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Module 12 Chapter 12
Based on the Fourth Edition of: M. E. Whitman, H. J. Mattord:. Principles of Information Security
Introduction
Digital Forensics
The only thing we can predict with certainty is change. Jayne Spain, Department of Children and Family Learning, State of Minnesota
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Digital Forensics
Learning Objectives
Discuss the need for ongoing maintenance of the information security program List the recommended security management models, and dene a model for a full maintenance program Identify the key factors involved in monitoring the external and internal environment, and describe how planning into information security maintenance Dene digital forensics, and describe the management of the digital forensics function Describe the process of acquiring, analyzing, and maintaining potential evidentiary material
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Outline
Introduction Security Management Models The Security Maintenance Model Digital Forensics
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Digital Forensics
Introduction
Organizations should avoid overcondence after improving their information security prole Organizational changes that may occur include:
Acquisition of new assets; emergence of new vulnerabilities; business priorities shift; partnerships form or dissolve; organizational divestiture and acquisition; employee hire and turnover
If program does not adjust, may be necessary to begin cycle again More expensive to re-engineer information security prole again and again
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Digital Forensics
Management model must be adopted to manage and operate ongoing security program Models are frameworks that structure tasks of managing particular set of activities or business functions
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Provides managerial guidance for establishing and implementing of an information security program Thirteen areas of information security management
Provide for specic monitoring activities for each task Tasks should be done on an ongoing basis Not all issues are negative
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Digital Forensics
2.
System development life cycle: The overall process of developing, implementing, and retiring information systems through a multi-step process
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13. Conguration (or change) management: manages the eects of changes in congurations
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Digital Forensics
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Quick Quiz
1
True or False: If an organization deals successfully with change and has created procedures and systems that can be adjusted to the environment, the existing security improvement program can continue to work well. Answer:
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Introduction
Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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True or False: If an organization deals successfully with change and has created procedures and systems that can be adjusted to the environment, the existing security improvement program can continue to work well. Answer: True
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Quick Quiz
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True or False: If an organization deals successfully with change and has created procedures and systems that can be adjusted to the environment, the existing security improvement program can continue to work well. Answer: True An eective information security governance program requires review. Answer:
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Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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True or False: If an organization deals successfully with change and has created procedures and systems that can be adjusted to the environment, the existing security improvement program can continue to work well. Answer: True An eective information security governance program requires review. Answer: constant
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Introduction
Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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True or False: If an organization deals successfully with change and has created procedures and systems that can be adjusted to the environment, the existing security improvement program can continue to work well. Answer: True An eective information security governance program requires review. Answer: constant An is dened as the direct connection of two or more information systems for sharing data and other information resources. Answer:
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Quick Quiz
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True or False: If an organization deals successfully with change and has created procedures and systems that can be adjusted to the environment, the existing security improvement program can continue to work well. Answer: True An eective information security governance program requires review. Answer: constant An is dened as the direct connection of two or more information systems for sharing data and other information resources. Answer: system interconnection
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Quick Quiz
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planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery Answer:
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Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery Answer: Contingency
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Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery Answer: Contingency True or False: Information security technical controls are not aected by the same factors as most computer-based technologies. Answer:
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Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery Answer: Contingency True or False: Information security technical controls are not aected by the same factors as most computer-based technologies. Answer: False
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Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery Answer: Contingency True or False: Information security technical controls are not aected by the same factors as most computer-based technologies. Answer: False True or False: The rst clue that an attack is underway often comes from reports by observant users. Answer:
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Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery Answer: Contingency True or False: Information security technical controls are not aected by the same factors as most computer-based technologies. Answer: False True or False: The rst clue that an attack is underway often comes from reports by observant users. Answer: True
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Quick Quiz
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planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery Answer: Contingency True or False: Information security technical controls are not aected by the same factors as most computer-based technologies. Answer: False True or False: The rst clue that an attack is underway often comes from reports by observant users. Answer: True Reparing known vulnerabilities in any of the network or system environments is known as . Answer:
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Quick Quiz
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planning consists of a process for recovery and documentation of procedures for conducting recovery Answer: Contingency True or False: Information security technical controls are not aected by the same factors as most computer-based technologies. Answer: False True or False: The rst clue that an attack is underway often comes from reports by observant users. Answer: True Reparing known vulnerabilities in any of the network or system environments is known as . Answer: patching
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Designed to focus organizational eort on maintaining systems. Recommended maintenance model based on ve subject areas:
1 2 3 4 5
External monitoring Internal monitoring Planning and risk assessment Vulnerability assessment and remediation Readiness and review
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Digital Forensics
Objective to provide early awareness of new threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective defense Entails collecting intelligence from data sources and giving that intelligence context and meaning for use by organizational decision makers
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Regardless of where or how external monitoring data is collected, must be analyzed in context of organizations security environment to be useful
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Monitoring, Escalation, and Incident Response Function of external monitoring process is to monitor activity, report results, and escalate warnings Monitoring process has three primary deliverables:
1
Specic warning bulletins issued when developing threats and specic attacks pose measurable risk to organization Periodic summaries of external information. Detailed intelligence on highest risk warnings.
