Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

9.1 Qualitative Analysis

Test for positive Ions (Cations) 1) Flame Tests Nichrome wire is dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid, then in the salt being tested. Ion Na+ K+ Ca2+ Cu2+ 2) Ion Fe++ Fe+++ NH4+ Flame colour Brilliant yellow Lilac Brick red Bluish green

confirmatory indicative

Add Sodium hydroxide solution to a solution of the salt. Result A dirty green precipitate A reddish brown precipitate Ammonia gas is evolved (given off ) on boiling. Check by smell, and by concentrated hydrochloric acid (dense white fumes) and by damp red litmus (becomes blue) Blue precipitate (turning black on boiling) White gelatinous precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH. White precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH. White precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH. White precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH. Equation

Cu++ Mg++ Ca++ Pb++ Al+++

All the above are precipitation reactions. The positive metal ion meets the hydroxide ion (OH-) in solution and forms an insoluble metal hydroxide which falls as a precipitate. Note that lead (Pb) and aluminium (Al) hydroxide (white precipitates) are soluble in excess NaOH. Both lead and aluminium hydroxides are amphoteric hydroxides (acidic and basic) and so react with an alkali to form a soluble salt.

3) Add Potassium Iodide solution (KI) to a solution containing lead (II) ions. A canary yellow precipitate forms. Pb++ (aq) + 2I- (aq) PbI2 (s)

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

Test for negative Ions (Anions) 1) To 1 spatula load of the solid add about 3 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). Warm if no reaction occurs in the cold. Equation

Ion Sulphite Ion SO3--

Result Sulphur dioxide evolved on warming. Check by smell; it is acidic; turns acidified potassium dichromate from orange to green. Carbonate Ion Carbon dioxide evolved. CO3-Check using limewater which turns milky

2)

Test for the Sulphate Ion

Add dilute hydrochloric acid followed by barium chloride solution. White precipitate of barium sulphate forms. Ba++ (aq) + SO4-- (aq) 3) BaSO4 (s)

Add dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution to a solution of the salt. Result White precipitate Cream coloured precipitate Pale yellow precipitate Equation

Ion Chloride Ion ClBromide Ion BrIodide Ion I-

4)

Test for the Nitrate Ion NO3Add aluminium and alkali (NaOH). If the nitrate ion is present, ammonia gas is given off.

The ammonium ion (NH4+) also gives off ammonia with this test. So as not to confuse the two: First NaOH is added Contents are boiled If ammonia is given off at this stage, ammonium ion (NH4+) is present. o If not, aluminium is added. o If ammonia is given now, the nitrate ion is present.

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

Tests for Gases Gas Oxygen O2 Hydrogen H2 Test and information Relights a glowing splint If lit burns with a squeaky pop if mixed with air

2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) Carbon dioxide Gives a white precipitate when bubbled through limewater; prolonged bubbling causes the precipitate to disappear: CO2 CO2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) Ca(HCO3)2(aq)

Chlorine Cl2 Ammonia NH3

CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l) Bleaches damp litmus paper

Turns moist red litmus blue it is the only common alkaline gas. Forms a white smoke if an open bottle of concentrated HCl is held near to it. Characteristic smell nitrogen dioxide (brown fumes) o holding a copper turning in the fumes intensifies the brown colouration o turns moist starch iodide paper blue but does not affect silver nitrate solution when passed into acidified potassium dichromate solution turns it green.

Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Sulphur dioxide SO2

This question is about qualitative tests on pairs of substances. a) Solutions of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride give the same result when sodium hydroxide solution is added to them, first a few drops then in excess. (i) Describe the result of this test and give an equation for one of the reactions. (ii) Describe another test, including the observations, that would enable you to distinguish between the two compounds. (6 marks) b) Solutions of aluminium nitrate and lead nitrate also give the same result with sodium hydroxide solution. (i) Describe the result of this test. (ii) Describe another test, including the observations that would enable you to distinguish between the two solutions. Give an equation for any reaction that takes place. (6 marks) c) Two tests that would enable you to distinguish between sodium sulphite and sodium sulphate are.
Test 1. adding dilute hydrochloric acid to samples of the solids. Test 2. adding acidified barium chloride solution to a solution of each compound.

