Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol.

$" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$

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34R51R6A0C4 A33RA,SA7 15 R,84R ST104 AS A 4()(A4C A46@CB( !P(A ACC())C1ARS4 A99R49AT4 ,0 C10CR4T4
Chandrashekar.A *, Maneeth.P.D**
*(Professor & .!.D, De"artment of Ci#i$ engineering, %.&.'. Co$$ege of (ngineering, )*$$ia+ ,-./2-, %arnataka0 ** (Assistant Professor, De"artment of Ci#i$ engineering, %.&.'. Co$$ege of (ngineering, )*$$ia+ ,-./2-, %arnataka 0 (mai$1 maneeth."d2gmai$.com, acs.nitk2gmai$.com

ABSTRACT
Concrete has been proved to be a leading construction material for more than a century. The aggregate element in concrete comprises 60- !" of the total volume. #ue to heavy increase in the construction activities$ the crushed granite stone %hich are the conventional coarse aggregate is under depletion and also$ no%&a-days an acute shortage of these materials is e'perienced. (ence an alternative for the crushed granite stone has to be e'plored. Though the river stone has got high potential for being a natural aggregate$ it is been rarely used as a concrete material. The present investigation envisages the potential utili)ation of river stone as a coarse aggregate in replacement of crushed stone aggregate in concrete. Concrete mi'es %ith 0"$ *!"$ !0"$ !" and +00" replacement to crushed stone aggregate %ere considered in this study. The mi' proportion is done as per ,S +0*6* -*00./. The properties of fresh and hardened concrete %ere studied on the mi'es considered. The results sho%ed that there is an increase in slump value and strength properties and hence the use of river stones could be considered for future concrete.

Keywords - Aggregates3 4i#er stones3 5resh "ro"erties3 ardened "ro"erties. ,0TR1#2CT,10

6here is a direct re$ationshi" 7etween "o"*$ation and *r7ani8ation. D*ring the $ast 199 :ears, the wor$d "o"*$ation has grown from 1., to ; 7i$$ion and near$: / 7i$$ion "eo"$e now $i#e in and aro*nd the cities. )e#enteen of the 29 megacities, each with a "o"*$ation of 19 mi$$ion or more, ha""en to 7e sit*ated in de#e$o"ing co*ntries where enormo*s <*antities of materia$s are re<*ired for the constr*ction of ho*sing, factories, commercia$ 7*i$dings, drinking water and sanitation faci$ities, dams and cana$s, roads, 7ridges, t*nne$s, and other infrastr*ct*re and the "rinci"a$ materia$ of constr*ction is Port$and cement concrete. =: #o$*me, the $argest man*fact*red "rod*ct in the wor$d toda: is concrete >1?. Concrete has re"$aced most of other com"etiti#e constr*ction materia$s, 7eca*se of its #ersati$it:, eas: a#ai$a7i$it: and mo*$d ara7i$it:. @t is a materia$ of choice 7: the architects and str*ct*ra$ engineer with the 7e$ief that it is a d*ra7$e materia$ needing no maintenance and "rotection. Man: concrete str*ct*res 7*i$t decades 7ack "erforming we$$ e#en toda: 7earing testimon: for the ear$ier 7e$ief. Aat*ra$$:, design and constr*ction engineers need to know more a7o*t concrete than a7o*t other materia$s of constr*ction >2?.

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$
Concrete is o7tained 7: miCing cementitio*s materia$s, water and aggregate in re<*ired "ro"ortions. 6he miCt*re when "$aced in forms and a$$owed to c*re hardens into rock $ike mass known as concrete. 6he hardening is ca*sed 7: chemica$ reaction 7etween water and cement and it contin*es for a $ong time, and conse<*ent$: the concrete grows stronger with age. 6he hardened concrete ma: a$so 7e considered as an artificia$ stone in which the #oids of $arger "artic$es are fi$$ed 7: the sma$$er "artic$es and the #oids of fine aggregate are fi$$ed with cement the im"ortance of *sing the right t:"e and <*a$it: of aggregates cannot 7e o#erem"hasi8ed. 6he aggregate e$ement in concrete com"rises some ;9D-,E of the tota$ #o$*me >/?. Aggregate inc$*sion in concrete red*ces its dr:ing shrinkage and im"ro#es man: other "ro"erties. Aggregate is a$so the $east eC"ensi#e "er weight *nit, "*t it makes the most amo*nt of the weight. 6he g$o7a$ cons*m"tion of aggregate wi$$ 7e in the range of FD12 7i$$ion tones after 2919 >.?. @n @ndia, a$most a$$ the Ci#i$ (ngineering constr*ctions are carried o*t *sing cr*shed granite aggregate as it was a#ai$a7$e in "$ent:. D*e to hea#: increase in the constr*ction acti#ities, the cr*shed granite stone which are the con#entiona$ coarse aggregate is *nder de"$etion and a$so, nowDa+da:s an ac*te shortage of these materia$s is eC"erienced. As these aggregates ha#e to 7e trans"orted from the $ong distance it is a$so "ro#ing *neconomica$. Another serio*s disad#antage of these aggregate is the air "o$$*tion "ro7$em generated 7: cr*shing "$ants. ence, an a$ternati#e for the cr*shed granite stone has to 7e eC"$ored. 6ho*gh the ri#er stone has got high "otentia$ for 7eing a nat*ra$ aggregate, it is 7een rare$: *sed as a concrete materia$. 6his is main$: d*e the $ack of know$edge of its "erformance in concrete, $ack of a#ai$a7$e standards on the *se of ri#er stones in concrete and a$so the "resence of im"*rities in the materia$. 4i#er stones are *s*a$$: fo*nd a$ong the shores of $arge ri#ers and $akes. 6hese stones are formed as the f$owing water washes o#er rock "artic$es on the 7ottom and a$ong the shores of the ri#er. 6he smoothness and co$o*r of ri#er stones de"ends on se#era$ factors, s*ch as the com"osition of the soi$ of the ri#er 7anks, the chemica$ characteristics of the water, and the s"eed of the c*rrent. =eca*se ri#er c*rrent is gent$er than the ocean wa#es, ri#er stones are *s*a$$: not as smooth as 7each stones. 6he most common co$o*rs of ri#er rock are 7$ack, gre:, green, 7rown and white. www.ijera.com Page

