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Crop rotation
http://horticulture.psu.edu/cms/conshort/files/plant%20families.pdf
Common Rotations
7here are different s!stems of crop rotation. 2lthough the common rotation is a 8'!ear plan" some e9perts ad%ise a :'!ear plan for home gardens. 0ere are some common rotations: Potatoes" &rassicas" legumes" and roots 1egumes( onions" carrots and tomatoes( and &rassicas 0ea%! feeders" light feeders" and soil &uilders Roots" &rassicas" and all other crops .n the first rotation a&o%e" for e9ample" the first !ear plant potatoes in the &ed. 7he ne9t !ear" plant &rassicas. 7he third !ear" plant legumes( and the fourth !ear" plant roots.
2s !ou can see" there are man! choices. One element common to %irtuall! all rotations is to plant &rassicas in a different spot each !ear. /rassicas are hea%! feeders and are all suscepti&le to a fungal disease called clu&root. $hile clu&root can last for up to 20 !ears in the soil" crop rotation helps slow down the proliferation of clu& root spores. /rassicas include &roccoli" /russels sprouts" ca&&age" cauliflower" collards" kale" mustard" swedes and turnips.
#eeping $t Simple
>ou ma! &e thinking: ,?! garden is too small to practise crop rotation.- $hile !ou ma! not &e a&le to rotate crops on a grand scale" !ou can still use the principles &ehind crop rotation to impro%e !our soil and !our !ields. @i%ide a smaller garden into smaller &eds in order to rotate crops. 2t first glance" crop rotation ma! seem too complicated or impractical for a home garden" &ut it doesn#t ha%e to &e. /asic crop rotation can &e accomplished &! remem&ering one simple rule: don#t plant the same crop in the same place two !ears in a row. +tart with that premise and refine !our crop rotation plans each !ear.
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solanaceous crops, potato, tomato or nightshade family Cruciferae, brassicas, cole crops, cruciferous crops, mustard family cucurbits, cucumber family, s.uash family rose family, rosaceous plants
Crops andCover Crops
peppers (bell and chile", tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, tobacco, tomatillo horseradish, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi, kale, #russels sprouts, turnips,
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nightshade, /imsonweed, henbane, groundcherry, buffalobur, horsenettle shepherd0s*purse, field pennycress, yellow rocket multiflora rose
lily family, alliums (for members of the Allium genus" +abiatae, mint family heather or blueberry family goosefoot family 4mbelliferae, carrot family sunflower family, aster family
Crops and Cover Crops
asparagus, onions, leeks, chives, garlic, shallots lavender, basil, mar/oram, oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, mints, catnip blueberries, cranberries spinach, beets, chard, sugar beets
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tulips, daffodils, hosta, hyacinth salvia, Molucella (bellsof* %reland" heather Trachymeme, Buplerum marigold, mums, 2innia, aster, Calendula, cosmos, Rudbeckia, Tithonia, Centaurea, Helichrysum, yarrow, Leucanthemum, echinacea, sunflowers
Weeds
wild garlic and onions mints, catnip,henbit kochia, lambs.uarters poison*hemlock, wild carrot dandelion, 3erusalem artichoke, chicory, echinacea, thistles, knapweeds, cocklebur, yarrow, ragweeds, goldenrod, groundsel, galinsoga, sunflowers
Apiaceae Asteraceae
4
5isit Penn &tate0s College of Agricultural &ciences on the 6eb7 www.cas.psu.edu. 6here trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by Penn &tate Cooperative 8xtension is implied. %ssued in furtherance of Cooperative 8xtension 6ork, Acts of Congress 9ay : and 3une ;<, =>=?, in cooperation with the 4.&. @epartment of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania +egislature. ). (. Alter, @irector of Cooperative 8xtension, )he
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The Horticulture Fact Sheet series is produced for home gardeners and professionals by the Consumer Horticulture Center at Penn State. The complete series is available on the Web at http://hort eb.cas.psu.edu.
