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Agro-Climate Condition
Bihar with a geographical area of about 94.2 thousand square km is divided
by river Ganges into two parts, the north Bihar with an area of 53.3 thousand
square km and the south Bihar having an area of 40.9 thousand square km. Based
on soil characterization, rainfall, temperature and terrain, four main agro-climatic
zones in Bihar have been identified. These are: Zone-I, North Alluvial Plain, ZoneII, north East Alluvial Plain, Zone-III A South East Alluvial Plain and Zone-III B,
South West Alluvial Plain, each with its own unique prospects. Agro climatic zone I
and II is located south of the river Ganges whereas the Zone III is located south of
the river Ganges. Zone I is situated in the north western part of the state whereas
zone II is located in the north eastern part. Zone I and II are flood prone whereas
zone III is drought prone. Potential wise all three agro climatic zones have vast
untapped potential for increasing the productivity of food grain crops. Across the
state soil texture is varies from sandy loam to heavy clay. However the majority
type belongs to loam category which is good for crop cultivation. The natural
precipitation varies from 990 to 1700 mm. Most of the precipitation is received
during the month of July to September. Soil PH varies from 6.5 to 8.4. There are
three crop seasons- Kharif, Rabi and Zaid. Rice, wheat and pulses are grown in all
the districts however the choice of the crop and crop rotation varies across the
agro climatic zone. Being located between 25 to 27 degree North latitude the
climate of Bihar is of mostly sub-tropical. Nevertheless region close to Tropic of
Cancer experiences tropical climate during summer. Like all the Indian states Bihar
also reels under hot summer season during months of March to May. Average
temperature is 35-40 degree Celsius throughout the summer months. April and
June are the hottest months of the year. December to January is the winter season
in Bihar because of its location is Northern hemisphere. The winter in Bihar is mild
with average temperature being 5 to 10 degree Celsius. Bihar gets its maximum
rainfall during South-West monsoon season which prevails from June to September.
The average rainfall of Bihar is around 120 cm. As far as soil resources are
concerned Bihar has three types of soil: montane, alluvium and marshy/swampy
soil of Tarai. The detailed description about the agro climatic zone is as follows.
Agro-climatic zone
Districts
1.
2.
Agro-climatic Zone II
(Northern East)
3.
4.
pH
Agro-climatic zone
1.
2.
Agro-climatic Zone II
(Northern East)
3.
Soil
Sandy
loam,
loam
Sandy
loam, Clay
loam
Sandy
loam, Clay
loam,
loam, Clay
Total
Rainfall
Temperature
( 0C)
(mm)
Max.
Min.
6.5 8.4
1040 1450
(1245.00)
36.6
7.7
6.5 7.8
1200 1700
( 1450.00)
33.8
8.8
6.8 8.0
990 1240
(1115.00)
37.1
7.8
C, very little rain, clear sky and relatively low humidity. Hot
dry Season spreads over March to Mid June with temperatures rising upto 44/450C
with low humidity. Warm-wet season is the period of monsoon from mid-June to
September. During this period temperatures range from 240C to 350C with cloudy
sky and high humidity. The average annual rainfall varies from 1100 to 1250 mm.
The daily temperature comes down to 7-80C in December January in north Bihar
plains.
Since rainfall distribution is dictated by climate and vegetation, the rainfed
areas are constrained in their choice
of crops, technology and resultant
levels
of
productivity.
On
an
Agro- Climatic Zone I: The lands of this zone which are alluvial plains are
sloppy towards the south east direction with a very low gradient as evidenced by
the direction in which the rivers flow. However, the rivers move eastward
direction along the natural levee before they finally meet the Ganga. As a result,
there are vast waterlogged areas in the districts of Saran, Vaishali and Samastipur.
Due to near flatness of the landscape, vast area gets flooded during rains. The
north eastern portion of this zone, the Don hills valleys is glacial hills and
valleys.
Except for the northern portion and portion in the west of the zone under
the influence of Adhwara system of rivers, the entire zone is under the influence
of rivers like Gandak, Burhi Gandak and Ghaghra, all of which originate in the lime
rich foothills of the Himalayas. Thus, the soil under the influence of Gandak, Burhi
Gandak and Ghaghra are mostly calcareous having different amounts of lime in
them. The soils of Siwan and Gopalganj districts with less rainfall and more
pronounced dry seasons have developed salinity as well as alkalinity. Similarly, the
soil of nearly flat lands of East and West Champaran, Muzaffarpur and also salt
affected. The soils of the northern part not under the influence of the above rivers
are neutral, acidic or saline depending on the micro relief and local
physiography.
This zone has the following six broad soil association groups:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
As all the rivers and rivulets originate in the high Himalayas, dominated by
mechanical weathering of rocks, the soils are mostly light to medium light
textured except those away from the direct influence of the rivers. The upland
soils are well drained to moderately well drained. The medium low lands and the
low lands soils, although of good to moderate permeability, have become some
what poorly drained due to high water table in the areas. The soils are moderately
rich to poor in nitrogen (especially in Gopalganj and Siwan districts), moderate to
very low in available phosphorus and medium to high in available potash. The soils
are showing symptoms of deficiency of zinc and iron mostly induced by high
available calcium.
(b)
Agro- Climatic Zone II: This zone, the alluvial plains of Kosi, Mahananda
and its tributes and Ganga (a narrow strip in the south) is slightly undulating to
rolling landscape mixed with long stretches of nearly flat landscape with pockets
of areas having sub normal relief. The area is full of streams with abandoned
dead channels of Kosi river, which becomes notorious for its frequent and sudden
change of courses forming small lakes and shallow marshes. In the south, in
between the natural levees of Ganga, on the one hand and Kosi and Mahananda on
the other, there are vas areas which remain waterlogged for a considerable part of
the year.
The general slope of the land is towards south east and the rivers on
reaching Ganga moves eastward for a long distance before they meet river Ganga.