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6he "resent in#estigation en#isages the "otentia$ *ti$i8ation of ri#er stone as a coarse aggregate in re"$acement of cr*shed stone aggregate in concrete, which are a#ai$a7$e not on$: economica$$: 7*t $oca$$:. A. Advantages of 2ncrushed River Stone over Crushed 9ranite Aggregate 1. @n the "rod*ction of cr*shed aggregate, the cr*shing "$ant generates d*st. 6his Gf*giti#eH d*st, if re$eases in the atmos"here *ntreated, ma: "ose "o$$*tion "ro7$em. Ihereas, this "o$$*tion "ro7$em is not with the "rod*ction of *ncr*shed aggregate. D*ring tra#e$ of gra#e$s in ri#er its si8es are red*ces nat*ra$$: witho*t an: micro cracking in the aggregates 7od: or an: crack and $oose fragments attached in it. @n fact this is not so with cr*shed aggregate as in mechanica$ cr*shing there are chances of attached crack and week fragments in the aggregate which ma: affect the strength of concrete. Ang*$ar sha"e of cr*shed aggregate re<*ired more water for a gi#en worka7i$it:. 6h*s more cement wi$$ 7e re<*ired for a gi#en water+cement ratio. More water+cement "aste means $ess d*ra7i$it: of concrete. Aat*ra$$: formed s*rfaces of *ncr*shed aggregates from ri#er 7ed im"ro#ed the worka7i$it: and this is ad#antageo*s in terms of red*ced water demand which "rod*ces more dense, im"ermea7$e and d*ra7$e concrete >,?.

2.

/.

B. Aim of the Study @n the s*rro*nding areas of ri#er Pa:aswini in )*$$ia, $oca$$: a#ai$a7$e ri#er stones ha#e 7een *sed eCtensi#e$: as a road and 7*i$ding materia$ (coarse aggregate in concrete0. (#en tho*gh, it has shown that there is no ad#erse effect on the "erformance of the concrete, there is a serio*s misconce"tion that it offers $ess 7onding "ro"ert: and contri7*tes $ess for strength. 6he "resent in#estigation en#isages the "otentia$ *ti$i8ation of ri#er stone as a coarse aggregate in re"$acement of cr*shed stone aggregate in concrete. 6he main o7jecti#e of research is

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$

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i.

6o determine fresh and hardened "ro"erties of concrete made with ri#er stone and to com"are with those *sing cr*shed stone aggregate (traditiona$0. 6o ascertain whether 4i#er stone can 7e a good aggregate for concrete.

strength,2Fda:s(ALmm20 , 5ineness (m2Lkg0 /F9 /99

ii.

B. Aggregate -Coarse and 5ine Aggregate/ @n this in#estigation, the 'ranite chi"s and $oca$$: a#ai$a7$e ri#er stone were *sed as coarse aggregates and ri#er sand was *sed as fine aggregate. 6he ri#er stones were co$$ected from the ri#er Pa:aswini near =asmattka, )*$$ia, Dakshina%annada, karnataka. 6he aggregates were tested as "er re$e#ant @) s"ecification (@)1 2/F;+1K;/>1/?, @)1 /F/+ 1K-9>1,?0 and the res*$ts are ta7*$ated in 6a7$e /.2 to /.;. Table *.*; Sieve Analysis of Crushed 9ranite Aggregate Sieve Si)e mm .9 2, 29 19 ..-, " @eight passing 199 K-.;2, ;2.;2, 1 9 Confirms to grade @@ (graded aggregate0 ,S Code specification

Iith the increase in the de#e$o"menta$ acti#ities in the wor$d o#er, the demands for the constr*ctiona$ materia$s are increasing eC"onentia$$:. 6here are some instances that these materia$s are im"orted from other co*ntries to create to the domestic needs. 6his trend wi$$ ha#e certain$: greater im"act on the econom: s:stem of the co*ntr:, es"ecia$$: in @ndia, which is aiming at a high de#e$o"menta$ rate com"aring to the other nations in Asia, there is hea#: demands for the 7*i$ding materia$s in the domestic market which is going scarce da: 7: da:. At this "oint researchers and engineers who ha#e the foresight to kee" the de#e$o"menta$ acti#ities a7reast and c*rtai$ the cost factor sho*$d $ook o*t for an: a$ternati#e 7*i$ding materia$s. ,, 6AT4R,A7S A0# T(,4R 3(:S,CA7 3R134RT,4S

