UMTS Introduction 1

UMTS/UTRAN Introduction
Training Manuel 3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 September 2005
Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1
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Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Context 1.2 Standardization 1.3 UMTS Goals 1.4 UMTS Technical Overview 2 Services Provided 2.1 UMTS Services Principles 2.1 UMTS Bearer Services 2.3 Tele-Services 2.4 UMTS Terminals 3 UTRAN System Description 3.1 Logical Architecture 3.2 Network Protocols 3.3 Radio Channels 3.4 Radio Protocols 4 WCDMA for UMTS 4.1 Context 4.2 Analogy 4.3 Spread spectrum modulation 4.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 4.5 Soft handover 4.6 Rake receiver 4.7 Power control 4.8 Capacity, Coverage & Quality 5 UTRAN Scenario 5.1 Radio Channels Mapping 5.2 Service Request 5.3 RAB Establishment 5.4 Mobility Management in Connected Mode
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Objectives
Course title : Client (Company, centre) : Language : Number of trainees : Surname, First name : dates from : Location :
Contract number :
to :
Did you meet the following objectives ? Tick the corresponding box Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training
Instructional objectives Yes (or Globally yes) No (or globally no) Comments
Describe mobile system standards evolution
2 Describe UMTS services , new capacity figures and service architecture
3 Draw the UTRAN architecture with the protocol stack (radio & network) of each Network Element and to define the channels used by these protocols
Define a Radio Resource in 3G.
5 Build the map of the channels (logical, transport, physical) from a white paper
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1. INTRODUCTION
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Introduction Content
> Objective: to be able to describe mobile system standards evolution > Program:
Context Standardization UMTS Goals UMTS Technical Overview
3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 5
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Context
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CONTEXT Definition
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

UMTS is one of the major new third generation mobile communications systems being developed within the framework which has been defined by the ITU and known as IMT-2000 UMTS Forum
UMTS/UTRAN Introduction 3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 7
Will explain 3rd generation-->1.1 Historical Will explain IMT-2000 defined by ITU-->1.2 Standardization The UMTS Forum is an international and independent body, uniquely committed through the building of cross-industry consensus to the successful introduction and development of UMTS/IMT-2000 third generation mobile communications systems www.umts-forum.org
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CONTEXT Past mobile systems (1)

First Generation (1G) In the early 80s, analog systems e.g Radiocom 2000, C-Netz Service: speech Limitations of 1G: poor spectrum efficiency expensive and heavy user equipment mobility only in a small area no security of communications
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CONTEXT Past mobile systems (2)

Second Generation (2G)
In the early 90s, digital systems Europe : GSM US : IS-95 (also called cdmaOne), IS-136 (TDMA system) Japan : PDC Services: Speech and low data rate Limitations of 2G: Congestion more than 300 million wireless subscribers worldwide -->need to increase system capacity Limited mobility around the world -->need for a global standardisation Limited offer of services more than 200 million internet users--> Need for new multimedia services and applications (video telephony, e-commerce...)
Congestion more than 300 million wireless subscribers worldwide -->booming market ->congestion of 2G (Japan case )-->need to increase system capacity Limited mobility around the world great amount of 2G systems not compatible with each other-->need for a global standardisation Limited offer of services more than 200 million internet users communications are not limited to speech anymore 2G are too limited to offer data services (low bit rate, circuit switching) Need for new multimedia services and applications (video telephony, ecommerce...)
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CONTEXT Technical solutions

Two types of solutions were possible : enhancement of 2G system --> 2,5G low cost but short term e.g.: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE for GSM evolution design of a complete new standard --> 3G high cost, long term, but great amount of new potential services e.g: UMTS
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CONTEXT GSM evolution (1)

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time slots on a circuit-switched basis. Performance: up to 115,2 kbps Already implemented but not all operators/manufacturers have made this choice. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time slots on a packet-switched basis (the allocation of time slots is performed dynamically at the initialisation and during the connection) Performance: up to 171,2 kbps 1999/2000 : deployment phase 2002 : service offers for most operators
Note: Alcatel will skip HSCSD!
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CONTEXT GSM evolution (2)

EDGE (Enhancement Data rates for GSM evolution) Principle: new modulation scheme (8PSK instead of GMSK) Performance: up to 384 kbps Implementation is yet to come (foreseen for 2003) EDGE might be a good alternative to 3G systems in certain areas or for operators who do not have 3G licences, although the 3G brings more in terms of new multimedia services.
EDGE mainly concerns the modulation scheme on the GSM timeslots. The modulation technique that GSM uses is called Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). With GMSK, one bit per symbol can be transmitted (21=2 phase states). EDGE will extend these boundaries by applying a new alternative modulation technique, that is 8 Phase Shift Keying. 8PSK provides for the transmission of 3 bits per symbol (23 phase states) , that is three times the transmission rate of GMSK.
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CONTEXT Lets take some examples!

> Downloading a map (50 KBytes)
GSM 42 s GPRS 8 s EDGE 3 s UMTS 0.2 s
> A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music file (2.4 MBytes)

GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS 34 mn 7 mn 128 s 10 s
> Downloading a Word document > Audio and Video (500 KBytes) streaming
GSM 7 mn GPRS 82 s EDGE 27 s UMTS 2s
Streaming with all technologies except with GSM
In these examples, the useful rate is supposed to be : 9.6 Kbps for GSM 50 Kbps for GPRS 150 Kbps for EDGE 2 Mbps for UMTS same examples with different rates for GPRS : Downloading a Map: 13 s with GPRS CS-2 and 3 Time Slots (~30Kbps) Downloading a Word Document: 135 s with GPRS CS-2 and 3 Time Slots
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.2 Standardization
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STANDARDIZATION IMT-2000: definition

IMT-2000 is a framework for third generation mobile systems (3G) which is scheduled to start service worldwide around the year 2000 subject to market considerations. IMT-2000 should use the frequencies around 2 GHz all over the world. IMT-2000 is defined by a set of interdependent ITU Recommendations*. IMT-2000 main requirements are : - wide range of high quality services - capability for multimedia applications - worldwide roaming capability - compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks
*A recommendation is not a specification. IMT-2000: International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 ITU:International Telecommunication Union (www.itu.int) Problem: 2GHz is already used by 2G systems in US : shall the frequency carriers of 2G be reframed? Isnt EDGE the most suitable technology for 3G systems?
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STANDARDIZATION IMT-2000: main participants

Europe: ETSI Japan: ARIB USA: TIA, T1 South Korea: TTA China: CWTS
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
ITU is an international organisation composed of members of governments all over the world. ETSI, ARIB, TIA are regional standardization bodies composed of companies such as manufacturers and operators. IMT-2000 is a result of the collaboration between the ITU and several regional standardization bodies, which are located mainly in Europe, in Japan and in the US In the first phase of 3rd generation standardization, each region carried out its own standardization process to meet the IMT-2000 requirements but also to take into account its own 2nd generation mobile systems. As similar technologies were being standardized in several regions around the world, initiatives were made to create a single forum for WCDMA standardization for a common WCDMA specification, e.g 3GPP (Third Generation Project Partnership), 3GPP2 Each Consortium has proposed one or more Radio Interfaces for IMT-2000, which have been approved for ITU. UMTS contains the two interfaces standardized by 3GPP: IMT-DS and IMT-TC.
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STANDARDIZATION IMT-2000: Terrestrial Radio Interfaces

IMT-TC (Time Code) TD-CDMA UMTS TDD IMT-MC (Multi Carrier) CDMA2000 FDD MC IMT-SC (Single Carrier) TDMA Single Carrier UWC-136 EDGE/ERAN IMT-FT (Frequency Time) TDMA Multi-Carrier DECT
IMT-DS (Direct Spread) W-CDMA UMTS FDD
Radio/Network Connection
Evolved GSM Core Network
Evolved IS-41 Core Network
Which radio technologies belong to UMTS? UMTS contains the two interfaces standardized by 3GPP: IMT-DS also called UMTS FDD and IMT-TC also called UMTS TDD. UMTS core network is the evolved GSM network. Different regions of the world will adopt different radio interface technologies according to the existing 2G system. The connection of these different radio technologies to different core networks will require cooperation between the current standardization bodies. UMTS Release 99 does not contain these options.
ERAN: EDGE Radio Access Network
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STANDARDIZATION 2G Terrestrial Radio Interfaces

China :
GSM
US & Canada :
(87%)
Western Europe:
CDMA
(13%)
GSM
(12%)
GSM CDMA
(49%) (100%)
TDMA
(39%)
Japan: PDC
(64%)
CDMA
(36%)
Rest of the World :
GSM
(41%)
CDMA
(35%)
TDMA
(24%)
1999 Market Share: GSM 48 % CDMA 28 % TDMA 15 % PDC 9%
Note: CDMA in yellow is cdmaOne (IS-95) Market share between digital systems GSM = 48% CDMA = 28% TDMA = 15% PDC = 9% Western Europe: US & Canada: GSM = 12% China: Japan: RoW: For information: 1999 total market (including analog systems): 41.8 B$ (US & Canada = 8.9 B$ Western Europe = 8.8 B$ China = 4.8 B$ Japan = 4.6 B$) GSM = 100% CDMA = 49% TDMA = 39% GSM = 87% GSM = 41% CDMA = 13% CDMA = 35% TDMA= 24% CDMA = 36% PDC = 64%
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STANDARDIZATION 3G Terrestrial Radio Interfaces

China :
GSM
US & Canada : Western Europe:
UMTS
(87%)
CDMA CDMA 2000

Japan:
(13%)
GSM EDGE
(12%)
GSM CDMA
(49%)
UMTS TDMA EDGE

(39%)
(100%)
CDMA 2000
PDC
UMTS
Rest of the World :
(64%)
CDMA
(36%)
GSM UMTS
(41%)
CDMA 2000 TDMA EDGE

(24%)
CDMA CDMA 2000 UMTS

(35%)
1999 Market Share: GSM 48 % UMTS CDMA 28 % CDMA TDMA 15 % EDGE 2000 PDC 9%
IMT2000
UMTS
What about Global Roaming? ITU leads this process of harmonizing, which is necessary for a global terminal roaming and to offer operators some degree of flexibility in selecting their 3rd generation technology. However because of different radio technologies global roaming will continue to require specific arrangements between operators, such as multi-mode and multi-band handsets and roaming gateways between the different core networks. We can also imagine a compatibility of SIM cards instead of multi-mode handsets (ie using a UMTS SIM card in a CDMA2000 terminal)
In fact, Global Roaming is not the issue : The challenge is roaming and seamless services across boarders of heterogeneous private and public, fixed and mobile access networks rather than Global Roaming.
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STANDARDIZATION 3GPP: Joint Organization for UMTS Standardization

Affiliated organizations: ETSI (Europe) ARIB/TTC (Japan) T1 (USA) TTA (South Korea) CWTS (China) Other members involved: manufacturers and operators System Specification: Access Network WCDMA (UTRA FDD) TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD) Core Network Evolved GSM All-IP Releases defined for the system specifications: - Release 99 (called R3 as well) - Release R4 and R5 (previously known as Release 2000 or R00)
In the following material we will only refer to UMTS R99.

3GPP is a joint organization of standardization bodies of Europe, Japan and US To meet new market requirements, 3GPP specifications are continually being enhanced with new features. In order to provide developers with a stable platform for implementation while at the same time allowing the addition of new features, the 3GPP uses a system of parallel "releases: release 99, release 4, release 5, ... R99, The first Release of the 3rd generation specifications was essentially a consolidation of the underlying GSM specifications and the development of the new radio access network. The foundations were laid for future high-speed traffic transfer in both circuit switched and packet switched modes. R99 is based on ATM transmission technology architecture through the RAN towards CN
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STANDARDIZATION 3GPP: TSG Organization

Project Co-ordination Group (PCG)
TSG CN Core Network
TSG RAN
TSG SA Aspects
Radio Access Networks Service and System
TSG T Terminals
TSG GERAN GSM EDGE

Radio Access Network
CN WG1 Mobility Management, Call Control, Session Management
RAN WG1 Radio layer 1 specification RAN WG2 Radio Layer 2 & Radio Layer 3 RR specification RAN WG3 Iub, Iur, Iu specification & UTRAN O&M requirements
SA WG1 Services
T WG1 Mobile Terminal Conformance Testing
GERAN WG1 Radio Aspects
CN WG2 CAMEL
SA WG2 Architecture
T WG2 Mobile terminal services & capabilities
GERAN WG2 Protocol Aspects
CN WG3 Interworking with External Networks
SA WG3 Security
T WG3 Smart Card Application aspects
GERAN WG3 Terminal Testing
CN WG4 MAP/GTP /BCH/SS
RAN WG4 Radio performance & Protocol aspects
SA WG4 CODEC
CN WG5 OSA Open Service Access
SA WG5 Telecom Management
3GPP is large organization, which was created in 1998. Detailed technical work is carried out in 5 Technical Specification Groups (TSG) divided into subgroups. Many people are involved: it is estimated that more than one thousand people contribute in one way or another. This is an unprecedented number of experts working on the same project. 3GPP has delivered almost stable specifications, accepted by the majority of major industrial players, in only two years.
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STANDARDIZATION 3GPP specifications

Series_Id 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Series_description Requirements Service Aspects Technical Realization Signaling Protocols (UE to network) UTRA aspects CODECs Data (reserved) Signaling Protocols (intra-fixed network) Program management User Identity Module O&M tm Security Aspects ecs.h p s / s c e Test specification org/sp . p p g .3 Security algorithms //www
http:
For information NB : the TS 21.101 lists the existing Technical Specifications for the release R 99. NB : the TS 21.102 lists the existing Technical Specifications for the release R 4. NB : the TS 21.103 lists the existing Technical Specifications for the release R 5.
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STANDARDIZATION UMTS Roadmap

EDGE Commercial introduction UMTS R5
UMTS R99 Field Trials GPRS implementation
UMTS R99 commercial System
2001
2002
2003
2004
GPRS implementation: TMN: November 2000: 1st European operator Telering: UMTS: field trials starting from end 2001 EDGE HSDS (High Speed Data Service) is available with Evolium BSS in B8 release for E-GPRS January 2001
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.3 UMTS Goals
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UMTS Goals
Why UMTS?
UMTS will be a mobile communication system that offers significant user benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent network of fixed, cellular and satellite components. It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to new and innovative services and applications. It will offer mobile personalized communications to the mass market regardless of location, network and terminal used. UMTS Forum 1997
High quality Voice (enhancement compared to GSM) Data (multimedia) Convergence Fixed and mobile networks Data and telecommunication networks (mobile phone and computer may merge) Services New, personalized, ubiquitous (but yet to be invented!) Depend on the location countryside and big cities high bit rate services will be offered when standing close to the base station Depend on the terminal different classes of terminals according to the services the user will have
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UMTS Goals UMTS vision
Zone 4: Global Satellite

Zone 3: Suburban
Zone 2: Urban
Zone 1: In-Building
Macro-Cell
Micro-Cell
Pico-Cell
MSS
GSM
UTRA/ FDD
UTRA/ TDD
To access services from everywhere in the world, but radio interfaces should be adapted to the environment 2 Mbps small cells (due to interference level) 144 kbps large cells Transmission in TDD is discontinuous. This implies a reduced average transmission power and leads to smaller cells for TDD (pico and micro). What about UMTS deployment? UMTS will be compatible with GSM networks (Handover between the two systems should be applied) There will be UMTS islands in a sea of GSM (at least at the beginning) What about the satellite component? The MSS (Mobile Satellite Service) is also called Satellite Component. It aims to fill the gap coverage, especially maritime coverage, and to provide global roaming (niche market of global roamers) But it cannot penetrate the core of modern buildings. It is likely to come by 2007.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.4 UMTS Technical Overview
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UMTS Technical Overview UMTS general architecture

CS networks
(PSTN, ISDN..)
PS networks
(Internet)
CN Iu RAN Uu UE
CN RAN UE Core Network Radio Access Network User Equipment
Core network (CN) it provides support for the network features and telecommunication services. It is connected to external CS networks or PS networks. Radio Access network (RAN) it comprises roughly the functions specific to the access technique. 3 different RANs are foreseen: UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial RAN) MSS (Mobile Satellite component) BRAN (Broadband RAN)
User Equipment (UE) It is the mobile phone.