Unlike the rivers Gandak and Ghaghra, Kosi and Mahananda originate and
have catchments in Himalayan region, which are not calcareous but rich in acidic
minerals. As a result, the soils of this zone are non calcareous, accumulation of
sodium salts and sodium adsorption has taken place in areas where the drainage is
poor. Salinity and alkalinity are, however, on an increase in Saharsa and western
part of Purnea and Katihar districts. As both Kosi and Mahananda carry a
tremendous load of sediments, the soil are mostly light textured except in
backwaters of river Ganga and Kosi.
Three broad soil association groups have been identified in this zone are:
1. Recent alluvial tarai soil
2. Recent alluvial non calcareous soil, and
3. Recent alluvial calcareous soil.
The soils are very light to medium textured except for those in between the
natural levees of Ganga and Kosi and Mahananda and away from the influence of
running water of the rivers. Even the heavy textured soils under the influence of
Kosi and Mahananda have sandy substratum below 40 to 100 cm depths. The soils
are mostly moderately acidic to neutral. Very acidic soils are found in northeast
parts with heavy rainfall and high permeability. The soils are excessively drained
to poorly drained mainly depending on local physiography and depth of water
table. With the introduction of irrigation without providing adequate drainage
ways, the water table is rising and water logged areas and saline patches are
increasing. The soils are very poor to poor in nitrogen especially with the very light
textured soils, very poor to medium in available phosphorus and potash.
Deficiencies of zinc and boron and toxicity of manganese have been recognized in
these areas.
(c)
Agro-Climatic Zone III: This zone is the alluvial plains of river Ganga on its
southern side and the sediments are received both from river Ganga and those
flowing from the south having their origins in the Chotanagpur Plateau, which rise
abruptly from the plains.
The lands slope is towards north east with gentle slope gradient and
moderate to low gradient. In the south of the natural levee of the Ganga, there is
vast stretch of backwaters known as Tal lands extending from Buxar to Pirpaity,
where most of the rivers and rivulets coming from the south get lost. The flood
plains of Ganga, which get reworked and get eroded and deposited at regular
intervals, are lighter than Tal lands and are known locally as Diara lands.
The river originating from the Chotanagpur plateau brings a lot of fine
sediments. The coarser sediments that they bring are either deposited in their
beds or on their banks and as a consequence, the soils are mostly medium to heavy
textured throughout the depth of the profiled. There are no marshy lands in this
zone.
The main broad soil association groups recognized in this zone are :
1. Recent alluvial calcareous soils
2. Tal land soils, light grey, dark grey medium to heavy textured soils
3. Old alluvial reddish yellow, yellowish grey centenary soils.
4. Old alluvial grey, grayish yellow, heavy texture soils with cracking nature,
5. Recent alluvial yellowish to reddish yellow non calcareous non saline soils.
6. Old alluvial yellowish to red yellow soils of foot hills, and
7. Old alluvial saline and saline alkali soils.
The soils of this zone except that of Diara area and Tal lands are
moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained, moderately acidic to slightly
alkaline and medium textured to heavy textured soils. The soils of paddy lands
have developed impervious layer of varying thickness and imperviousness varies
from simple semi developed somewhat porous clay pans to practically very hard
impervious thick layers with slickenside. The
nitrogen and poor to moderately rich in available phosphorus and potash. The soils
of medium low to low lands are comparatively more fertile.
The soils of Tal lands are highly clayey throughout their depths, grey to
dark grey in colour, neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction. These soils are
moderately rich in nitrogen, available P and K and very hard under normal
conditions.
The Diara land soils with their undulating landscapes are generally very light
to medium heavy textured but all underlain by sandy layers within 80 to 100 cm of
their surface and very well drained to moderately well drained, neutral to slightly
alkaline in reaction. Their fertility status varies widely from poor to very fertile
depending upon their physiographic positions but all are under moisture stress due
to the occurrence of sandy substratum.
Land Utilization Pattern
Out of total geographical area, 57.12 lakh hectare is under cultivation which
is around 60 per cent of the total. The detail land use classification of the state is
depicted in table 3. 23.58 lakh hectare area is put to cultivation more than once in
a year. Therefore the Gross cropped area is 78.82 lakh hectares. The cropping
intensity is 138 percent (table 4).
Table 3: Land Use Classification
Sl. No.
Category
i.
Forest
6.21
ii.
4.36
iii.
16.44
iv.
0.45
v.
Permanent pasture
0.18
vi.
2.38
vii.
1.30
viii.
Current fallow
5.13
ix.
57.12
Category
Gross cropped area
Area sown more than once
Category of farmers
No. of Holdings
Operational holding
(In Ha.)
Marginal (0-1Ha.)
86,45,932
(82.9%)
27,87,789 (40.8%)
10,05,650 (9.6%)
13,00,667 (19.0%)
5,90,970 (5.7%)
15,82,279 (23.1%)
1,78,295 (1.7%)
9,75,355 (14.3%)
11,570 (0.1%)
1,93,760 (2.8%)
1,04,32,417
(100%)
Total
Source :
68,39,850
(100%)
Irrigation
Out of the Gross cropped area of 78.82 lakh ha. area under assured
irrigation is about 45.60 lakh hectares. Tube well is the major source of irrigation
which irrigates 63 percent (28.3lakh hectare) of the area under assured irrigation.
Area under canal irrigation is 13.7 lakh hectares (30 percent). Districtwise/
sourcewise/ zonewise details of area under assured irrigation is given in table 6.
Canal
Tube well
(Unit in hect.)