A. Cement 6he Cement *sed was Port$and Po88o$ona Cement (PPC0 man*fact*red 7: J$tratech, conforming to @)1 1.FK(P61011KK1>21?. 6he #ario*s "ro"erties of cement were in accordance with @)1 .9/1+1KK1>1.? and the res*$ts are ta7*$ated in 6a7$e /. Table *.+; 3roperties of 3o))olona 3ortland Cement
Sl. 0o 1 2 ,S +<=. -3art ,/ re>uireme nt + + /9 (min0 ;99 (maC0 //

Table *.? Sieve Analysis of 5ine Aggregate Sieve Si)e -mm/ ..-, 2./; 1.1F 9.; 9./ 9.1,9 3ercentage passing 3ercentage passing for grading )one ,, as per ,S ;?=?-+. 0 K9+199 -,+199 ,,+K9 /,+,K F+/9 9+19

199 K/.2, ;K.-, .2.2, 2.2, 1.9

Test

Results

)"ecific 'ra#it: )tandard Consistenc: (E0 @nitia$ (min*tes0 5ina$ (min*tes0

2.F. // ., ,99 /,

)etting time

5ineness mod*$*s M 2.K1 6he taken sam"$e confirms to grading None @@ of ta7$e . of @)1 /F/+1K-9>1,?.

Com"ressi#e

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$
Table *.<; 3hysical 3roperties of River Stone Sl. 0o. 1 2 / Tests )"ecific gra#it: water a7sor"tion @m"act #a$*e Results 2.;/ 1.;2E 2K./;E )ha"e test . 5$akiness indeC ($ongation indeC Table *.!; Aggregate Sl. 0o. 1 3hysical 1F.2FE 1F..-E 3roperties /9E (maCim*m0 /9E (maCim*m0 of 9ranite Specification 2.;+2.F 9.;E (maCim*m0 .,E (maCim*m0

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6he water a#ai$a7$e in the $a7orator: satisfies the standard, s"ecified for making concrete and its s*7se<*ent c*ring. ,,, 64T(1#1719: A. ,ntroduction 6he "resent in#estigation and the com"arati#e st*dies on the strength characteristics of the ri#er stone as coarse aggregate in concrete with con#entiona$ concrete was carried o*t. 6he standard tests of a$$ materia$s ha#e 7een carried o*t in the $a7orator: as "er the re$e#ant codes. B. 4>uipment 2sed 6he fo$$owing a""arat*s are *sed in the "resent in#estigation. 1. 2. 4eg*$ar stee$ mo*$ds for c*7es, 7eams, cast iron c:$inder mo*$ds. ($ectrica$ o"erated ta7$e #i7rator. A com"ression testing machine of ca"acit: 299 tones. )$*m" cone a""arat*s. Com"acting factor a""arat*s. MiCing tra:, trowe$s, meas*ring weighing 7a$ance, "ans etc. jar,

Tests )"ecific gra#it: Iater a7sor"tion (E0 @m"act #a$*e (E0

Results 2.-

Specification 2.;+2.F 9.;E (maCim*m0 .,E (maCim*m0

/. .. ,. ;.

9..,

2,.2,

C. 6oulds Cast iron mo*$ds confirming to @)1 ,1;+1K,K were *sed to cast C*7e s"ecimens of si8e 199mm C 199mm C 199mm. C:$inder s"ecimens of si8e 199mmdia and /99mm height and =eam s"ecimen of si8e 199mm C 199mm C ,99mm are *sed. #. Table 8ibrator A ta7$e #i7rator of si8e ;99C;99mm, o"erated e$ectrica$$: has 7een for com"acting of concrete in the mo*$ds. 4. Testing 6achine

Table *.6; 3hysical 3roperties of 5ine Aggregate Sl.0o. 1 2 Tests )"ecific gra#it: )ie#e ana$:sis 5ineness mod*$*s Results 2.;2 Specification +

Confirms to grading None @@ of ta7$e . of @)1 /F/+ 1K-9 2.K1 2.K D /.2 (Coarser sand0

C. @ater

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$
5or testing com"ressi#e strength of c*7es com"ression testing machine of 2999%A ca"acit: was *sed. @t is shown in 5ig..1. 6he machine has 7een so designed to meet the sim"$e and re$ia7$e *nit ha#ing minim*m weight and dimension for the a7o#e $oad ca"acit:, witho*t seated stee$ "$aten at the to" and a mo#a7$e stee$ "$aten at the 7ottom. 6his machine can a$so *sed for s"$it tensi$e strength test. 6he 7eam s"ecimens are tested *sing h:dra*$ica$$: o"erated f$eC*ra$ testing machine of ca"acit: 199%A. Boad can 7e a""$ied at the re<*ired rate s"ecified in the code for different s"ecimens. 6he 7ed of the testing machine is "ro#ided with two adj*sta7$e stee$ ro$$ers /Fmm in diameter on which the s"ecimens are s*""orted. 6his ro$$er can 7e fiCed to the 7ed s*ch that the distance from center to center can 7e adj*sted for .99mm as we$$ as ;99mm.6he $oad can 7e a""$ied thro*gh one simi$ar ro$$er mo*nted at the mid"oint of the ro$$ers>12?. 5. Cleaning
4,9 ,91,9 /KK.12,

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7*$k

=atch identification and their res"ecti#e com"osition is as shown in ta7$e ..1. <.+; Batch ,# and BulA Composition
BulA Composition in AgCm? 5ine Aggregate cement %ater RS SA @ater
9 112-.1 / F.,./. 1K1., F 1K1., F 1K1., F 1K1., F 1K1., F

RS ; SA

49

91199

/KK.12,

;,K.9 . ;,K.9 . ;,K.9 . ;,K.9 . ;,K.9 .