Prepared by 8lsa &Inche2, assistant professor of horticultural systems management, and Kathleen @emchak, senior extension associate, @epartment of Horticulture, Penn &tate College of Agricultural &ciences.
http://horticulture.psu.edu/cms/conshort/files/plant%20families.pdf
0ollo/ing sesame1 farmers ha2e reporte+ 3iel+ increases in cotton1 peanuts1 sorghum1 /heat1 so34eans1 an+ cornClick on area of interest:
Dffects on cotton root rot +oil impro%ements after sesame Cotton after sesame Peanuts after sesame $heat after sesame 2lfalfa after sesame +esame as a second crop after wheat +esame as a catch crop for failed out cotton +esame as a catch crop for failed out corn or sorghum +esame as a rotation after other crops
Sesame Rotations
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.ncreases 3iel+;uppresses populations of root :not nemato+es.s not suscepti4le to cotton root rot)(ten+s limite+ /ater so that farmer can concentrate on /ater for cotton-
=ne cotton farmer /ho has gro/n sesame since #%%# has sai+1 >?hen . start counting 4olls1 . can fin+ to the ro/ /here the sesame /as the pre2ious 3ear- ?hen . +efoliate1 e2er3one can see to the ro/ /here the sesame /as the pre2ious 3ear-> ?ith earl3 /arm /eather or +ela3e+ planting +ate1 sesame can 2olunteer in cottonRingier AG Group Communications Dufourstrasse 23 CH-8008 Zrich Telefone Telefa( )-*ail .nternet !"# "" 2$% &# ## ' Direct &""8 !"# "" 2$% 8& 3$ me+ia,ringier-com ///-ringier-ch ' ///-ringier-com Newspapers Magazines Digital Media Printing Plants
0ome
/ack to 7op
.ncreases 3iel+;uppresses populations of root :not nemato+es)(ten+s limite+ /ater so that farmer can concentrate on /ater for peanuts-
=ne farmer /ho has gro/n sesame since #%%A has sai+1 >The peanuts after the sesame close in faster1 an+ +uring har2est1 it ta:es less roun+s to fill up the 4in after sesame-> ;esame can 2olunteer in peanuts-
Ca+re@ an+ 2-"D pro2i+e effecti2e control;ome farmers prefer a /ic: /ith gl3phosate-
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;esame ahea+ of /heat /ill use resources - moisture an+ fertilit3- .n +r3lan+ con+itions in a +r3 3ear1 there ma3 not 4e enough moisture for 4oth cropsCo a++itional total fertili5er is necessar3 for /heat1 4ut /heat /ill nee+ more up-front nitrogen1 since the 4rea:ing +o/n of the sesame stal:s /ill tie up a 4it of the nitrogen earl3.n Corthern =:lahoma1 sesame /ill push /heat planting into Co2em4er or Decem4er an+ /ill not /or: for gra5ing /heat- .n ;outh Te(as1 planting r3e for gra5ing after sesame has increase+ the num4er of +a3s the cattle can sta3 on the fiel+ an+ has increase+ +ail3 /eight gain-
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.n some 3ears /ith a fe/ summer rains at the right time1 sesame has 3iel+e+ o2er 800 l4s'acre in the ;an Angelo area.n most 3ears sesame /ill more than co2er its costs an+ pro2i+e soil an+ 3iel+ 4enefits to the cotton the ne(t 3ear.n some 3ears there /ill not 4e enough moisture1 an+ the sesame can 4e +isce+ in as a green manure to pro2i+e soil an+ 3iel+ 4enefits to the cotton the ne(t 3ear-
Go /ith no-till to preser2e moistureHit fiel+ /ith gl3phosate prior to planting to +estro3 /ee+s coming up in /heat stu44le?heat stu44le nee+s to 4e less than " inches if planting /ith +rill1 to a2oi+ sha+ing- .f planting /ith cotton planter1 /heels ne(t to +isc openers /ill push +o/n /heat enough;ome farmers prefer to 4urn /heat stu44le1 4ut /heat :eeps the groun+ from 4lo/ing in areas /ith high /in+s.f planting sesame /ith a +rill on /heat 4e+s1 tr3 for 3 ro/s on 4e+ 4ecause +rill /ill +rift an+ /ill en+ up /ith 2 goo+ ro/s-
There ha2e 4een mi(e+ results /ith /heat her4ici+es such as Am4er@1 Glean@1 All3@1 0inesse@1 an+ Assert@;ome farmers ha2e plante+ after using these her4ici+es /ith results ranging from little effect to complete era+ication of sesameEe careful /ith ne/er1 longer resi+ual her4ici+es in 3our pre2ious crops - if cotton is not =F on the la4el1 +onGt tr3 it for sesame-
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;esame normall3 tolerates half the rate of the G3ello/sG 6Bro/l@ or Treflan@7- E3 the time the cotton is faile+ out1 the effecti2eness of the G3ello/sG has 4een +iminishe+1 an+ the temperatures are higher1 increasing the 2igor of the sesame germinationTelefone Telefa( )-*ail .nternet !"# "" 2$% &# ## ' Direct &""8 !"# "" 2$% 8& 3$ me+ia,ringier-com ///-ringier-ch ' ///-ringier-com Newspapers Magazines Digital Media Printing Plants
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;esame is suscepti4le to most corn an+ sorghum her4ici+es.n most areas1 the last +a3 to plant sorghum is after the latest planting +ate for sesame-
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+ro*ing Herbs
http://www.growing'her&s.com/her&_articles/&en_insects.htm
1. 2. %. *. /.