Other
sources
Zone I
Darbhanga
95736
6351
102087
794
154450
411
155655
Gopalganj
50672
54027
2990
107689
Madhubani
41113
97438
138551
Muzaffarpur
130164
130164
Samastipur
112387
112387
2414
115231
61
117706
12652
12652
1491
63661
6530
71682
E. Champaran
Saran
Sheohar
Sitamarhi
Name of
District
Siwan
93353
Other
sources
7595
65655
11891
77546
W. Champaran
128686
42971
5026
176683
Zone total
190371
14.53
981400
74.91
138293
10.56
1310064
100.00
110962
Vaishali
Canal
Tube well
6314
107262
Araria
Zone II
110962
Begusarai
89416
1673
91089
Katihar
129408
129408
Khagaria
76748
6645
83393
Kishanganj
50535
50535
Madhepura
32795
92954
7375
133124
Purnea
Saharsa
Supaul
11729
5527
67352
158775
84562
73678
4894
1084
170504
94983
142114
117403
11.67
867038
86.18
21671
2.15
1006112
100.00
Zone total
Zone III A
Banka
Bhagalpur
90062
4297
23893
57797
1743
16270
115698
78364
Jamui
1040
30439
5536
37015
Lakhisarai
2185
41107
7488
50780
Munger
13314
24550
4070
41934
Sheikhpura
23951
525
28947
53423
134849
178311
64054
377214
35.75
47.27
16.98
100.00
Zone total
Zone III B
Arwal
28712
18034
1385
48131
Aurangabad
142664
65794
15743
224201
Bhojpur
40781
135775
11538
188094
Buxar
44421
66410
3079
113910
Gaya
232303
2787
235090
Name of
District
Jehanabad
Canal
Tube well
57839
Other
sources
8771
596
Kaimur
98493
54414
13630
166537
Nalanda
9442
164270
19576
193288
Nawada
13944
108831
3783
126558
Patna
51115
121049
7431
179595
Rohtas
262570
36037
32227
330834
925041
828453
119950
1873444
49.38
44.22
6.40
100.00
1367664
2855202
343968
4566834
29.95
62.52
7.53
100.00
Zone total
Grand total
67206
Zone II
Zone III
35
30
25
20
2004-05
15
2005-06
10
2006-07
2007-08
Total
Oilseeds
Total Pulses
Wheat
Total Maize
Rice
2000
Rice
1500
Wheat
Total Maize
1000
Total Pulses
Total Oilseeds
500
Year
2008-09
(Last est.)
2007-08
2006-07
2005-06
0
2004-05
Kg./Ha.
2500
The zone wise area, production and productivity of food gains, total oilseeds
and sugarcane in year 2007-08 is given in table 7.The productivity of rice is about
national average in old Sahabad districts, which falls under Zone-IIIB, while the
productivity of wheat is almost at same level in Zone-I and Zone- III B. About 50
per cent area under maize crop is in Zone-II and West Champaran and Gopalganj
district of Zone-I cover about 80 per cent of total sugarcane area of the state. In
case of pulses, gram and lentil are extensively grown in Zone-III with about 67 and
55 per cent respectively area of these crops falls under this zone. Moong is
predominately grown in all the three season in Zone I and II while about 87 per
cent area of Arhar crop in Zone I and III.
Rice
P
Darbhanga
E.Champaran
Gopalganj
Madhubani
Muzaffarpur
Samastipur
Saran
Sheohar
Sitamarhi
Siwan
Vaishali
W.Champaran
Zone total
79468
213670
81770
180440
159665
69261
82174
23512
103650
112341
57367
172604
1335922
26573
56039
72197
91318
12703
16024
120354
8736
54785
115153
27855
93679
695416
334
262
883
506
80
231
1466
372
529
1025
486
543
560
Araria
Begusarai
Katihar
Khagaria
Kishanganj
Madhepura
Purnia
Saharsa
Supaul
Zone total
136166
27640
106095
25582
93187
84874
116786
85896
109128
785354
61467
4741
92791
8761
79084
117222
112316
78172
149286
703840
451
172
875
342
849
1381
962
910
1368
812
Banka
Bhagalpur
Jamui
Lakhisarai
Munger
Sheikhpura
Zone total
100545
41510
43795
37238
13507
32229
268824
245501
47182
77089
92040
52444
51413
565669
2442
1126
1760
2472
1665
1595
1843
33474
169057
108575
86540
163607
52708
133142
90207
74970
86036
165849
1164165
3554265
58484
417893
244961
236338
350890
95915
320853
92369
147343
78749
409454
2453249
4418174
1747
2472
2256
2731
2145
320
2410
1024
1965
915
2469
1859
1269
Arwal
Aurangabad
Bhojpur
Buxar
Gaya
Jahanabad
Kaimur
Nalanda
Nawada
Patna
Rohtas
Zone total
Grand total
A
Zone-I
73899
105060
81749
89408
100927
51533
93092
16758
65714
97587
44156
835735
1655618
Zone-II
55008
56752
35838
34101
22037
41435
44813
42814
51248
384046
Zone-III A
31905
34964
13801
28098
18746
20793
148307
Zone-III B
10052
64344
76896
82686
59211
28081
64891
85691
51655
60188
141145
724840
2161497
Wheat
P
Total Maize
P
196297
302999
153561
167254
259634
132059
239175
26110
119808
247485
123213
263300
2230895
2656
2884
1878
1871
2592
2563
2569
1558
1823
2536
2790
3150
2406
13481
18677
15076
702
20299
44667
25316
1452
6215
20365
33604
16286
216140
425533
53655
19222
5772
40739
144683
31785
2079
16344
26933
55320
69252
891317
3155
2873
1215
3391
1997
3239
1256
1432
2630
1323
1944
4552
2417
75670
134783
58549
71745
22502
70102
69310
87215
100033
689909
1376
2875
1643
2098
1021
1692
1547
2037
1952
1805
22561
65356
43195
56609
1445
41882
41350
31869
13642
317909
84801
80800
136939
226817
3937
166207
131346
132385
33499
996731
3750
1236
3170
4007
2725
3968
3176
4180
2456
3185
79917
72345
23632
82590
43750
43487
345721
2501
2069
1712
2939