@ater
9. .F 9. .F 9. .F 9. .F 9. .F 42, 2,1-, /KK.12, 2F1.-F ,;/.,; ,;/.,; 4-, -,12, /KK.12, F.,./. 2F1.-F 4199 19919 /KK.12, 112-.1 / 9

4i#er stones which are taken from the ri#er are washed and c$eaned to remo#e the #egetati#e matters and other de$eterio*s materia$s adhering on it. 9. 9rading C$eaned ri#er stones are graded to the gradation of cr*shed granite aggregate as "er 6a7$e /.2. (. 3resoaAing 6he Iater a7sor"tion of ri#er stone was fo*nd to 7e more than 1.,E. ence to make the aggregate sat*rated s*rface dr: condition, it is "resoaked "rior to miCing. @n "resoaking, graded ri#er stones were immersed in water for /9 min*tes as the a7sor"tion of ri#er stone in first /9 min*tes wi$$ reach a7o*t K9E of its maCim*m ca"acit:. 6he f*$$: sat*rated aggregates were then taken o*t of the water, and s*rface dried >19, 11?. ,8 6,B #4S,90 @n this in#estigation M/9 grade was considered and designed *sing a "roced*re 7: @)1 192;2+299K>1F?. After considering man: tria$ miCes, the miC "ro"ortions for contro$ concrete were as 111.;,12.F2 with water cement ratio of 9..F. 6he ca$c*$ation of <*antities of ingredient re<*ire for different concrete miCes are gi#en in A""endiC+@. 6he

A. 6i'ing 3rocedure 6he fine aggregate was sie#ed thro*gh ..-, mm @) sie#e. 6he re<*ired <*antities (as "er miC "ro"ortion0 of different ingredients were weighed and ke"t se"arate$:. 6he miCing "roced*res for making different grades of concrete are as fo$$ows1 10 5irst cement thoro*gh$:. and sand were miCed

20 Coarse aggregate was then added to the miC and miCed thoro*gh$: *nti$ the miCt*re is of *niform co$o*r. /0 6he water is added and miCed thoro*gh$: *nti$ the miC is *niform consistenc: >F?. B. Casting of Test Specimens 5or "artic*$ar da:, miCes were "re"ared so as to ena7$e the casting of K c*7es, / c:$inders and / 7eams as gi#en in 6a7$e ..2, which com"rises one set. 12 |

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@ater

%Cc ratio

%Cc Ratio

Batch ,#

RS;SA

Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$
Mean whi$e the mo*$ds were c$eaned, oi$ed, assem7$ed rigid$: and ke"t read: for concreting. Ieighed <*antities of coarse and fine aggregate and cement "o*red in stee$ tra: and miCed thoro*gh$: *nti$ the miCt*re is of *niform co$o*r. 6he meas*red <*antit: of water is added and miCed thoro*gh$: *nti$ miC is *niform consistenc:. 6he mo*$ds are first "$aced on ta7$e #i7rator. 6he concrete is then "o*red into the mo*$ds and com"acted *sing ta7$e #i7rator. After the concreting and com"action the *""er s*rfaces are finished smooth with masonHs trowe$ and corres"onding identification marks are $a7e$ed o#er the finished s*rface. @t is worthwhi$e to note that the concreting o"eration is com"$eted within 2, to /9 min*tes from the instance of adding water to the dr: miC. 6he mo*$ds are $eft *ndist*r7ed in the $a7orator: for a "eriod of 2. ho*rs. )imi$ar "roced*re has 7een ado"ted for s*7se<*ent concreting and casting o"eration on the other da:s.
PPC 4199 91199

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4-,

2,1-,

K K

/ /

/ /

C. Curing of Test Specimens As descri7ed in the "re#io*s section the concrete s"ecimens were ke"t at room tem"erat*re in $a7orator: for 2. ho*rs. Bater the s"ecimens were demo*$ded and were transferred into the c*ring tank. 6he tem"erat*re of the water in the c*ring tank is maintained with 2- Oc on an a#erage. 8 T4STS 10 5R4S( C10CR4T4 A0# (AR#404# C10CR4T4