It is the same well-known architecture as the 2nd generation mobile system, but Reconfiguration of the AN, or changes in the AN domain functionality shall have minimal impact on Core Network functions, and vice-versa. A given Access Network (e.g., the UTRAN) may provide access to different type of Core Networks via the Iu reference point and vice versa (UTRAN, BRAN, Satellite) Thats why we speak about Iu reference point, not about Iu interface (an interface differs from a reference point in that an interface is defined where specific information is exchanged and needs to be fully recognised)
In the following material we will not speak about MSS and BRAN, only about UTRAN.
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UMTS Technical Overview UMTS Cellular System

UMTS consists of a set of hierarchical cells, but the multiple access technique is completely different from GSM. GSM Users are separated in frequency (FDMA) and in time (TDMA) UMTS Users are separated with codes (CDMA)
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UMTS Technical Overview UMTS duplex modes

5 MHz channel
FDD mode
Code and Frequency orthogonality
f1 f2
Uplink Downlink
5 MHz channel
TDD mode
Code and Time orthogonality
...
Uplink & Downlink
...
15TS
FDD (Frequency Division Duplex): use of DS-CDMA (or W-CDMA) Frequency Bands Channel Spacing Channel Raster Carrier chip rate Radio Frame length FEC codes Modulation Bearer Capability Inter RNS synchro 1920/1980 MHz (UL) / 2110/2170 MHz (DL): Region 1 5 MHz 200 kHz 3.84 Mchip/s 10 ms with 15 TS Convolutional codes, Turbo-codes QPSK up to 2 Mbps not needed
TDD (Time Division Duplex): use of TD-CDMA Frequency Band Idem FDD Inter RNS synchro needed 1900/1920 MHz and 2010/2025 MHz (UL&DL)
The variable rates are achieved by the used of codes (& multi-slot allocation for the specific case of TDD) FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) shall provides a continuous 3G coverage. TDD (Time Division Duplex) mode provides specific solutions for asymmetric traffic and dedicated indoor systems, in line with the market requirements
In the following material we will focus on UMTS FDD

Note : FEC = Forward Error Correction
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UMTS Technical Overview UMTS Frequency allocations

2110 2170 2200
FDD
1900 1920
MSS
1980 2010 2025
TDD
FDD
MSS
TDD
Uplink Downlink
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex TDD: Time Division Duplex MSS: Mobile Satellite System
The FDD band is split into 6 licenses in Germany, into 4 in France. MSS not allocated yet. No band guards between operators and between TDD and FDD: it may cause problems! Need for cooperation between operators
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INTRODUCTION QUIZ! (1)

Mark the following answers to the questions A to E by True or False. A. What are the limits of 2G systems like GSM? 1/ No security of communications 2/ No dynamical allocation of radio resources 3/ Mobility only in a small area 4/ Heavy mobile phones 5/ Limited offer of data services B. EDGE... 1/ is an evolution of GSM 2/ is sometimes considered as a 3G system 3/ is based on a new modulation scheme 4/ is supposed to reach a bit rate about 40 times greater than the GSM one
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INTRODUCTION QUIZ! (2)

C. Which of these radio interfaces belongs to IMT-2000? 1/ CDMA One 2/ UMTS FDD 3/ UMTS TDD 4/ CDMA 2000 5/ EDGE
D. What is the organisation responsible for UMTS standardization? 1/ 3GPP 2/ 3GPP2 3/ ETSI 4/ ARIB 5/ CWTS
E. What is the bandwidth of a CDMA carrier in UMTS? 1/ 200 kHz 2/ 1 MHz 3/ 5 MHz
F. Are the following statements about UTMS duplex modes True or False? 1/ FDD is similar to the GSM duplex mode 2/ TDD use the same frequencies as FDD 3/ FDD is better suited for asymmetric traffic 4/ TDD will come later
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2. Service Provided
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Services Provided Content

> Objective: to be able to describe UMTS services , new capacity figures and service architecture > Program:
UMTS services principles UMTS Bearer services Tele-services UMTS Terminals
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2. Service Provided
2.1 UMTS Services Principles
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UMTS Service Principles What is a service?
TE/MT
UTRAN
E.g speech, file transfer, emails...
CN Node Teleservice
CN Gateway
TE
UMTS Bearer Service
External Bearer Service CN Bearer Service
E.g data transfer at 9,6 kbps, in transparent mode, with turbocode ...
Radio Access Bearer Service (RAB) Radio Bearer Service ... Iu Bearer Service ...
Backbone Bearer Service
Physical Radio Physical Bearer Service Bearer Service Uu Iu
Basic telecommunication services are divided in two broad categories: - bearer services: provide the capability of transmission of signals between access points. They are related to lower layers. - tele-services: provide the complete capability, including terminal equipment functions, for communication between users. They are related to higher layers. Examples: - Bearer services: transmission at 9,6 kbps with a max BER of 10-3. This service can not be used alone, it needs protocols of upper layers to be controlled and relayed. -Tele-services: file transfer (the bit rate transfer depends not only on the bearer service but also on the application)
See 3GPP23.107
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UMTS Services Principles Tele-services and Bearer services

Teleservices Speech, emergency calls Instinctive service SMS Email Internet Access Mobile e-commerce Video Postcards Information and location based services New applications Basic services
Enhanced services
New services to be provided by service providers (third party)
UMTS Bearer services Large toolkit for all kinds of services

Whereas 2G mobile systems offer mainly speech services (the content is provided by the user), UMTS has to support a wide range of applications with different quality of services. New Services: we can also imagine that the customer himself will be able to create its own new services (easy access ways to create services)
UMTS bearer services shall provide the necessary capabilities to support multimedia services and to enable the user of a single terminal to establish and maintain several connections simultaneously.
3GPP shall standardise service capabilities (bearer services) and not the services (teleservices) themselves.
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UMTS Services Principles Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

The Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is an important portability concept of the 3G mobile systems. it enables end users to bring with them their Personal Service Environment (PSE) whilst roaming between networks, and also being independent of terminal used. "same look and feel" wherever you are
The PSE is defined in terms of one or more User Profiles (list of subscriptions, associated preferences, terminal interface preferences, )
The VHE is defined as a system concept for personalized service portability across network boundaries and between terminals. The exact configuration available to the user at any instant will be dependent upon the capabilities of the USIM, terminal equipment and network currently being used, on behalf of subscription restrictions. The VHE can be considered as a distributed user profile, owned by the service provider, distributed at any moment between the terminal equipment, the USIM, the network operator and the service provider. A user can reasonably expect the service to be the same in any network (home and visited). In fact this is not likely to be the case: - emergency numbers change from one country to another - announcements are preferably made in the local language - value-added services, such as traffic news, are not localized, but refer back to the home area The VHE is the framework for configuring the state of the terminal and the services accessible to it. The Personal Service Environment describes how the user wishes to manage and interact with its communications services. The PSE is a combination of a list of subscriptions (detailing provisioned services), preferences associated with those services, terminal interface preferences and other information related to the user's experience of the system. Within the PSE the user can manage multiple subscriptions e.g. both business and personal, multiple terminal types and express location and temporal preferences. The Personal Service Environment is defined in terms of one or more User Profiles. See 3GPP 22.121
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UMTS Services Principles Service Architecture

Tele-services
(terminal equipment functions, Operator transmission capabilities)
Service Layer
Standardized interfaces Service Capability Features Service Capability Servers GSM/GPRS/UMTS CAMEL MExE SAT
Bearer Services
Network Layer Fixed
VHE concept is based on the standard mechanisms of Service Capability Servers which allow Service Capability Features. The latter are carried through standard interfaces in order to support Tele-services adapted to the Service Capabilities of the network and user equipment.
VHE defines Service Capability Servers and standardises the features. Services capabilities: Service capabilities are based on functionality and mechanisms /toolkits such as provided by SAT, MExE, IN and CAMEL. These service capabilities can be made visible to the applications through an application interface. Service Capability Servers: GSM/GPRS/UMTS bearer services: they offer mechanisms for applications to access basic bearer capabilities. MExE (Mobile Execution Environment) servers: Value added services are offered through a client/server relationship between the MExE server in the network and the Mobile Execution Environment (e.g. Java Virtual Machine or WAP browser) in the terminal (TS 22.057) SAT (SIM Application Toolkit) servers: mechanisms that offer additional capabilities to the communication protocol between smart card and mobile station (TS 22.004) CAMEL (Customised Application for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic) servers: CAMEL extends the scope of IN services provisioned to the mobile environment (TS 23.078) Service Capability Features Functionality offered by service capabilities that are accessible via the standardised application interface. Examples: Call Control, Location/Positioning, PLMN Information & Notifications Bearer Services: The service characteristics as they apply at a given reference point where the user accesses the bearer service.
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UMTS Services Principles Lets Look for the nearest restaurant

Choose your preferences: - type of restaurant: French - type of payment: credit card ...
Restaurant Paul Bocuse 69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d'or
This service is built from the following service capability features: call set-up & authorisation (CAMEL for services in roaming after authentication phase with SAT), Map display on the phone : SAT and MExE Call the restaurant by Push Service : MExE Reservation with VISA card number : secured transaction with MExE Billing of the service : CAMEL
Other examples of (tele)services built from service capabilities features:
Call Barring : to prevent outgoing calls to certain sets of destinations, based on the number dialled and on a wider range of parameters (time of day, day of week, location, roaming, type of call requested, cost of the service and/or destination). Call Filtering/Forwarding: this service allows the control of whether incoming calls are accepted, forwarded or terminated Hold: this service allows an established call to be maintained, whilst suspending use of the bearer from the incoming access point of the network. This saves on both air interface and network traffic resources when a call is temporarily suspended. Transfer: this service allows either an established or held call to be redirected to another destination. Call-back When Free: this service allows to be informed when the destination is next able to accept the call, allowing a new call to be originated.
See 3GPP 22.105 (Annex A)
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2. Service Provided
2.2 UMTS Bearer Services
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UMTS BEARER SERVICES Bearer Services Characterization

Bearer services are characterized by a set of end-to-end characteristics with requirements on QoS, always considered point-to-point. Bearer services provide the capability for information transfer between access points and involve only low layer functions. Each bearer service is characterized by its requirements: transfer information: connection oriented or connectionless, traffic type (guaranteed/constant bit rate, non guaranteed/variable), traffic characteristics (uni-directional, bi-directional, multicast), priority quality characteristics: maximum transfer delay, delay variation, bit error ratio, data rate. This set of requirements are called QoS parameters. Example : several active radio bearer services can be handled simultaneously by the same terminal equipment.
See 3GPP TS 22.105 QoS: Quality of Service PS and CS domains provide a specific set of bearer capabilities.
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UMTS BEARER SERVICES Bearer QoS Requirements

negotiable: QoS offer on demand provide a wide range of QoS levels dynamic behaviour: It shall be possible to negotiate (re-negotiate) the characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment (during an on going session or connection). support of asymmetric nature between uplink and downlink supply of bearer services without wasting resources on the radio and network interfaces.
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UMTS BEARER SERVICES Bearer Supported Bit Rates

The only limiting factor for satisfying application requirements shall be the cumulative bit rate per mobile termination at a given instant in each radio environment: At least 144 kbps in rural outdoor radio environment (with a maximum speed of 500 km/h) At least 384 kbps in urban or suburban outdoor radio environments (with a maximum speed of 120 km/h) At least 2048 kbps in indoor or low range outdoor radio environment (with a maximum speed of 10 km/h) Theses performances decrease: - when the speed of the user increases - when the load of the network increases
The bit rate target have been specified according to the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): - the 144 Kbps data rate provides the ISDN 2B+D channel - the 384 Kbps provides the ISDN H0 Channel - the 1920 Kbps provides the ISDN H12 Channel (even though 2Mbps is generally used as the upper limit for IMT-2000 services, the exact service is specified to be 1.92 or 2.048 Mbps) Several backward compatibility requirements influence the technology applied to 3G systems. See 3GPP TS 22.105
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2. Service Provided
2.3 Tele-services
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TELESERVICES Typology
Always-on
Directories Mobile Office
Voice (!) E-mail Agenda IntraNet/InterNet Corporate Applications Database Access Yellow/White Pages International Directories Operator Services
Media
Fun
Games (Hangman, Poker, Quiz, ) Screen Saver Ring Tone Horoscope Biorhythm
Music Transportation
Flight/train Schedule reservation Downloading of music files or video clips
News (general/specific)
International/National News Local News Sport News Weather Lottery Results Finance News Stock Quotes Exchange Rates
Vertical application
Traffic Management Automation Mobile branches Health
Location services
Traffic Conditions Itineraries Nearest Restaurant, Cinema, Chemist, Parking;, ATM ...
M-commerce
Non physical
on-line Banking Ticketing Auction Gambling Best Price e-Book
Physical
on-line shopping on-line food
Teleservices provide the full capabilities for communications by means of terminal equipment, network functions and possibly functions provided by dedicated centres. Multimedia teleservices support the transfer of several types of information. M-commerce : Non-physical = electronic goods (e-banking, e-flight ticketing, ...) Physical = electronic payment of physical goods (food, supplies, hardware, ...)
Page 48
TELESERVICES QoS classes

> 4 classes have been identified:
conversational
AMR speech service Video telephony
+
Delay sensitive
Data Integrity sensitive
CS: PS:
streaming interactive

H324 H323
Web-browsing location based services e-mail delivery SMS ...
background

Conversational (real time user to user) Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech service (see Appendix for more details): a multi-rate speech coder is used with 8 source rates: 12.2 (GSM-EFR), 10.2, 7.95, 7.40 (IS-41), 6.70 (PDC-EFR), 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75 Kbps. The AMR bit rates are controlled by the radio access network and do not depend on the voice activity. The AMR coder is able to switch its bit rate every 20ms. Video telephony (H324, H323, IETF multimedia architecture) H324 (originally specified for PSTN) should be used for video in CS connections H323 and IETF architecture (IETF SIP Session Initiation Protocol) are candidates for PS connections. Streaming (real time user to server) the data transfer has to be processed as a continuous stream. With streaming the browser can start displaying the data before the entire file has been transmitted These applications are typically unidirectional. Interactive (non real time user to server with delay requirements) Web browsing location based services computer games (sometimes classified as conversational class due to endto end delay) Background (non real time user to server with fewer delay requirements, from a few seconds to a few minutes): e-mail delivery Short Message Service (SMS) Real-time services have higher priority than non-real time services. See 3GPP 23.107
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TELESERVICES Performance
QoS of teleservices depends not only on UMTS network, but also on applications, terminals and external networks. From a users perspective it is more relevant to speak of delay rather than bit rate:
Error tolerant
Conversational Streaming audio Voice messaging and video voice and video
Fax
Error Telnet, intolerant interactive games
FTP, still image, E-commerce, WWW browsing paging
E-mail arrival notification
Conversational delay <<1 sec
Streaming delay<1 sec
Interactive delay <10 sec
Background delay >10 sec
Conversational speech
Audio transfer delay requirements depends on the level of interactivity of the end users. To preclude difficulties related to the dynamics of voice communications, ITU-T Recommendation G.114 recommends the following general limits for one-way transmission time (assuming echo control already taken care of): 0 to 150 ms 150 to 400 ms above 400 ms preferred range acceptable range (but with quality decreasing) unacceptable range
Interactive games
Requirements for interactive games are obviously very dependent on the specific game, but it is clear that demanding applications will require very short delays, and a value of 250 ms is proposed, consistent with demanding interactive applications.
Web-browsing
In this category we will refer to retrieving and viewing the HTML component of a Web page, other components like images, audio/video clips are related to separate QoS Classes. From the user point of view, the main performance factor is how fast a page appears after it has been requested. A value of 2-4 seconds per page is proposed, however improvement on these figures to a target figure of 0.5 seconds would be desirable.
Delay values represent one -way delay (i.e. from originating entity to terminating entity).
See 3GPP TS 22.105 Annex B
Page 50
TELESERVICES Defining Charging Principles

How will billing be performed: by time? by volume? by number of connections? If billing is performed by volume, what will be an easy way to explain to the customer what a 1 Mbyte of data is? What will happen in case of handover between GSM and UMTS? What about roaming? Prepaid services? QoS depends directly on the load of the network. A trade-off must be found between users. Customers who pay more might have higher priority or better QoS (depending of the operators strategies). Billing for a given service might depend on the QoS.
From 3GPP TS 22.115
Page 51
TELESERVICES Location based services

Teleservices will depend on the strategy and on the imagination of operators and content providers. The key point is likely to be a fast access to information and an appropriate filtering of the user location data. the UMTS killer application is likely be a location based service Example of location based services : look for an hotel, consult yellow pages, get local traffic situation or weather report,...
Limitation: location information could be a risk for privacy.
At the moment UMTS specifies that it will provide location information to an accuracy of 50m. Different positioning methods are specified in R99 such as: the cell coverage-based positioning method Observed Time Difference Of Arrival-Idle Period Down-Link (OTDOA-IPDL) network-assisted GPS methods 3GPP TS 22.071, TS 24.030
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SERVICE PROVIDED
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
UMTS service principles UMTS Bearer services Tele-services UMTS Terminals
Page 53
2. Service Provided
2.4 UMTS Terminals
Page 54
UMTS Services Principles Third party: service provider

Tele-services will not be standardised so as to differentiate between operators and providers of applications. UMTS offer new opportunity for content and service providers Todays 1:1 customer-operator relationship Tomorrows situation?
Operator
Contracted Content providers Contracted Service providers
Contracted Service providers
Operator
Existing systems have largely standardised the complete sets of tele-services, applications and supplementary services which they provide. As a consequence, substantial re-engineering is often required to enable new services to be provided. In addition, the market for services is largely determined by operators and standardization. This makes it more difficult for operators to differentiate their services. This is the reason why tele-services should not be standardized : to motivate competition between new actors of the telecommunication market, i.e content providers. Today, it is hardly possible to predict the nature and the usage of most applications, as UMTS ought to be generic by nature to allow good support of existing applications and to ease the evolution of new applications.
Page 39
UMTS TERMINALS User Equipment (UE)

Cu interface UICC USIM 1
USIM 2
GSM access
SIM Mobile Equipment (ME)
GSM/GPR S terminal
User Equipment (UE)
Functionally speaking, the User Equipment (UE) is composed of the Mobile Equipment (ME) and the UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM). The Role of USIM is very similar to that of the SIM in GSM: - it is used to store subscriber identity, subscription data, authentication and ciphering keys, authentication algorithms - its security is improved compared to GSM with a mutual authentication between the card and the network. The interface between ME and USIM is the Cu interface, the importance of which is crucial for compatibility: even if full multi-mode Terminals will not be developed (in a first period at least), USIM-roaming will allow the subscriber to use different IMT2000 terminals with the same card. The UICC (UMTS integrated Circuit Card) is similar to SIM card in GSM with the same size (either ISO or plug-in). It may contain one or several USIM for different applications and also the SIM module in order to be used in a GSM terminal . Another possibility is to include additional mechanisms in the USIM part in order to provide the GSM access and be usable in a multi-mode UMTS/GSM terminal. TS 21.111: USIM and IC card requirements
Page 55
UMTS TERMINALS Range of Terminals

There will be a wide range of terminals depending of the type of application (speech, video, games, dual...), the mode (UMTS/GSM, UMTS/DECT...) Integrated approach:
1 handset able to perform all functions. Most of the concept phones today.
Distributed approach:
1 handset for voice & WAP, or voice only and a Bluetooth connection to other devices (headset, camera...).
Automotive / Telematics PS G New interfaces Domestic Data / IT
E-Commerce Consumer Electronics
Image
Games
Audio
Bluetooth (See http://www.bluetooth.com)

The idea was born in 1994. Ericsson initiated a study to investigate the feasibility of a low-power, low-cost radio interface between mobile phones and their accessories. The aim was to eliminate cables between mobile phones and PC cards, headsets and desk top devices In February 1998, 5 companies (Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel) ventured into a Special Interest Group (SIG) The Bluetooth system is operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial Scientific Medicine) band. In a vast majority of countries around the world the range of this frequency band is 2400 - 2483.5 MHz. The equipment is classified into 3 power classes (class1 = 100mW=20dBm, class 2 = 2.5 mW=4dBm, class 3 = 1mW=0dBm
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)

WAP is a technology designed to provide users of mobile terminals with rapid and efficient access to the Internet. Today, most people access the Internet from a desktop or home PC, which has a large screen and comprehensive keyboard. The mobile phone, on the other hand, has limited display capabilities and a simple keyboard. WAP helps overcome these limitations. A special "micro browser" takes the information from the Web and pares it down so that only the key information required by the user is displayed.
Page 56
SERVICES PROVIDED QUIZ!