2334
2091
2274
16341
42651
4548
6497
6433
667
77137
40929
94033
15860
6210
11412
689
169133
2505
2205
3487
956
1774
1033
1993
24041
123856
239002
247538
149714
67911
119590
171738
130193
142779
367652
1784014
5050539
2175
1925
3108
2994
2528
2418
1843
2004
2520
2372
2605
2408
2337
781
509
4894
3971
5834
1120
380
7530
2339
14886
94
42338
654772
1795
642
7783
4090
10159
2696
201
15373
5642
19865
41
68287
1752537
2298
1261
1590
1181
1732
2407
529
2042
2349
1334
436
1560
2677
Name of
Districts
Gram
P
Darbhanga
E.Champaran
Gopalganj
Madhubani
Muzaffarpur
Samastipur
Saran
Sheohar
Sitamarhi
Siwan
Vaishali
W.Champaran
Zone total
75
130
43
7
0
120
1129
0
0
171
110
115
1900
73
126
42
7
0
117
1099
0
0
166
107
112
1849
973
969
977
1000
0
975
973
0
0
971
973
974
732
Araria
Begusarai
Katihar
Khagaria
Kishanganj
Madhepura
Purnia
Saharsa
Supaul
Zone total
552
41
154
128
321
40
82
0
32
1350
601
41
168
127
349
39
89
0
31
1445
1089
1000
1091
992
1087
975
1085
0
969
921
Banka
Bhagalpur
Jamui
Lakhisarai
Munger
Sheikhpura
Zone total
508
12198
1200
3194
860
1603
19563
422
9331
631
3043
1010
2129
16566
831
765
526
953
1174
1328
930
Arwal
Aurangabad
Bhojpur
Buxar
Gaya
Jahanabad
Kaimur
Nalanda
Nawada
Patna
Rohtas
Zone total
Grand total
760
6814
4696
2158
4433
1854
7383
5219
2200
6408
4043
45968
68781
672
7325
6654
2443
4207
1946
5364
5751
1709
6863
4233
47167
66932
882
6075
1417
1132
919
1049
718
1102
777
1071
1047
1472
973
Lentil
P
A
Zone-I
3745
2419
8296
6604
177
140
7372
4526
1694
1262
1675
945
435
346
690
543
5623
4425
212
168
525
413
16516
12998
46960
34789
Zone-II
3350
1605
900
832
1645
806
604
629
1051
548
1082
704
2108
1450
931
573
1474
893
13145
8040
Zone-III A
2638
1818
3170
2095
506
200
4986
5076
804
754
4163
3730
16267
13673
Zone-III B
2794
2210
14082
10998
10082
9467
5587
6257
4611
2509
4059
3731
4751
3587
12370
7410
2720
2043
19753
17560
5331
5683
86140
71455
162612 128956
Total Moong
P
646
796
791
614
745
564
793
787
787
792
787
787
741
6883
1702
1244
8876
25595
10787
2733
254
1406
1376
13333
386
74575
4168
969
846
3863
16611
11622
1505
150
2592
573
6355
256
49510
606
569
680
435
649
1077
551
591
588
416
477
663
609
479
924
490
1041
521
651
688
615
606
668
9303
823
4062
1572
6198
15704
8881
18336
22118
86997
7455
556
2154
1074
5016
8461
8645
9040
19824
62225
801
676
530
683
809
539
973
493
896
711
689
661
395
1018
938
896
766
2165
859
275
0
224
0
3523
1726
578
165
0
134
0
2603
797
673
600
0
598
0
445
897
784
939
1120
761
897
755
599
751
889
1066
860
793
85
36
199
59
1190
83
55
283
1533
70
130
3723
171818
67
28
140
39
851
59
32
179
1066
47
77
2585
116923
788
778
704
661
715
711
582
633
695
671
592
685
681
Arhar
P
Darbhanga
E.Champaran
Gopalganj
Madhubani
Muzaffarpur
Samastipur
Saran
Sheohar
Sitamarhi
Siwan
Vaishali
W.Champaran
Zone total
354
1412
1345
173
390
1807
1176
26
610
1661
1108
8899
18961
347
932
1391
183
405
1941
955
21
487
1668
986
7101
16417
980
660
1034
1058
1038
1074
812
808
798
914
890
798
905
Araria
Begusarai
Katihar
Khagaria
Kishanganj
Madhepura
Purnia
Saharsa
Supaul
Zone total
335
1054
25
181
65
37
121
2
0
1820
384
1378
29
194
74
37
139
2
0
2237
1146
1307
1160
1072
1138
1000
1149
1000
0
997
Banka
Bhagalpur
Jamui
Lakhisarai
Munger
Sheikhpura
Zone total
1293
747
354
200
121
81
2796
2276
1315
132
214
130
87
4154
1760
1760
373
1070
1074
1074
1185
Arwal
Aurangabad
Bhojpur
Buxar
Gaya
Jahanabad
Kaimur
Nalanda
Nawada
Patna
Rohtas
Zone total
Grand total
207
1268
1747
703
2190
200
1362
402
985
198
1469
10731
34298
255
1349
1427
1002
3011
296
1077
654
684
134
2068
11957
34647
1100
1072
817
1425
1375
1475
791
1627
694
677
1408
1133
1010
Name of Districts
Total Pulses
A
P
Y
Zone-I
12558
8056
642
12880
9730
755
3341
2929
877
19988
11163
558
29302
19653
671
16382
16138
985
6345
4674
737
1195
908
760
14183
10559
724
4637
3550
766
15773
8402
533
28860
23111
801
165444 118873
734
Zone-II
21933
16494
752
5954
5540
930
11923
7960
668
7761
6606
851
10081
7866
780
20926
12472
596
13712
12271
895
22805
12514
549
28500
24460
858
143595 106183
764
Zone-III A
9998
9159
916
29598
24042
812
3009
1751
582
11875
11745
989
3334
3222
952
10551
10887
1032
68365
60806
881
Zone-III B
6998
6065
867
38167
35112
920
22623
26844
972
14316
15451
1079
16628
14403
881
11646
10208
877
18586
13301
716
23905
21255
889
9706
7468
769
44777
43695
976
17813
17506
983
225165 211308
903
607519 497170
818
Total Foodgrains
P
181253
350906
182480
294384
310789
181954
214294
42931
191269
236438
151817
301766
2640281
274339
423023
248442
276665
333099
309038
403925
37840
202755
399436
225524
449752
3583838
1514
1206
1361
940
1072
1698
1885
881
1060
1668
1485
1490
1355
236561
156301
198416
125137
127391
189781
217084
184558
204763
1639992
238806
226396
297398
314574
113912
366592
325547
311523
308541
2503289
1009
1448
1499
2514
894
1932
1500
1688
1507
1555
160303
151028
65694