A. 5resh Concrete Concrete miCes "re"ared were tested for its fresh "ro"erties $ike worka7i$it: s*ch as s$*m" test and com"action factor test. B. Slump test )$*m" test is a most common$: *sed method of meas*ring the consistenc: of the concrete which can 7e em"$o:ed either in $a7orator: or at site of work. @t is *sed to con#enient$: as a contro$ test and gi#es an indication of the *niformit: of concrete from 7atch to 7atch. Additiona$ information on worka7i$it: and <*a$it: of concrete can 7e o7tained 7: o7ser#ing the manner in which concrete s$*m"s. 6he deformation shows the characteristic of concrete with res"ect to tendenc: for segregation >K?. C. Compacting factor test 6he com"acting factor test is designed "rimari$: for *se in the $a7orator: 7*t it can a$so 7e *sed in the fie$d. @t is more "recise and sensiti#e than the s$*m" test and is "artic*$ar$: *sef*$ for concrete miCes of #er: $ow worka7i$it: as are norma$$: *sed when concrete is to 7e com"acted 7: #i7ration. )*ch dr: concrete are insensiti#e to s$*m" test. #. (ardened concrete

Table <.*; Total 0umber of Specimens 3roduced 2nder the 3resent ,nvestigation
Combination of coarse aggregates -9ranite aggregate ; River stone/ 6i' #esignation 6i' -?0/ Total number of elements cast Cubes Cylinders 3risms / / /

49 42, 4,9

19919 -,12, ,91,9

K K K

/ / /

6esting of hardened concrete "$a:s an im"ortant ro$e in contro$$ing and confirming the <*a$it: of cement concrete work. 5or efficient str*ct*re design to 7e "resented, know$edge of "ro"erties of hardened concrete is to 7e known

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$
c$ear$:. @n the "resent in#estigation, hardened "ro"erties s*ch as com"ressi#e, s"$it tensi$e and f$eC*ra$ strength are determined. 4. Compression test on concrete 6he most common of a$$ tests is the com"ressi#e strength test since the desira7$e characteristics of concrete are <*a$itati#e re$ated to its strength. 6he com"ression test was cond*cted on c*7es at the age of - da:s, 2F da:s and ., da:s of c*ring res"ecti#e$: and confirming to @) ,1;+ 1K,K>1-?. C*7es stored in water were tested immediate$: on remo#a$ from water in the dam" condition. 6he s*rface water and grit was wi"ed off from the s"ecimen. 6he act*a$ dimensions and weight of the s"ecimen was noted. 6he s"ecimen was "$aced on the testing "$atform of the com"ression testing machine in s*ch wa: the $oad was a""$ied to the s*rface other than the to" and 7ottom s*rface as cast. 6he $oad was a""$ied witho*t shock and increase *nti$ the resistance of the s"ecimen to the increasing $oad 7roke down and no greater $oad was s*stained. 6he tota$ $oad a""$ied at fai$*re was recorded. 6he maCim*m $oad a""$ied di#ided 7: its cross sectiona$ area gi#en the com"ressi#e strength. A#erages of three s"ecimens were taken, "ro#ided the indi#id*a$ #ariation was not more than P 1, "ercent of the a#erage >K?. 6esting of s"ecimen is shown in 5ig*re ..1.

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dimension of the 7eam and arrangement of $oading. 6he test was "erformed as "er @)1 ,1;+1K,K>1-? s"ecification on 7eams of 199mm Q199mmQ,99mm with an effecti#e s"an of .99mm. the s"ecimen was "$aced in the h:dra*$ica$$: o"erated 7eam testing machine in s*ch a manner that the $oad a""$ied to the finished s*rface, as cast in the mo*$d. 6he rate of $oading was ke"t at 1F kgLmin*te and the mod*$*s of r*"t*re is ca$c*$ated 7: the re$ation >K?. 6he f$eC*ra$ strength of the s"ecimen is eC"ressed as the mod*$*s of r*"t*re f 7 which if GaH e<*a$ the distance 7etween the $ine of fract*re and the nearer s*""ort, meas*res on the centre $ine of the tensi$e side of the s"ecimen, in cm, is ca$c*$ated to the nearest 9.9, MPa as fo$$ows1

f7 M P*BL7*d2
when GaH is greater than 29.9 cm for 1,.9 cm s"ecimen or greater than 1/./ cm for a 19.9 cm s"ecimen, or

f()

2 'p*a+(*d

when GaH is $ess than 29.9cm 7*t greater than 1-.9 cm for 1,.9 cm s"ecimen, or $ess than 1/./cm 7*t greater than 11.9cm for a 19.9 cm s"ecimen where 7Mmeas*red width in cm of the s"ecimen, dMmeas*red de"th in cm of the s"ecimen at the "oint of fai$*re, BM $ength in cm of the s"an on which the s"ecimen was s*""orted, and PM maCim*m $oad in kg a""$ied to the s"ecimen. @f GaH is $ess than 1-.9 cm for a 1,.9 cm s"ecimen, or $ess than 11.9 cm for a 19.9 cm s"ecimen, the res*$t of the test discarded. 6esting of s"ecimen is shown in 5ig*re ..2.

