1. Cronquist (U.S.

DOE Annual Symposium, 1978)

CO
2
Dynamic Displacement with Light Reservoir OilsError! Bookmark not defined.

CO
2
MMP Correlation: Cronquist proposed an empirical equation that was generated from a
regression fit on 58 data points. Cronquist characterizes the miscibility pressure as a function of
T, and the mole percentage of methane and nitrogen. The correlation has the following form:



With



Where:

T= Reservoir temperature, F
Y
Cl
= Mole percentage of methane and nitrogen

In this method, the tested oil gravity ranged from 23.7 to 44 API, reservoir temperature ranged
from 71to 248F, and the experimental MMP ranged from 1073 to 5000 psi.

2. Yellig and Metcalfe (SPE 7477, 1980)
Determination and Prediction of CO2 Minimum Miscibility PressuresError! Bookmark not
defined.

CO
2
MMP Correlation: From their experimental study, the authors proposed a correlation for
predicting the pure CO2 MMPs that uses the temperature T as the only correlating parameter.
The proposed expression is given below:

MMP= 1833.721+ 2.2518055T + .01800674T
2
103949.93/T

Yellig and Metcalfe pointed out that if the bubble point pressure of the oil is greater than the
predicted MMP, then the CO2 MMP is set equal to the bubble point pressure. They have
concluded that CO2 MMP increases by approximately 15 psi/F over a temperature range of 95
to 192F.

3. Orr and Jensen (SPE 11125, 1984)
Interpretation of Pressure-Composition Phase Diagrams for CO2/Crude-Oil SystemsError!
Bookmark not defined.

CO
2
MMP Correlation: Extrapolated Vapor Pressure (EVP) Method:

A
T 988 . 15 MMP =
1 C 5 C
Y 00015279 M 0011038 . 0 744206 . 0 A + + =
+
Orr and Jessen suggested that the vapor pressure curve of CO2 can be extrapolated and equated
with the minimum miscibility pressure to estimate the MMP for low temperature reservoirs
(T<120F). A convenient equation for the vapor pressure has been given by Newitt et al.



With the extrapolated vapor pressure EVP in psia and temperature T in F.

Researchers in the Petroleum Recovery Institute suggested equating the MMP
with the vapor pressure of CO
2
when the system temperature below T
c
of CO
2

(87.89F, 304.2K). For temperature greater than T
c
; they proposed the
following expression:

MMP= 1071.82893 x 10
b


With the coefficient b as defined by:

b= [2.772 (1519/T]

Where MMP is psia and T in R.





4. Alston, Kokolis, and James (SPE 11959, 1985)
CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure: A Correlation for Impure CO2Error! Bookmark not
defined.

CO
2
MMP Correlation: The authors presented an empirically derived correlation for estimating
the MMPs for pure or impure CO2 oil systems. Alston and co-workers used the temperature,
oil C5+ molecular weight, volatile oil fraction, and the composition of the CO2 steam as the
correlating parameters. The MMP for pure CO2 live oil system is given by:



Where:
for live oil (psia)
reservoir temperature ( )
molecular weight of the fraction (g/g-mol)
(

+
=
T
EVP
5556 . 0 372 . 255
2015
91 . 10 exp 7 . 14
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
136 . 0
int vol
78 . 1
C
06 . 1
R
4
LO
2
X / X MW T 10 78 . 8 MMP CO
5+

=
( ) MMP CO MMP CO
2 LO 2
=
=
R
T F

=
+ 5
C
MW
+ 5
C
volatile oil fraction consisting of and (mol %)
intermediate oil fraction consisting of , , , and (mol %)






5. Glaso (SPE 12893, 1985)
Generalized Minimum Miscibility Pressure CorrelationError! Bookmark not defined.
CO2/Oil Systems:
With the experimental MMP data from two displacement tests reported in the literature, CO
2
gas
was found equivalent to 58 mol% methane and 42 mol% propane. With the mole percent of
methane constant, for C
2-6
>18% in the reservoir fluid, Eq.2 is reduced to:


(5)

For C
2-6
<18% in the reservoir fluid, Eq.2 is reduced to:

(6)

Where

molecular weight of
Temperature



=
vol
X
1
C
2
N
=
int
X
2
C
3
C
4
C
2
CO S H
2
( ) ( )T M e M M p
C C
C m
058 . 1 8 . 786 730 . 3 9
min
7 7
7
10 700 . 1 404 . 3 0 . 810

+ +
+
+ =
( ) ( )
6 2
058 . 1 8 . 786 730 . 3 9
min
2 . 121 10 700 . 1 404 . 3 9 . 2947
7 7
7


+ =
+ +
+
C T M e M M p
C C
C m
=
+ 7
C
M
STO , 7
C
+
= T F ,