daskvnamde, rom sinamdvileSi
XI s-Si xelaxla ki ar iTargmna berZnulidan qarTul enaze wmida werili
da sxva saeklesio teqstebi, aramed moxda Zveli, ukve arsebuli qarTuli
Targmanebis (teqstebis) Sedareba-redaqtireba imJamindel berZnul redaqciebTan da amis Sedegad miRebul iqna eklesiisaTvis ,,kanonikuri~ teqstebi.
maSasadame eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi, maTi epoqis wmida mamebi iyvnen
ara mTargmnelebi am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, aramed mxolod redaqtorebi. ,,am faqts mxolod danaxva unda~ - werda am faqtSi absoluturad
darwmunebuli k. danelia, radganac man es teqstebi, rogorc iTqva enaTmecnierulad gamowvlilviT Seiswavla.
aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgi mTawmideli Tavis anderZSi swored am faqts
aRniSnavs, rom is iyo ara ,,axlad mTargmneli~ wmida werilisa, aramed
mxolod ,,Semmowmebeli~ anu redaqtori romelic ,,awamebda~, adarebda
erTmaneTs ukve arsebul Zvel qarTul teqstebsa da imdroindel berZnul
redaqciebs.
erTmaneTTan ,,Sewameba~ anu Sedareba cxadia udides codnasa da Sromas
iTxovda mSromel-redaqtorisagan. giorgi mTawmidelis anderZis ori
redaqcia arsebobs, erTi redaqcia
(Seuryvneli teqsti anderZisa) daucavs samegreloSi, moqvSi dacul saxarebas, aseve breTis, axalcixisa, eCmiaZinisa da ubisis saxarebebs. am Seuryvnel anderZSi naTqvamia _ ,,ese
wmidai oTxTavi ara Tu axlad gviTargmnia, aramed friadiTa iZulebiTa ZmaTa vieTme berZnulTa saxarebaTai da Segviwamebia friadiTa gamowvlilviTa~. am anderZidan sruliad aSkarad Cans, rom giorgi
mTawmidelma ki ar Targmna _ am sityvis Semdegdroindeli gagebiT wmida
oTxTavi, aramed mxolod ,,Seawama~ anu Seadara berZnul redaqciebs da
Caaswora maT mixedviT.
Semdgom saukuneebSi aRniSnul wmida mamebs siyvaruliT uwodebdnen
,,mTargmnelebs~.
maTi xelidan gamosuli wmida werilis redaqciebi iqca oficialur
saeklesio teqstebad, amitom pativiscemisa da siyvarulis niSnad maT ,,mTargmnelebis~ aRniSnuli wodeba daimkvidres.
Cans am damokidebulis gamo SemdegSi romeliRac gadamwers am Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad ,,Seusworebia~ giorgi mTawmidelis anderZi, kerZod
misgan amouRia zogierTi sityva, ramac warmoSva anderZis axali teqsti
iseTi saxisa, romelic dResdReobiT ufro gavrcelda.
amJamad, ratomRac imaleba anderZis pirvelsaxe, romelic Seryvnilad
miiCneva.
sinamdvileSi giorgi mTawmideli TviTon uxsnis mkiTxvels Tu ratom
ar esaWiroeboda Zvel qarTul teqstebs xelaxla Targmna.
695
misi Zalze dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT daaxloebiT IV-V ss.-Si Sesrulebuli Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi ,,wmidadaa Targmnili~ Tavisi drois mTargmnelebis mier. amis gamo ZvelpirvelmTargmnelTa xelidan gamosuli teqstebi iyvnen ,,keTilni~ anu misaRebi eklesiisaTvis, maS ratom dasWirda am
,,wmidad da keTilad~ Targmnil teqstebs Sedareba berZnul redaqciebTan
XI s. daswyisisaTvis? am kiTxvas TviTon cems pasuxs giorgi mTawmideli.
giorgi mcires sityviT, ,,friadi iZulebiT~ giorgi mTawmidels gauwevia
udidesi Sroma, romelic ase saWiro iyo imJamindeli qarTuli eklesiisaTvis, raTa cilismwameblebs (,,mabraloblebsa da mayvedreblebs~) avtoriteti ar SeebRalaT qarTuli wmida werilisaTvis. giorgi mTawmidelis sityviTac, mis gverdiT yofilan sasuliero pirebi `Zmanni~, romelTac dabejiTebiT uTxovniaT gaewia es Sroma.
erTi sityviT, giorgi mTawmidelma iRvawa qarTuli wmida werilis avtoritetis amaRlebisaTvis, daumtkica yvelas, rom is iseTive Rirsebisa
iyo, rogorebic iyvnen yvelaze kargi berZnuli redaqciebi misi droisa.
Tumca ki miaCnia rom ufro Zveli, pirvelqarTuli Targmanebi Zalze kargi
Targmanebi iyvnen _ is wers anderZSi _ ,,Cvenni yovelni saxarebani
pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilia da keTilad _ xanmetnica da sabawmidurnica~ (n. papuaSvili, axali aRTqmis qarTuli Targmani, 2007, gv. 92).
maSasadame, giorgi mTawmideli didad afasebda qarTvel pirvel mTargmnelTa skolis muSaobas. es skola, rogorc iTqva, Camoyalibda IV saukunis bolosa da V saukunis dasawyisSi, somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT bakur
mefis karze. anu petre iberis papis ojaxi iyo mecenati, sponsori da
damkveTi im didi muSaobisa, romelic esaWiroeboda axalfexadgmul qarTul
saeklesio mwerlobas, romelic am ojaxis Tvalwin yalibdeboda.
movses xorenacis sityviT, qarTvelTa samefo karze SemoukrebiaT qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxidan qarTuli enis mcodneebi.
sxva wyarodan Cans, rom maT Soris erTerTi rCeuli yofila ioane lazi
_ radganac swored is airCies axalgazrda ufliswulis aRmzrdelad, anu
sityvierebis maswavleblad.
marTlac, man patara petres zepirad Seaswavla axalaTargmnili wmida
werili.
es iyo, ase vTqvaT _ pirveli aprobacia pirvelmTargmnelTa moRvaweobis
Sedegis dasadgenad.
misi cxovrebidan Cans, rom petres marTlac keTilad Seuswavlia wmida
werili, imdenad, rom SemdgomSi yvelas aocebda wmida werilis codniT
konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze.
qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobac pirvel nabijebs dgamda petres siymawvilis wlebSi.
saqme is iyo, rom Tu ki mesrop maStocs mravali Zieba dasWirda
somxuri anbanis aso-niSnebis moxazulobis mosaZebnad, qarTvel
mamebs ar esaWiroebaT amdeni Zieba _ qarTlis samefo karze iqamde
saukuneTa manZilze iyenebdnen e.w. armazul damwerlobas.
armazuli damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli warwerebi aRmoCenilia vanSi,
borSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), mcxeTaSi da sxvagan. es iyo fini696
saepiskoposoebSi gaerTianda.
iqaur qarTul samrevloTa bazaze Camoyalibda lazikis, anu trapezuntis samitropolitoSi qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebi -olnutisa, xorZenasi, bizanasi, andakisa da sxva, xolo vanis tbis irgvliv
iyo somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebi wm. nikolozisa, arWeSisa,
berkrisa, vanisa da sxva.