Give the results of each test for both substances and write balanced equations for any reactions taking place. (8 marks)

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

9.2 Action of Heat on Materials

Elements Metals ~ Magnesium Burns with a brilliant white flame to form white ashes of magnesium oxide. It therefore forms a solid product which weighs more than the original substance 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s) white

Copper turns black as a layer of black copper oxide forms on its surface reacts more slowly than magnesium. copper + oxygen 2Cu(s) + O2(g) Non-metals ~ Carbon Carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide are produced depending on levels of oxygen present. 2C (s) + O2 (g) 2CO (g) C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) copper(II) oxide. 2CuO(s)

Sulphur This is a yellow powder that when heated gently melts into an amber coloured liquid. Then it begins to burn with a blue flame and produces sulphur dioxide. S (s) + O2 (g) Compounds
ARE THERMALLY STABLE: E.G.

SO2 (g)

NaCl, Na2CO3

Sodium chloride and sodium carbonate are thermally stable so nothing happens when they are heated.
DECOMPOSE

(into two or more simpler substances)

Carbonates Of Group 1 - Sodium hydrogen Carbonate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate 2 NaHCO3 (s) sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide Na2CO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + water + H2O (l)

Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in cakes. When it decomposes, the carbon dioxide raises the cake.

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

Other Carbonates - Copper Carbonate CuCO3, Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Copper carbonate Green CuCO3 (s) Calcium carbonate CaCO3 (s) Nitrates Of Group 1 - Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Sodium nitrate NaNO3 (s) Sodium nitrite + oxygen NaNO2 (s) + O2 (g) Copper oxide black CuO (s) Calcium oxide CaO (s) + carbon dioxide turns lime water milky + CO2 (g) + carbon dioxide + CO2 (g)

Other Nitrates - Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3)2 Lead (II) nitrate White crystals Pb(NO3)2 (s) Lead (II) oxide + Nitrogen dioxide (g) + oxygen (g) yellow solid brown gas relights a glowing splint 2PbO (s) + NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

A crackling sound is also heard Sugar when heated gently it melts, then it decomposes. Some of the carbon catches fire or turns black with a strong smell of charring. C12H22O11
UNDERGO A REVERSIBLE CHANGE

12 C (s) + 11H2O (l)

Silica gel. Silica gel can adsorb about 40 percent of its weight in
moisture and can take the relative humidity in a closed container down to about 40 percent. Once saturated, you can drive the moisture off and reuse silica gel by heating it above 300 degrees F (150 C).

Hydrated copper sulphate is blue and changes to white upon heating and back to blue when water is added. CuSO4.5H2O (s) Blue

CuSO4 (s) + 5H2O (l) white

UNDERGO A PHYSICAL CHANGE Zinc Oxide is white when cold and yellow when hot. Revision of the combustion of a hydrocarbon e.g. butane (covered in Unit 3, Topic 3.2 ). A knowledge of the changes in mass (increase, decrease, unchanged), accompanying the action of heat on substances.

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

1. This question is about the action of heat on materials. Consider the following list of substances:
MAGNESIUM, HYDRATED COPPER (II) SULPHATE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM HYDROGENCARBONATE, SODIUM NITRATE, SUCROSE (SUGAR), ZINC OXIDE.

Using only substances in this list, give the name of one substance in each case which, when heated, behaves as described below. a) liberates oxygen as the only gas ________________________. b) is thermally stable ________________________. c) forms a solid product which weighs more than the original substance ___________. d) changes to yellow while hot but becomes white again on cooling _______________. e) undergoes a reversible chemical change ______________________. f) gives off a gas which turns lime water milky ____________________. g) gives off clouds of water vapour and then turns black with a strong smell of charring __________________________. (7 marks)

2.

Are compounds of reactive or unreactive metals more stable? ______________________

3. a) b)

Copper (II) carbonate is heated in a hard glass tube. How would you test for the gas given off? _____________________________________ Write an equation for the reaction ____________________________________________

4.

Why is sodium hydrogen carbonate used in cakes? Explain and write any equations

involved. _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

5.

Which substance can be heated to give off: Water ___________________________ Carbon dioxide ___________________________ Nitrogen dioxide _____________________________ Oxygen only ____________________________

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

6. (a)

State what you would SEE when each of the following tests are carried out, which would enable you to distinguish between each pair of substances. A flame test is carried out on salts containing Na+ and K+ ions. Na+ gives a ________________ colour, while K+ gives a _______________colour.