2 3
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Data Collection and Management Over time, external monitoring processes should capture knowledge about external environment in appropriate formats External monitoring collects raw intelligence, lters for relevance, assigns a relative risk impact, and communicates to decision makers in time to make a dierence
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Maintain informed awareness of state of organizations networks, systems, and security defenses Internal monitoring accomplished by:
Doing inventory of network devices and channels, IT infrastructure and applications, and information security infrastructure elements Leading the IT governance process Real-time monitoring of IT activity Monitoring the internal state of the organizations networks and systems
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Network Characterization and Inventory Organizations should have carefully planned and fully populated inventory for network devices, communication channels, and computing devices Once characteristics identied, they must be carefully organized and stored using a mechanism (manual or automated) that allows timely retrieval and rapid integration of disparate facts
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Making Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems Work The most important value of raw intelligence provided by intrusion detection systems (IDS) is providing indicators of current or imminent vulnerabilities Log les from IDS engines can be mined for information Another IDS monitoring element is trac analysis Analyzing attack signatures for unsuccessful system attacks can identify weaknesses in various security eorts
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Detecting deferences Dierence analysis: procedure that compares current state of network segment against known previous state of same segment Dierences between the current state and the baseline state that are unexpected could be a sign of trouble and need investigation
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Information security Program Planning and Review Periodic review of ongoing IS program coupled with planning for enhancements and extensions is recommended Should examine IT needs of future organization and impact those needs have on information security recommended approach takes advantage of the fact most organizations have annual capital budget planning cycles and manage security projects as part of that process
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Large projects should be broken into smaller projects for several reasons:
Smaller projects tend to have more manageable impacts on networks and users Larger projects tend to complicate change control process in implementation phase Shorter planning, development, and implementation schedules reduce uncertainty Most large projects can easily be broken down into smaller projects, giving more opportunities to change direction and gain exibility.
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Risk Security Assessments A key component for driving security program change is information security operational risk assessment (RA) RA identies and documents risk that project, process, or action introduces to organization and oers suggestions for controls Information security group coordinates preparation of many types of RA documents
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Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
1
The objective of the is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer:
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Introduction
Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
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The objective of the is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer: external monitoring domain
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Introduction
Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
1
The objective of the is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer: external monitoring domain The primary goal of the is to maintain an informed awareness of the state of all of the organizations networks, information systems, and information security defenses. Answer:
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Introduction
Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
1
The objective of the is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer: external monitoring domain The primary goal of the is to maintain an informed awareness of the state of all of the organizations networks, information systems, and information security defenses. Answer: internal monitoring domain
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Introduction
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Quick Quiz
1
The objective of the is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer: external monitoring domain The primary goal of the is to maintain an informed awareness of the state of all of the organizations networks, information systems, and information security defenses. Answer: internal monitoring domain The primary objective of the is to keep a lookout over the entire information security program. Answer:
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Module 12 Chapter 12
Introduction
Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
1