5ig. <.+; Compression Testing 6achine 5. Centre &point fle'ural test on beams 6he theoretica$ maCim*m tensi$e stress reached in the 7ottom fi7er of the test 7eam is known as the mod*$*s of r*"t*re. 6his #a$*e de"ends on

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$

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5ig. <.*; 5le'ural Strength Testing 6achine 9. Test for split tensile strength 6his is a$so known as R=ra8i$ian testS. @t is an indirect method of a""$:ing tension in the form of s"$itting. 6he s"ecimen is "$aced with its aCis hori8onta$ 7etween the "$atens of a testing machine. 6hin stri"s of 19mm width, /mm thick and /99mm $ong are inserted 7etween the c:$inder and the "$aten of test machine. 6he s"ecimens are tested in wet condition, 2999%A com"ression testing machine as "er the code of "ractice @)1 ,F1;+1K-9>29?. 6he $oad is increased at the rate of 1.ALmm2Lmin *nti$ fai$*re 7: s"$itting a$ong the #ertica$ diameter has taken "$ace >K?. 6he s"$it tensi$e strength (fst0 is gi#en 7: the re$ation 5ig. <.?; Cylinder Specimen under Split Tensile Test 8, R4S27TS A0# #,SC2SS,10 9eneral Detai$ed eC"erimenta$ in#estigations were carried o*t on the effect of ri#er stone re"$acing granite aggregate in concrete. 6he eC"erimenta$ res*$ts were disc*ssed in the fo$$owing sections. A. 3hysical 3roperties of Specimen +. #imensions of the Specimen

f st M 2 PL (TBd0
Ihere, PMfai$*re $oad, in A

, (C"ressed as ALmm2

6he dimensions of the a$$ t:"es of s"ecimens were fo*nd to 7e within the to$erance $imits s"ecified in the re$e#ant @) codes (@)1 ,1;+1K,K>1-?, @)1 ,F1;+ 1K-9>29?0. 6he s"ecimens re#ea$ed eCce$$ent "h:sica$ a""earance witho*t hone:com7ing or an: defect and the: were fo*nd to 7e *niform. *. #ensity of the Specimens

BM $ength of c:$inder, in mm D M Diameter of c:$inder, in mm 6esting of s"ecimen is shown in 5ig ../.

6he densities of different s"ecimens are e#a$*ated 7ased on si8e of the s"ecimen3 the res*$ts are ta7*$ated in 6a7$e ,.1. Table !.+; #ensity of the Specimens Batch ,d 49 42, 4,9 4-, 4199 #ensity AgCm? 2.2;.2.1;.;2.99.9 2.,, 2.9;.;-

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$

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?.

5resh 3roperties of Concrete 6i'es

Iorka7i$it: of concrete miCes increased with the increase in "ercentage of ri#er stone in concrete. 6he s$*m" #a$*e of the concrete made *sing on$: cr*shed granite aggregate was fo*nd to 7e 1,mm, which is #er: $ow (@) .,;12999>1;?0. 6he high friction ca*sed 7: the ro*gh teCt*re and the ang*$ar sha"e of the cr*shed granite aggregate was tho*ght to 7e the main reason for $ow s$*m". As the "ercentage of ri#er stone increases, the s$*m" #a$*e increased and it was high a7o*t 129mm when cr*shed granite aggregate was com"$ete$: re"$aced 7: ri#er stone. 6his is 7eca*se of smooth teCt*re, ro*nd sha"ed aggregate contri7*ting $ow friction in the concrete miC and th*s increased worka7i$it:. )imi$ar 7eha#ior was o7ser#ed in com"action factor #a$*es, where it ranged from 9.K9 to 9.K,; for 49 to 4199 miC res"ecti#e$:. 6he res*$ts of s$*m" and com"action factor are ta7*$ated in 6a7$e ,.2. 6he #ariation of )$*m" #a$*es and Com"action factor for #ario*s concrete miCes are i$$*strated in 5ig ,.1 and ,.2. @f the worka7i$it: had ke"t constant sa: medi*m (,9 to -,mm0 the water content for 4-,, 4199 can 7e red*ced3 this red*ction in water content wo*$d 7e an additiona$ 7enefit for mechanica$ "ro"erties of concrete. Table !.*; Slump and Compaction 5actor 8alues Batch ,d 49 42, 4,9 4-, 4199 Slump in mm /9 ., ;9 K9 129 Compaction factor 9.K9 9.K/ 9.K.F 9.K,9 9.K,; 5ig. !.+; 8ariation in slump values

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$

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4ate of attainment of strength for #ario*s

Batch ,# #ays Compressive strength in 63a *6.*6 *= R0 <! ?! <! *!.! *= R*! ??.6 <*.?? *<. < *= ?*.6 ?= *? *= R ! <! ?+.=? ?!.=? *0.+ *= R+00 <! ?+.! ?< R!0 Rate of attainment of strength in " 66. 6 +00 +*=.! 6 .. +00 +*!. * 6 ..< +00 ++6.?+ 6+.6+ +00 ++*.!6 <?.=? +00 +0 ..?

5ig !.*; 8ariation in Compaction factor B. 6echanical 3roperties of Specimen +. Cube Compression Strength Results

<!

<!