A. True or False? The tele-services... 1/ are used for example to make a call, to access yellow pages, on-line banking... 2/ are mapped on bearer services 3/ will be standardized by 3GPP
B. True of False? The VHE... 1/ is a portability concept of 3G mobile systems 2/ will enable to keep the same environment when roaming between mobile and fixed networks 3/ will be adapted to the terminal capabilities 4/ will use proprietary interfaces
Page 57

C. True or False? A bearer service can support for one user: 1/ 2 Mbps at a speed of 120 km/h 2/ 2 Mbps in a high loaded cell 3/ 2 Mbps at 3 km away from the base station 4/ Asymmetric traffic 5/ Variable traffic
D. True or False? Location based services... 1/ are services only available in some areas (city centers...) 2/ are services related to the location of the user 3/ can locate the mobile phone with an accuracy of about 50 m
Page 58

E. True or False? A UICC (UMTS integrated Circuit Card)... 1/ has the same size as a GSM SIM card 2/ can not be used in a GSM terminal 3/ can be used in an UMTS terminal and provide access to GSM network 4/ is linked with the UMTS terminal via a proprietary interface 5/ may provide access to UMTS networks of different operators
F. UMTS services have been announced to come later than initially scheduled because of non availability of UMTS terminals in volume: can you find some reasons which makes it quite complex to design UMTS terminals?
Page 59
3. UMTS System Description
Page 60
3. UMTS System Description Section presentation

> Objective: to be able to draw the UTRAN architecture with the protocol stack (radio and Iu) of each Network element and to define the channels generated by these protocols. > Program:
3.1 Logical Architecture 3.2 Network Protocols 3.3 UTRAN Channels 3.4 UTRAN Radio Protocols
Page 61
3.1 Logical Architecture
Page 62
Logical Architecture UTRAN Situation & Core Network in 3GPP R4

Access Network
UTRAN RNC
HLR Node B Iu-PS
MSC Server
Core Network CSCN

GMSC MGW
CS Links PS Links
External Networks
Iu-CS
PSTN
IN network
GSM BSS
BTS
BSC
PCU
SGSN Gb
Backbone
Alcate l iGGSN
PDN
PSCN
A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is composed of 2 main parts: The Access Network (AN) provides the radio interface and radio resource management for mobile communications toward the Core Network (CN). The Core network is in charge of User Equipment (UE) Mobility (MM) and Session (SM) management. It also deals with the external networks for voice call establishment or data session establishment. The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is the UMTS Access Network; its composed of Node Bs and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). An ATM switch interfaces the UTRAN and the CN: Iu-CS interface for the Circuit Switched Core Network (CSCN). Iu-PS interface for the Packet Switched Core Network (PSCN). The PLMN connects specifically to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for voice or to the Packet Data Network (PDN) for data. The CN includes the Intelligent Network (IN) for value-added services. Example of services: For voice: Voice Call Prepaid Service
SMS service
Call Waiting
Page 63
Logical Architecture UTRAN Logical Architecture Core Network

CNCS Iu-CS RNC Iub Iur Iu-PS RNC Iub CNPS
UTRAN
RNS Node B
Uu Interface
Node B
UE
CN 2 separated domains: Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS) which reuse the infrastructure of GSM and GPRS respectively. UTRAN - new radio interface: CDMA - new transmission technology: ATM CN independent of AN The specificity of the access network due to mobile system should be transparent to the core network, which may potentially use any access technique. Radio specificity of the access network is hidden to the core network. UE radio mobility is fully controlled by UTRAN. Some correspondences with GSM: CN UTRAN RNC Node-B UE NSS BSS BSC BTS MS Uu Iub Iur Iu-CS Iu-PS Um A-bis no equivalent A Gb
Page 64
Logical Architecture Interfaces

Open Interfaces: The function of the Network Elements have been clearly specified by the 3GPP. Their internal implementations issues are open for the manufacturer All the interfaces have been defined in such a detailed level that the equipment at the endpoints can be from different manufacturers. Open Interfaces aim at motivating competition between manufacturers. Physical implementation of Iu interfaces Each Iu Interface may be implemented on any physical connection using any transport technology, mainly on E1 (cable), STM1 (Optic fiber) and micro-waves. ATM will be provided in the 3GPP R4 release and IP is foreseen for the 3GPP R6
A manufacturer can produce only the Node-B (and not the RNC). This is not possible in GSM (A-bis is a proprietary interface) The Iur physical connection can go through the CN using common physical links with Iu-CS and Iu-PS. However there is a direct logical connection between the 2 RNCs: the Iur information is not handled by the CN.
Page 65
Logical Architecture Network Element Function

RNC RNC
Iub
Iur RNS
Node B
Iub
Node B
RNC: Radio Network Controller It is the intelligent part of the UTRAN: -Radio resource management (code allocation, Power Control, congestion control, admission control) - Call management for the users - Connection to CS and PS Core Network - Radio mobility management
An RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) contains one RNC (Radio Network Controller) and at least one Node-B. The RNC takes a more important place in UTRAN than the BSC in the GSM BSS. Indeed RNC can perform soft HO, while in GSM there is no connection between BSCs and only hard HO can be applied.
Page 66
Logical Architecture Network Element Function

RNC
ATM Transport Technology
Iub
Node B
Node-B A Node-B can be considered, as first approximation, like a transcoder between the data received by antennas and the data in the ATM cell on the Iub. - Radio transmission and reception handling - Involved in the mobility management - Involved in the power control
An RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) contains one RNC (Radio Network Controller) and at least one Node-B. A Node-B is also more complex than the GSM BTS, because it handles softer HO.
Controlling RNC (CRNC): a role an RNC can take with respect to a specific set of Node-Bs (ie those Node-Bs belonging to the same RNS). There is only one CRNC for any Node-B. The CRNC has the overall control of the logical resources of its Node-Bs
Page 67
3.2 Network Protocols
Page 68
Network Protocols Protocols in UTRAN

> The Iu protocols
Core Network Iu Used to exchange data (traffic and signaling) between RNCs, Node Bs and the Core Network. Used to process the data sent on the air and for the signaling between UTRAN and the UEs Signaling between a UE and the Core Network. Typically, the Authentification and the Location
Iu Protocols
RNC Iur
> The Radio protocols
RNC Iub
Radio Protocols
Node B
Uu Interface
> NAS Signaling
NAS Signaling
Iu Protocols : RANAP: Radio Access Network Application Protocol, RNSAP: Radio Network Sub-system Application Protocol, NBAP: Node B Application Protocol, ALCAP is a generic name for the signalling protocols of the Transport Network Control Plane used to establish/release Data Bearers. It makes establishment/release of Data Bearers on request of the Application Protocol. Radio Protocols : RRC: Radio Resource Control RLC: Radio Link Control MAC: Medium Access Control NAS refers to higher layers (3 to 7). Entities of this part will exchange tele-services and bearer services.
Page 69
Network Protocols Protocol Stack on the Interfaces

Control plane User plane
Radio Sig
NBAP AAL5
Voice Data Iub FP
RNC
AAL2 ATM
Voice Iu UP AAL5 AAL2 ATM Iu- CS RANAP
CS-CN
Radio Sig
Node B
Iub RNSAP Iub AAL5
Voice Data Iur FP AAL2 RANAP AAL5 Data Iu UP AAL5
ATM Iur
Node B Node B Iub RNC

ATM Iu- PS
PS-CN
AAL5 has been designed to adapt non real time, connectionless oriented data at variable bit rate (eg, web browsing) to ATM. AAL2 has been designed to adapt real time, connection oriented data at variable bit rate (eg, voice in AMR) to ATM.
Page 70
Network Protocols General model

The same general protocol model is applied for all Iu interfaces:
Radio Network Layer Transport Network Layer Signaling Bearer(s)
Control Plane User Plane
Application Protocol
Transport Network User Plane Transport Network Control Plane
Data Stream(s)
Transport Network User Plane
ALCAP Signaling Bearer(s) Physical Layer Data Bearer(s)
1. What is the purpose of the separation between the Radio Network Layer and the Transport Network Layer? 2. Why is ALCAP protocol necessary?
Application Protocols:
- NBAP for Iub interface - RNSAP for Iur interface - RANAP for Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces
The Iu protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between two endpoints of an Iu interface (e.g. Node-B and RNC over the Iub interface)
Page 71
Network Protocols
Iub protocols
Radio Link Establishment RABs* RRC Connection Establishment* NAS signalling*
User Plane
Radio Network Layer Transport Network Layer
Control Plane
NBAP
Frame Protocols (IubFP)

ALCAP AAL5 AAL5 ATM Physical Layer AAL2
Note: AAL2 and AAL5 are sub-layers of ATM which provide some adaptation between the application (voice, data, signalling) and the ATM layer.
NBAP
is used to carry signalling (e.g Radio Link Establishment) Examples of actions of NBAP during Radio Link Establishment: - signalling exchanges over Iub, which permits the RNC to reserve radio resources of Node-B for the Radio Link - signalling transaction with ALCAP, which will setup a Iub data bearer (on AAL2) to carry the Radio Link
Frame Protocols
At this stage Data Streams (carrying RABs, NAS signalling, SMS Cell Broadcast service, RRC connection establishment) have been mapped on transport channels The Frame Protocols (FP) define the structures of the frame and the basic in-band control procedures for every type of transport channels.
ALCAP
is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams.
Bearers
Data Streams are carried on AAL2, which enables better bandwidth efficiency for user packets but requires its own signalling (ALCAP signalling is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams). NBAP and ALCAP messages are carried on AAL5.
Page 72
Network Protocols
Iur Protocols
Establishment of an additional radio link to an UE (for soft HO) Radio Network Layer Transport Network Layer
Control Plane
RABs*
RRC Connection Establishment* NAS signalling*

User Plane
RNSAP
Frame Protocols (Iur FP)

... AAL5
ALCAP AAL5 ATM Physical Layer AAL2
Note: AAL2 and AAL5 are sub-layers of ATM which provide some adaptation between the application (voice, data, signalling) and the ATM layer.
RNSAP
It is used to carry signalling (e.g Radio Link Establishment) e.g. actions of RNSAP during Radio Link Establishment: - signalling exchanges over Iur: the SRNC request the DRNC to reserve radio resources for the Radio Link (the DRNC will afterwards reserve these radio resources in the suitable Node-B) - signalling transaction with ALCAP, which will setup a Iur data bearer to carry the Radio Link
Frame Protocols
At this stage Data Streams (carrying RABs, NAS signalling, SMS Cell Broadcast service, RRC connection establishment) have been mapped on transport channels The Frame Protocols (FP) define the structures of the frame and the basic in-band control procedures for every type of transport channels.
ALCAP
It is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams.
Bearers
Data Streams are carried on AAL2, which enables better bandwidth efficiency for user packets but requires its own signalling (ALCAP signalling is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams). RNSAP and ALCAP messages are carried on AAL5.
Page 73
Network Protocols Recap

RRC PDCPBMC RLC MAC
Soft(er) combining
Softer combining
RRC PDCPBMC RLC

Uu Iub
MAC
SRNC
NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP Phy. (air) ... ... AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM/Physical layer
Soft combining
Phy. (air)
NBAP ALCAP Iub-FP Iur-FP ALCAPRNSAP ... ... ... ... AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5
ATM/Physical layer
UE
Node-B
Radio Protocols
Iu Protocols (Radio Network Layer) Iu protocols (Transport Network Layer)
1. What is the path of CS traffic through these protocol stacks? 2. Same question for PS traffic? 3. Same question for NAS signalling? 4. Same question for RRC signalling? 5. Which protocol is responsible for establishing AAL2 bearers? what is the path of this protocol? 6. Which protocol is responsible for the signaling exchange between between RNC and NodeNodeB? What is the path of this protocol? 7. Which protocol is responsible for the signaling exchange between between SRNC and DRNC?
Page 74
Network Protocols QUIZ!

A. Put the correct words in the spaces on the figure below
...
...
...
...
CS networks (PSTN, ISDN) ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
PS networks (internet) ...
...
...
...
Page 75
3.3 Radio Channels
Page 76
Radio Channels Global Situation

UE UTRAN SGSN Teleservice UMTS Bearer Service Radio Access Bearer Service (RAB) Radio Bearer Service Logical Channel Transport Channel Physical Channel Uu
GGSN
PDN Internet
External Bearer Service CN Bearer Service
Iu Bearer Service
Backbone Bearer Service
Iu
A Radio Bearer is the service provided by a protocol entity (i.e. RLC protocol) for transfer of data between UE and UTRAN. Radio bearers are the highest level of bearer services exchanged between UTRAN and UE. Radio bearers are mapped successively on logical channels, transport channels and physical channels (Radio Physical Bearer Service on the figure)
Page 77
Radio Channels RAB Presentation

UMTS Bearers
RAB RAB
CN-CS
UTRAN
UE UMTS bearer services
RAB RAB
UMTS Bearer UMTS Bearer
CN-PS
Radio Bearers
Iu Bearers
RABs (mapped on Radio & Iu Bearers) The RAB provides confidential transport of signaling and user data between UE and CN with the appropriate QoS.
Example of available RAB in R4 Conversation AMR 12.2/12.2, 64/64 al (CS) Streaming (CS) Interactive (PS) Background (PS)
14.4/14.4 R2: 64/128, 64/384 64/144, 128/384, 144/384, 32/32, 64/64, 128/128, 144/144
R2: 64/128, 64/384 64/144, 128/384, 144/384, 32/32, 64/64, 128/128, 144/144
Page 78
Radio Channels Radio Channels, Protocols & Network Elements

NAS Signaling Voice Web SMS Cell Browsing Broadcast
RRC
RRC Sig.
PDCP BMC
Radio Bearers
MAC
Physical Channels Transport Channels Uu Interface
RLC
Control Logical Ch. Traffic Logical Ch.
MAC
RNC
Transport Channels
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Node B
UE
The radio protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between the UE and the UTRAN over the Uu interface: -User plane protocols These are the protocols implementing the actual Radio Access Bearer (RAB) service, -i.e. carrying user data through the access stratum (EXAMPLES 1,2 and 4). -Control plane protocols These are the protocols for controlling the radio access bearers and the connection -between the UE and the network from different aspects including requesting the service (EXAMPLE 5), controlling different transmission resources, handover & streamlining etc... Also a mechanism for transparent transfer of Non Access Stratum (NAS) messages is included). Some principles: The Radio Protocols are independent of the applied transport layer technology (ATM in R99): that may be changed in the future while the Radio Protocols remain intact. The main part of radio protocols are located in the RNC (and in the UE). The Node-B is mainly a relay between UE and RNC.
Page 79
Radio Channels Radio Bearers

Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB) SRBs can carry: - layer 3 signalling (e.g. RRC connection establishment) - NAS signalling (e.g location update) There can be up to 4 SRBs per RRC connection (one UE has one RRC connection when connected to the UTRAN). User Plane Radio Bearers RABs are mapped on user plane RBs. One RAB can be divided on RAB sub-flows and each sub-flow is mapped on one user plane RB. e.g the AMR codec encodes/decodes speech into/from three sub-flows; each sub-flow can have its own channel coding.
Please note that RAB (Radio Access Bearer) are only provided in the user plane. What is a RRC connection? When the UE needs to exchange any information with the network, it must first establish a signalling link with the UTRAN: it is made through a procedure with the RRC protocol and it is called RRC connection establishment. During this procedure the UE will send an initial access request on CCCH to establish a signalling link which will be carried on a DCCH. A given UE can have either zero or one RRC connection.
Page 80
Radio Channels Logical Channels (1)

UTRAN Logical Channels
Control Channels (CCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
UE
Traffic Channels (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
The logical channels are divided into: Control channels for the transfer of control plane information Traffic channels for the transfer of user plane information
Page 81
Radio Channels Logical Channels (2)

UL ( ) / DL ( ) BCCH PCCH Wha t type of informa tion? System control information e.g cell identity, uplink interference level P aging information e.g CN originated call when the network does not know the location cell of the UE Control information e.g initial access (RRC connection request), cell update Control information (but the UE must have a RRC connection) e.g radio bearer setup, measurement reports, HO T raffic information dedicated to one UE e.g speech, fax, web browsing T raffic information to all or a group of UEs e.g SMS-Cell Broadcast
CCCH DCCH DTCH CTCH
Page 82
Radio Channels Why Transport Channels?