The objective of the is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer: external monitoring domain The primary goal of the is to maintain an informed awareness of the state of all of the organizations networks, information systems, and information security defenses. Answer: internal monitoring domain The primary objective of the is to keep a lookout over the entire information security program. Answer: planning and risk assessment domain
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Process of identifying and documenting specic and provable aws in organizations information asset environment Five vulnerability assessment processes that follow can serve many organizations as they attempt to balance intrusiveness of vulnerability assessment with need for stable and productive production environment
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Penetration Testing: A level beyond vulnerability testing Is a set of security tests and evaluations that simulate attacks by a malicious external source (hacker) Penetration test (pen test): usually performed periodically as part of a full security audit Can be conducted one of two ways: black box or white box
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Platform security Validation Designed to nd and document vulnerabilities that may be present because of mis-congured systems in use within organization These mis-congured systems fail to comply with company policy or standards Fortunately, automated measurement systems are available to help with the intensive process of validating compliance of platform conguration with policy
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Wireless Vulnerability Assessment Designed to nd and document vulnerabilities that may be present in wireless local area networks of organization Since attackers from this direction are likely to take advantage of any loophole or aw, assessment is usually performed against all publicly accessible areas using every possible wireless penetration testing approach
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Digital Forensics
Modem Vulnerability Assessment Designed to nd and document any vulnerability present on dial-up modems connected to organizations networks Since attackers from this direction take advantage of any loophole or aw, assessment is usually performed against all telephone numbers owned by the organization One element of this process, often called war dialing, uses scripted dialing attacks against pool of phone numbers
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Documenting Vulnerability Vulnerability tracking database should provide details as well as a link to the information assets Low-cost and ease of use makes relational databases a realistic choice Vulnerability database is an essential part of eective remediation
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Acceptance or Transference of Risk In some instances, risk must simply be acknowledged as part of organizations business process Management must be assured that decisions made to assume risk the organization are made by properly informed decision makers Information security must make sure the right people make risk assumption decisions with complete knowledge of the impact of the decision
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Threat Removal In some circumstances, threats can be removed without repairing vulnerability Vulnerability can no longer be exploited, and risk has been removed Other vulnerabilities may be amenable to other controls that do not allow an expensive repair and still remove risk from situation
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Vulnerability Repair Optimum solution in most cases is to repair vulnerability Applying patch software or implementing a workaround often accomplishes this In some cases, simply disabling the service removes vulnerability; in other cases, simple remedies are possible Most common repair is application of a software patch
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Introduction
Digital Forensics
Primary goal is to keep information security program functioning as designed and continuously improving Accomplished by:
Policy review Program review Rehearsals
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Digital Forensics
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Digital Forensics
Quick Quiz
1
True or False: The objective of the internal monitoring domain is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer:
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Quick Quiz
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True or False: The objective of the internal monitoring domain is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer: False
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Quick Quiz
1
True or False: The objective of the internal monitoring domain is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer: False The primary goal of the is to maintain an informed awareness of the state of all of the organizations networks, information systems, and information security defenses.
(a) (b) (c) (d) awareness monitoring domain information monitoring domain internal monitoring domain external monitoring domain
Answer:
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Quick Quiz
1
True or False: The objective of the internal monitoring domain is to provide the early awareness of new and emerging threats, threat agents, vulnerabilities, and attacks that is needed to mount an eective and timely defense. Answer: False The primary goal of the is to maintain an informed awareness of the state of all of the organizations networks, information systems, and information security defenses.