pariadres mTa mTa-qedTa grandiozuli sistema, rogorc iTqva, ganfenili iyo Termodontidan karin-arzrumamde, Zveli eris II saukuneSi mxolod
misi erTi, samxreTi kalTa Camoacala armeniam iberias strabonis cnobiT.
es imas niSnavs, rom pariadres Crdilo kalTebi strabonis dros
kvlav iberebiT, iyvnen dasaxlebulni, aseve araqsis sanapiroebi
kvlav qarTvelTa sacxovrisad darCa TviT X saukuneSic ki konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT.
araqsi sazRvari iyo iberiasa da bizantias Soris, aRniSnulis gamo
aqauri mosaxleobis bunebiTi ena iyo qarTuli ena da es ena maT `qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad ar SeuZeniaT.
ucxo tomebis e.w. qarTizaciis arc Zala da arc unari arabobisgan
daSlil-danawevrebul qarTul saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebs ar SeswevdaT. piriqiT,sper-karin-basian-imiertaos qarTvelobis mZafri da yoveldRiuri armenizacia mimdinareobda.
mxolod rCeulebma SeZles erovnuli identobis SenarCuneba, maTgan erTerTi pirveli iyo kirioni, magram sxvebma imJamad es ver SeZles. yvela
monacemebiT eTnikurma qarTvelma nerse iSxnelma somexTa kaTalikosma es
ver SeZlo, Tumca ki Tavis saeklesio-politikur sayrdenad SedarebiT nakleb armenizirebuli tao airCia da iq iSxnis saepiskoposo centri gadaitana.
aRniSnuli regioni, sadac qsenefontem qarTuli tomebi aRwera, SemdgomSi
somxeTis erTerT centrad iqca, Tumca erovnulad vinaobaSeryeuli mosaxleobiT. amitomac mis erT nawils armenoxalibebic ki daerqva pirvelsukuneebSi.
somxeTi erTenovani qveyana ar yofila, aq gavrcelebuli yofila sxvadasxva enebi, kerZod, korduelTa ena, albanelTa ena, sivnielTa ena, xoiTelTa (artinis) ena, orTielTa ena, dasavleT WaneTisken ki `ar ismoda somxuri
ena~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule,gv. 499).
VIII s-is somexi mwerali stefanos sivnieli werda, rom somxeTis 7
mxare somxeTis sanapiroebze, enobrivad ganirCeoda Sida somxebisagan, radganac am mxareebSi adgilobrivi enebi (`mosazRvre dialeqtebi~) yofilan
gavrcelebulni. es mxareebi yofilan tao (imier tao), speri (zemo speri),
xoiTi _ sasunis mxare, arwaxi, sivnieTi, korduena (korWea) da sxvebi. korduenaSi am droisTvis, p. ingoroyvas sityviT, qurTuli yofila gavrcelebuli, Tumca ki korduena Zvel qarTuli qveyana iyo n. adoncis sityviT.
qarTuli ena taosa da sperSi yofila gavrcelebuli. xoiTel-sasunelTa
ena orTaelTa enad iwodeboda da `artani~-s saxeliTac iwodeboda (Sdr.
artaanelTa, anu qarTuelTa ena).
700
701
nen maTTvis mSobliur somxur eklesias, xolo imJamindel somxeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi yovel gzas eZebdnen, raTa mSobliur qarTul
eklesiis wiaRs dabrunebodnen.
Zv. lazuris da Zv. qarTulis erTianobis mtkicebulebani
qaldea bizantiur epoqaSi erqva saxelmwifo - administraciul olqs
anu Tems WaneT-lazikaSi.
trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebs iqamdec erqva qaldea. is ZiriTadad
dasaxlebuli iyo WanebiT.
es qveyana sainteresoa Tavisi saxelwodebiT.
rogorc cnobilia, qaldea jer kidev qristeSobamde aTaswleulebiT
adre erqva SuamdinareTis erTerT olqs, SemdgomSi ,,qaldu~ urartuelebma
TavianT mTavar ,,RmerTs~ uwodes, magram maTgan, anu semitur da urartul
,,qaldTan~ gasxvavdeboda qarTuli ,,qaldu~, romelic, rogorc Cans ufro
leviur-frigiul samyarosTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
gordu, qordu, qaldu - frigiel samyaroSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli saxelebi iyo. saxelebi `galt~, `galatu~ saxelebi aseve mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebul kelt-galatebsac gaaCndaT.
ufro Zvelia saxeli ,,kardu-karduxi~, romelic vanis tbasTan mcxovreb
qarTvelur toms erqva.
karduxebis qveyanaSia saZebni is Zveli iberia, saidanac qristeSobamde
VI saukuneSi nabuqodonosors - babilon-mesopotamiis mefes gadmousaxlebia iberebi pontos zRvis pireTSi, dasavleT saqarTvelo-trapezuntis
regionSi, romelsac daerqva kidec saxeli - qaldea, iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT: `qarTu Wanebisa da lazebis qveyana qaldea aris~
`iberiel-megreli Stos tomebis sakuTar saxelebSi erTi da igive qveynis saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qveynis saxeli
orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moi poveba, ueWvelia igi qarTvelebis
Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda yofiliyo.
samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomadgenels, svanebsac aqvT SerCenili - es karTu, anu qarTu ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (iv. javaxiSvili ,,qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1981, gv. 403-404).
WaneTs -qaldeas, mis xalxs ki qaldevelebs uwodebdnen.
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT sityva `qaldeveli~ miRebulia qarTvelTa fuZe
qveynis `qarTu~-s saxelidan (iqedanvea `qarT~-ueli da svanebis sasoflo
Temebis `xalde~ da sxva msgavsi saxelebic).
aRsaniSnavia, rom prokofi da sxva Zveli berZen-romaeli avtorebi ar
axseneben sityva `egriss~, radganac saxelebi `egrisi, guria, argveTi~ da
sx. momdinareoben erTi saerTo fuZidan `gur~, `gor~, rac etimologiurad
Zalze axloa fuZe `kol~-Tan, am fuZidanaa nawarmoebi `kolxi~ da `kolxida~, md. enguris Zveli saxelwodeba `eguri~, aseve egrisis Zveli saxelwodeba `eguri~. Cans saxelebi eguri da kolxida erTmaneTis mimarT identurni iyvnen.
fuZe `gur~ saerTo mniSvnelobisa unda yofiliyo.
704
beqirebi - beqir =
bqr =bgr
makronebi - makron = kr = gr
tibarebi - tibar = ibar = br
beqirebi cxovrobdnen iq, sadac Semdeg Zidritebi, romelsac Semdeg ewoda ,,lazika~.
amave eTnofuZiT unda iyos nawarmoebi cnobili eTnosaxelebi `kolxi~
da `kolxida~.
,,n. mari qarTuli sityva ,,glexis~ Sesaxeb dasZens - socialuri termini
glexi Sesatyvisi somxuri ,,greh-ik-isa~, mdabiuri wodebrivi saxeli. glexisagan warmoiqmna ,,glaxaki~, ,,glaxa~. ,,glaxa~ igive ,,kolxia~, aRniSnavs
glexs an monas~ (i. abulaZe, Sromebi, t. II, 1976, gv. 168).
n. mari wers ,,ZiriTadi socialuri terminebi kavkasiaSi aris eTnikuri
warmoSobisa, udablesi fena qarTvelebsa da somxebSi iwodeba kolxebis
saxelis mixedviT qarTulad ,,glexi~, somxurad ,,grexiki~ (n. mari, baTumi,
ardagani, yarsi, petrogradi, 1922, gv. 31 (rusul enaze).