Traffic Time
Time Interval Transport Channel
A transport channel offers a flexible pattern to arrange information on any service-specific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical channel: it provides flexibility in traffic variation it enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel Transport channels provide an efficient and fast flexibility in radio resource management.
Page 83
Radio Channels Structure of a Transport Channel (1)

Transport Block: basic unit exchanged over transport channels. Transport Format (TF): it may be changed every TTI. Each TF must belong to the Transport Format Set (TFS) of the transport channel
168 360 bits 360 10 ms 168 168 10 ms 168 168 10 ms 168 168 10 ms
Time Transmission Interval (TTI): periodicity at which a Transport Block Set is transferred by the physical layer on the radio interface
>> The system delivers one Transport Block Set to the physical layer every TTI: TTI: what is the delivery bit rate of the transport blocks to the physical layer during the first TTI?
A transport channel is defined by a Transport Format (TF) which may change every Time Transmission Interval (TTI). The TF is made of a Transport Block Set. The Transport Block size and the number of Transport Block inside the set are dynamical parameters. The TTI is a static parameter.
Page 84
Radio Channels Structure of a Transport Channel (2)

Transport Format (TF) Semi-static part (can be changed, but long process) Transmission Time Interval (TTI), Coding scheme... Dynamic part (may be changed easily) Size of transport block, Number of transport blocks per TTI Transport Format Set (TFS) It is the set of allowed Transport Formats for a transport channel, which is assigned by RRC protocol entity to MAC protocol entity. MAC chooses TF among TFS. MAC may choose another TF every TTI without interchanging with RRC protocol (fast radio resource control).
What is TTI (Transmission Time Interval)? - it is equal to the periodicity at which a Transport Block Set is transferred by the physical layer on the radio interface - it is always a multiple of the minimum interleaving period (e.g. 10ms, the length of one Radio Frame) - MAC delivers one Transport Block Set to the physical layer every TTI.
Page 85
Radio Channels Transport Channels: Example

576 bits 576 576 576 40 ms
Sta tic Pa rt TTI Coding scheme CRC Dyna mic Pa rt T ransport Block Size T ransport Block Size Set ? T urbo coding, coding rate= 1/ 3 16 bits
576 576 576 576 576
1. Complete the table 2. What is the delivery bit rate of the transport blocks to the physical layer during the first TTI?
? 576*B (B= 0,1,2,3,4)
3. How many Transport Format(s) may be chosen for this transport channel? 4. Can you imagine why the transfer has been interrupted during the third TTI?
Page 86
Radio Channels
Transport Channels
UTRAN Transport Channels
Common Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Forward Access Channel (FACH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
UE
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
The transport channels are divided into: Common channels: they are divided between all or a group of UEs in a cell. They require in-band identification of the UEs when addressing particular UEs. Dedicated channels: it is reserved for a single UE only. In-band identification is not necessary, a given UE is identified by the physical channel (code and frequency in FDD mode)
Page 87
Radio Channels Common Transport Channels (1)

BCH: Broadcast Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry BCCH. The BCH is always transmitted with high power over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate. >> The BCH is the only transport channel with a single transport format (no flexibility). Can you explain why?
PCH:
Paging Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry PCCH. It is always transmitted over the entire cell. >> Is it possible to carry all types of information on the PCH?
BCH >high power to reach all the user and low fixed bit rate so that all terminals can decode the data rate whatever its ability: only one Transport Format because there is no need for flexibility (fixed bit rate) PCH >only two transport channels can NOT carry user information: BCH and PCH.
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FACH: Forward Access Channel A downlink transport channel that is used to carry control information. It may also carry short users packets. The FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using beam-forming antennas. The FACH uses open loop power control (slow power control). >> In which case is it interesting to use beambeam-forming antennas? would it also be relevant to implement this feature for PCH? RACH: Random Access Channel An uplink transport channel that is used to carry control information from the mobile especially at the initial access. It may also carry short user packets. The RACH is always received from the entire cell and is characterized by a limited size data field, a collision risk and by the use of open loop power control (slow power control). >> Why is it interesting to carry short user packets on RACH in spite of limited data field and collision risk (instead of using a dedicated channel)?
Note: Beam-forming is also called Inherent addressing of users: it is the possibility of transmission to a certain part of the cell. RACH and FACH are mainly used to carry signalling (e.g at the initial access), but they can also carry small amounts of data. When a UE sends information on the RACH, it will receive information on FACH.
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DSCH: Downlink Shared Channel A downlink transport channel shared by several UEs to carry dedicated control or user information. When a UE is using the DSCH, it always has an associated DCH, which provides power control. CPCH: Common Packet Channel An uplink transport channel that is used to carry long user data packets and control packets. It is a contention based random access channel. It is always associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which provides power control.
Transfer of signalling and traffic on a shared basis
DSCH and CCPH seem to be symmetrical, but: - DSCH is on the DL, so that different user data are synchronised with each other (the information on whether the UE should receive the DSCH or not is conveyed on the associated DCH) - CPCH is on the UL, so that different user data can NOT be synchronised (the mobile phones are not synchronised). It may cause big problem of collisions!
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Radio Channels Dedicated Transport Channels

DCH: Dedicated Channel
A downlink or uplink transport channel that is used to carry user or control information. It is characterized by features such as fast rate change (on a frame-by-frame basis), fast power control, use of beam-forming and support of soft HO.
DCH > It is different from GSM where TCH carries user data (e.g speech frames) and ACCH carries higher layer signalling (e.g HO commands) User data and signalling are therefore treated in the same way from the physical layer (although set of parameters may be different between data and signalling) > wide range of Transport Format Set permits to be very flexible concerning the bit rate, the interleaving... > Fast Power Control and soft HO are only applied on this transport channel.
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Radio Channels Mapping LogicalTransport Channels

Control Logical Channels BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH Traffic Logical Channels DTCH CTCH
BCH
PCH
RACH
FACH
DSCH
CPCH
DCH Dedicated Transport Channels
Common Transport Channels
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Radio Channels Mapping Logical Transport Channels

Control Logical Channels BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH Traffic Logical Channels DTCH CTCH
BCH
PCH
RACH
FACH
DSCH
CPCH
DCH Dedicated Transport Channels
Common Transport Channels
According to the slide above and the previous one, we can say state that : Except BCH and PCH, each type of transport channel can be used for the transfer of either control or traffic logical channels.
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Radio Channels Physical Channels

For the UE point of view, the network is just the physical channels.
RNC Transport Channels Iub
There are several kinds of physical channels. Channel associated with transport channel UTRAN Signaling (mobility management) Core Network Signaling (authentification) User Traffic (voice)
Node B
There are common and dedicated channels Channels not associated with transport channel, the physical signaling. Cell Search Selection System Information Collection Connection Request and Paging Surveillance These channels and resources allowing the UE to share these channels with other users are the radio resources We will see later how data from transport channel are processed to be mapped on the physical channels and how a UE uses these channels.
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Radio Channels Mapping Physical Channel List

Not associated with transport channels CPICH: Common Pilot Channel PICH: Page Indicator Channel P-SCH & S-SCH: Primary & Secondary Synchronization Channel AICH: Acquisition Indicator Channel Dedicated Physical Channels, associated with transport channels DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel Common Physical Channels, associated with transport channels P-CCPCH & S-CCPCH: Primary & Secondary Common Control Channel PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel PCPCH: Physical Common Packet Channel
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Radio Channels Physical Channels: Structure
Radio Frame = 10 ms 15 Time Slots
1 Time slot = 0.666 ms
. N bits (according to the bit rate) A physical channel is defined by: A carrier Some codes (see 4.3 and 4.4 part) A start and stop instant Physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between start and stop instants.
After channel coding each transport block is split into radio frames of 10 ms. The bit rate may be changed for each frame. Each radio frame is also split into 15 time slots. But all time slots belong to the same user (this slot structure has nothing to do with the TDMA structure in GSM). All time slots of a same TDMA frame have the same bit rate. Fast power control may be performed for each time slot (1500 Hz). The number of chips for one bit M is equivalent to the spreading factor. It can easily be computed with knowledge of N:
In fact the spreading factor must be equal to 4, 8, 16256. Consequently it may be necessary to add some padding bits to match the adequate value of spreading factor (rate matching).
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3.4 UTRAN Radio Protocols
Page 97
Radio Protocols Radio protocol stack

Control plane Non Access Stratum Access Stratum Layer 3
Layer 2/PDCP Layer 2/BMC control control control control
control PDCP PDCP
User plane Bearers (called RAB in user plane)
RRC
SAP BMC
Radio Bearers RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLCRLC Logical Channels
Layer 2/RLC RLC Layer 2/MAC Layer 1
MAC Transport Channels PHY Physical Channels
The radio protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between the UE and the UTRAN over the Uu interface The radio protocols are layered into: - the RRC protocol located in RNC* and UE - the RLC protocol located in RNC* and UE - the MAC protocol located in RNC* and UE - the physical layer (on the air interface) located in Node-B and UE Two additional service-dependent protocols exists in the user plane in the layer 2: PDCP and BMC. Each layer provides services to upper layers at Service Access Points (SAP) on a peer-to-peer communication basis. The SAP are marked with circles. A service is defined by a set of service primitives. Radio Interface Protocol Architecture is described in 3GPP 25.301. (*except a part of protocol used for BCH which is terminated in Node-B)
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Radio Protocols Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Bearers Layer 3 control control control RRC Radio Bearers (control plane) control control
Call management Radio mobility management Measurement control and reporting Outer loop power control
PDCP BMC
RLC
MAC PHY
RRC is the brain of the radio interface protocol stack.
RRC is a protocol which belongs to control plane. The RRC functions are: Call management RRC connection establishment/release (initial access) Radio Bearer establishment/release/reconfiguration (in the control plane and in the user plane) Transport and Physical Channels reconfiguration Radio mobility management Handover (soft and hard) Cell and URA update (see 5.UTRAN/ Mobility Management) Paging procedure Measurements control (UTRAN side) and reporting (UE side) Outer Loop Power Control Control of radio channel ciphering and deciphering RRC can control locally the configuration of the lower layers (RLC, MAC...) through Control SAP. These Control services are not requiring peer-to-peer communication, one or more sub-layers can be bypassed. See 3GPP 25.331 RRC protocol (over 500 pages!)
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Radio Protocols PDCP and BMC protocols

PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) - in the user plane, only for services from the PS domain - it contains compression methods In R99 only a header compression method is mentioned (RFC2507). Why is header compression valuable? e.g a combined RTP/UDP/IP headers is at least 60 bytes for IPv6, when IP voice service header can be about 20 bytes or less. BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Services) - in the user plane - to adapt broadcast and multicast services from NAS on the radio interface In R99 the only service using this protocol is SMS Cell Broadcast Service (directly taken from GSM).
See 3 GPP 25.323 (PDCP protocol) and 25.324 (BMC protocol)
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Radio Protocols Radio Link Control (RLC)
Segmentation
Radio Bearers (control plane) Layer 2/ upper part RLC RLC RLC Radio Bearers (user plane) RLC RLC RLCRLC Traffic Logical Channels
Buffering Data transfer with 3 configuration modes: - Transparent (TM) - Unacknowledged (UM) - Acknowledged (AM) Ciphering
RLC
Control Logical Channels
RLC provides segmentation and (in AM mode) reliable data transfer.

There is no difference between RLC instances in Control and User planes. There is a single RLC connection per Radio Bearer. RLC main functions: RLC Connection Establishment/Release in 3 configuration modes: - transparent data transfer (TM): without adding any protocol information - unacknowledged data transfer (UM): without guaranteeing delivery to the peer entity (but can detect transmission errors) - acknowledged data transfer (AM): with guaranteeing delivery to the peer entity. The AM mode provides reliable link (error detection and recovery, insequence delivery, duplicate detection, flow Control, ARQ mechanisms) ARQ=Automatic Repeat Request (it manages retransmissions) Transmission/Reception buffer Segmentation and reassembly (to adjust the radio bearer size to the actual set of transport formats) Mapping between Radio Bearers and Logical Channels (one to one) Ciphering for non-transparent RLC data (if not performed in MAC), using the UEA1, Kasumi algorithm specified in R99 Encryption is performed in accordance with TS 33.102 (radio interface), 25.413, 25.331(RRC signaling messages) and supports the settings of integrity with CN (CSdomain/PS-domain) 3GPP 25.322 RLC protocol
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Radio Protocols Medium Access Control (MAC)

Control Logical Channels
Layer 2/ lower part
Traffic Logical Channels
Basic data transfer Multiplexing of logical channels Priority handling/Scheduling (TFC selection)
MAC
Transport Channels (common and dedicated)
Reporting of measurements Ciphering
MAC can switch a common channel into a dedicated channel if higher bit rate is required (on request of L3-level). MAC can change dynamically Transport Format (bit rate) of each transport channel on a frame basis (each 10 ms) without interchanging with L3-level. MAC provides flexible data transfer.
MAC belongs to control plane and to user plane. MAC main functions: Data transfer: MAC provides unacknowledged data transfer without segmentation Multiplexing of logical channels (possible only if they require the same QoS) Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels Selection of appropriate Transport Format for each Transport Channel depending on instantaneous source rate. Priority handling/Scheduling according to priorities given by upper layers: - between data flows of one UE - between different UEs Priority handling/Scheduling is done through Transport Format Combination (TFC) selection Reporting of monitoring to RRC Ciphering for RLC transparent data (if not performed in RLC) 3GPP 25.321 MAC protocol
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Radio Protocols The Physical Layer
Common Transport Channels Layer 1
Dedicated Transport Channels
Multiplexing of transport ch. Spreading/modulation
Physical layer
Common Physical Channels Air Interface Dedicated Physical Channels
RF processing Power control Measurements
The physical layer provides multiplexing and radio frequency processing with a CDMA method.
The physical layer belongs to control plane and to user plane. Physical layer main functions: Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of transport channels on CCTrCH (Coded Composite Transport Channel) even if the transport channels require different QoS. Mapping of CCTrCH on physical channels Spreading/de-spreading and modulation/demodulation of physical channels RF processing (3 GPP 25.10x) Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronization Measurements and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.) Open loop and Inner loop power control Macro-diversity distribution/combining and soft handover execution
3GPP 25.2xx
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Radio Protocols Exercise: MAC protocol (1)
BCCH MAC Control
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
CTCH
DCCH DTCH DTCH
MAC-d
MAC-b
MAC-c/sh
BCH
PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH
DSCH DSCH
DCH DCH
Iur or local
Look at this figure and answer the questions on the following pages. pages.
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1. On which logical/transport channels will be mapped: - system information broadcasting - paging - telephony speech - internet browsing at a high bit rate - internet browsing at a low bit rate Can you imagine a situation where the UE will use 2 DTCHs (or more) at the same time? 2. Guess the meaning of MAC-b MAC-c/sh and MAC-d. 3. Why is there one MAC-d entity on the UE side and several MAC-d entities on the UTRAN side? 4. What is the link between MAC-c/sh and MAC-d for? 5. What are the 4 main functions of MAC protocol? 6. MAC can multiplex logical channels only if they require the same QoS: true or false?
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7. RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) is an UE identity assigned by UTRAN, when the UE is connected to the UTRAN . The parameter RNTI is included in the header of each transport blocks in MAC-c/sh, but not in MAC-d : can you explain the reason? 8. The system can also multiplex transport channels: where does that take place? 9. What is the name of the channel on which several time-coordinated transport channels can be multiplexed? 10. Which entity is responsible for TFC selection? TFCS allocation? 11. Is it possible to multiplex 2 FACHs (or more)? 2 DCHs (or more)? a FACH and a DCH? 12. Will the physical channel configuration be changed (e.g modification of spreading factor) when MAC selects a new TFC inside TFCS? 13. MAC makes measurement reports to RRC: why is it necessary?
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4. WCDMA in UMTS
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4. WCDMA for UMTS Section presentation

> Objective: to be able to define a Radio Resource in 3G. > Program:
4.1 Context 4.2 Analogy 4.3 Spread Spectrum Modulation 4.4 Code Division Multiple Access 4.5 Soft HandOver 4.6 Rake Receiver 4.7 Power Control 4.8 Capacity, Coverage & Quality
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4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.1 Context
Page 109
Context Historical
Early 70s CDMA developed for military field for its great qualities of privacy (low probability interception, interference rejection) 1996 CDMA commercial launch in the US This system called IS-95 or cdmaOne was developed by Qualcomm and has reached 50 million subscribers worldwide 2000 IMT-2000 has selected three CDMA radio interfaces: - WCDMA (UTRA FDD) - TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD) - CDMA 2000
In the following material we will only refer to WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
See http://www.cdg.org for IS-95 In CDMA field, we have experience of IS-95 IS-95 vocabulary: forward channel=downlink reverse channel=uplink handoff=handover
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Context Advantages & Disadvantages

CDMA is very attractive: Better spectrum efficiency than 2G systems Suitable for all type of services (circuit, packet) and for multi-services Enhanced privacy Evolutionary (linked with progress in signal processing field)
BUT: Complex system: not easy to configure and to manage Unstable in case of congestion
Spectrum efficiency : transmission capacity per spectrum unit (bandwidth), i.e kbit/MHz. This must not be confused with the traffic capacity. The spectrum efficiency in UMTS is higher than in GSM (25x200kHz carriers in GSM offering 335 kbps** while a 5 MHz UMTS carrier offers 400 kbps). If we factor in densification (frequency reuse pattern), the UMTS traffic capacity is dramatically increased. According to CDMA Development Group: Capacity increases by a factor of between 8 to 10 compared to an AMPS analog system and between 4 to 5 times compared to a GSM system
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4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.2 Analogy
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Analogy WCDMA and Restaurant

WCDMA
Cell Restaurant room UE People at table Ues, like people, send and receive on the same time and the same frequency. They are separeted by: Code Language For a table, the conversations of the neighbours are noise, for a UE it is the same principle: neighbour conversations are interference
Restaurant Room
Enjoy your meal ! Guten appetite !
Code 1
Code 2
Bon appetit !
Bom apetite !
The equivalence are: Restaurant room -> Cell Table -> UE Language -> Code
Here the important point is all the UEs send and receive on the same time and on the same frequency. The WCDMA is really different because with the GSM, the UEs are separated by the time (TS of TDMA) and the frequency. Here the UEs are separated with codes applied on the signals. Another important point is for someone the conversation on a neighbour table is considered like noise. It is the same principle with the WCDMA, for a user the other UEs generates some noises.
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Analogy WCDMA and Restaurant

WCDMA
Downlink
Node B Steward Interference level in DL probleme: If some UE use too much power If there are too many users in the cell Impacts: Power Control in DL Control Admission Very important ! Who have order this cake ?
Restaurant Room
Enjoy your meal ! ????
COMO ESTAS ?
???
In downlink, In the restaurant, the steward want to ask to every table who have order a cake. If some people speak to loud, the table at the back of the room cant hear the question. It is the same case, if there are too many users in the room. In the cell, it is the same principle. If there are too many Ues on the cell or if some Ues use too much power, the interference level for a UE far from the Node B is too high to allow the UE decoding the message.
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Analogy WCDMA & Restaurant

WCDMA
Uplink
At the Node B level: If a UE, close to the NB, speak too loud If there are too many users Probleme of interfence level problem. The NB cant decode any users. Impacts: Power Control in UL Admission Control Very important
Restaurant Room
It is for me ! Es ist meine
Cest la pomme ?
Who have order???? this cake ?
QUIERO LA TARTA !
In Uplink, In the restaurant, a steward can understand all the conversation if he knows all the languages. But if on a table, close to him, some one speak to loud the steward cant understand people on the other tables. It is the same problem if there are too many people it is too noisy to able able to understand a conversation far from him. With the WCDMA, there is the same problem. That means if the cell is too load, the interference level at the Node B is too high to be able to decode the weakest signal.
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4. WCD MA in UMTS
4.3 Spread Spectrum Modulation
Page 116
Spread Spectrum Modulation A Code as a Shell against Noise

Noise
Spreading
Radio Channel
Despreading
Transmitter
Receiver
The letter A represents the signal to transmit over the radio interface. At the transmitter the height (ie the power) of A is spread, while a color (i.e a code) is added to A to identify the message . At the receiver A can be retrieved with knowledge of the code, even if the power of the received signal is below the power of noise due to the radio channel.
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Spread Spectrum Modulation Spectrum spreading P P

Radio channel
Interference Level
Spreading
Despreading
At the transmitter the signal is multiplied by a code which spreads the signal over a wide bandwidth while decreasing the power (per unit of spectrum). At the receiver it is possible to retrieve the wanted signal by multiplying the received signal by the same code: you get a peak of correlation, while the noise level due to the radio channel remains the same, because this is not correlated with the code. But the interference level is too high, it is not possible to decode any message.
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Spread Spectrum Modulation Transmission Chain