83708
60082
64337
585152
376537
239003
118954
192585
110842
106591
1144512
2349
1583
1811
2301
1845
1657
1924
52484
273373
221762
191567
246606
94296
217640
207655
139128
206786
325820
2177117
7042441
90555
578918
523312
509538
526458
176817
454766
301164
290967
286213
796089
4534797
11761436
1726
2118
2360
2660
2136
1875
2090
1450
2091
1384
2443
2030
1670
Mustard
P
Darbhanga
E.Champaran
Gopalganj
Madhubani
Muzaffarpur
Samastipur
Saran
Sheohar
Sitamarhi
Siwan
Vaishali
W.Champaran
Zone total
2000
1635
2449
1195
3599
6061
2772
241
1055
2092
2584
16593
42276
1492
453
2574
1189
4502
7273
3069
183
1032
2000
1933
17029
42729
746
277
1051
995
1251
1200
1107
759
978
1004
750
1026
929
Araria
Begusarai
Katihar
Khagaria
Kishanganj
Madhepura
Purnia
Saharsa
Supaul
Zone total
3163
4229
5489
2899
2060
1822
3397
986
1328
25373
2363
3557
3737
5224
1957
1438
3625
577
1309
23787
747
841
690
1802
950
789
1067
585
986
940
Banka
Bhagalpur
Jamui
Lakhisarai
Munger
Sheikhpura
Zone total
1201
1887
299
799
267
470
4923
789
2564
33
1015
194
424
5019
657
1359
144
1270
727
902
843
Arwal
Aurangabad
Bhojpur
Buxar
Gaya
Jahanabad
Kaimur
Nalanda
Nawada
Patna
Rohtas
Zone total
Grand total
219
967
1513
1275
1193
265
1381
1114
915
2171
2603
13616
86172
539
827
2008
901
490
265
971
1171
535
927
1200
9834
81574
2111
855
1327
707
411
1039
703
1051
585
427
461
880
947
Name of
Districts
Total Oilseed
P
Zone-I
2283
1776
2788
1594
2478
2599
1995
1879
3910
4780
6881
7948
2841
3435
485
388
1571
1465
2245
2233
2634
2018
17880
18155
47991
48270
Zone-II
8189
8473
4430
3809
7591
6572
3870
6566
5197
4792
7366
8032
8242
9678
1877
1484
8599
9657
55361
59063
Zone-III A
2126
1548
3094
3860
393
167
824
1039
556
450
710
620
7703
7684
Zone-III B
517
794
6632
5326
2144
2530
2393
1855
3332
2298
519
424
3894
3113
1506
1490
2000
1395
2399
1171
4320
2642
29656
23038
140731 137861
A
Sugarcane
P
778
509
1049
942
1223
1155
1103
800
933
995
752
1017
938
659
6621
23361
195
1409
2278
312
1916
2413
3197
135
55354
97850
11731
238612
757369
6981
50480
37525
9726
68645
86562
3969
4837
2117879
3394316
17801
36039
32420
35800
35827
16473
31170
35827
35873
32521
35830
38261
31987
1035
850
866
1697
922
1090
1174
791
1123
1061
5
1905
189
0
86
655
0
58
0
2898
166
3568
7660
0
2852
21725
0
2144
0
38115
33200
1873
40529
0
33163
33168
0
36966
0
19878
728
1248
425
1257
809
873
890
1464
2341
671
0
9
42
4527
64600
104478
27745
0
378
168
197369
44126
44630
41349
0
42000
4000
29351
1539
848
1180
775
690
636
799
989
698
488
612
841
980
99
279
250
572
892
304
320
171
139
257
0
3283
108558
3607
9800
9194
29684
32297
11058
9691
7247
5031
8524
0
126133
3854925
36384
85126
36776
51895
36207
36863
27159
42380
36194
33167
0
38377
35510
Horticulture
Bihar has the opportunity to have varied types of agro climatic conditions,
congenial for growing almost all the horticultural crops.
Horticulture is growing popularity owing to the high value of horticulture
produces than agriculture crops. However, there needs to be a grater impetus in
boosting the irrigation resources of the state and in promoting horticulture in
intensive mode in the state. According to the old and existing data, a brief analysis
is made on the status of Horticulture in the state which is furnished below:
Fruit Crops
The major fruit crops grown in Bihar are Mango, Guava, Litchi, Banana, etc.
apart from these major crops minor crops like. Makhana, Pineapple, Betelvine are
also grown.
The area of fruit crops in Bihar during 2005-06 was 291.61 thousand hectares
which was increased to 307.52 thousand hectares in 2008-09. Similarly the
production was also increased from 3068.4 25 thousand metric tonnes in 2005-06
to 3853.88 thousand metric tonnes in 2008-09, the productivity of fruit crops has
also increased significantly in 2008-09 (13.2) as compared to 2005-06 (11.2).
Almost all the districts of North Bihar particularly Muzaffarpur, East
Champaran and Samastipur have good potentiality in respect of litchi cultivation.
Similarly Makhana, a pioneer fruit of Bihar is also grown intensively in the districts
of Darbhanga, Madhubani, Saharsa, Katihar, Araria and Purnea.
Vegetables
Almost all vegetable crops like solanaceous, cucurbits, beans, cole crops,
okra, onion and other root crops are widely grown successfully in the state. The
total area of vegetable crops was recorded 498.529 thousand hectare with the
production of 7654.435 thousand metric tonnes (2005-06) which increased to
519.12 thousand hectare with the production of 8329.625 thousand metric tonnes
(2008-09). The area, production and productivity were increased to 4.13 percent,
8.8 percent and 4.5 percent, respectively, comparing with the base line 2005-06. It
is worth while to mention that the productivity of vegetable crops in very much
comparable with the national average (16.1 MT/ha) during 2007-08.