Cemi azriT ,,glexi~ Seicavs fuZe-Zir ,,gl~ anu ,,gr~-s am fuZiT ki iwodebodnen qarTvelebi (georgien, gugarqi, egrisi, guria da a.S.) qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT maT zeda fenad iqcnen makedonelebi, moqcevais ,,arianqarTvelebi~, mkvidri qarTvelebi ki iqca qveda fenad - glexad. ase, rom
glexs kavSiri aqvs ara mxolod sityva `kolxTan~, aramed zogad qarTul
eTno fuZesTan `gr~, `gl~-sTan.es eTnofuZe TiTqmis yvela qarTuli tomis
saxelSi Cans,magaliTad
Tavi XXVI
hereTi
hereTs mematianeebi SemdgomSi uwodebdnen `rans da movakans~
varsqen pitiaxSi sparsTa mefem daniSna `erisTavad ranisa~. Tavis
samSobloSi sparseTidan dabrunebisas igi jer Sevida qveyanasa `hereTisasa~ (`SuSanikis wameba).
Semdegdroindeli mematianec aRwers varsqenis ambebs. igi, mematianis
cnobiT, iyo `somxiTis kaci~, anu gugarqis(Zveli xunanis saerisTavos) mmarTveli.
aq md. anakertis mtkvarTan SesarTavTan varsqeni sikvdiliT dasaja
qarTlis mefe bakurma, xolo misi colis gvami `dafles curtavs~ (q.c. I,
gv. 216),
varsqenis nacvlad sparseTis Sahma `ranisa da movakanis~ erisTavad
gamogzavna sxva erisTavi (iqve, gv. 217).
aqedan Cans, rom
qarTuli wyaroebis
hereTi Semdegdroindel
qarTul wyaroebSive iwodeboda `ranad da movakanad~, xolo SuSan708
ranis mefe
1) herTa mefeebs Semdgom saukuneebSi ranTa mefeebs uwodebdnen, amitomac gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi gvxvdeba - ,,ranTa
da kaxTa mefe~.
2) hereTis dedofali SuSaniki Semdgom wyaroebSi ,,ranTa dedoflad
iwodeba~.
e. i. hereTi da kaxeTi sxvadasxvaa (rania da kaxeTia).
hereTi rani da Saqia, ranis mdebareoba ki cnobilia. esaa - kirovabadis
raioni.
sabWoTa istorikosebis azriT (d. musxeliSvili ,,saqarTvelo IV-VIII
ss.-Si) - hereTSi TiTqosda Sedioda bodbe. bo db e - `a lb an elTa
araqarTul qalaqad,
moixsenieba avtoris mier~. Tu es ase iyo
maSin kaxeTis didi naweli - istoriulad albanelTa qveyana yofila~
(XX s. sabWoTa istoriografiis Sedegi)
1) wmida nino ki bodbeSia dakrZaluli is ,,qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelad~ iwodeboda da ara albanelebisa, radganac yovelTvis miiCneodarom
bodbe qarTlis qveynis nawili iyo da ara albaneTisa.
2) movses xarenaciT ,,advilad gasagebi tkbili eniT nunem iqadaga
qarTvelTa qveyanaSi klarjeTidan masquTebamde~, maSasadame mTeli zoli, mtkvris marcxena napiri masquTebamde `qarTvelTa qveyana~ iyo,
qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da ara albanelebiT!
3) movakani - qarTuli sityvaa - ,,mo-vake-ani~ da niSnavs `vake adgilis
qveyanas~ masquTebi movakanis boloSi cxovrobdnen.
es rom ase yofiliyo, ratom weren Zveli mematianeebi, rom nekresi kaxeTSia da ara hereTSi, nekresi xom Telavis qvemoTaa?
mematiane wers, rom qristeSobamde 200-100 wliT adre farnavazis Semdgom,
meoTxe mefe farnajomma `iwyo Senebad kaxeTs qalaqsa nelqarissa,
romel ars nekresi~ (q.c. I, gv. 29), xolo Semdgom mecxre mefem arSak II-m
`ganaSvena nelqar, qalaqi kaxeTisa, romel ars nekresi~ (iqve, gv. 33).
qarTlis cxovrebis zogierTi redaqciis arSiazea minaweri _ `hereTi
aris mciris alazniT amoRmarT, vidre gulgulamde civs aqeT da vidre
azanburamde da mtkvramde~ (q.c. I, gv. 5).
`movakani ars mciris alaznis Sesayars qveviT vidre zRvamde mcire
alazani ioria~ (iqve, gv. 5).
`xolo heross misca queyana mtkvrisa CrdiloT, mcirisa alaznisa
SesarTaviTdan, vidre tyetbamde, romelsa aw hqvian gulgula. aman heros
aRaSena pirvelad qalaqi SesakrebelTa Soris orTave alazanTasa da uwoda saxeli Tvisi hereTi... da aw mas adgilsa hqvian xoranTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 5).
aqedan Cans, rom gulgula anu tye-tba unda veZioT ara TelavTan,
aramed kavkasionis mTaze, iq, sadac Saqis sazRvari aRwevda, anu
gulgula iyo kavk asion is ro meli Rac m wver valTa n.as eTi
punqti,TiTqmis imave saxelis mqone-xilxala-namdvilad aris kidec
Cvens mier saZebn regionSi,1923 wlis iv.javaxiSvilis redaqtorobiT gamocemul `saqarTvelos istoriul rukaze~ punqti xilxala
mdebareobs nuxpatsa da areSs Sua,Saqis regionSi.
vaxuStis drosac, Cans cnobebi gulgula-tye-tbis Sesaxeb ukve dakarguli yofila da is TelavTan uZebniaT, magram VIII saukunesa da Semdgom
kaxeTi nuxpatamde anu Saqamde aRwevda,mematiane wers-
710
gulgula-xilxala
vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT hereTis sazRvari aRwevda gulgula-tyetbamde. miiCneva,rom is mdebareobda TelavTan.
Cveni azriT, vaxuStis wyaros gulgula unda iyos ara TelavTan mdebare
punqti, aramed giSsa da nuxpatos aRmosavleTiT (daaxloebiT 30 km.-Si)
mdebare punqti xilxala. es qalaqi(xilxala) mdebareobda Semaxiasa da
giSis SemaerTebel mniSvnelovan savaWro gzaze,romelic iyo ufro grZeli saxelmwifoTaSorisi gzis nawili. am adgilas qalaqi xilxala dafiqsirebulia 1923 wels iv.javaxiSvilis redaqtorobiT gamocemul rukaze. am
rukis mixedviT arc Tu moSorebiT mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze iyo meore
punqti amave saxelisa xilxala.maT Soris is gansxvaveba iyo,rom giSTan
mdebare xilxala saerTaSoriso gzaze mdebareobda,xolo mtkvris xilxala ara.
nuxpatos mezoblad rom mdebareobda `gulgula~, es Cans ufro
Zveli wyarodan (wm.arCilis cxovrebidan) amoRebuli Semdegi fraza- `
kualad moesra noxpatelTa simravle yrusa da arCil naTel-sca maT
iZulebiT.Semdgomad moiyvanna Zmiswulni adarnases brmisani da dasxna
SakixiT da daemkvidrnen igini gulgulamde da misca qvrivi abuxosrosi
da wuqeTi cixe-kariTurT~(qarTlis cxovreba,IV 1973,gv.126).
aq naxsenebi yvela punqti erT regionSi mdebareobs-noxpato, igive
nuxpato, Sakixi(Saqi), da wuqeTi, iqve,anu nuxpatosTan axlos unda yofiliyo gulgulac,romelsac,Cans Semdgom xilxala uwodes.
davuSvaT am fragmentis punqti `gulgula~ mdebareobda TelavTan, maSin
cnoba Seusabamo gamodis,radganac Sakixisa da wuqeTis umniSvnelo
mmarTvelebis xelSi aRmoCenila kaxeTis mniSvnelovani nawili Telavamde,
maSin am arealSi sxva mmarTvelebisaTvis adgili aRar darCeboda.