Air Interface NB-Signal Data Modulator Code sequence Demodulator Code Sequence WB-Signal WB-Signal NB-Signal Data
The narrowband data signal is multiplied bit per bit by a code sequence: it is known as chipping. The chip rate of this code sequence is much higher than the bit rate of the data signal: it produces a wideband signal, also called spread signal. At the receiver the same code sequence in phase should be used to retrieve the original data signal.
Code synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver is crucial for despreading the wideband signal successfully.
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Spread Spectrum Modulation Code & Spreading factor

The code is applied on each bit of the user data. The Spreading Factor, called SF, is the length of this code. Exemple: Data to transmit: 1 0 , SF=8. A chip Spread data Code Coded data
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
Chip rate fixed at 3.86 Mcps
Transmission
Received data, 1 without error -1 Code applied

1 -1 1 -1
Reception
What is the spreading factor? It is the number of chips per bit (=chip rate/bit rate). The chip rate is linked with the CDMA carrier bandwidth and has a constant value of 3,84 Mcps. It is quite easy to match the bit rate of the signal with the CDMA chip rate just by choosing the adequate spreading factor. The higher the spreading factor, the more redundancy you add in the signal and the lower the probability of bit error is by transmitting the signal. It is also traduced by the processing gain (see below). Code synchronization? It is difficult to acquire and to maintain the synchronization of the locally generated code signal and the received signal. Indeed synchronization has to be kept within a fraction of the chip time.
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Spread Spectrum Modulation Spreading factor & Data Rate

The chip rate is fixed, 3.84 Mcps. If the SF is divided by 2, the dara rate is multiplied by 2 ! Exemple: Data to transmit: 1 0 , SF=4. Small SF = High data rate High SF = Small data rate
Spread data Code Coded data
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
Transmission
Received data, 1 without error -1 Code applied Received data

1 -1 1 -1
Reception
The Spreading Factor available are 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 in uplink, plus 512 in downling For signaling at very low bit rate.
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Spread Spectrum Modulation Spreading factor & Error at reception (1/2)

When an error occurs at the reception, the determination of the bit value is less trivial. Exemple: Data to transmit: 1 0 , SF=8.
Signal sent on the air Signal received with error Code Decoded data
1 -1 1 -1
SF=8 Zoom on the decoded signal
The determination of the bit value is based on the aera of the received signal. Here is 3 area unity over 4
1 0 -1
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Spread Spectrum Modulation Spreading factor & Error at reception (2/2)

With a small SF, the signal is more sensitive to errors. So to have the same error ratio you use more power
To keep in mind
Signal sent on the air Signal received with error Code Decoded data
1 -1 1 -1
If you need a high data rate (video downloading), you will use a small SF. You will have more errors on your message. So if you want to keep the same error ratio, you will use more power to transmit your message
SF=4
The determination of the bit value is based on the aera of the received signal. Here is 2 area unity over 4
Zoom on the decoded signal
1 0 -1
Another way to understand this relation is with the redundancy. If the SF is small, 4 for example, the useful bit, 0 or 1, is sent just 4 time. The data rate is high. If the SF is higher, 64 for example, the useful bit is sent 64 time. The data rate is smaller. So if an error occurs, it is more significant if the SF is 4 than if the SF is 64.
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Spread Spectrum Modulation Exercise: Orthogonal Code

Here, there is a received signal and two orthogonal codes Could you apply these codes on the received signal and determinate which code has been used to spread the signal? What could you conclude about the orthogonality? Received signal -1 Code 1 Decoded signal 1
1
1 -1 1 -1
Code 1
Received signal Code 2 Decoded signal 2
1 -1
Code 2
1 -1 1 -1
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Spread Spectrum Modulation WCDMA, Power Density & Processing Gain (1/2)
P RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator Total received wideband power over 5 Mhz including thermal noise ISCP (No): Interference Signal Code Power Interference on the received signal RSCP (Ec): Received Signal Code Power Unbiaised measurement on the received signal on one channelization code Eb : energy per useful bit PG : Processing Gain = Eb-Ec Power Gain after despreading. PG= 20 log (Wss/Ws)
Ws Wss
RSSI or Io
Eb SIR ISCP or No PG RSCP or Ec
At Node B reception level
RSSI: This is the total received wideband (UTRA carrier RSSI) power over 5Mhz including thermal noise. It is estimating the uplink interference at the Node B, and by difference with the thermal noise, the rise due to traffic and external interference.
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Spread Spectrum Modulation WCDMA, Power Density & Processing Gain (2/2)
P SIR: Signal Interference Ratio
SF .RSCP SIR = No
Depending on the service, more or less errors are allowed. UTRAN computes the error ratio and then set the SIR required for the service. What are the modifications on the diagram if: The number of users increases ? The SF decreases ? The error ratio required decreases ?
RSSI or Io
f At Node B reception level
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4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.4 Code Division Multiple Access
Page 127
Code Division Multiple Access One-cell reuse

The area is divided into cells, but the entire bandwidth is reused in each cell (frequency reuse of one) > Inter-cell interference > Cell orthogonality is achieved by codes
The entire bandwidth is used by each user at the same time > Intra-cell interference > User orthogonality is achieved by codes
The rainbows cells mean that the whole bandwidth (5 MHz) is reused in each cell. In GSM there is also intra-cell interference when there are 2 (or more) TRXs in the same cell. But it is a small problem (as each TRX runs on a different frequency) In CDMA intra-cell interference is an important problem.
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Code Division Multiple Access Multiple access (1)

Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading1
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
All the users transmit on the same 5 MHz carrier at the same time and interfere with each over. At the receiver the users can be separated by means of (quasi-)orthogonal codes.
Quasi-orthogonal: it is not necessary to have primary colors at the receiver to separate the user. Red and orange for example can also be distinguished. Orthogonality between the codes is impossible to maintain after transfer over the radio interface (multi-path on DL, UEs not synchronized on UL )
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Code Division Multiple Access Multiple access (2)

Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading1
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
If a user transmits with a very high power, it will be impossible for the receiver to decode the wanted signal (despite use of quasi-orthogonal codes) CDMA is unstable by nature and requires accurate power control.
CDMA is instable by nature: one user may jam a whole cell by transmitting with too high power need for accurate and fast power control too many users in one cell would have the same effect need for congestion control A CDMA resource has 2 dimensions: the codes and the power. Obviously the power is the limiting factor ; the better we can control the power usage, the more capacity (users) we can allocate.
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Code Division Multiple Access Spreading: Channelization and Scrambling
cch1
air interface Modulator
cch 2
cscrambling
cch 3
The channelization code (or spreading code) is signal-specific: the code length is chosen according to the bit rate of the signal. The scrambling code is equipment-specific.
Spreading consists of two steps: The channelization code (also called spreading code) transforms every data symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The narrowband signal is spread into a wideband signal with a chip rate of 3.84 Mchips/s. The system must choose the adequate spreading factor to match the bit rate of the narrowband signal. The spreading factor is directly linked with the length of the channelization code. The scrambling code does not affect the signal bandwidth: it is only a chip-by-chip operation. The scrambling code is cell-specific on the downlink and terminal-specific on the uplink.
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Code Division Multiple Access Channelization Codes (Spreading Codes)

C C
ch,2,0 ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)
= (1,1) C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,1,0
= (1) C C
ch,2,1 ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
The code tree is shared by several users (usually one code tree per cell)
= (1,-1) C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
The channelization codes are OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) codes: their length is equal to the spreading factor of the signal: they can match variable bit rates on a frame-by-frame basis. orthogonality enables to separate physical channels: UL: separation of physical channels from the same terminal DL: separation of physical channels to different users within one cell
What is a channelization code? OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) Length: 4-256 chips according to the spreading factor (in downlink also 512 chips is possible to match very low bit rate) Number of codes: The channelization codes can be defined in a code tree, which is shared by several users. If one code is used by a physical channel, the codes of underlying branches may not be used. The number of codes is consequently variable: the minimum is 4 codes of length 4, the maximum is 256 codes of length 256. The channelization code (and consequently the spreading factor) may change on a frame-by-frame basis How is Code Allocation managed? The codes within each cell are managed by the RNC. No need to coordinate code tree resource between different base stations or terminals. Usually one code tree per cell. If two code trees are used, it is necessary to use the secondary scrambling code.
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Code Division Multiple Access Scrambling codes

The scrambling codes provide separation between equipment: UL: separation of terminals No need for code planning (millions of codes!) There are 214 long and 214 short scrambling codes in uplink DL: separation of cells Need for code planning between cells (but trivial task) There are only long scrambling codes in downlink (512 to limit the code identification during cell search procedure) The long scrambling codes are truncated to the 10 ms frame length. Only one DL scrambling code should be used within a cell. Another scrambling code may be introduced in one cell if necessary (example : shortage of channelization code), but orthogonality between users will be degraded.
In fact, there are two types of scrambling codes: Long codes: Gold codes constructed from a position wise modulo 2 sum of 38400 chip segments of two binary sequences (generated by means of 2 generators polynomials of degree 25) used with Rake Receiver : the PRACH is constructed from the long scrambling sequences. There are 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling codes in total, divided into 512 groups of 16 each. Short codes: Length : 256 chips used with advanced multi-user detector likely to be used later Refer to Technical Specification 3GPP TS 25.213
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4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.5 Soft Handover
Page 134
Soft Handover Introduction

Principle: As the UEs are separated by codes, they send and receive data all on the same time and on the same frequency and one frequency is used in a set of adjacent cells, the soft handover is possible. A UE is in case of Soft Handover when it is linked to several cells on the same time. So , in donwlink, the UE receives several time the same data and combine them to increase the quality. In Uplink, several cells and Node can receive the same message and combines them to increase the quality. Interest: Like the quality of the signal is increased after the reception, it is possible to use less power. That allows to save the interference level. If this interference level is too high, it is not possible to decode the data and the call is cut.
Soft Handover doesnt exist in GSM, it is not possible because there are different frequencies in a set of adjacent cells.
Page 135
Soft Handover Scenarios: Softer Handover

Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC Iur
Iu
Iubs
Iubs
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its own Node-B and performs selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis. On DL it duplicates Iu-information to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination of the signal is performed by the UE. There may be only one Serving RNC per UE. Drift RNC (DRNC2): it performs the routing of information from/to the Serving RNC. There may be up to 4 Drift RNC(s) per UE.
Page 136
Soft Handover Scenarios: Soft Handover

Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC Iur
Iu
Iubs
Iubs
Page 137
Soft Handover Scenarios: Soft Handover inter RNC

Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC Iur Iur
Iu
Drift RNC
Iubs
Iubs
Page 138
Soft Handover Scenarios: SRNC Relocation

Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC Iur Iur
Iu
Serving RNC Drift RNC
Iubs
Iubs
Page 139
Soft Handover Soft Handover & Code Management

In Downlink, Core Network
Scrambling Code One DL SC per Cell
Iu
Serving RNC Iubs
UL CC user UL SC eq
Channelization Code One DL CC per radio link to avoid having the same code sequence on 2 radio link
In Uplink,
Scrambling Code One UL SC per UE Channelization Code DL SC cellA DL CC1 user 1 DL SC cellB DL CC2 user 1 One UL CC per service (per physical channel).
Conclusion:
The UE sends one signal which can receive by several cell. Cell A
Cell B
The UE receives several signals

Page 140
Soft Handover Cost & Benefit

Why do we need soft HO? Imagine that a UE penetrates from one cell deeply into an adjacent cell: it may cause near-far effect hard HO is not a good solution, due to the hysteresis mechanism Better spatial repartition of the power, so lower interference level Additional resources due to soft HO: - Additional rake receiver in Node-B - Additional Rake Fingers in UE - Additional transmission links between Node-Bs and RNCs Soft HO provides Diversity (also called Macro-Diversity), but requires more network resource.
Page 141
Soft Handover Cost & Benefit

> Soft Handover execution:
Soft Handover is executed by means of the following procedures
Radio Link Addition (FDD soft-add); Radio Link Removal (FDD soft-drop); Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal.
The cell to be added to the active set needs to have information forwarded by the RNC:
Connection parameters (coding scheme, layer 2 information, ) UE ID and uplink scrambling code, Timing information from UE Channelization & scrambling codes to be used Relative timing information (Timing offset based on CPICH synchro)
The UE needs to get the following information

Page 142
4. WCD MA in UMTS
4.6 Rake Receiver
Page 143
Rake Receiver Rake Receiver principle (1)

In a CDMA system there is a single carrier which contains all user signals. Decoding of all these signals by one receiver is only a question of signal processing capacity. A Rake receiver is capable to decode several signals simultaneously in the so called fingers and to combine them in order to improve the quality of the signal or to get several services at the same time. A Rake receiver is implemented in mobile phones and in base stations. A Rake receiver can provide: - multi-service (via handling of multiple physical channels that are carrying the services) - soft handover - path diversity
A single carrier: in fact each operator may use several carriers of 5MHz each (2 in Germany, 3 in France) The rake receiver can only be used with signals on the same carrier.
Page 144
Rake Receiver Rake receiver principle (2)

Delay Adjustment
Multi-code signal
1st Finger 2nd Finger 3rd Finger
Delay 1 Code Sequence 1
Data 1
Delay 2
Code Sequence 2
Data 2
Delay 3
Code Sequence 2 or 3
The components of the multi-code signal are demodulated in parallel each in one finger of the Rake Receiver. The outputs of the fingers: can provide independent data signals can be combined to provide a better data signal(s)
Rake fingers are allocated to the peaks at which significant energy arrives. Update rate: tens of ms Each finger tracks the fast-changing phase and amplitude values due to fast fading and removes them Rake Receiver resides in both UE and Node-B. The numbers of fingers for a Rake Receiver is implementation dependant.
Page 145
Rake Receiver Rake Receiver and Multi-Service
Spreading 1
Despreading 1
Spreading 2
Radio Channel
Despreading 2
Transmitter
Multimedia receiver
As a first approach, we can say: One service, one code! (*) >> Which codes make it possible to separate the two signals at the receiver?
* we will see later that it is also possible to multiplex several services on the same code! Indeed on a dedicated physical channel (which is identified by its spreading code) a user can multiplex several services as long as the total bit rate of the services does not exceed the bit rate of the physical channel. See subchapter 5.UTRAN/ Physical Layer (Transport Channel Multiplexing)
Page 146
Rake Receiver Rake Receiver and soft handover
Spreading 1
Base station 1
Despreading 1&2
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Mobile phone
Base Station 2
>> Which codes make it possible to separate the two signals at the receiver?
Soft handover is possible, because the two mobile stations use the same frequency band. The mobile phone need only one transmission chain to decode both simultaneously.
Page 147
Rake Receiver Rake Receiver and path diversity (1)

Natural obstacles (buildings, hills) cause reflections, diffractions and scattering and consequently multipath propagation. The delay dispersion depends on the environment and is typically: 1 s (300 m) in urban areas 20 s (6000 m) in hilly areas The delay dispersion should be compared with the chip duration 0,26 s (78 m) of the CDMA system. If the delay dispersion is greater than the chip duration, the multipath components of the signal can be separated by a Rake Receiver. In this case, CDMA can take advantage of multipath propagation.
What is multipath propagation? The signal travels from transmitter to receiver over different paths, due to reflections, diffractions or scattering. Consequently the same signal arrives at the receiver with a little delay. The chip rate can be considered as the resolution of the CDMA system. It is linked with the 5 MHz carrier.
Page 148
Rake Receiver Rake Receiver and path diversity (2)

Direct path
Spreading Despreading
Transmitter
Reflected path
Receiver >> Which codes make it possible to separate the two signals at the receiver?
Dispersion <Chip duration The Rake Receiver cannot provide path diversity.
Direct path
Spreading Despreading
Transmitter
Reflected path
Receiver
Dispersion > Chip duration The Rake Receiver can provide path diversity to improve the quality of the signal.
Multi-path propagation usually reduces the quality of the signal. But in most cases a Rake Receiver can take advantage of multi-path to improve the quality of the signal. Indeed the dispersion is often greater than the chip duration. Note: with IS-95 (cdmaOne), the carrier bandwidth is about 1 MHz and the chip duration is consequently longer: 1 s (300 m). Multi-path components can not be separated in urban areas with IS-95.
Page 149
4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.7 Power Control
Page 150
Power Control Why ?

Main Problem : If the interference level is to high, it is not possible to decode the signal.
P Serving RNC
Iub
At Node B reception level
In UTRA/FDD, the power control is a key functionality : the users using

simultaneously the same frequency band interfere each other.
The transmit power must be dynamically adapted in order to

Enable to reach the quality of service Compensate fading occurrences Avoid interfering other users (and thus decreasing the system capacity) Two main power control algorithms can be distinguished: Open-loop power control (UL only) Closed loop power control (UL/DL)
Page 151
Power Control Different kinds of Power Control

Physical channels:
Channel power fixed and set by the operator
Not associated with transport channels (Physical signaling)
Associated with transport channels Dedicated channels

Closed Loop power control
Common channels
Open Loop Power Control
Page 152
Power Control Open Loop

Open Loop Power Control
If UE receives a weak DL signal, then UE will speak LOUD. Fading is not correlated on UL and DL due to separation of UL and DL band. Open loop Power Control is not enough fast and accurate for the dedicated traffic.
If UE receives a STRONG DL signal, then UE will speak low.
Basic mechanism: PC is intended to reduce the interference level in the system by maintaining the quality if the UE-UTRAN radio link as close as possible to the minimum quality required for the type of service requested. How is Power Control performed ? - Open loop power control (also called slow power control): it consists for the mobile station of making a rough estimate of path loss by means of a DL beacon signal and adding the interference level of the Node-B and a constant value. Its far too inaccurate and only used to provide a coarse initial power setting of the mobile station at the beginning of a connection - Closed-loop power control: See next slide
Page 153
Power Control Closed Loop PC : Principles

Closed Loop Power Control
SIR target Power down *** Iub RNC Error measurements *** Power down Power up Power ... ... *** *** SIR Estimation Comparaison between SIRest and SIRtarget Generation of a TCP command: increase or descrease On each Time slot ! 1500 Hz
***
Outer Closed Loop
Inner Closed Loop
The Node-B controls the power of the UE (and vice versa) by performing a SIR estimation (inner loop) and by generating TPC command for each time slot of the radio frame. The RNC controls parameters of the SIR estimation (outer loop) and set the initial SIR target, defined by the operator and modify it according to the error measurement reports.
Inner Loop (Fast Loop Power Control)
In UL, the serving cells should estimate signal-to-interference ratio SIRest

of the received uplink DPCH. The serving cells should then generate TPC commands and transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIRest > SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "0" , while if SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "1". Upon reception of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE shall derive a single TPC command, TPC_cmd, for each slot, combining multiple TPC commands if more than one is received in a slot. TPC_cmd values = +1(power up), -1 (power down), 0 The step size TPC is under the control of the UTRAN (value = 1 dB or 2 dB) UE shall adjust the transmit power of the uplink DPCCH with a step of DPCCH (in dB) which is given by DPCCH = TPC TPC_cmd. The command rate of 1500Hz is faster than any significant change of path loss. Outer Loop The RNC checks the quality of the signal using for example a CRC-based approach (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and uses this result to adjust SIR target for the inner loop. The big issue is to meet constantly the required quality: no worse and also no better, because it would be a waste of capacity. The required quality may change with the multi-path profile (related to the environment) and with the UE speed. The outer loop management is handled by the CRNC because a soft HO may be performed. Frequency of the outer loop: 10-100 Hz typically Note: in GSM only slow power control is employed (about 2 Hz)
Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 154
Power Control Closed Loop PC : Power Density

SIR target
Assuming a user using a service.