Spices
Chilli, Turmeric, Coriander, Ginger, Garlic & Methi are the major spices
grown in Bihar. The total area of spices was recorded 11.10 thousand hectare in
2006-07 which increased to 12.75 thousand hectare in 2008-09. The productivity
was also increased from 1.10 MT/ha to 1.174 MT/ha during the said period.
Flowers
The major commercial flowers like Marigold, Rose, Tuberose Gladiolus and
Jasmine are cultivated in Bihar. Though, it is in infancy stage of development,
however, the total area was increased significantly from 297.35 ha (2006-07) to
337-84 ha (2008-09).
Aromatic Plants
The aromatic plants like Japanese Mint, Lemongrass, Pamaroja, J.
citronella have been promoted by Horticulture Mission for commercial cultivation
among farmers. The present area of aromatic plants in the state is 2600 ha which
was only 2100 ha during 2006-07.
Area and Production
The area and production of fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers and aromatic
crops from the year, 2005-06 to 2008-09 is given in table 8.
Particulars
No.
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
Area
Prodn.
Area
Prodn.
Area
Prodn.
Area
Prodn.
1.
Fruits
276.44
3068.42
279.41
3426.48
286.24
3252.37
291.50
3853.88
2.
Vegetables
498.52
7656.43
501.31
7866.62
508.24
8048.09
519.12
8329.02
3.
Spices
NA
NA
11.10
12.30
12.25
14.10
12.75
14.98
4.
Flowers
NA
NA
0.297
NA
0.325
NA
0.337
NA
5.
Aromatic Plants
NA
NA
2.10
NA
2.45
NA
2.60
NA
The zone wise area and production of major fruits and vegetables is given in
table 9 (A & B) and 10 (A & B). Zone I is hub of horticultural crops, more than 50
per cent of total fruit area of the state falls in this zone. The belt of River Gandak
which is best suited for litchi cultivation is flow in this zone and about 80 per cent
of total litchi grown in this part of the state. The area under mango and banana is
about 56 and 57 per cent respectively in Zone-I. Pineapple is grown only in Zone-II.
Similarly, Zone I grows about 40 per cent of total vegetable of the state.
Area under important vegetables viz., tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, brinjal, okra
etc, is more than 40 per cent in this zone. Out of total acreage of potato, about 39
and 31 per cent area in Zone I and Zone III B respectively, while 65 per cent of
onion grown in these two zones.
Table 9 A: Zone wise area under Major fruit crop during 2008-09 (In Ha)
Name of District
Mango
Guava
Litchi
Lemon
Banana
Darbhanga
E Champaran
Gopalganj
Madhubani
Muzaffarpur
Samastipur
Saran
Sheohar
Sitamarhi
Siwan
Vaishali
W Champaran
Zone I total
12896
9144
2947
5994
9652
10436
5018
2579
5198
2420
8238
7138
81660
608
1642
584
492
1396
606
811
317
728
672
1289
1594
10739
818
1827
1189
804
7229
1198
1068
978
2136
1097
3546
1998
23888
747
1603
428
653
666
749
542
154
289
531
604
1615
8581
1751
897
659
1022
4981
2008
735
271
617
702
3168
932
17743
Araria
Begusarai
Katihar
Khagaria
Kishanganj
Madhepura
Purnea
Saharsa
Supaul
Zone II total
626
4011
2736
1629
741
1923
2409
2481
1207
17763
194
508
444
372
231
628
375
649
433
3834
398
598
1486
323
403
278
1249
537
188
5460
272
404
307
235
270
494
417
602
282
3283
426
923
966
828
633
1288
942
1086
593
7685
Banka
Bhagalpur
Jamui
Lakhisarai
Munger
Sheikhpura
Zone III A total
6198
7329
1028
531
1194
798
17078
309
687
221
134
268
137
1756
56
504
171
49
242
96
1118
469
937
185
75
202
85
1953
Arwal
Aurangabad
Bhojpur
Buxar
Gaya
Jehanabad
Kaimur
Nalanda
Nawada
Patna
Rohtas
Zone III B total
284
1225
4532
3319
1262
289
3305
2790
1094
3834
5639
27573
226
667
1872
1488
651
248
1357
1459
506
1078
3204
12756
Grand Total
144074
29085
30466
Pine
apple
Papaya
Aonla
Others
Total
46
35
27
33
67
91
29
18
28
31
102
46
553
28
46
27
24
83
86
36
24
38
29
70
58
549
1205
1074
909
1199
1134
1064
1259
436
697
1236
1032
1188
12433
18099
16268
6770
10221
25208
16238
9498
4777
9731
6718
18049
14569
156146
261
37
72
58
26
41
47
57
51
16
405
33
68
44
17
29
36
61
37
15
340
481
999
1036
634
782
715
908
861
383
6799
2728
7583
7282
4064
4879
5788
8049
6772
3117
50262
648
1126
214
141
412
134
2675
16
61
13
19
38
15
162
18
38
20
15
21
12
124
584
1003
438
155
385
211
2776
8298
11685
2290
1119
2762
1488
27642
132
484
416
315
376
184
262
403
431
566
355
3924
110
318
314
218
226
156
210
442
308
588
281
3171
18
33
26
23
23
22
21
29
32
58
24
309
16
26
35
34
39
18
54
24
18
25
81
370
299
846
952
534
965
424
435
1215
842
1456
586
8554
1085
3599
8147
5931
3542
1341
5644
6362
3231
7605
10170
56657
17741
31274
1429
1383
30562
290707
205
1749
379
1631
468
4693
4693
Mango
Guava
Litchi
Lemon
Banana
Darbhnaga
E Champaran
Gopalganj
Madhubani
Muzaffarpur
Samastipur
Saran
Sheohar
Sitamarhi
Siwan
Vaishali
W Champaran
Zone I total
114025
85579
27139
54486
90304