Tavi XXVII
iazoni-amirani
iazoni da amirani pelasgur kavkasiuri identoba
aqamde yuradReba aravis miuqcevia im saocari faqtisaTvis, rom qarTuli eposis gmiris amiranisa da argonavtebis meTaur iazonis ambebi ara Tu
saocrad emsgavseba erTmaneTs, aramed identuricaa, kerZod amirani da iazoni erTi sqemiT moqmedeben:
1. iazoni midis medeas mamis samefoSi; amirani midis yamaris mamis koSkSi;
2. medeas mama adamian-RmerTia, zevsis STamomavalia, magiuri Zalis mqonea
- Tesavs kbilebs da amodian veSapebi, aseTive bunebisaa amiranis sacolis
mamac - ,,yamars mama caSi hyavs~ - wvimis da amindis momcemia;
3. medea uRalatebs sakuTar mamas da midis Tavisi ojaxidan, aseve yamaric lanZRavs Tavis mSoblebs da midis mamis saxlidan Tavis mSoblebze nawyeni maT eubneba-,,misusurebdiT danasa~.
4. medeas Tavisi mamis saxlidan malulad miaqvs saganZuri oqros
sawmisi, yamarsac malulad miaqvs Tavisi ojaxidan simdidre - jadosnuri
jam-WurWeli.
5. iazons daedevneba medeas mama; aseve amirans daedevneba yamaris mama.
6. umTavresad aRsaniSnavia, rom - orive qali (yamari da medea) aswavlan
TavianT qmrebs rogor daamarcxon misi (qalis) axlonaTesavebi;
yamari amirans aswavlis rogor daamarcxos mamamisi - ,,maRla nuki scem
spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daecemian ZarRvebi, daecemian Zirosa~;
msgavsadve, iazoni medeas daxmarebiT amarcxebs mis Zmas arfsirtes da
hklavs.
7. iazoni Tavis megobar TanamolaSqreebTan erTad midis medeas qveyanaSi, aseve amiranic Tavis megobar-TanamolaSqreebTan badrisTan da usupTan
erTad midis yamaris qveyanaSi.
712
715
kalmax i
kolxi
Tavi XXVIII
xalibebi, lazebi, qaldevelebi da sxva
qarTuli tomebi berZenul da laTinur
wyaroebSi
(xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis safuZveli)
neebSi, iTvleboda, rom xalxi somxeTis provinciebisa saxelwodebiT ,,korduk~ (kordvacis qedis samxreTiT, vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT), ,,kordik verin~, ,,kordik mijin~ da ,,kordik nerkin~ - ar iyvnen armenielebi,
anda tomobrivi sxvaoba hqondaT armenielebisagan.
n. adonci pirdapir wers kidec, rom karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi,
fasianebi da sxva tomebi iyvnen armeniis Tavdapirveli mosaxleni,
Semdgom maT miwa-wyalze daaxloebiT VI saukuneSi SeiWrnen armenielebi
da or nawilad gayves es qarTuli mosaxleoba, kerZod, armenielebi
dasaxldnen maTi qveynis centrSi, amis gamo rogorc samxreT ise Crdilo armeniaSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, kerZod samxreT armeniaSi - kordus xalxi, Crdilo armeniaSi iverebi, dasavleT armeniaSi qald- xalibebi.
qarTuli miwebis es mtacebloba, strabonis cnobiT Semdegac gagrZelebula, kerZod armeniam qristeSobamde II saukuneSi miitaca iberebisagan
piriadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena - vrceli miwa-wyali dasavleT da
Crdilo armeniisaken.
karduxebi da xalibebi (xaldebi) qarTvelTa tomebi, rom iyo, amis Sesaxeb sxva uZvelesi wyaroebic werdnen. kerZod megasTene werda, rom nabuqodonosorma iberTa xalxis erTi nawili gadaasaxla libiidan pontos
zRvis sanapiroze, iqamde iberebi libielTa mezobelni yofilan. Cveni
azriT aq ,,libiis~ qveS igulisxmeba ara afrikis libia, aramed vanis
tbasTan mdebare lursmuli damwerlobis epoqis qveyana ,,luvia~. is vanis
tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda, iq sadac Semdgom karduxebi cxovrobdnen. luvielTa mezobeli iberebis anu qarduxebis winaprebis nawili nabuqodonosors pontos zRvis pireTSi gadausaxlebia. albaT, am mosazrebiT xsnidnen Zveli avtorebi faqts imisas, rom karduxebsa da qaldebs
(xaldebs), xalibebs da qaldevelebs (pontospireTSi mcxovrebT) erTidaigive satomo saxelebi, erTi zne-Cveulebebi da Cans erTi enac hqondaT.
qarTvelTa winapari qaldevelebi (xalibebi, igive alazonebi) karduxebis Tanametomeebad miiCneoda, miuxedavad teritoriulad maTi urTierTdaSorebisa.
strabonis cnobiT qaldebs aseve erqvaT saxeli - ,,alizonebi~, ,,alazonebi~, qaldebs namdvilad rom erqvaT es saxeli Cans uamravi toponimidan, romelic aRniSnuli sityvis fuZidan gamomdinareobs ,,alaz~(laz), ,,araz~,
,,arze~ - es saxelebi ,,araz~ da ,,alz~ mdinareebs, soflebs, qalaqebsa da
provinciebsac ki erqvaT pontospireTidan vidre vanis tbamde. erTerTi
magaliTad aseTia provinciis saxelwodeba ,,alznik~ (somxurad - ,,aRZnik~),
romelic swored karduxTa qveynis mezoblad mdebareobda da vrclad
iyo gadaWimuli covkis tbidan kordvacis mTebamde (provincia kordukamde), e. i. karduxebis qveynamde vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT, amJamadac ki
covkis tbasTan axlos Zvel qalaq melitenes (galatias) - alazigi hqvia,
romlis fuZeSic ,,laz~-i zis.
am ,,laz~ - ,,raz~ fuZidanaa gamomdinare ufro wvrili provinciis saxeli ,,arzni~, romelic uSualod emijneboda karduxebis qveyanas, kerZod ki
,,korduks~. am ,,laz-raz~ fuZidanaa gamomavali mdinareTa saxelebi ,,arawani~,
,,razdani~, ,,alazani~.