6he com"ression strength test res*$t for #ario*s concrete miCes is ta7*$ated in 6a7$e ,./, after c*ring "eriod of -, 2F, ., da:s. 6he #a$*e ranges from /, to /1., for 49 to 4199 res"ecti#e$: for 2F da:s. 5ig ,./ c$ear$: showed that -, 2F & ., da:s com"ressi#e strength decreased grad*a$$: as "ercentage of ri#er stone increased. Table !.?; Results of Compressive strength for various concrete mi'es

6he red*ction of strength of concrete at 2F da:s was fo*nd to 7e /.K,, -.1/, K.K; &11.11 E for 42,, 4,9, 4-, and 4199 concrete miCes res"ecti#e$:. 6his co*$d to 7e d*e to s*rface teCt*re of aggregate "artic$es which $arge$: determines the strength of 7ond 7etween the cement "aste and aggregate s*rface. A ro*gh s*rface creates a good 7ond where as smooth s*rface does not >1?. @t was o7ser#ed that, the fai$*re of the 'ranite stone concrete was d*e to the aggregate fai$*re, whereas the fai$*re in the ri#er stone concrete occ*rred at the aggregate Dmortar matriC 7onding interface.

concrete miCes are ta7*$ated in 6a7$e ,./. @t was o7ser#ed that rate of strength attained 7: contro$ miC from -th da: to 2F da:s was //.2.E, whereas for 4199 it was fo*nd to 7e ,;.1-E, which was #er: m*ch higher than the contro$ miC. owe#er the rate of strength attainment for 4199 concrete miC was decreased after 2F da:s. At .,th da: the strength increased at a rate of 2F.,-E for 49 concrete miC and for 4199 concrete miC on$: -.K/E strength was increased. 6his indicates that the inc$*sion of ri#er stone ham"ers the $ong term strength of the concrete. &ariations of rate of attainment of strength of #ario*s concrete miCes are i$$*strated in fig ,...

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$

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!.<; Test Result for 5le'ural Tensile Strength of Concrete Beams

Batch ,# 49 42, 4,9 4-, 4199 #ays 2F 2F 2F 2F 2F 5le'ural strength in 63a /.11 2.F2.K, 2.-. 2./F

5ig. !.?; Compressive Strength #evelopment of 8arious Concrete 6i'es 6ade 2sing 33C at #ifferent Curing 3eriods

5ig. !.!; 5le'ural Strength at *= #ays for 8arious Concrete 6i'es ?. 5ig. !.<; Rate of Attainment of Compressive Strength for 8arious Concrete 6i'es. *. 5le'ural Tensile Strength Split Tensile Strength

6he f$eC*ra$ tensi$e strength test res*$t for #ario*s miCes is ta7*$ated in 6a7$e ,... for c*ring "eriod of 2F da:s. 6he f$eC*ra$ tensi$e strength of 7eam s"ecimen #aries from /.11 MPa to 2./F MPa for 49 to 4199 res"ecti#e$:. 4es*$t showed that addition of higher "ercentage of ri#er stone wi$$ decrease the strength. 6his ma: 7e attri7*ted to the smooth s*rface of the ri#er stones, res*$ting in $ower 7onding strength with the matriC. owe#er the #a$*es of concrete made with ri#er stone were com"ara7$e to the contro$ miC. 6he #ariation in f$eC*ra$ tensi$e strength with #ar:ing "ercentage of 4i#er )tone is i$$*strated in 5ig*re ,.,. 6he 7eam s"ecimens were fai$ed d*e to de#e$o"ment of 7reakage on the s*rface.

5rom the res*$ts of com"ressi#e strength and f$eC*ra$ strength, red*ction in strength was o7ser#ed. )imi$ar trend is a$so #a$id for s"$it tensi$e strength. 6he test res*$t for #ario*s miCes is ta7*$ated in 6a7$e ,., for c*ring "eriod of 2F da:s. 6he s"$it tensi$e strength of c:$inder s"ecimen #aries from 2..K MPa to 2.9; MPa for 49 to 4199 res"ecti#e$:. 6wo different fai$*re modes co*$d 7e o7ser#ed in s"$it testing of c:$inders. @n case of cr*sh granite aggregates, the aggregate "artic$es were fo*nd to s"$it so as to form two e<*a$ ha$#es. Ihereas in ri#er stone fai$*re occ*rred at the aggregate Dmortar matriC 7oding interface. 6he #ariation in s"$it tensi$e strength with #ar:ing "ercentage of 4) is i$$*strated in fig ,.;. Table !.!; Test Results of Split Tensile Strength 1f Cylinders Batch ,# 49 #ays 2F Tensile strength in 63a 2..K

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$
42, 4,9 4-, 4199 2F 2F 2F 2F 2.22 2.1F 2.12 2.9; R454R40C4S