98638
44157
22937
45723
22038
77977
67637
750640
4980
1676
4856
4296
11528
5450
6524
2769
5747
5467
11316
13431
78040
5768
13169
8085
5749
54322
9064
2476
6748
15345
7679
26916
14945
170266
5577
11923
2982
4863
4962
5742
3802
1024
1981
3723
4502
12497
63578
74362
41203
28193
44373
219284
92488
31211
11665
26528
29885
145863
43272
788327
Araria
Begusarai
Katihar
Khagaria
Kishanganj
Madhepura
Purnea
Saharsha
Supaul
Zone II total
6049
37441
25164
15364
7135
17807
22221
22621
11122
164924
1873
4554
3868
3262
2116
5070
3285
5357
3564
32949
2746
4266
10808
2318
2781
1946
8828
3719
1316
38728
1912
2970
2172
1639
1871
3506
2986
4295
1930
23281
17927
41840
42817
37214
26706
57307
39684
47469
25619
336583
Banka
Bhagalpur
Jamui
Lakhisarai
Munger
Sheikhpura
Zone III A total
56919
68700
9792
5173
11524
7363
159471
2708
5993
1995
1378
2396
1374
15844
358
3691
1157
338
1727
653
7924
3276
7021
1251
448
1415
495
13906
Arwal
Aurangabad
Bhojpur
Buxar
Gaya
Jehanabad
Kaimur
Nalanda
Nawada
Patna
Rohtas
Zone III B total
2999
11565
40422
29375
11898
3014
28923
26429
9908
37252
52983
254768
2145
5363
14962
11668
5438
2244
10402
11156
4003
8984
25992
102357
Grand total
1329803
229190
216918
Pine
apple
Papaya
Aonla
Others
Total
1098
840
621
792
1692
2356
638
396
644
682
2880
1156
13795
260
437
232
226
806
851
299
202
362
238
745
568
5226
11156
9950
8160
11220
10616
9858
11653
3950
6552
11441
9783
11118
115457
217226
164777
80268
126005
393514
224447
100760
49691
102882
81153
279982
164624
1985329
6238
829
1867
1334
546
927
1081
1474
1198
336
9592
290
677
396
151
249
346
549
327
138
3123
4255
8961
9187
5649
6561
6576
7878
7733
3517
60317
42119
102576
100604
66143
94368
103038
128125
104466
47542
788981
26234
48538
8637
6127
18001
5426
112963
304
1342
208
399
896
315
3464
157
371
168
142
191
98
1127
5092
9397
3836
1496
3535
1948
25304
95048
145053
27044
15501
39685
17672
340003
850
3288
2978
2199
2607
1206
1682
2882
3046
4202
2385
27325
4784
12776
13434
9363
9250
6703
8184
20187
12933
26932
11135
135681
414
709
589
501
483
451
441
689
730
1296
456
6759
161
244
294
278
363
146
482
218
153
225
794
3358
2791
7684
8638
4769
9045
3886
3637
11005
7732
13611
5461
78259
14144
41629
81317
58153
39084
17650
53751
72566
38505
92502
99206
608507
128090
1373554
33610
12834
279337
3722820
4858
46022
9399
41220
11747
119484
119484
Table 10 A: Zone wise area under Major vegetable crop during 2008-09
(In Ha)
Name of
Districts
Darbhanga
E.Champaran
Gopalganj
Madhubani
Muzaffarpur
Samastipur
Saran
Sheohar
Sitamarhi
Siwan
Vaishali
W.Champaran
Zone I total
Araria
Begusarai
Katihar
Khagaria
Kishanganj
Madhepura
Purnea
Saharsha
Supaul
Zone II total
Banka
Bhagalpur
Jamui
Lakhisarai
Munger
Sheikhpura
Zone III A total
Arwal
Aurangabad
Bhojpur
Buxar
Gaya
Jehanabad
Kaimur
Nalanda
Nawada
Patna
Rohtas
Zone III B total
Grand total
Potato
Onion
Tomato
7526
11366
11789
9996
11603
11763
13126
4103
6608
9894
12654
11904
122332
4362
7622
7115
5315
5809
6859
6645
7378
5802
56907
6249
8127
3315
3004
6897
5368
32960
2767
5722
8218
4908
10324
3516
4085
26864
5511
15886
10332
98133
310332
1076
2343
852
1082
2491
1184
924
688
1293
861
1689
2276
16759
1476
1935
3778
756
1356
942
1751
601
348
12943
718
1573
732
299
966
1019
5307
397
1069
1162
869
1414
496
849
5802
938
2454
1155
16605
51614
1469
1758
1474
1254
3544
1736
1569
531
1478
1334
3799
1957
21903
721
1843
1399
1081
822
1147
904
1155
504
9576
599
1619
393
222
668
221
3722
422
1536
1038
737
896
741
572
1869
743
1828
803
11185
46386
Cauli
flower
1584
1998
1844
2548
3724
2881
2044
814
1292
1561
4872
2841
28003
814
1819
2823
1209
842
1744
1917
1717
634
13519
682
1492
402
239
714
204
3733
409
1311
1091
662
1897
511
717
3042
1272
3627
1178
15717
60972
Cab
bage
1639
1561
1041
1443
2728
1768
992
647
953
863
2416
1564
17615
548
1052
1823
686
563
1483
1103
944
448
8650
419
1184
381
227
532
194
2937
342
716
727
487
918
383
416
1722
721
2108
592
9132
38334
Brinjal
Okra
Chilli
2422
1618
1382
1978
2813
2199
1783
642
1214
1568
3054
1954
22627
627
2653
1754
1403
561
1569
1104
1311
609
11591
812
1596
578
183
718
292
4179
424
1099
1074
676
1642
638
684
6471
1202
1842
968
16720
55117
1688
2654
2189
1558
2668
1736
1999
598
1084
2004
3471
2652
24301
811
2267
1732
1529
827
1098
1248
1158
751
11421
912
2087
696
333
1048
308
5384
457
1776
1554
1059
1771
568
845
2843
1863
2937
1397
17070
58176
1376
1136
1011
1197
1822
1439
1147
439
726
1039
1646
1439
14417
472
1408
1881
964
572
693
1388
737
376
8491
514
948
862
378
1109
663
4474
294
691
637
461
1394
376
393
3791
828
2564
612
12041
39423
Bottle
gourd
1059
1378
1126
563
1709
1058
951
552
1078
813
1654
1497
13438
396
994
1319
522
468
846
987
1104
237
6873
403
1137
336
283
534
251
2944
436
639
694
666
1094
457
386
873
714