718
flebis SesanarCuneblad miagavs ebraelTa Tavganwirvas masadas cixesimagris dacvis dros am ambidan TiTqmis 500 wlis Semdeg ax. w. 70 wels.
aqedan berZnebma iares 50 farsangi (250 km) kvlav xalibebis miwa-wyalze
aqedan Cans, rom im tomTa Soris, romelzec maT iares, yvelaze mravalricxovani da didi miwa-wylis mqone xalibebi iyvnen.
qsenofonte wers - ,,Semdeg iares Svidi gadasavaliT ormocdaaTi
farasangi xalibebis miwa-wyalze. isini umamacesni iyvnen im tomebs
Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec gaiares. xalibebi xelCarTul brZolaSi ebmebodnen elinebs~ (iqve, gv. 128). ,,amasTanave mRerodnen da rokavdnen
maSin, roca mteri maT uyurebda~ ((qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklobedia I, 2010, gv. 128). xalibebisagan amis gamo
,,elinebma veraferi waiRes da ikvebebodnen isev im pirutyviT, romelic
taoxebs waarTves~ (iqve, gv. 128).
amis Semdeg berZnebi mividnen mdinare harpasosTan da Sevidnen skviTinebis
qveyanaSi, vakeze 20 farasangi (100 km) da Sevidnen maT soflebSi. amis
Semdeg gaiares kvlav 20 farasangi da mividnen ,,did, mdidar da mWidrod
dasaxlebul qalaqSi~, romelsac erqva gimniasi.
aqedan iares 5 dReRame da mividnen mTamde (misi saxeli iyo Teqesi),
saidanac Canda Savi zRva.
aqedan gziT Sevidnen makronebis qveyanaSi, sadac gaiares 50 km da miadgnen mdinares, romelic makronebis qveyanas skiTinebis (skviTinebis)
qveynisagan yofda.
meore mxares meomari makronebi idgnen. berZenTa Soris aRmoCnda tomiT
makroni mona, romelmac SeZlo Suamavloba da berZnebi makronebs daumegobra.
makronebis qveyanaSi iares sami dRis ganmavlobaSi kolxebis qveyanamde.
kolxTa laSqari daamarcxes da Sevidnen soflebSi, sadac Taflis fiWebi
Wames, romelTac maT didad avno, meore dRemde mTvralebs hgvandnen da
fexze dgoma ar SeeZloT. aqedan berZnebma gaiares kolxebis soflebSi 35
km da mividnen zRvasTan mdebare ,,trapezusSi - mWidrod dasaxlebul
elinur qalaqSi, romelic sinopelTa dasaxleba iyo kolxebis qveyanaSi, pontos evqsiniosis sanapiroze. aq, kolxebis soflebSi elinebma
daaxloebiT 30 dRe dahyves~ (iqve, gv. 131) ,,da anadgurebdnen kolxiss (e.
i. kolxeTs)~ (iqve, gv. 131).
qsenofonte ganarCevs ,,baris kolxebs~ da mTis kolxebs. pirvelebi
berZnebs ar ebrZodnen. aqedan Seesivnen drilebis qveyanas. drilebi iyvnen
,,pontospireTis yvelaze meomari xalxi~ (iqve, gv. 132). (drilebi, Cans SemdgomSi
TrialeTSi gadasaxldnen).
trapezusidan berZnebi elinur qalaq kerasuss miadgnen ,,sinonelTa
dasaxleba kolxebis qveyanaSi zRvis sanapiroze~ (iqve, gv. 133). e. i. trapezuntica da kerasusic kolxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen.
berZenTa jari kerasusTan orad gaiyo erTi jgufi gemebiT zRviT
gaemgzavra (Cans trapezuntidanac gemebiTve micuravdnen), meorem ki xmeleTiT ganagrZo gza da miuaxlovdnen ,,mosinikebis sazRvars~ (iqve, gv.
133).
721
mosinikebis tomi or mtrul jgufad iyo gayofili - piriqiTel mosinikebs mtrobdnen piraqeTa mosinikebi. piriqiTelebma samxedro kavSiri Sekres
berZnebTan piraqiTelebis dasamarcxeblad. ,
,meore dRes isini movidnen erTi mTliani xisagan gamoTlili samasi
naviT. TiToeul navSi sam-sami kaci ijda~ (iqve, gv. 134) isini ,,dairazmnen da
erTma maTganma simRera wamoiwyo, danarCenebma ritms fexi auwyes da win
gaswies~ (iqve, gv. 134). isini berZnebTan erTad ekveTnen TavianT mter
Tanatomelebs, romelTac mTavari qalaqis dasaufleblad eomebodnen. maTi
mefe am qalaqSi erT maRal adgils mdgar xis koSkSi (mosinosSi) ijda. is
xanZris dros ar gamovida koSkidan da daiwva meore mefesTan erTad,
romelic sxva koSkSi ijda. mosinikebs aRmoaCndaT puris didi maragi,
amforebSi ki damarilebuli delfinis xorci. hqondaT uamravi maragi:
kakali, qoni, Rvino. gamarjvebulma berZnebma es aRebuli qalaqi TavianT
megobar mosinikebs gadasces. aq ramdenime qalaqi iyo erTmaneTisagan 80
stadioniT daSorebuli (H16 km). mdidar mosinikebs hyavdaT moxarSuli
wablis Wamisagan dasuqebuli bavSvebi ,,ganazebulebi da metismetad TeTrebi~ (iqve, gv. 136).
qarTuli tomebi TeTrkanianebi iyvnen. amis aRniSvna saWirod
migvaCnia, radganac Zv. w. VI-V ss. cnobebiT kolxebi ,,Savkanianebad~
an ,,muqkanianebad~ aRiwerebian, magram ukve V s. bolodan kolxTa
aRmweri mwerlebi romelTac piradad naxes isini, aRar weren kolxTa muqkanianobis Sesaxeb. mosinikebic TeTrebi iyvnen. qsenefonte wers ,,isini cdilobdnen yvelas Tvalwin SekavSirebodnen heterebs, romlebic
elinebs Tan mihyavdaT, radgan aseTi iyo maTi adaTi. yvelani - mamakacebica da qalebic - TeTrkanianebi iyvnen... sajarod akeTebdnen imas,
rasac sxvebi ganmartoebiT sCadian... sakuTar Tavs elaparakebodnen, TavisTvis
icinodnen da moyvebodnen xolme rokvas, sadac ar unda yofiliyvnen~ (iqve,
gv. 136).
berZnebma mosinikebis qveyanaSi ,,rva staTmosi iares da mividnen xalibebTan, isini cotani iyvnen, emorCilebodnen mosinikebs da upiratesad rkinis damuSavebiT irCendnen Tavs, aqedan elinebi mividnen tibarenebTan. tibarenebis qveyana ufro vake iyo. maT zRvis sanapiroze gamagrebuli dasaxlebebi hqondaT~ (iqve, gv. 137).