(a) (b) (c) (d) awareness monitoring domain information monitoring domain internal monitoring domain external monitoring domain
Answer: (c)
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Quick Quiz
3
The primary goal of the to identify specic, documented vulnerabilities and their timely remediation. Answer:
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Quick Quiz
3
The primary goal of the to identify specic, documented vulnerabilities and their timely remediation. Answer: vulnerability assessment and remediation domain
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Quick Quiz
3
The primary goal of the to identify specic, documented vulnerabilities and their timely remediation. Answer: vulnerability assessment and remediation domain The primary goal of the is to keep the information security program functioning as designed and to keep it continuously improving over time. Answer:
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Quick Quiz
3
The primary goal of the to identify specic, documented vulnerabilities and their timely remediation. Answer: vulnerability assessment and remediation domain The primary goal of the is to keep the information security program functioning as designed and to keep it continuously improving over time. Answer: readiness and review domain
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Quick Quiz
3
The primary goal of the to identify specic, documented vulnerabilities and their timely remediation. Answer: vulnerability assessment and remediation domain The primary goal of the is to keep the information security program functioning as designed and to keep it continuously improving over time. Answer: readiness and review domain The process is designed to nd and document the vulnerabilities that may be present because of mis-congured systems in use within the organization. Answer:
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Quick Quiz
3
The primary goal of the to identify specic, documented vulnerabilities and their timely remediation. Answer: vulnerability assessment and remediation domain The primary goal of the is to keep the information security program functioning as designed and to keep it continuously improving over time. Answer: readiness and review domain The process is designed to nd and document the vulnerabilities that may be present because of mis-congured systems in use within the organization. Answer: platform security validation (PSV)
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Digital Forensics
Digital forensics is used to investigate what happened during attack on assets and how attack occurred Based on the eld of traditional forensics Involves preservation, identication, extraction, documentation, and interpretation of computer media for evidentiary and/or root cause analysis Evidentiary material (EM) is any information that could potentially support organizations legal or policy-based case against suspect
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Introduction
Digital Forensics
Protect and forget (patch and proceed): defense of data and systems that house, use, and transmit it Apprehend and prosecute (pursue and prosecute): identication and apprehension of responsible individuals, with additional attention on collection and preservation of potential EM that might support administrative or criminal prosecution
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Most organizations
Cannot sustain a permanent digital forensics team Collect data and outsource analysis
Information security group personnel should be trained to understand and manage the forensics process to avoid contamination of potential EM Expertise can be obtained by training
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Adavit
Sworn testimony that certain facts are in the possession of the investigating ocer that they feel warrant the examination of specic items located at a specic place The facts, the items, and the place must be specied
When an approving authority signs the adavit, it becomes a search warrant, giving permission to:
Search the EM at the specied location Seize items to return to the investigator for examination
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Identify relevant items of evidentiary value (EM) Acquire (seize) the evidence without alteration or damage Take steps to assure that the evidence is at every step veriably authentic and is unchanged from the time it was seized Analyze the data without risking modication or unauthorized access Report the ndings to the proper authority
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Introduction
Digital Forensics
Evidentiary Procedures
Strong procedures for the handling of potential EM can minimize the probability of an organizations losing a legal challenge Organizations should develop specic procedures with guidance, for example:
Who may conduct an investigation and who is authorized in an investigation What adavit and search warrant-related issues are required The methodology to be followed The nal report format
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Quick Quiz
1
is the coherent application of methodical investigatory techniques to present evidence of crimes in a court of court-like setting. Answer:
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Quick Quiz
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is the coherent application of methodical investigatory techniques to present evidence of crimes in a court of court-like setting. Answer: Forensics
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Quick Quiz
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is the coherent application of methodical investigatory techniques to present evidence of crimes in a court of court-like setting. Answer: Forensics The v model of data acquisition is where the investigator removes the power source and then uses a utility or special device to make a bit-stream sector-by-sector copy of the hard drives contained in the system. Answer:
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Quick Quiz
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is the coherent application of methodical investigatory techniques to present evidence of crimes in a court of court-like setting. Answer: Forensics The v model of data acquisition is where the investigator removes the power source and then uses a utility or special device to make a bit-stream sector-by-sector copy of the hard drives contained in the system. Answer: oine
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Introduction
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Quick Quiz
1
is the coherent application of methodical investigatory techniques to present evidence of crimes in a court of court-like setting. Answer: Forensics The v model of data acquisition is where the investigator removes the power source and then uses a utility or special device to make a bit-stream sector-by-sector copy of the hard drives contained in the system. Answer: oine In information security, most operation focus on Answer: .
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Quick Quiz
1
is the coherent application of methodical investigatory techniques to present evidence of crimes in a court of court-like setting. Answer: Forensics The v model of data acquisition is where the investigator removes the power source and then uses a utility or special device to make a bit-stream sector-by-sector copy of the hard drives contained in the system. Answer: oine In information security, most operation focus on Answer: policies .
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Additional resources
Computer Forensics Investigator http://www.jobproles.org/govcpolicie1.htm SANS Reading Room Penetration Testing http://www.sans.org/reading room/whitepapers/testing/ High Tecdh Crime Institute http://www.hightechcrimeinstitute.com/ High Tech Crime Network http://www.htcn.org/
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