dislikes R!e - Repels "lies and #os$!itoes 'trawberries and '$!as( - Repels Tomato )orm
Carawa+ - ,oosens t(e soil- avoid Dill - .o pests repelled Calend!la - Deters #ost insects Telefone Telefa( )-*ail .nternet !"# "" 2$% &# ## ' Direct &""8 !"# "" 2$% 8& 3$ me+ia,ringier-com ///-ringier-ch ' ///-ringier-com Newspapers Magazines Digital Media Printing Plants
Penn+ro+al - Plant it wit( Roses - Repels 2lies Radis( - Deters C!c!mber &eetle
#os$!itoes
2leas
&ean
Carrot
Carrot 2l+ dislikes sweet basil - Repels :apanese &eetles Cabbage Carrots - Repels Cabbage #ot( striped c!c!mber beetle Carrot 2l+
'!mmer 'avor+ - )it( &eans - Repels &ean &eetles Tans+ - Deters :apanese &eetle s$!as( b!gs and ants
27. <arrow - Plant near aromatic (erbs to boost prod!ction o" essential oils
)iew 2&stract
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&ie' Article!
%bstract
2 field e9periment is &eing conducted which focuses on crop rotations for cereal production in organic farming. 7he o&Secti%e of the e9periment is to e9plore the possi&ilities for &oth short'term and long' term increases in organic cereal production through manipulation of crop'rotation design on different soil t!pes. 7his paper descri&es the design of a rather comple9 e9periment" and later papers will descri&e and discuss the results. 7hree factors are included in the e9periment in a factorial design with two replicates: B3C fraction of grass'clo%er and pulses in the rotation Bcrop rotationC( B2C catch crop Bwith or without catch crop or &i'cropped clo%erC( and B:C manure Bwith or without animal manure applied as slurr!C. 2ll fields in all rotations are represented in each !ear. 7he e9perimental factors are defined to allow management to &e adSusted for optimi<ation of the indi%idual treatment com&inations. 7his makes the s!stems more realistic and the results more applica&le in practical farming. 7he e9periment is &eing conducted at four locations representing maSor soil t!pes and climate regions in @enmark. 7he main design criteria are related to re*uirements for a long'term e9periment and the need for performing studies and e9periments within the e9periment itself.
Crop rotation" crop succession and aspects o# plant health 9aria (. 'inckh, @ept. of 8cological Plant Protection, 4niversity of Kassel, -ordbahnhofstr. =a, @*;DA=; 6it2enhausen, e*mail7 mfinckhJwi2.uni*kassel.de $. %ntroduction Crop rotations were first implemented instead of simply leaving the land fallow in the middle ages by introducing beans into the cereal*fallow system, doubling yields to around :<< kg$ha.