Iub
Power up Power ...

...
It is initial SIR target is 3dB. The error ratio required is 0.01 .
RNC
Error measurements
Several error ratio reports are between 0.002 and 0.007 How do the SIR target evoluate ? What is the impact on the user or on the system if the estimated SIR is too high ? Too small ?
E b ISCP or No
SIR Target
SIR est
RSCP or Ec
f At Node B reception level

Page 155
Power Control UL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover

What is the behaviour of the UE in UL in case of soft handover ?
Iub
The UE takes in to account all the command according to the 3GPP

1 2
P(t)=P(t-1) + F(TPC1(t) + TPC2(t))

Power down !!! TPC=-1 Power up !!! TPC=1
The function F(TPC(t)) is implemented by the UE manufacturer. F(TPC(t))=min(TCP1(t), , TPCi(t)) With i= number of involved Node B
???
Page 156
Power Control DL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover

What is the behaviour of the Node B involed in the call in DL in case of soft handover ? The UE sends the same command for all the Node B involved. Node Bs must transmit data with the same power for a user Due to reception errors their power can shift themselves A mechanism, the DL Power Balancing, allows to readjust the transmission power of the Node B. The SRNC selects the best radio link, and readjust, step by step, the transmission power. P(t) = P(t-1) + Ptpc(t) + Pbal(t)
Iub
Power up
Power up Power up !!! TPC=1
Page 157
4. WCDMA in UMTS
4.8 Coverage, Capacity & Quality
Page 158
Coverage, Capacity & Quality Links between the Coverage, the Capacity and the Quality
Example: Increase the quality in UL How to do ? Decrease the error ratio at the Node B level So increase the SIR at the Node B level So the UEs use more power
f SIR Iub Node B RNC P
Impacts ! Increasement of the UL Interference level So decrease of the cell size And decrease of the high data rate with need more power in transmission (capacity).
Page 159
Coverage, Capacity & Quality Improvement Ways

AMR speech Codec it enables to switch to a lower bit rate if the mobile is moving out of the cell coverage area: it is a trade-off between quality and coverage. Multipath diversity it consists of combining the different paths of a signal (due to reflections, diffractions or scattering) by using a Rake Receiver. Multipath diversity is very efficient with W-CDMA. Soft(er) handover the transmission from the mobile is received by two or more base stations. Receive antenna diversity the base station collects the signal on two uncorrelated branches. It can be obtained by space or polarization diversity. Base stations algorithms e.g. accuracy of SIR estimation in power control process
The AMR (Adaptative Multirate) speech codec: - offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbits/s and 12,2 kbits/s - is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC - is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)
Page 160
Coverage, Capacity & Quality Typical Values

Quality: The quality is measured with the Block Error Ratio (BLER). Here some example according different services.
AMR Target BLER

Coverage: 0.001 0.01 0.001
CS64
0.01 0.1
PS64
0.01
PS128
0.01
PS38 DCCH 4
0.01
0.01
Dense Urban Cell: about 300 meters SubUrban Cell: about 1 km Rural Cell: 3 km Capacity: The main limitation is the interference level due to the WCDMA technology. But the system is also limited by capacity processing of the Node B and the RNC, by the codes, and by the transmission capacity.
Page 161
5. UTRAN Scenario
Page 162
UTRAN Scenario Content

> Objective: to be able to build the map of the radio channels (logical, transport and physical) from a white paper. > Program:
5.1 Radio Channels Mapping 5.2 Service Request 5.3 RAB Establishment 5.4 Mobility Management in connected mode
Page 163
UTRAN Scenario Introduction 1/3

CN
IMSI Attachment
Collection of System Informatin RRC Connection IMSI Attachment Paging
Serving RNC
Iub The UE is switched on ! What happen ?

System Information RRC Connection
Paging
Page 164

CN
RAB
Admission Control
Serving RNC
RAB Establishment Traffic Managment
Iub The UE requests a service. How and in which conditions are the resources required setup ?
Page 165

CN A new radio is added Hard Handover on anthere FDD carrier Serving RNC Inter RAT Handover
Iub
The UE uses a service and moves ! How UTRAN can provide the service despite the mobility ?
BTS
BSC
Page 166
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.1 Radio Channels Mapping
Page 167
Radio Channels Mapping Downlink

DTCH, DCCH CCCH, CTCH PCCH BCCH
Logical Ch Transport Ch DCH DSCH

Not implemented yet in EvoliumTM Solution
FACH
PCH
BCH
Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH multiplexed by time
DPDCH + DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Ch
PDSCH
S-CCPCH
Common Physical Ch
P-CCPCH
Not associated with transport channels

AICH
PICH
CPICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
Page 168
Radio Channels Mapping Uplink

DTCH, DCCH CCCH
Logical Ch Transport Ch DCH1 DCH2 RACH CPCH
CCTrCH Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH multiplexed by modulation
DPDCH + DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Ch
PRACH
PCPCH
Common Physical Ch
Page 169
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request
Page 170
Service Request Content
> Program:
5.2.1 System Information Collection 5.2.2 RRC Connection 5.2.3 IMSI Attachment & Location Update 5.2.4 Paging
Page 171
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request 5.2.1 System Information Collection
Page 172
System Information Collection Principles

CN
UE synchronize itself at the slot on the P-SCH

Serving RNC
The
UE synchronize itself at the frame level on the S-SCH and retrieve a group of 8 Scrambling codes.
Iub
The UE test the 8 SC on the CPICH to find the SC of the cell

???
The UE decode the BCH channel to read the system information The UE select the best cell
Just after the switch on, the UE can decode only the P-SCH and S-SCH if it is on a covered area
Page 173
System Information Collection P-SCH & S-SCH

Slot #0
P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #1 acp acs2
Slot #14
acp acs1
256 chips
acp acs14
P-CCPCH Radio Frame 10 ms
The SCH is time-multiplexed with the P-CCPCH (which carries the BCH) and consists of 2 subchannels. The Primary SCH (P-SCH) made of always the slot on all the FDD Cells. The UE uses it to acquire the slot synchronization to a cell. The Secondary SCH (S-SCH) contains a sequence of 15 codes which identifies the Code Group of the Downlink Scrambling Code (DL SC) of the cell. The UE uses it to acquire the frame synchronization to a cell and to identify the Code Group of the DL SC.
Cell Search Procedure (also called synchronization procedure) 3GPP TS 25.214 provides an informative description how it is typically done Step 1: slot synchronization In all the cell of any PLMN, the P-SCH is made of a unique & same primary code sequence of 256 chips repeated at each Time Slot Occurrence. This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar device) to the primary synchronisation code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output. Step 2: frame synchronization and code-group identification A S-SCH is made of 15 repetitions of a secondary code sequence of 256 chips (one per Time Slot) transmitted in perfect synchronization with the P-SCH code sequences. The UTRAN used 64 distinct secondary synchronization code sequences (reused in distant cells of the UTRAN). This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary synchronisation code sequences, and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronisation is determined. Each secondary code sequence corresponds to a unique group of 8 possible Primary Scrambling codes Step 3: (downlink) scrambling code identification The UE determines the (primary) scrambling code used by the found cell through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH (pilot) with all codes within the Code Group identified in the step 2 (8 possibilities). Afterwards the P-CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read.
Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 174
System Information Collection CPICH
Slot #0
Slot #1
SF=256 Tslot=2560 chips 20 bits
Slot #14
Pre-defined symbol sequence
CPICH (Common Pilot CHannel)

The pilot carries a pre-defined symbol sequence at a fixed rate. It is a reference: To aid the channel estimation at the terminal (time or phase reference) To perform handover measurements and cell selection/reselection (power reference) The UE tests the 8 DL SC of the Group Code. The DL SC which allows to retrieve the predefine sequence is the DL SC of the cell.
The CPICH has the following characteristic The same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH, The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code, There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell, The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell.
Page 175
System Information Collection System Information Broadcast

The broadcast system information: May come from CN, RNC or Node-B. Contains static parameters (Cell identity, supported PLMN types...) and dynamic parameters (UL interference level...). Is arranged in System Information Blocks (SIB), which group together elements of the same nature. Some exemple:
SIB1: Core Network Information SIB3: Cell Selection, Access Restriction SIB7: UL Interference SIB11: Measurement
UL interference level DL SC, Power Control info LA, RA
CN
Example of SIB: MIB: Master Info Block (structure & scheduling of SIBs)
SIB 1: NAS System Information + Timer SIB 2: URA (not supported) +Timer SIB 3: Cell Selection/Reselection and Access Restriction SIB 5: Common channel Information (P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH, RACH) and AICH/PICH power offset SIB 7: UL Interference and PRACH parameter SIB 11:Measurements SIB 18:PLMN Identity of neighboring cells
Page 176
System Information Collection System Information Broadcast

The broadcast system information can be carried on BCH which is transmitted permanently over the entire cell. The broadcast system information is made of 128 periodic radio frame. So its period is 1280 ms. There are a Master SIB or MIB and several SIB (System Information Block) organised by domain. Thanks to this channel, the UE is able to retrieve information allowing the request of a RRC connection like the Channelization code used on the uplink common channel MIB Logical Ch. BCCH
Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #2
SIB3
SIB11
SIB5 Transport Ch. BCH
SIB7
MIB
Frame #i-1 Frame #i Frame #i+1
SIB11 Physical Ch. P-CCPCH
SIB5
SIB7
Frame #125 Frame #126 Frame #127

Page 177
System Information Collection Procedure

UE Node-B
NBAP
RNC
System Information Update Request NBAP Master/Segment Info Block(s), BCCH modification time System Information Update Response
CN
NBAP RRC System Information (BCCH:BCH) RRC Master/Segment Info Block(s) System Information (BCCH:BCH) RRC Master/Segment Info Block(s) System Information (BCCH:BCH) RRC Master/Segment Info Block(s)
NBAP
RRC
RRC
>> Why does RRC protocol terminate at NodeNode-B for BCH (not at RNC)?
Page 178
System Information Collection Radio Channel Mapping: P-CCPCH

256 chips SCH How many bits are there for BCH ?
Tslot=2560 chips 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #13
Slot #14
The Primary CCPCH carries the BCH, which provides system- and cellspecific information (e.g set of uplink scrambling codes) The P-CCPCH is a fixed rate 30 kbps DL physical channel, which provide a timing reference for all physical channels (directly for DL, indirectly for UL). CCPCH is scrambled under the Primary Scrambling code.
P-CCPCH Primary Control Common Channel
Page 179
Cell Selection Principles

CN Now, the UE can read the BCH of one cell. But this cell is not necessary the best because the SCH has been chosen randomly. RNC The UE compares the cells to be camped on the best one. There are 2 criterion: Iub QRxLev, from the CPICH RSCP, to estimate the reception level. Qqual, from the CPICH Ec/No, to estimate the quality of reception. It takes in account the interference level.
???
When a UE is not connected, like here, and is moving, it has to reselect regularly the best cell for itself. To protect some cells, it is possible to facilitate or not the selection of one cell.
Page 180
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request 5.2.2 RRC Connection
Page 181
RRC Connection Why ?

CN The UE is switched on and has selected a cell. The UE is in idle mode. UTRAN doesnt know anything about this UE. RNC The UE hasnt UTRAN identifier neither Scrambling and Channelization code. The UE cant exchange any data with UTRAN. Iub To be known by UTRAN and to use dedicated radio resources, the UE has to be RRC connected. After, the UE can attach its IMSI or update its location to the Core Network and can request a service
RRC Connected
Page 182
RRC Connection Procedure: RRC Connection Establishment

UE
RRC
Node-B
1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)
Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE capability
RNC
RRC
2. Allocate RNTI, Select Level 1 and Level 2 parameters (e.g. TFCS, scrambling code) 3. Radio Link Establishment 4. RRC Connection Setup (CCCH:FACH)
Initial UE identity, RNTI, capability update requirement, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling code, power control info
RRC
RRC
RRC
5. RRC Connection Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH)

Integrity information, ciphering information
RRC
>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing completing this stage?
1. UE initiates set-up of an RRC connection Initial UE identity: e.g TMSI Establishment cause: e.g traffic class 2. RNC decides which transport channel to setup (RACH/FACH or DCH) and allocates RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) and radio resources (e.g TFS, TFCS, scrambling codes) for this RRC connection. 3. A new radio link must be setup. This is done via a signalling procedure between RNC and Node-B which is managed by NBAP protocol (see Procedure D for more detail). 4. Logical, transport and physical channel configuration are sent to the UE. 5. RRC Connection Setup Complete message is sent: - on RACH in case of RRC connection on RACH/FACH (cell_FACH state) - on DCH in case of RRC connection on DCH (cell_DCH state)
Page 183
RRC Connection Procedure: RRC Connection Release

UE Node-B (DRNC) Node-B (SRNC) DRNC SRNC
RANAP 1. Iu Release Command
Cause
CN
RANAP
2. Iu Release Complete RANAP RANAP

-
3. ALCAP Iu Bearer Release RRC RRC 4. RRC Connection Release (DCCH:DCH )

Cause
RRC RRC
5. RRC Connection Release Complete (DCCH:DCH )

-
6. Radio Link Deletion 7. Radio Link Deletion 8. Radio Link Deletion
In this example, the UE is in macro-diversity on two Node-Bs from two different RNCs. Therefore the UE could only be in cell_DCH state (soft HO is only possible on DCH) 1. The CN initiates the release of RRC connection 2. 3. SRNC initiates release of Iu Bearer using ALCAP protocol 4. 5. 6. SRNC initiates release of radio link (for Node-B of SRNC) using NBAP protocol 7. SRNC requires release of radio link (for Node-B of DRNC) to DRNC using RNSAP protocol 8. DRNC initiates release of radio link (for Node-B of DRNC) using NBAP protocol
Page 184
RRC Connection How to contact UTRAN: the PRACH Channel 1/2

RNC For the initial access, the UE has to use a common uplink channel called the PRACH Every UE use this channel to request a connection. If 2 UEs request on the time there is collision, and UTRAN receives nothing.
Iub
Yes !
Response on the AICH
Hello ! a connection HELLO! I need

Preamble on the Message part PRACH
To manage this problem, the UE sends a first message called preamble until it receives a response on a downlink channel called AICH. After the response on the AICH, the UE sends its message (the request) on the PRACH.
PRACH= Physical Random Access Channel AICH= Acquisition Indicator channel
Page 185
RRC Connection How to contact UTRAN: the PRACH Channel 2/2

The first preamble is sent with the power P. The UE resends a preamble until it receives a response on the AICH. At each time, it increases the power of the preamble by the Power Offset paramenter (PO) UTRAN cant receive its preamble if: The power is not enough high There is a collision with another user. In the message part, there is the RRC connection request.
PO PO Prea P
mble Prea mble
DPp,m
Message part
Reception of AICH PRACH channel
Page 186
RRC Connection UE Status 1/3

out of coverage RRC Connection Release
UE detached
UE in idle mode
UE in connected mode
Several substatus in the connected mode
just after switch on process Including Cell search procedure
RRC Connection Establishment
Just after the switch on, the UE has to attach its IMSI. Thanks to his procedure the Core Network knows, the UE is on the network and where it is located at the Location or routing area level. To attach its IMSI and update its location the UE has to be in connected mode, so it has to request a RRC Connection
Just after switch on process contains: Cell selection (including cell search procedure) PLMN selection Attachment procedure (see Appendix for more details)
The UE must enter the connected mode to transmit signalling or traffic data to the network What is the relationship with the states of the mobile phone in GSM? The two GSM states, idle mode and connected mode, are similar to idle mode and cell_DCH state in UMTS. What is the relationship with the states of the mobile phone in GPRS? There is no correspondence between GPRS states (idle, standby and ready) and UMTS states. Indeed there is no notion of connection on GPRS.
Page 187

Cell_DCH state Signalling and traffic data dedicated to the UE (mapped on DCCH and DTCH respectively) are carried on DCH transport channel Cell_FACH state Signalling and traffic data dedicated to the UE (mapped on DCCH and DTCH respectively) are carried on RACH (uplink) and FACH (downlink) transport channels Cell_DCH Cell_FACH No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 1 Cell_FACH Cell_DCH Traffic volume UL/DL too large Cell DCH UE in idle mode Cell FACH URA PCH Cell PCH UE in connected mode
The initial state of the UE is determined by the DCCH established during RRC connection establishment: - if the DCCH is mapped on a DCH, the UE is in cell_DCH state - if the DCCH is mapped on RACH/FACH, the UE is in cell_FACH state The UE can move from one state to another during the time of the RRC connection. Transitions between states are: - based on traffic volume measurements and network load - always triggered by UTRAN signalling
Note: in cell_DCH state, the DSCH transport channel can also be used.
Page 188