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>1? P. %*mar Mehta and Pa*$o U.M. Monteiro, Concrete Microstr*ct*re, Pro"erties, and Materia$s, Aew Vork, Mc'raw i$$, /rd edition, 299;. >2? Mohammad 4eena8 P.M., A7hishek =.B., A:oo7 %.A., %arthik )., Com"ariti#e st*d: on "$ain cement concrete *sing ri#er sand and 7each sand, Project re"ort, %.&.'. Co$$ege of (ngineering, )*$$ia, 299.. >/? Ae#i$$e.A. M., Pro"erties of concrete, Bondon, Pitman P*7$ishing, .th edition, 1KK-. >.? Ae#i$$e.A. M., Pro"erties of concrete, Bondon, Pitman P*7$ishing, ;th edition, 299/. >,? %a*sha$ %ishore, )creeners D 4i#er =ed Jncr*shed Aggregates 5or Concrete, 4oorkee, 299;.( )o*rce1 htt"1LLwww.engineeringci#i$.co mLscreeners+ ri#er+7ed+*ncr*shed+aggregates+fo r+co ncrete.htm$0. >;? 5o*ad M. %ha$af, Jsing Cr*shed C$a: =rick as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete, "roc Uo*rna$ of materia$s in ci#i$ engineering, A*g*st 299;, "" ,1F+,2; >-? P. )ara#ana %*mar, '. Dhinakaran, (ffect of AdmiCed 4ec:c$ed Aggregate Concrete on Pro"erties of 5resh and ardened Concrete, "roc Uo*rna$ of materia$s in ci#i$ engineering, A"ri$ 2912, "" .K.+.KF. >F? Anoo" A.'., Dee"ak M, )anj* U., )imi =haskar, )t*d: on com"ressi#e strength of concrete *sing $aterite wastes, Project re"ort, %.&.'. Co$$ege of (ngineering, )*$$ia, 299/. >K? M.). )hett:, Concrete techno$og: 6heor: and "ractice, 4amnagar, Aew De$hi, ).Chand and Com"an: Btd, 299,. >19? Uafar=o$o*ri=a8a8, Mahmood%ha:ati Pro"erties and Performance of Concrete Made with 4ec:c$ed Bow+W*a$it: Cr*shed =rick, Proc Uo*rna$ of materia$s in ci#i$ engineering, A"ri$ 2912, "" //9+//F. >11? JX*r, im"ro#ing the strength characteristics of the "*mice aggregate $ightweight concretes, 1Fth @nternationa$ Mining Congress and (Chi7ition, 6*rke:, 299/, "" ,F9+,F,. >12? 4ah*$ 4., Aashith M.A., Aja: =.)., Partia$ 4e"$acement of sand 7: <*arr: d*st as fine aggregate in concrete, , Project re"ort, %.&.'. Co$$ege of (ngineering, )*$$ia, 2919. 12 |

8,, C10C72S,10
10

Iorka7i$it: of the concrete miCes increased with the increase in the "ercentage of ri#er stones. 6his is main$: 7eca*se of the smooth s*rface and ro*nd sha"e of the ri#er stone. @f the worka7i$it: had ke"t constant, the water content for some of the concrete miCes co*$d ha#e 7een red*ced th*s 7enefiting the mechanica$ "ro"erties of concrete. Concrete made with ri#er stone gains strength at the higher rate *" to 2F da:s than the granite aggregate concrete 7*t 7e:ond 2F da:s there was a red*ction in the rate of gain in strength of ri#er stone concrete. 6he com"ressi#e strength for ri#er stone concrete fo*nd to 7e $ess than cr*shed granite aggregate made from simi$ar miC "ro"ortion. owe#er, the com"ressi#e strength of the concrete miCes made *sing ri#er stone eCceeds the design strength of the concrete. 6he f$eC*ra$ tensi$e strength test res*$t showed that addition of higher "ercentage of ri#er stone wi$$ decrease the strength. 6his ma: 7e attri7*ted to the smooth s*rface of the ri#er stones, res*$ting in $ower 7onding strength with the matriC. 6he s"$it tensi$e strength of c:$inder s"ecimen decreased with the increase in the "ercentage of ri#er stone in concrete. 6wo different fai$*re modes co*$d 7e o7ser#ed in s"$it tensi$e testing of c:$inders. @n case of cr*sh granite aggregates, the aggregate "artic$es were fo*nd to s"$it so as to form two e<*a$ ha$#es. Ihere as in ri#er stone, fai$*re occ*rred at the aggregateD mortar matriC 7onding interface. (#en tho*gh the mechanica$ "ro"erties of concrete made *sing ri#er stone decreased it was com"ara7$e with the standard aggregate concrete. 6h*s it can 7e conc$*ded that the ri#er stone which is a7*ndant$: a#ai$a7$e $oca$$: can 7e efficient$: *sed as a coarse aggregate in concrete.

20

/0

.0

,0

;0

-0

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Principal author al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN : 2248- !22" #ol. $" Issue $" $$$$-$$$$ 2%&'" pp.$$-$$
>1/? @)1 2/F;+1K;/,(Part @, Part @@@, and Part @&0,SMethods of test for aggregate test for concreteS, =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi. >1.? @)1.9/1+1KK1,SMethod of Ph:sica$ 6est for :dra*$ic cementS, =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi. >1,? @)1 /F/ D 1K-9, R)"ecification for coarse and fine aggregate from nat*ra$ so*rce for concreteS, =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi. >1;? @)1 .,; D 2999, RCode of "ractice for "$ain and reinforced concreteS, =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi. >1-? @)1 ,1; D 1K,K, RMethod of tests for strength of concrete c:$inderS, =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi. >1F? @)1 192;2 + 299K, R4ecommended '*ide$ines for Concrete MiC DesignS, =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi. >1K? @)1 2/ +1KF2, R and 7ook on concrete MiCes,S =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi. >29? @)1 ,F1; D 1K-9, RMethod of test for )"$itting tensi$e strength of concrete c:$inder,S =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi. >21? @)1 1.FK(P6101 1KK1, R)"ecification for Port$and Po88o$ana Cement Part @ 5$:Ash =ased,S =*rea* of @ndian )tandard, Aew De$hi.

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