,,elinebma or dReSi mSvidobianad gadalaxes es qveyana da mividnen
kotioraSi, elinur qalaqSi, sinopelTa mier tibarenebis qveyanaSi daarsebul axalSenSi~ (iqve, gv. 137).
xalibebi, rogorc qsenofontes aRweridan Cans berZnebs Sexvdnen
3 adgilas, karduxebis Semdeg, armenielTa qveynis gadalaxvis Semdeg da mosinikebis mezoblad zRvis sanapiroze. (es ukanasknelni
sustebi iyvnen, danarCen or adgils mcxovrebni ki kargi meomrebi).
amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom is qveyana, romelnic armenielebs eWiraT
md. kentritidan araqsamde - Tavdapirvelad xalibebis anu qaldebisa iyo,
da isini gagrZelebiT cxovrobdnen kotioradan araqsamde da kentritamde.
isini, Cans, armenielebs daumarcxebiaT da amitom xaldebsa da armenielebs
Soris didi omi iyo gaCaRebuli, rogorc es qsenefontes meore naSromidan
722
ovreb mravalricxovan qarTul tomTagan romelimes sxvaTa konsolidacia da erT saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba? iyo Tu ara romelime tomi aRniSnul epoqaSi gamokveTilad Zlieri? Cven gvaqvs swored aRniSnuli epoqis
saistorio wyaroebi, esaa qsenofontesa, strabonisa da sxvaTa cnobebi,
romelTa dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebelia msjeloba aRniSnul sakiTxze. esenia:
1. qsenofontes naSromi kiropedia - romlis mixedviTac xaldebi (xalibebi) iyo didi xalxi, fasainebi maTi gavlenis sferoSi Sediodnen da
xalibebi fasianTa qveynis samxreTiTac ki ibrZodnen.
2. strabonis cnobiT xalibebi didi xalxi iyo, radganac maTi winaprebi
troaSic ibrZodnen imJamindel xalibebs erqvaT aseve aliZonebi(alazonebi).
xaldebis anu xalibebis DANTanametomeni iyvnen karduxebi. isini vanistbi pireTidan vidre SavizRvispireTamde cxovrobdnen. kardux-xaldebis
qveyana iyo erTi xalxis qveyana, romelic n.adoncis sityviT somxebma or
nawilad gakveTes.
3. megasTenes cnobiT iberebi nabuqodonosorma gadaasaxla libiidan
SavizRvispireTSi. aq `libiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes ara afrikis libia,
aramed qveyana `luvia~, romelic vanistbispireTSi mdebareobda. iberebi
igive karduxebi unda iyvnen, romelTa erTi nawili nabuqodonosorma vanistbispirTidan gadaasaxla Savi zRvispireTSi. am gadasaxlebiTa da Tanametome xalibebisa da karduxebis urTierTSereviT safuZveli unda Cayroda
`arian-qarTlis~ samefos.
,,moqcevai qarTlisai~ wers - ,,da S emdgom ad raod enisame Jamis a movid a aleqs andre mefe
yovlisa qveyanisa... da Tana-hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoi, Ze
arian qarTlisa mefisa, da miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad da sazRvari
daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da
warvida~ (`Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi~, I,
1964, gv. 81).
qarTli, rogorc am wyarodan Cans, jer kidev ar ewodeboda im qveyanas,
romelzec Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifo da romlis mefedac dasva
aleqsandre makedonelma azo. yovel SemTxvevaSi masze mematiane wers, rom
azo iyo ,,pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina~ (iqve, gv. 82). SemdgomSi azos qarTlis
mefe ewoda, magram Tavdapirvelad is iyo ,,mefe mcxeTas Sina~, mcxeTa iyo
dedaqalaqi, rogorc iTqva axali saxelmwifosi da am axali saxelmwifos
sazRvrebi aseTi iyo - egiswyali, hereTi, somxiTi da mTa crolisa. amJamad
md. egriswyali gaedineba Tanamedrove afxazeTSi da is Cans iyo md. RaliZga, bediasTan.
,,moqcevai qarTlisais~ hereTi azosa da farnavazis Jams ar ewodeboda
Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTs, rogorc miiCnevs sabWouri saistorio skola,
aramed mdebareobda mis gareT. marTlac, qarTlis cxovrebis Tanaxmad,
rodesac farnavazma qarTlis samefo dayo administraciul erTeulebad,
Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTSi mdebare ,,kxoeTi~, romlis mTavari qalaqi
iyo bodisi (kxoeTi anu kuxeTi) kaxeTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda(iqve, gv. 89),
728
sis ,,alibe~ da Semdgomi ,,xalibe~ - erTi da igivea (iqve, gv. 63) alibebs ki
aseve alazonebi erqva, saidanac, rogorc vTqviT warmoSobili unda iyos
SemdgomSi aq gavrcelebuli satomo saxeli ,,lazi~, maSasadame lazebi xalibebis STamomavlebi yofilan, da lazebis Tavdapirveli saxeli - xalibebi yofila.
antikuri cnobebis safuZvelze irkveva, rom xalibebis erTi nawili zRvis
sanapirosTan cxovrobda, meore ki samxreTiT, mTian raionebSi Woroxis
saTaveebTan (iqve, gv. 64).
zRvispira xalibebi erT dros, qsenefontes cnobiT mosinikebs emorCilebodnen, da rkinas (an vercxls) amuSavebdnen mZime SromiT, magram Sua
xmeleTis xalibebi kargi meomrebi iyvnen, magaliTad sparselTa sardal
tiribazs isini Tavis jarSi hyavdaT daqiravebuli, ,,xalibebi da taoxebi~
qsenefontes berZenTa jars SeebrZolnen.
ZvelTaganve taoxebi yvelaze ufro msxvil politikur gaerTianebas
qmnida samxreT kavkasiaSi diauxis epoqaSi, xalibebi maTi Tanafardi didi
tomi yofila (iqve, gv. 66). isini iyvnen mravalricxovanni da ekonomikurad
uzrunvelyofilni qsenefontes cnobiT. sparselTa qveSevrdomoba Tavidan
aucilebia zogierT qarTul toms, qsenefonte wers - ,,karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, ketebi da tibarenebi
damoukidebelni arian~ (iqve, gv. 70).
im azrs, rom xalibebi mravalricxovani, meomari tomi iyo iziarebs
straboni, amitomac, rogorc iTqva, ueWvel faqtad Tvlida, rom homerosi
ixseniebs xalibebs Tavis katalogSi - ,,aliZonebis~ saxeliT paflagonielebis Semdeg (iqve, gv. 72).
apolonios radoseli xalibTa miwas ,,usazRvros~ uwodebs (iqve, gv. 72).
xalibTa vrceli samTavro orad gayo armenielTa SemoWram maT miwawyalze. ,,xalibTa samyaro SeizRuda da gaiTiSa~ (iqve, gv. 74).
xalibebs aseve xaldebi - qaldebi erqvaT. qristeSobamde VII s-Si SavizRvispireTSi muSkebis teritoriis CrdiloeTiT xaldebis (qaldebis) msxvili
gaerTianeba Camoyalibebula (iqve, gv. 74). is ixsenieba asurul wyaroebSi.
xaldebis CrdiloeTiT Savi zRva iyo gadaWimuli, samxreTiT ki
isini arzumamde aRwevdnen, Tumca sxva wyaroebiT pariadres mTis
kalTebzec cxovrobdnen. maT gaerTianebas ,,xalitu~ erqva. g. meliqivSili SeniSnavs - ,,xaldi~ SeiZleba iyos ,,qarTu~-s dialeqturi varianti da momdinareobdes uZvelesi, jer daunawevrebeli erTiani
qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 78).
qaldebi da xaldebi erTidaigive xalxi iyo strabonis cnobiTac (iqve,
gv. 78).
CemTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania i. diakonovis Tvalsazrisi imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom xalibebi igive lazi xalxi, lazebis winaprebi
unda yofiliyvnen, radganac mec aseve miviCnev da Zvel avtorTa cnobebi
momyavs amis samtkiceblad ,,i. diakonovi xalibebze wers: ,,piotkovskim daamtkica, rom xalibebi
arian an iberiuli xalxi sanebi (Wanebi) anda lazebi~ (iqve, gv. 79).