Cell_PCH state No transmission of signalling and traffic data dedicated to the UE (no DCCH and no DTCH) But the RRC connection is still active (UTRAN keeps RNTI for UE) and UE location at a cell level. - a DCCH (and possibly a DTCH) can be reestablished very quickly (this procedure is initiated by sending a paging signal PCH) URA_PCH state Very similar to cell_PCH state UTRAN keeps the location of the UE at the URA level (set of UMTS cells)
Cell DCH UE in idle mode
UE in connected mode Cell PCH
Cell FACH URA PCH
Cell_FACH Cell_PCH No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 2 Cell_PCH Cell_FACH URA_PCH Too many cell reselections Cell/URA_PCH Cell_FACH Incoming DL or UL traffic
URA: UTRAN Registration Area (a small set of cells) Cell_PCH and URA_PCH states are needed for non real time services to optimise usage of codes and battery consumption. It would not be efficient to allocate permanently a DCH which would be used a very low percentage of time (Web application for example)
What is the difference between idle mode, Cell_PCH and URA_PCH states? In idle mode the location of the UE is not known by the UTRAN, but only by the CN at a Location Area (LA) or Routing Area (RA) level (LA and RA and sets of cells larger than URA. The paging message PCH must hence be sent in a LA or in a RA when the UE is in idle mode, whereas it only needs to be sent in a cell in Cell_PCH state or in an URA when the UE is in URA_PCH state (hence the paging procedure is much faster).
Page 189
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request 5.2.3 IMSI Attachment & Location Update
Page 190
IMSI Attachment & Location Update Initial Attachment
MSC/VLR
SGSN
MSC/VLR
HLR
SGSN
The UE has selected a cell. RNC It had to declared its identity and its location (LA & RA) to the Core Network. Iub So, it requests a RRC connection to send to the Core Network information about its situation. The parameters are mainly the LA, the RA and its IMSI
LA1/RA2
LA=Location Area= Set of cells for the CS CN RA= Routinf Area= Set of cells for the PS CN
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IMSI Attachment & Location Update Principles

Location Area
SGSN
MSC/VLR
Routing Area
(LA)
HLR MSC/VLR SGSN
(RA)
When camping on a cell, the terminal must register its LA and/or its RA. When the terminal moves across the network, it must update its LA (RA) which is stored in VLR (SGSN) in the Core Network. LA (RA) Update is performed periodically or when entering a new LA (RA).
LA and RA are managed on an independent way, but a RA must always be included in one LA (and not be divided into several different LAs). LA update is performed by the NAS layer MM (Mobility Management) located in UE and in MSC. RA update is performed by NAS layer GMM (GPRS Mobility Management) located in UE and in SGSN. In the Core Network, the location information is stored on databases: - HLR (Home Location Register) It stores the master copy of users service profile, which consists of information on allowed services, forbidden roaming areas, and which is created when a new user subscribes to the system. The HLR also stores the serving system (MSC/VLR and/or SGSN) where the terminal is located. - VLR (Visitor Location Register) It serves the terminal in its current location for CS services and holds a copy of the visiting users service profile. It stores the Location Area (LA) where the terminal is located. - SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) It serves the terminal in its current location for PS services and holds a copy of the visiting users service profile. It stores Routing Area (RA) where the terminal is located.
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IMSI Attachment & Location Update Procedure: Direct Transfer

UE Node-B SRNC
RANAP 2. Downlink Direct Transfer (DCCH:FACH or DCH)
NAS message
CN
1. Direct Transfer
CN Domain Indicator, NAS PDU
RANAP
RRC
RRC
RRC
1. Uplink Direct Transfer (DCCH:RACH or DCH)

CN node indicator, NAS message
RRC 2. Direct Transfer

CN Domain Indicator, NAS PDU
RANAP
RANAP
Use mainly for the IMSI attachment, location update and the authentification between the UE and the Core Network
UE must be in cell_FACH or in cell_DCH states.
Page 193
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.2 Service Request 5.2.4 Paging
Page 194
Paging Principle
Core Network
MSC/VLR
HLR
MSC/VLR
Paging message with the IMSI of the called UE
Called number Location Area RNC Iub RNC Iub RNC Iub
Some one is calling me, I request a RRC connection

Page 195
Paging Procedure 1: UE in Connected Mode

UE Node-B SRNC
RANAP 2. Paging Type 2 (DCCH:FACH or DCH) 1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE identity, Paging cause
CN
RANAP
RRC
RRC
In this case the UE is already connected and is using a service (voice call, web-browsing ). The Core Network knows the situation of the UE and mainly its Serving RNC. The CN contacts directly the Serving RNC. The RNC doesnt use the PCCH and the PCH but the channel used for the UE, dedicated or common, according to the status of the UE.
UE is in cell_FACH or in cell_DCH states: 1. CN initiates the paging of a UE to Serving RNC 2. Paging of UE with Paging Type 2 (on DCCH) using the existing RRC connection
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Paging Procedure 2: UE in Idle Mode

UE1 UE2 Node-B1 Node-B2 RNC1 RNC2
1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE identity, Paging cause
CN
RANAP
RANAP
RANAP 2. Paging Type 1 (PCCH:PCH)
1. Paging
Idem
RANAP
RRC
RRC
RRC
2. Paging Type1 (PCCH:PCH)
RRC
When the is in idle mode, UTRAN doesnt know where it is located and the Core Network knows its location at the LA or RA level. UTRAN uses the PCCH and the PCH radio channels.
UE is in idle mode: 1. CN initiates the paging of a UE over a LA (RA in PS domain) spanning, for example, two RNCs. 2. Paging of UE with Paging Type 1 LA: Location Area, RA: Routing Area (see subchapter 5.8 Mobility Management) A similar procedure applies to UE in cell_PCH or in URA_PCH states.
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Paging Radio Channels: PICH & PCH

PCCH RNC Iub PCH Transport Ch Logical Ch The UE doesnt watch the SCCPCH. It watches the PICH (Page Indicator Channel) at regular and defined interval and look for its PI, for Paging Indicator. The PI is baseb on the IMSI. Several UEs can have the same PI. In Node B When the UE find its PI on the PICH, it watches the S-CCPCH to check if it is for it and what is the cause. Then it requests on RRC connection to have a RAB.
MAC In RNC
Paging message
. . .
PI PI PI
Physical layer
S-CCPCH
Physical Ch PICH S-CCPCH PICH
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5. UTRAN W orking
5.3 RAB Establishment
Page 199
Procedure between the switching on and the request of a service Content
> Program:
5.3.1 Admission Control 5.3.2 RAB Establishment
Page 200
5. UTR A N W orking
5.3 RAB Establish ment 5.3.1 Admission C ontrol
Page 201
Admission Control Introduction

According to the previous part WCDMA in UMTS, if the interference level at the Node B level is too high, the Node B cant decode all the signal. The size of the cell decreases. The interferences are due to several causes: The radio environment and the load of the adjacent cells, Some users use too much power, the power control manages this problem, There are too many users on the the cells UTRAN has to check if there is enough UL radio resource P RNC Iub E b ISCP = No PG RSCP = Ec f At Node B reception level 2 others questions before adding a new user : Is there sufficient DL radio resource and sufficient processing resources ?
SIR too small to retrieve the message SIR
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Admission Control Principles

Is there sufficient UL Radio Resource -> Rx RAC If UL interference level + estimated new user contribution < threshold Then Rx RAC ok Is there sufficient DL Radio Resource -> Tx RAC If Total DL Tx Power + estimated new user contribution < threshold Then Tx RAC ok Is there sufficient processing resource -> Processing RAC 3 main points are checked: the channelization codes The BB board capacities limited 1702.3 kbps The DSP (in BBs) load The number of user and radio links limited respectively to 64 users and 90 RLs
RAC = Radio Access Control
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5. UTRAN W orking
5.3 RAB Establishment 5.3.2 Radio Bearers Establishment
Page 204
Radio Bearers Establishment Introduction

We have seen how a UE, after the switch on, can collect system information, update its location, request a RRC Connection and a service, can be paged and how UTRAN allows it to use services. Now how are established the RAB ? RAB Radio Bearer
RNC Iub Node B
Iu Bearer Signaling
Core Network
UTRAN RLC Configured by Logical Channel MAC Transport Channel Phy. Physical Channel
RLC Mode: Tr., UM or AM and retranmission parameter for AM
RRC
TTI, TFS, TFCS, CRC, FEC, Coding Rate, Rate Matching
Frequency, Power, Channelization & Scrambling codes
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Radio Bearers Establishment Signaling: RAB Establishment

UE Node-B SRNC
RANAP 1. RAB Assignment Request
RAB parameters, User plane mode, Transport Address, Iu Transport association
CN
RANAP
2. ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup 3. Radio Link Establishment (see Procedure D) 4. RB Setup (DCCH:FACH or DCH )
TFS, TFCS...
RRC
RRC
5. RB Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH ) RRC RRC

-
6. RAB Assignment Response

-
RANAP The UE is RRC connected and has requested a service.

RANAP
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Radio Bearers Establishment Signaling: RL Setup

Node-B
NBAP Start RX ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup NBAP Radio Link Setup Response
Signalling link termination, transport layer addressing info
SRNC
Radio Link Setup Request
Cell id, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling code, power control info
NBAP
NBAP
Iub-FP Iub-FP Start TX
Downlink synchronisation Uplink synchronisation
Iub-FP Iub-FP
>> Are NBAP, ALCAP and RRC messages carried on the same transport transport bearers on Iub? Iub?
RAC = Radio Access Control This procedure is used in many RRC procedures, e.g RRC connection establishment (Procedure C1), Radio Bearer Set-up (Procedure F1), soft HO (Procedure G)
In this procedure: a radio link is set up by the RNC on the Node-B side using the NBAP protocol (a similar task is performed on the UE side using RRC protocol, see e.g. procedure C1) a terrestrial link (AAL2 bearer) is setup on Iub interface using ALCAP protocol
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Radio Bearers Establishment
Physical Layer Processing

Channel Coding Radio Frame Segmentation Transport Channel Multiplexing Physical Channel Mapping Spreading
Layer 1 Convolutional coding, Turbo coding 10 ms frame duration 15 time slots CCtrCH DPDCH, DPCCH, PRACH... Channelization codes Scrambling codes QPSK
Modulation
Physical Channels spread over 5 MHz bandwidth
Page 208
Radio Bearers Establishment Radio Channels

Assuming a UE a visio call service. What happens in Uplink ?
CN
Radio Bearer RLC Logical Ch. DTCH MAC Transport Ch. DCH Physical Layer Physical Ch. DPDCH/DPCCH
RAB :64 kbps RLC parameters Mode : Transparent because it is a real time service MAC parameters CRC = 16 bits, FEC = Turbo Code Coding Rate = 1/3, TTI= 40 ms, TFS=(0*640, 4*640 bits)
640 640 640 640 TTI
640 640 640 640
640 640 640 640
How many radio frame are necessary to send all this data ?
UE
Page 209
Radio Bearers Establishment Radio Channels: Data Processing

Assuming a UE a visio call service. What happens in Uplink ?
Transport Blocks CRC attachment Tr Bl concatenation Turbo coding (1/3) Tail Bit Attachment 1 st interleaving Radio Frame Segmentation Rate matching
#1
640 bits 16
#1
#4 #4
(640+16)*4=2624 bits 2624*3=7872 bits

12
Can you deduce the SF ? And the value of Nrm ?
2624*3=7872 bits 7884 bits

1971
#1 #1
1971 +Nrm
1971
#4 #4
1971 +Nrm
Page 210
Radio Bearers Establishment Radio Channels: Transport Channel Multiplexing

Assuming a UE a visio call service and on the same time sends on a e-mail. How can it be possible to send 2 different services on the same physical channel ? Several transport channels can be time-coordinated to be multiplexed on a CCTrCH before mapping on one physical channel
Transport Format
MAC TFC Selection DCH1 DCH2
Example: TFS (DCH1)={(0*640); (4*640)} TFS(DCH2)={(1*0); (1*39); (1*42); (1*55); (1*65)}
TrCH Multiplexing TFCS={(0*640); (1*0)}; {(0*640); (1*39)}; {(0*640); (1*42)}; {(0*640); (1*55)}; {(0*640); (1*65)}; {(1*640); (1*39)}; {(1*640); (1*42)}
Transport Format Combination
CCTrCH Phy. Ch. Mapping L1
MAC selects TFC inside TFCS. There is one TFCS per CCTrCH Physical Channel
TFS= Transport Format Set TFCS=Transport Format Combination Set TF=Transport Format
Page 211
Radio Bearers Establishment Radio Channels: DPDCH & DPCCH

Uplink DPDCH DPCCH Pilot Multiplexed by the modulation Data : user data, RRC Signaling & NAS Signaling TFCI FBI TPC
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #13
Slot #14
Downlink Data1
DPDCH
Time-multiplexed TPC
DPCCH
Data2
DPDCH
TFCI
DPCCH
Pilot
DPCCH
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #13
Slot #14
Page 212
5. UTRAN Scenario
5.4 Mobility Management in connected mode
Page 213
Mobility Management in connected mode Content

> Program:
5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 Soft Handover Compressed Mode Hard Handover Inter RAT Handover
Page 214
5. UTRAN Scenario
Soft Handover
Page 215
Soft Handover Active & Monitoring Set

RNC
Iub The RNC manages the Active Set and builds the Monitoring Set. The Monitorin Set is built from the information of topology and design in the RNC. The Active Set is managed from the event send by the UE to the RNC. Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitoring Set
The maximum number of cells in the monitoring set is 32. The maximum number of cells in the active set is set from the Office Data, between 3 and 6.
Page 216
Soft Handover Events

There are 3 events for the soft handover. The value measured is the CPICH Ec/No. The event 1a is triggered when the CPICH RNC Ec/No of a monitored cells is above a certain threshold. Iub The event 1b is triggered when the CPICH Ec/No of a monitored cells is below a certain threshold. The event 1c is triggered when the active set has reached its maximum size and the CPICH Ec/No of a monitored cells is better than a cell belonging to the active set. Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitoring Set
Page 217
Compressed Mode
The most of the UE are not dual receiver. And they need to perform measurement an other frequencies.
RNC
So UTRAN has to free it some time to perform these measurements on other FDD frequencies or on GSM frequencies. The main method is to divide the SF of certain frame by 2, so it divides the length of the frame by 2.
Iub
Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitoring Set, same FDD frequency
Time interval to measure other frequencies
Cell in the Monitoring Set, other FDD frequency Cell in the Monitoring Set, GSM cell
Page 218
Hard Handover on other FDD Frequencies Events
There are 4 events to watch the UMTS cell with other FDD frequencies The event 2d_cm is triggered when the quality of on the current frequency is below a certain quality. The compressed mode is launched. The event 2b is triggered when the quality of the current frequency is below a certain threshold and the quality on an other frequency is above a certain threshold The event 2f is triggered when the quality on the current frequency is above a certain threshold. The compressed mode is desactivited.
RNC
Iub
Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitoring Set, same FDD frequency Cell in the Monitoring Set, other FDD frequency Cell in the Monitoring Set, GSM cell
Page 219
Hard Handover on other GSM Frequencies Events

2 causes can trigger an hard HO toward the GSM system: Some bad radio conditions due to the service requested The event 2d_cm is triggered when the Iub quality of on the current frequency is below a certain quality. The compressed mode is launched. The event 3a is triggered when the quality on the current FDD frequency is below a certain threshold and the quality on the GSM is above another threshold. The event 3c is triggered when the service requested can be managed by the GSM, the voice typically.
Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitoring Set, same FDD frequency Cell in the Monitoring Set, other FDD frequency Cell in the Monitoring Set, GSM cell
RNC
Page 220
Exercise 1/3
Objectives: Rebuilt the channels mapping, Logical, Transport and Physical, from a scenario to guide you with the 2 next pages
Scenario: The UE switches on in a covered area. The UE collects information about the system The UE request a RRC connection to declare its location and releases the RRC connection The UE receives a paging message to receive an e-mail. UTRAN establishes a RAB and is in the DCH_Cell State Like the traffic is not large, the UE pass to the FACH_Cell State.
Be careful, following this scenario, some channels are missing. Which are the missing channels ?
Page 221
Exercise 2/3 Downlink
Logical Ch Transport Ch
Physical Ch
Page 222
Exercise 3/3 Uplink
Logical Ch Transport Ch
Physical Ch
Page 223
Appendix
Page 224
Appendix
Just after switch on process AMR codec NBAP elementary procedures RANAP elementary procedures
Page 225
Just after switch on process PLMN Selection

PLMN selection
List of available 1 PLMNs UE switche d on Selected 2 PLMN
1
After switch on, the UE: - scans the entire frequency bandwidths of UTRAN FDD and GSM (cell search procedure for UTRAN FDD ) - monitors the broadcast channels (BCCH for UTRAN FDD) to get the PLMN identifiers.
Cell selection
Hence the UE can establish a list of PLMNs which are available in its location.
In the list of available PLMNs, the UE selects: - the HPLMN (Home PLMN) if it is available - otherwise another PLMN (national or international) according to priority rules possibly stored in the USIM
Attachment
Page 226
Just after switch on process Attachment Procedure

PLMN selection
3
In the selected PLMN, the UE: - selects the best cell according to radio criteria - initiates attachment procedure on the selected cell
4 5
Cell selection
Attachment 3 request Attach4 ment result
During the attachment procedure (called IMSI attach for CS domain, GPRS attach for PS domain), the UE indicates its presence to the PLMN for the purpose of using services: - authentication procedure - storage of subscriber data from the HLR in the VLR (or in the SGSN for PS domain) - allocation of the TMSI (P-TMSI for PS domain)
Attachment
5
The result of the procedure is notified to the UE: - if successful, the UE can access services - if it fails, the UE can only perform emergency calls
Indication of service to the UE

Page 227
Appendix AMR codecs

AMR mode
AMR _12.20 AMR _10.20 AMR _7.95 AMR _7.40 AMR _6.70 AMR _5.90 AMR _5.15 AMR _4.75
Source coding bit-rate

12.20 kbit/ s (GSM EFR ) 10.20 kbit/ s 7.95 kbit/ s 7.40 kbit/ s (IS-641) 6.70 kbit/ s (PDC-E FR ) 5.90 kbit/ s 5.15 kbit/ s 4.75 kbit/ s
Class Class Class A B C

81 65 75 61 58 55 49 42 103 99 84 87 76 63 54 53 60 40 0 0 0 0 0 0
The AMR (Adaptative Multirate) speech codec: - offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbits/s and 12,2 kbits/s - is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC - is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)
Page 228
Appendix/NBAP elementary procedures NBAP elementary procedures