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erosion control and prevent nutrient leaching over winter. %f applied properly, crop rotations can reduce problems in agriculture in many ways ()able =" and many of these effects are achieved simultaneously. Changes in tillage practices according to crop from year to year affect the soil physical structure and nutrient mineralisation. As many weeds are adapted to certain soil conditions and types of disturbances, changes in the disturbance patterns contribute to weed control. 'or example, the digging and turning of the soil in connection with a root crop such as potato may reduce weeds sensitive to deep soil disturbances. Gther weeds, however, may be favoured by such activities. Gne of the most important means of controlling weeds such as thistles and .uack grass is the use of two years of grass*clover mixtures with regular mowing. At the same time, pasture and grassland reduce soil disturbance and soil organic matter and earth worm activity are increased ()able A". +eft over roots from pre*crops may directly increase soil friability and add organic matter. Grganic matter, in turn, provides nutrients for soil microbes that often are involved in the attack and breaking down of pathogen propagules in the soil. Crop health can be affected in various ways through rotation. )hese can be divided into time effects, indirect effects via soil microbial activity and direct suppressive effects of certain crops on certain pathogens. Time effects7 9any pathogens overseason in the soil or on crop residues and there is a limit in time how long they can survive in the absence of their hosts. 8xamples for such pathogens are Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, usarium spp! "seudocercosporella herpotrichoides, #aeumannomyces $raminis, etc. Gften, a period of two to four years is sufficient to reduce inoculum to a level to allow for the production of a healthy crop. Soil microbial acti%ity is enhanced by green manure crops and periods in grass*clover mixtures. 6hile the presence of a pathogen is re.uired to cause disease, the absence of a pathogen is not necessarily re.uired for a healthy crop. %n fact, it is the balance between beneficial and detrimental organisms that often determines the outcome. &uppressive soils are a prime example for this. A soil is considered suppressive if despite the presence of a pathogen a susceptible crop does not get diseased or gets less diseased than expected. &uppressive soils have been found in connection to many diseases of temperate and tropical crops and one of the most prominent examples is described for avocados in Australia by Cook and #aker (=>:;" and much of the suppressive effects of composts are due to the multitude of
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importance with respect to preventing the build*up of weed seed banks over time and the use of a competitive crop in the rotation may be directly related to weed control considerations. %n addition to direct competitive effects, allelopathy and direct pathogen suppressive effects of certain plants may play an important role. Allelopathy refers to the #ind de#inition3 #esides affecting other plants, such as weeds, certain plants may directly affect pathogens by secreting compounds that are directly detrimental to pathogens or that stimulate pathogen propagules to germinate in the absence of their host. Catch crops are plants that can be infected by a given pathogen but that do not allow the pathogen to reproduce in them. )his can effectively reduce soil borne inoculum. 6hile in organic farming, rotations are an absolute must even in conventional farming, they play an important role. 'or example, it has been found that control of several cereal diseases cannot be achieved by fungicides alone and only in combination with crop rotations maximum yields and crop health could be achieved ()able ;". 2.1. Specific examples for the effects of crop rotations on plant health Gne of the most spectacular examples of the effects of neglecting crop rotations is provided by the disastrous epidemics of usarium in the American mid*west during the =>><s. the typical crops in the region are wheat and mai2e which are both susceptible to usarium
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Fig. $. E##ects o# oats on #oot diseases o# barley when grown in species mi)tures *adapted #rom Ailich(1eller" $,-,0.
A second genus that has broad beneficial effects on soil health appears to be Brassica. )hus, using a pre*crop of #roccoli was as effective in controlling 'erticillium infections in cauliflower as chloropicrin and only somewhat less effective than metham sodium
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.. Conclusion Crop rotations are the most important management tool available to growers in organic as well as in conventional farming. Grganic farming without crop rotation is effectively impossible on the long run because of detrimental effects on soil fertility, weeds and plant health. %n addition, rotations and cover crops may significantly contribute to erosion control, another important agricultural problem field. 8specially grass*clover mixtures play a crucial role in crop rotations with respect to nutrient management, soil organic matter accumulation and microbial activity and problem weed management. %n addition, the role of oats and certain brassica crops for the reduction and management of weeds and fungal and nematode diseases should not be underestimated. 'uture research should concentrate on the identification of crops specially useful for rotations and possibly intercropping to enhance such beneficial effects in organic farming as well as in conventional farming. /. Literature cited Cook, (. 3. and K. '. #aker. =>:;. )he -ature and Practice of #iological Control of Plant Pathogens. AP& Press, &t. Paul, 9innesota, 4&A. 8lmer, 6. H. and 3. +. +a9ondia. =>>>. %nfluence of ammonium sulfate and rotation crops on strawberry black root rot. Plant @is. -'7==>*=A;. Kirkegaard, 3. A., P. ). 6. 6ong, and 3. 9. @esmarchelier. =>>B. %n %itro suppression of fungal root pathogens of cereals by Brassica tissues. Plant Pathol. ./7C>;*B<;. +ung, 1., 8l Hamawi, 9., 1assert, 6., 6alter*8chols, 1., and 6eiligmann, #. A<<<. Alternatives to soil fumigants for the reduction of soilborn pathogens in vegetable, strawberry and ornamental cultures. 9itt.#iol.#undesanst.+and* 'orstwirtsch. ;DB, C=< (Abstract". 9c9ullen, 9. P., #. &chat2, and @. 1allenberg. =>>D. &cab of wheat and barley7 A reemerging disease of devastating impact. Plant @is. -$7=;?<*=;?:. &ubbarao, K. 5., 3. C. Hubbard, and &. ). Koike. =>>>. 8valuation of broccoli residue incorporation into field soil for verticillium wilt control in cauliflower. Plant @is. -'7=A?*
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http://www.wi<.uni'kassel.de/ph!tomed/crop_rotation.pdf
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