735
xalibebi Zvel wyaroebSi xan xaldebad da xan xalibebad arian moxseniebuli~ (iqve, gv. 78). xalibi, rogorc iTqva g. meliqiSvilis azriT ,,qarTus~
dialeqturi varianti yofila da momdinareobda uZvelesi, jer kidev daunawevrebeli erTiani qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan (.
, - , gv. 411).
maSasadame xalibisagan miRebulia saxelebi lazi da qarTu. aqedan gamomdinare lazi da qarTu Tavdapirveladve, erTi xalxi iyo da is
xalibebisagan momdinareobda.
xalibebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT erTiani eTnosis saxiT,
romelTa tomebi iyvnen karduxebi, lazebi da Semdgomi qarTlis
samefos mosaxleoba (am ukanasknelis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia farnavazis epoqaSi momxdara).
a. svaniZis azriT mcire aziis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba iyo eTnikurad
erTgvarovani da qarTul tomebTan eTnikur erTgvarovnebas qmnida (.
, , 1937, gv. 30).
Semdeg saukuneebSic zRvis sanapiros mTianeTi kvlav qarTuli tomebiT
iyo dasaxlebuli.
anonimuri peri plusiT ,,pontos samefo dasaxlebulia tibarenebiT, sanikebiTa (WanikebiT) da kolxebiT. misi mezobeli mxareebi ki agreTve barbarosebs ekuTvniT ( g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965,gv. 82). am
cnobidan Cans, rom Wanebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomebi yofilan trapezuntis regionSi (pontoSi). n. maris varaudiTac q. sinope ZvelqarTul
samyaros ekuTvnoda da Savi zRvis mTel samxreT sanapiros sinopidan
anapamde Wan-megrelebiT dasaxlebulad miiCnevda~ (iqve, gv. 84).
maqsimovas daskvniT orduSi (yof. kotiora, romelic amisodan Sors ar
iyo) da anatoliis sxva raionebSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri naSTebi
analogiuria kolxur-yobanur kulturis naSTebisa (iqve, gv. 85). es unda
iyos xalibebis metalurgiuli kulturis naSTebi, Sesabamisad unda vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi cxovrobdnen aseve samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalibebis anu qarTvelebis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia, rogorc iTqva farnavazis epoqaSi momxdara
qarTlis samefos miwa-wyalze - egris-wyal-klisuridan albaneTamde.
bizantielebma im teritorias, romlis centralur nawils q. amisosis
olqi warmoadgenda - ,,qaldiis Tema~ uwodes is SemdgomSi ,,trapizonis
imperiad~ iwoda. ufro adre iqauri qarTuli tomebi aseve kolxebadac
iwodebodnen, qristeSobamde VI s-Sic ,,mesxebi - kolxur tomad~ iwodeboda hekatos miletelis mier.
meSexebi warmoadgendnen ,,gabatonebul xalxs~ Crdilo siriaSi, tavrsa da kapadokiaSi - xaxanovis azriT (. ,
, 1903, , gv. 2). el. maieris azriT
,,berZnuli wyaroebiT tibarenebs SemdgomSi ewodaT kapadokielebi da kataonebi~ (g. gozaliSvili, gv. 93).
mesxebi da tibarenebi am raionis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba yofila misive
azriT, xolo ravlinsonis azriT ,,mosoxebi warmoadgendnen mosaxleobis
738
obda (iqve, gv. 190), xolo meSexi da Tubali wm. bibliaSic erTad ixseniebian
(Tubalebi igive iberebi arian ioseb flaviusis cnobiT).
es tomebi yvela wyaros cnobiT samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken
miiwevdnen, amitomac erTmaneTs faravdnen, sabolood ki ,,qarTlis
samefo~ daaarses farnavazis epoqaSi.
wyaroTa mixedviT is tomebi, romelnic uwindel wyaroebSi samxreTis
raionebis mosaxleobad iTvlebodnen, axla CrdiloeTiT moCanan.
lazebi. n. mari TurqeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg wers - ,,Wanebi TavianT
Tavs uwodeben lazebs~ (g. gozaliSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 194).
lazebis sacxovrisi TviT saqmeSi Caxeduli lazebis sityviT cxovrobdnen sinopidan da samsunidan trapezuntis regionis CaTvliT. n. marisaTvis
mis Tanmxleb lazs favzi-beis uTqvams, rom ,,konstantinopolSi lazebs uwodeben SavizvispireTis mcxovrebT, samsunelebsac da sinopelebsac. sinopelebi lazebad moixsenieben samsunelebs, samsunelebi ki trapezuntelebs~ (iqve, gv. 194).
maSasadame md. galisis (halisis) sanapiroebidan trapezuntis regionis CaTvliT mosaxleoba lazebad iwodeboda.
es faqti kidev erTxel gvaCvenebs, rom xalibebi SemdgomSi marTlac
lazebad iwodnen, radganac swored md. galisidan iwyeboda xalibebis
sacxovrisi, amasTanave xalibebis anu qaldebis saxeli ewoda kidec lazebiT dasaxlebul olqs bizantielTa mier, es iyo ,,qaldeas Tema~, rogorc
cnobilia am miwa-wyalze xalibebis garda cxovrobdnen sanebi da sxva
qarTuli tomebi, Cans erT periodSi moxda kidec xalibebisa da sanebis
(Wanebis) konsolidacia (anda isini Tavidanve erTi xalxi iyo) da amis
Sedegad am xalxs daerqva ori saxeli, is erTdroulad iyo lazic da
Wanic. saxeli lazi miRebulia xalibebis saxelisagan ,,alazoni~
(alizoni), xolo Wani ,,sanebis~ tomis saxelisagan.
lazebis anu Wanebis sacxovrisi md. galisidan (halisidan) vrceldeboda trapezuntisaken. fiqroben, rom alazonebis (alizonebis) saxeli md.
galiss ukavSirdeba Tu asea Tavdapirveli saxeli iqneboda galazonebi an
halazonebi. n. mari werda am lazebis anu igive Wanebis sacxovrisis Sesaxeb - ,,adre Wanuri tomis mosaxle obas ufro farTo teritoria
eWira - md. yizil irmakamde. am mdinaris Tavdapirveli saxeli
,,halisi~ ixseneba Wanuridan da niSnavs mdinares~ (iqve, gv. 194). maSasadame n. mari fiqrobda rom md. halisi (galisi) iyo qarTuli sityva
,,Relesagan~ miRebuli saxeli - ,,Relisi~ - Ralisi.
g. gozaliSvili marTebulad SeniSnavs - ,,dasturdeba homerosisa da
strabonis cnobebi halizonebisa da xalibebis Sesaxeb, rom halizonebi zanebi-Wanebi iyvnen~ (iqve, gv. 194).
am daskvnidan SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom sityva ,,zani~ erTi nawilia
erTiani sityvisa ,,alizoni~. da is (,,zani~) miRebulia saxelisagan ,,alizoni~ (alazoni). bizantiur samyaroSi trapezuntis regionis erT nawils
- ,,lazoni~erqva.
sxvadasxva wyaroSi lazebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomad moixsenieba,
magram, Cans, is erTi xalxi iyo. saerTod ,,kolxi~ - sazogado saxeli unda
742
yofiliyo zRvispireTis qarTuli tomebisa, maT Soris mesxebisac, radaganc hekatos mileteli mesxebs - kolxur tomad miiCnevda - ,,Wanebis lazebis (kolxebis) mosaxleoba iyo trapezuntis olqis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba, romelic trapezuntidan dasavleTiT Sors vrceldeboda~ (iqve, gv.