NBAP Functions (see 3GPP 25.433)
Cell Configuration Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the cell configuration information in a Node B. Common Transport Channel Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the configuration of Common Transport Channels in a Node B. System Information Management. This function gives the CRNC the ability to manage the scheduling of System Information to be broadcast in a cell. Resource Event Management. This function gives the Node B the ability to inform the CRNC about the status of Node B resources. Configuration Alignment. This function gives the CRNC and the Node B the possibility to verify that both nodes has the same information on the configuration of the radio resources. Measurements on Common Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the Node B. The function also allows the Node B to report the result of the measurements. Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the CRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link. Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the CRNC to control the usage of compressed mode in a Node B. Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the NodeB. The function also allows the NodeB to report the result of the measurements. DL Power Drifting Correction (FDD). This function allows the CRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more Radio Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links.
T a b le 1 : M a p p in g b e tw e e n fu n c tio n s a n d N B A P e le m e n ta r y p r o c e d u r e s
F u n c tio n C e ll C o n f ig u r a t io n M a n a g e m e n t E le m e n ta r y P r o c e d u r e (s ) a ) C e ll S e tu p b ) C e ll R e c o n f ig u r a t io n c ) C e ll D e le tio n a ) C o m m o n T ra n s p o rt C h a n n e l S e tu p b ) C o m m o n T ra n s p o rt C h a n n e l R e c o n fig u r a tio n c ) C o m m o n T r a n s p o rt C h a n n e l D e le tio n S y s t e m In f o r m a t io n U p d a t e a ) B lo c k R e s o u rc e b ) U n b lo c k R e s o u r c e c ) R e s o u r c e S t a tu s I n d ic a tio n a ) A u d it R e q u ir e d b ) A u d it c) R eset a ) C o m m o n M e a s u r e m e n t In itia tio n b ) C o m m o n M e a s u re m e n t R e p o r tin g c ) C o m m o n M e a s u r e m e n t T e r m in a tio n d ) C o m m o n M e a s u r e m e n t F a ilu re a ) R L S e tu p b ) R L A d d itio n c ) R L D e le t io n d ) U n s y n c h r o n is e d R L R e c o n fig u r a tio n e ) S y n c h r o n is e d R L R e c o n fig u r a tio n P r e p a r a tio n f ) S y n c h r o n is e d R L R e c o n f ig u r a t io n C o m m it g ) S y n c h r o n is e d R L R e c o n fig u r a tio n C a n c e lla tio n h ) R a d io L in k P r e - e m p t io n a ) R L F a ilu r e b ) R L R e s to r a tio n a ) R a d io L in k S e t u p b ) R a d io L in k A d d itio n c ) C o m p re s s e d M o d e C o m m a n d d ) U n s y n c h r o n is e d R a d io L in k R e c o n f ig u r a tio n e ) S y n c h r o n is e d R a d io L in k R e c o n fig u r a tio n P r e p a r a tio n f ) S y n c h r o n is e d R a d io L in k R e c o n f ig u r a t io n C o m m it g ) S y n c h r o n is e d R a d io L in k R e c o n fig u r a tio n C a n c e lla tio n a ) D e d ic a t e d M e a s u r e m e n t b ) D e d ic a t e d M e a s u r e m e n t c ) D e d ic a te d M e a s u r e m e n t d ) D e d ic a t e d M e a s u r e m e n t D o w n lin k P o w e r C o n tr o l E r r o r In d ic a tio n P h y s ic a l S h a re d C h a n n e l R D o w n lin k P o w e r T im e s lo t C In itia tio n R e p o r tin g T e r m in a tio n F a ilu r e
C o m m o n T ra n s p o rt C h a n n e l M a n a g e m e n t
S y s t e m In f o r m a t io n M a n a g e m e n t R e s o u rc e E v e n t M a n a g e m e n t
C o n f ig u r a t io n A lig n m e n t
M e a s u r e m e n ts o n C o m m o n R e s o u r c e s
R a d io L in k M a n a g e m e n t.
R a d io L in k S u p e r v is io n . C o m p re s s e d M o d e C o n tro l [F D D ]
M e a s u r e m e n ts o n D e d ic a te d R e s o u rc e s
D R P D
L P ow er e p o r tin g h y s ic a l S L P ow er
D r iftin g C o r r e c tio n [F D D ] o f G e n e r a l E r r o r S itu a tio n s h a re d C h a n n e l M a n a g e m e n t [T D D ] T im e s lo t C o r r e c tio n [T D D ]
e c o n fig u r a tio n o n tro l
Page 229
Appendix/RANAP elementary procedures RANAP elementary procedures

RANAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.413))
Relocating serving RNC. This function enables to change the serving RNC functionality as well as the related Iu resources (RAB(s) and Signalling connection) from one RNC to another. Overall RAB management. This function is responsible for setting up, modifying and releasing RABs. Release of all Iu connection resources. This function is used to explicitly release all resources related to one Iu connection. SRNS context forwarding function. This function is responsible for transferring SRNS context from the RNC to the CN for intersystem forward handover in case of packet forwarding. Controlling overload in the Iu interface. This function allows adjusting the load in the Iu interface. Sending the UE Common ID (permanent NAS UE identity) to the RNC. This function makes the RNC aware of the UE's Common ID. Paging the user. This function provides the CN for capability to page the UE. Transport of NAS information between UE and CN. This function has three sub-classes: Controlling the security mode in the UTRAN. This function is used to send the security keys (ciphering and integrity protection) to the UTRAN, and setting the operation mode for security functions. Controlling location reporting. This function allows the CN to operate the mode in which the UTRAN reports the location of the UE. Data volume reporting function. This function is responsible for reporting unsuccessfully transmitted DL data volume over UTRAN for specific RABs.
E le m e n ta r y P ro c e d u re Iu R e le a s e R e lo c a tio n P r e p a r a tio n R e lo c a tio n R e s o u rc e A llo c a tio n R e lo c a tio n C ancel S R N S C o n te x t T ra n s fe r S e c u r it y M o d e C o n tro l D a t a V o lu m e R e p o rt C n I n f o r m a t io n B ro a d c a s t
In itia tin g M essag e IU R E L E A S E C O M M A N D R E L O C A T IO N R E Q U IR E D R E L O C A T IO N R E Q U E S T R E L O C A T IO N C A N C E L S R N S C O N TE X T R E Q U E S T S E C U R IT Y M O D E C O M M A N D D A TA V O LU M E R E P O R T R E Q U E S T C N IN F O R M A T IO N B R O A D C A S T R E Q U E S T R E S E T R E S E T R E S O U R C E
S u c c e s s fu l O u tc o m e R esp o n se m essage IU R E L E A S E C O M P L E T E R E L O C A T IO N C O M M A N D R E L O C A T IO N R E Q U E S T A C K N O W LE D G E R A S R S C E L O C A T IO N C A N C E L C K N O W LE D G E R N S C O N TE X T E S P O N S E E C U R IT Y M O D E O M P LE TE
U n s u c c e s s fu l O u tc o m e R esp o n se m essage
R E L O C A T IO N P R E P A R A T IO N F A IL U R E R E L O C A T IO N F A IL U R E
S E C U R IT Y M O D E R E J E C T
D A T A V O LU M E R E P O R T
C N IN F O R M A T IO N B R O A D C A S T C O N F IR M
C N IN F O R M A T IO N B R O A D C A S T R E JE C T
R eset R e s e t re s o u rc e
R E S E T A C K N O W LE D G E R E S E T R E S O U R C E A C K N O W LE D G E
E l e m e n ta r y P r o c e d u r e R A B R e le a s e R e q u e s t I u R e le a s e R e q u e s t R e lo c a tio n D e te c t R e lo c a tio n C o m p le te S R N S D a t a F o r w a r d in g I n itia tio n S R N S C o n t e x t F o r w a r d in g fr o m S o u r c e R N C to C N S R N S D a t a F o r w a r d in g t o T a r g e t R N C fro m C N P a g in g C o m m o n ID C N In v o k e T ra c e C N D e a c tiv a t e T r a c e L o c a tio n R e p o r tin g C o n t r o l L o c a tio n R e p o r t I n itia l U E M e s s a g e D ir e c t T r a n s f e r O v e r lo a d C o n tro l E r r o r I n d ic a tio n
M essage RAB RELEASE REQ UEST IU R E L E A S E R E Q U E S T R E L O C A T IO N D E T E C T R E L O C A T IO N C O M P L E T E SRNS DATA FO RW ARD C O M M AND FORW ARD SRNS CO NTEXT FORW ARD SRNS CO NTEXT P A G IN G C O M M O N ID C N IN V O K E T R A C E C N D E A C T IV A T E T R A C E L O C A T IO N R E P O R T I N G C O N T R O L L O C A T IO N R E P O R T IN I T IA L U E M E S S A G E D IR E C T T R A N S F E R OVERLOAD E R R O R IN D IC A T I O N
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Appendix/RSNAP elementary procedures RSNAP elementary procedures

RSNAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.423))
Radio Link Management. This function allows the SRNC to manage radio links using dedicated resources in a DRNS; Physical Channel Reconfiguration. This function allows the DRNC to reallocate the physical channel resources for a Radio Link; Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the DRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link; Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to control the usage of compressed mode within a DRNS; Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the SRNC to initiate measurements on dedicated resources in the DRNS. The function also allows the DRNC to report the result of the measurements; DL Power Drifting Correction [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more Radio Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links; CCCH Signalling Transfer. This function allows the SRNC and DRNC to pass information between the UE and the SRNC on a CCCH controlled by the DRNS; Paging. This function allows the SRNC to page a UE in a URA or a cell in the DRNS; Common Transport Channel Resources Management. This function allows the SRNC to utilise Common Transport Channel Resources within the DRNS (excluding DSCH resources for FDD); Relocation Execution. This function allows the SRNC to finalise a Relocation previously prepared via other interfaces.
Fu n ct io n Radio Link Man agem ent
Ph ysical Channel Reconfigu rat ion Radio Link Supervision Com pressed Mode Cont rol [ FDD]
Measurem ent s on Dedicat ed Resources
DL Pow er Drift in g Correct ion [ FDD] CCCH Signallin g Transfer Paging Com m on Transport Chan nel Resou rces Man agem ent
Relocat ion Execut ion Report ing of General Error Sit uat ions
Ele m e n t a r y Pr o ce d u r e ( s) a) Radio Lin k Set up b) Radio Lin k Addit ion c) Radio Link Delet ion d) Un synchronised Radio Link Reconfigurat ion e) Synchronised Radio Link Recon figurat ion Preparat ion f) Synchronised Radio Link Reconfigurat ion Com m it g) Synchronised Radio Link Recon figurat ion Can cellat ion Physical Chan nel Recon figurat ion a) Radio Lin k Failure b) Radio Lin k Rest orat ion a) Radio Lin k Set up b) Radio Lin k Addit ion c) Com pressed Mode Com m an d d) Un synchronised Radio Link Reconfigurat ion e) Synchronised Radio Link Recon figurat ion Preparat ion f) Synchronised Radio Link Reconfigurat ion Com m it g) Synchronised Radio Link Recon figurat ion Can cellat ion a) Measurem en t I nit iat ion b) Measurem ent Report ing c) Measu rem en t Term inat ion d) Measurem ent Failure Dow nlink Pow er Con t rol a) Uplink Signalling Transfer b) Dow nlink Signalling Tran sfer Paging a) Com m on Transport Channel Resources I n it iat ion b) Com m on Transport Channel Resources Release Relocat ion Com m it Error I ndicat ion
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Related Documentation Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 232
Related documentation
English - WCDMA for UMTS, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley 2000, ISBN 0 471 72051 8 - UMTS Mobile communications for the future, Wiley 2001, ISBN 0 471 49829 7 - Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 1st Quarter 2001 (Find your way with 3G) - 3GPP specifications: ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/ Francais - UMTS les rseaux mobiles de troisime gnration, Editions Eyrolles 2001 (translation of WCDMA for UMTS ) - UMTS les origines, l'architecture, la norme, Pierre Lescuyer, Editions Dunod 2001, ISBN 2 10 005195 4 - Revue des Tlcommunications dAlcatel , 1er trimestre 2001 (entirement consacre la 3G)
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Abbreviations and Acronyms (1)
AAL ACELP ADN ALCAP AMR ATM

BCCH
ATM Adaptation Layer Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction Abbreviated Dialling Number Access Link Control Application Part Adaptive Multi Rate Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Broadcast Control Channel
CCCH
Common Control Channel
BCH BHCA BER BLER BMC BM-IWF BSC BSS BTS CAMEL CC
Broadcast Channel Busy Hour Call Attempts Bit Error Rate Block Error Rate Broadcast / Multicast Control Broadcast Multicast InterWorking Function Base Station Controller Base Station (sub)System Base Transceiver Station Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic Call Control
CCTrCH CDMA CDR CN CPCH CRNC CS CTCH DCA

DCCH
Coded Composite Transport Channel Code Division Multiple Access Call Detail Record Core Network Common Packet Channel Controlling RNC Circuit Switched Common Traffic Channel Dynamic channel Allocation
Dedicated Control Channel
DCH DHO DHT DRAC DRNC DS DSCH DTCH
Dedicated Channel Diversity HandOver Diversity HandOver Trunk Dynamic Resource Allocation Control Drift RNC Direct Sequence Downlink Shared Channel Dedicated Traffic Channel
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EDGE ERAN
FACH
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution EDGE Radio Access Network (all-IP)
Forward Access Channel
FBI FDD FDD-DS FDD-MC FER FP FTP GERAN GGSN GPRS GSM GSN GTP GTP-U HO HPLMN
FeedBack Information Frequency Division Duplex FDD-Direct Sequence (FDD1) FDD-Multiple Carrier (FDD2) Frame Error Rate Frame Protocol File Transfer Protocol GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network Gateway GPRS Support Node General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile Communications GPRS Support Node (ie SGSN or GGSN) GPRS Tunneling Protocol GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User Plane HandOver Home PLM
IETF IMEI IMSI IP IR ISDN L1,L2,L3 LA LCS LLC LQC M3UA MAC MBS MC MExE MM MSC MSP
Internet Engineering Task Force International Mobile Equipment Identity International Mobile Subscriber Identity Internet Protocol Incremental Redundancy Integrated Services Digital Network Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3 Location Area Location Services Logical Link Control Link Quality Control SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation layer Medium Access Control Multi-standard Base Station Multiple Carrier Mobile Execution Environment Mobility Management Mobile-services Switching Center Multiple Subscriber Profile
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MTP3 Message Transfer Part (broadband) MTP-3B Message Transfer Part level 3 NAS Non Access Stratum NBAP Node-B Application Part ODMA Opportunity Driven Multiple Access OSA Open service Architecture OTDOA-IPDL Observed Time Difference of Arrival Idle Period Downlink OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PCCH Paging Control Channel
PS QOS QPSK RA RAB

RACH
Packet Switched Quality Of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Routing Area Radio Access Bearer
Random Access Channel
PCH PDA PDC PDP PDU PLMN PRACH
Paging Channel Personal Digital Assistant Personal Digital Cellular (2G Japan) Packet Data Protocol Protocol Data Unit Public Land Mobile Network Physical Random Access Channel
RAN RANAP RB RL RLC RNC RNS RNSAP RNTI RRC RRM
Radio Access Network RAN Application Part Radio Bearer Radio Link Radio Link Control Radio Network Controller Radio Network Sub-System RNS Application Part Radio Network Temporary Identity Radio Resource Control Radio Resource Management
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SAP SAT SDU SF SGSN SHO SIR SMS SPU SRNC SSCOP
Service Access Point SIM Application Toolkit Service Data Unit Spreading Factor Serving GPRS Support Node Soft HandOver Signal to Interference Ratio Short Message Service Signaling Processing Unit Serving RNC Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol SSCP Signaling Connection Control Part STM Synchronous Transfer Mode TC Transcoder TCP Transport Control Protocol TD-CDMA Time Division & CDMA TDD Time Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TF TFC TFCI TFCS TFS TMSI TPC UDP UICC UMTS USIM USSD URA URAN USB UTRAN
Transport Format Transport Format Combination Transport Format Combination Indicator Transport Format Combination Set Transport Format Set Temporary Mobile Station Identity Transmission Power Control User Datagram Protocol UMTS Integrated Circuit Card Universal Mobile Telecommunication System UMTS Subscriber Identity Card Unstructured Supplementary Service Data UTRAN Registration Area UMTS Radio Access Network (ETSI) Universal Radio Access Network (3GPP) Universal Serial Bus UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
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VC VHE VoIP VP WAP W-CDMA WIM
Virtual Channel Virtual Home Environment Voice over IP Virtual Path Wireless Application Protocol Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WAP Identity Module
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Abbreviations and Acronyms (Standard Organizations)
3GPP 3GPP2 3GIP ANSI ARIB CWTS ETSI IETF IMT ITU T1 TIA TTA TTC UWCC W3C
3rd Generation Partnership Project (WCDMA) 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (cdma2000) 3rd Generation partnership for Internet Protocol American National Standard Institute (USA) Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan) China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group European Telecommunication Standard Institute Internet Engineering Task Force International Mobile Telecommunication International Telecommunication Union Committee T1 telecommunication of the ANSI (USA) Telecommunication Industry Association (USA) Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea) Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan) Universal Wireless Communications Committee World Wide Web Consortium
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UMTS Introduction 1

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UMTS Introduction 1

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UMTS/UTRAN Introduction

Training Manuel 3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 September 2005

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Describe mobile system standards evolution

2 Describe UMTS services , new capacity figures and service architecture

Define a Radio Resource in 3G.

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 5

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

CONTEXT Past mobile systems (1)

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 8

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

CONTEXT Past mobile systems (2)

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 9

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

CONTEXT Technical solutions

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 10

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

CONTEXT GSM evolution (1)

Note: Alcatel will skip HSCSD!

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

CONTEXT GSM evolution (2)

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 12

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

CONTEXT Lets take some examples!

> A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music file (2.4 MBytes)

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 13

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

STANDARDIZATION IMT-2000: definition

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 15

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

STANDARDIZATION IMT-2000: main participants

ITU: International Telecommunication Union

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 16

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

STANDARDIZATION IMT-2000: Terrestrial Radio Interfaces

IMT-DS (Direct Spread) W-CDMA UMTS FDD

Evolved GSM Core Network

Evolved IS-41 Core Network

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 17

ERAN: EDGE Radio Access Network

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

STANDARDIZATION 2G Terrestrial Radio Interfaces

Rest of the World :

1999 Market Share: GSM 48 % CDMA 28 % TDMA 15 % PDC 9%

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 18

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

STANDARDIZATION 3G Terrestrial Radio Interfaces

CDMA CDMA 2000

UMTS TDMA EDGE

CDMA 2000 TDMA EDGE

CDMA CDMA 2000 UMTS

3FL10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1 Page 19

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1

STANDARDIZATION 3GPP: Joint Organization for UMTS Standardization

In the following material we will only refer to UMTS R99.

Alcatel University 10445ACAAWBZZA Ed.1