926
478
7363
30618
Total
26172
31115
25658
26151
40205
31541
28324
10754
18785
22729
43360
33624
338418
12595
26705
30742
16411
14229
21440
22682
21255
12101
178160
12811
24336
8920
6288
15835
9247
77437
7005
16743
18908
12375
24944
8841
10247
58995
15867
39499
19433
232857
826872
Potato
Onion
Tomato
118468
185576
190113
159246
190599
193823
207701
66779
107360
157625
212897
196726
1986913
68357
124386
116285
83756
91511
108674
106630
118358
90821
908778
99044
133593
51361
49275
110662
89419
533354
45135
89001
134263
79820
163429
56918
62811
457598
86282
267795
161489
1604541
5033586
19076
43288
15640
19725
47037
21967
16710
12161
23629
15723
32475
42497
309928
25390
35699
68468
13467
23574
16463
31576
10706
5833
231176
12345
28809
12445
5210
17289
19273
95371
7172
18522
21786
16045
24029
8934
13462
118069
16404
46825
18881
310129
946604
32314
41076
32423
28630
83220
41260
33553
12184
33693
29104
90706
46084
504247
14133
42328
31907
24288
16237
23918
19455
26162
10521
208949
12510
36879
7836
5263
15654
4843
82985
9743
29474
24164
17094
17493
16592
10815
43651
14630
41968
15386
241010
1037191
Cauli
flower
26834
34554
31859
43924
65504
50871
34746
13101
21295
26750
89234
50159
488831
13101
31603
48427
20505
13735
28880
31795
29121
9987
227154
10910
25401
6182
3700
12013
2894
61100
6542
20827
19009
11240
30700
8174
11061
54953
20704
64875
18673
266758
1043843
Cab
bage
28076
28295
18519
24993
50080
31532
17543
11143
16658
15246
44823
28663
315571
8982
18505
31241
11753
9343
24503
18637
15933
7232
146129
7008
21197
6286
3835
9248
3241
50815
5973
12343
13407
8846
15114
6626
6624
33292
12286
40359
9594
164464
676979
Brinjal
Okra
Chilli
51333
35582
30184
43196
61513
50168
37914
13183
26693
34026
68881
43459
496132
12635
59389
38357
30636
1579
32165
22993
28002
12407
238163
15737
34785
11222
4424
16123
5844
88135
9799
21682
24314
15343
33968
13997
12509
148010
24030
42141
17895
363688
1186118
21251
34484
27563
19924
34933
23418
25569
7038
13424
25834
47188
34988
315614
9957
30360
23018
18942
10237
13355
15707
15036
8994
145606
10561
26487
8125
4178
13396
3678
66425
5831
21649
20495
13537
20880
7138
9277
38931
21965
40513
15628
215844
743489
14018
13567
11739
13815
22301
18127
13243
4537
7839
12176
20283
17552
169197
4900
17167
21151
9926
6057
7054
15809
7962
3618
93644
5259
11084
8500
4017
13460
7200
49520
3118
7447
7479
5240
14763
3994
3874
46716
8816
30476
6318
138241
450602
Bottle
gourd
22145
28886
23532
11259
35771
22230
19624
10160
20059
16972
34627
31661
276926
7669
20502
27395
10821
9116
17144
20552
22746
4917
140862
7599
23191
6373
6054
10797
4792
58806
9031
12748
14659
13810
20135
9181
7172
18557
14504
19855
8971
148623
625217
Total
410135
511792
417905
420705
680792
532381
452484
170867
309033
368036
743171
563235
5580536
192246
445848
489689
259348
208852
328133
352700
332118
180478
2789412
197877
396951
131794
97219
250187
149065
1223093
114811
259603
310317
201881
379489
144993
151638
1030655
243172
661958
294190
3792707
13385748
Livestock Population
The state farming system is characterized by large number of livestock. In
the present era of fast rising population and progressive decrease in holding size,
Animal Husbandry has a special role to play for economic sustainability of the
majority of the people. Livestock plays a subsidiary role in the farm as far as food
production is concerned, though their role in absorbing the huge quantities of crop
residues, coarse grains, cereals by-products and farm left-over and returning
valuable manure to the soil to sustain their fertility for generations is significant.
Livestock in general and dairying in particular is emerging as a driving force in the
growth of agricultural sector in Bihar. The zone wise Livestock wealth of the state
(table 11) shows that the population of indigenous cattle is about 57.40 per cent of
the total bovine, wherein cross bred cattle and buffalo shares nearly 7.74 and
34.87 per cent respectively. This indicates that the majority of population prefers
the indigenous cattle. As regards poultry, apart from backyard poultry production
by the small farmer, commercial poultry has not yet taken off.
Table 11: Zone wise Livestock population
Particulars
Zone-I
Zone-II
Zone-III
State total
539573
281134
453545
1274252
Desi Cattle
2826252
2719420
3909193
9454865
Total cattle
3365825
3000554
4362738
10729117
Buffalo
2130182
1076687
2536178
5743047
Bovine
5496007
4077241
6898916
16472164
Goats
3323600
2915198
3251032
9489830
Sheep
94759
16168
271309
382236
Pigs
125038
98739
448604
672381
Poultry
4096458
5085370
4729951
13911379
Dairy
1
2
Annual Report of Dept. of AH & Dairying, Min. of Agriculture for 2005-06, GOI; pp 8,28
Dairy India 2007, Sixth edition, pp 27