194).
TviT bizantiis imperiis Zlierebis xanaSi - VI s-Si Wanebi SeWrilan
kapadokiaSi, kilikiaSi da siriaSi (ioane galalas (491-578) cnobiT).
xaldebisa da Wanebis igiveobas mose xorenelis cnobac adasturebs, sadac Wanebis qveyana moxseniebulia, rogorc Waniuki, xalti
(iqve, gv. 195).
Wanebisa da xaldebis igiveobaze wers g. meliqiSvilic - ,,samxreTis mimarTulebiT antikur dros cxovrobda qarTuli tomi xaldixalibebi, rogorc cnobilia saxeli ,,xaldi~ (qaldi) organuladaa
dakavSirebuli dasavlur qarTul, kerZod Wanebis mosaxleobasTan.
Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba saxelwodebebi ,,xaldi~ da ,,Wani~ (iqve, gv. 196).
rogorc iTqva Wanebi TavianT Tavs lazebs uwodebdnen. meomari Wanebis
qveynis damorCileba mxolod iustinianes dros bizantiis imperiam VI sSi. iqamde es tomi - sruliad damoukidebeli iyo. 535 wels gamocemul
Tavis novelaSi iustiniane siamayiT acxadebda, rom Wanebis damorCileba
RmerTma romaelebs mxolod mis mefobaSi mianiWa (iqve, gv. 195).
Wanebi g. gozaliSvilis cnobiT cxovrobdnen trapizonis dasavleTiT
da ara aRmosavleTiT, is wers - ,,Wanuri mosaxleoba trapizonis dasavleTiT Sors iyo mofenili~ (iqve, gv. 195), Tumca iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT
trapizoni Tavisi olqiT ,,lazebis anu Wanebis~ mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 125).
mniSvnelovania g. meliqiSvilis mtkiceba, rom xaldebis saxeli Wanur
mosaxleobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba dasaxelebebi - ,,xaldi~ da ,,Wani~.
Wanebi, igive lazebi, igive xaldebi anu xalibebi yofilan TavianTi warmomavlobiT, cnobilia, rom wyaroTa miTiTebebiT xalibebis ZiriTadi gansaxlebis areali samxreTiT - trapizonis regionSi mdebareobda, amitomac, aqedan gamomdinare, umarTebulod Cans sabWour
istoriografiaSi miRebuli daskvna, rom lazebis Tavdapirveli
sacxovrisi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, saidanac isini trapizonisaken gadasaxldnen arabobis epoqaSi VII-VIII saukuneebSi.
g. meliqiSvili, iseve, rogorc am sakiTxis mravali ucxoeli mkvlevari
wers - ,,rogorc cnobilia, xaldebis saxeli organulad ukavSirdeba
da sa vlu r- qar Tu l, ke rZo d ki Wa nur m osa xleob as , Z ve lso mx ur
wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba dasaxeleba - xaldi da
Wani~ (iqve, gv. 196). maTi istoriac sacxovrebel adgilze bizantielebma
Seqmnes Tema qaldia (xaldia) VIII s. damlevs (iqve, gv. 196).
maSasadame Tema xaldea Seqmnes ara dasavleT saqarTvelodan arabTa
epoqaSi gadmosaxlebulma lazebma, aramed, iq istoriulad mkvidri
743
750
paralelurad mimdinare mdinare kiross (mtkvars). maT ixseniebs kvadratosic ,,parTikis~ meeqvse wignSi: ,,mdinare kirosis gaswvriv mkvidroben
obarenebi da otenebi - armeniis didi nawilis mosaxleni~ (iqve, gv. 418). aq
cxadia laparakia taos, basianisa da mimdebare mxareebis mosaxleobis
Sesaxeb.
saerTod aRniSnul da sxva Zvel marTlmadidebel avtorTa cnobebi
aqarwylebs e. w. ,,qarTizaciis Teoriis~ ideas, TiTqosda Crdilo armeniis
mosaxleobis nawili ,,qarTizaciis~ Sedegad gaqarTvelda, piriqiT es teritoriebi imTaviTve qarTuli iyo.
759
fotoebi
(fotografiuli monacemebi fazisis da
lazikis saxeldebasTan mimarTebaSi)
`sxvaTa Soris sakiTxi exeba ara raime moCvenebiTs an bundovan
rasmes, aramed mdinares da qveyanas, romlis Secvla da ramenairad
dafarva SeuZlebelia, mxedvelobac sakmao sabuTad gamodgeba da
araferi SeuSlis xels imas, visac WeSmaritebis gamokvleva aqvs
ganzraxuli~ _ wers prokofi kesarieli (georgika, t. 2, 1965, gv. 140).
axlac ki XXI s-Si TvalnaTliv Cans, rom rioni Waobis mdinarea,
xolo Woroxi ki mTisa, rogorc aRiwereba mdinare fazisi kldeTa
Soris moedineboda, vidre TiTqmis zRvamde.
lazikac kldovani qveyana iyo (rogorc klarjeTi) da ara barisa
(rogoricaa dasavleT saqarTvelo). fotoebidan es TvalnaTliv
Cans. am faqtis `ramenairad dafarva SeuZlebelia~.
760
761
siaxloves
zestafonis raionSi
lazikis kldeebi
Sorapnis cixe
dasavleT saqarTvelo
arTvin-artanujis gza
klarjeTi
762
siaxloves
siaxloves
Sorapnis cixe
763
764
artanujis cixe
sxvaganaa saZebni~
765
zRvispiri)
amJamadac mTian-kldovania
dasavleT saqarTvelo
766
rizes regioni
767
768
769
wynaria
wynaria
770
sistemebi
sistemebi
sistemebi
771
772
mdinare faziss ucvleli kalapoti aqvs, radganac kldeTa Soris miedineba (md. Woroxi)
773
mdinare faziss ucvleli kalapoti aqvs, radganac kldeTa Soris miedineba (md. Woroxi)
774
mdinare faziss ucvleli kalapoti aqvs, radganac kldeTa Soris miedineba (md. Woroxi)
775
ardaSeniswylis xidebi
776
ardaSeniswylis xidebi
777
ardaSeniswylis xidebi
778
ardaSeniswylis xidebi
779
ardaSeniswylis xidebi
780
ardaSeniswylis xidebi
ardaSeniswylis xidebi
tr abzo n id an
zi gan agi umiSxan isken mimavali
gza
tr abzo n id an
zigana-giumiSxan i sken
mimavali gza
781
zigan a
ar daSa-tor ul i
ar daSa-toruli s wyali
782
kl deebi
ar daSa-to r ulTan
783
gza gumuSxanisken
gumuSxan i
gumuSxan i
784
gumuSxan i
Zvel naqalaqar
satalas nan grevebi
785
sumelas monasteri
786
sumel as monasteri
ro dopol isi s kaTedr is
memkvid r e
sumel as monasteri
ro dopol isi s kaTedr is
memkvid r e
v az e l o n i s m o n a s t er i
lazikis saepiskoposoebis
memkvidre
787
vazel on i s
monastris gare xedi
788
vazel on i s
mon astri s
mi Z in ebi s
ekl esii s
freska
lazikaSi
789
790