(b)

Acidified silver nitrate solution is added to solutions containing Cl and I ions. (i) (ii) With Cl a ________________ precipitate is formed, With I a _________________ precipitate is formed.

(c)

Sodium hydroxide solution is added to solutions containing Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions. (i) (ii) With Cu2+ a _______________ precipitate is formed With Fe2+ a _______________ precipitate is formed.

(d)

Give an ionic equation to show the formation of one of the precipitates formed in (c).

__________________________________________________________________ (8 marks) 7. Complete When sulphur is heated gently, it melts into an _________________ coloured liquid. Then it burns with a ______________ flame. The equation is _______________________________. When lead (II) nitrate is heated strongly it makes a/n ____________________ sound, and a/n ______________ coloured gas and a gas which _______________________________ (test) is given off. The white crystals turn into __________________ coloured powder. The equation is _____________________________________________. Zinc oxide is _______________ when cold and _____________________ when hot.

8. Give a test that you could carry out to test for the presence of four (4) named gases of your choice ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

9.3 Volumetric Analysis

Volumetric Analysis is a means of estimating quantities of certain materials (often acids and alkalis) by an analytical process which involves measurement of volumes of solutions, using pipettes, burettes, and (for approximate measurements) measuring cylinders. Weighings may also be involved. Definition of standard solution and concentration. Concentration is the amount of a substance per unit volume of solution. A standard solution is a solution of known concentration E.g. if a solution is known to contain 12g of NaCl in 1dm3 of solution, we say that the concentration is: 12g dm-3 A molar (M) solution of a compound is one, which contains one mole of the compound in 1 dm3 of the solution. The practical steps in preparing a standard solution, including all precautions to ensure accuracy.

Preparation of a standard solution of sodium carbonate

Anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) has a molar mass of 106 g mol-1. A 0.1 M solution is made up, using a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. For 250 cm3 of 0.1 M sodium carbonate solution, the mass required is: 106 x 0.1 x 250 / 1000 = 2.65 g 1. Using a balance, measure accurately 2.65 g of pure anhydrous sodium carbonate on a clock glass. Slowly transfer the sodium carbonate with stirring, to about 50 cm3 of deionised water in a clean 250 cm3 beaker. To ensure that all the sodium carbonate is transferred, use a wash bottle to rinse the clock glass with deionised water, and add the rinsings to the beaker. Continue stirring the mixture with a stirring rod until the sodium carbonate has fully dissolved. Using a wash bottle, wash off the solution on the stirring rod with deionised water into the beaker. Pour the solution through a clean funnel into the 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Using a wash bottle, rinse out the beaker several times with deionised water, and add the rinsings to the solution in the flask.

2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

7. 8.

Rinse the funnel with deionised water, allowing the water to run into the flask. Fill the flask to within about 1 cm of the calibration mark, and then add the water dropwise, using a dropping pipette, until the bottom of the meniscus just rests on the calibration mark.

9.

Stopper the flask and invert it several times to ensure a homogeneous (evenly mixed) solution. Label the flask.

1. What is a standard solution? ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which substance is used to prepare a standard solution? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. What units of concentration do we use? ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. M is read as _______________ and means _______________

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

5. A solution has a concentration of 1mol/dm3. What does this mean? _____________________________________________________________________________ A solution of sulphuric acid has a concentration of 0.1 mol dm-3. What is the number of moles present in 250 cm3 of the solution?

6.

What is the mass of sulphuric acid present in 250 cm3 of the solution?

What is the number of H2SO4 molecule present in 250cm3 of the solution.

Titrations Chemistry for You pg. 364-365, GCSE Chemistry pg. 107-108
The correct technique of carrying out a titration, emphasising the solutions/liquid to be used for washing specific items of apparatus, selecting an appropriate indicator, recording burette readings and carrying out sufficient number of titres to ensure accuracy.

7. What do you understand by the word titration? _____________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the end-point of a titration? _____________________________________________________________________________ 9. Name an indicator used in acid-alkali titrations and give its colour in alkali, neutral and acid solutions. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Before filling the burette with acid, what is the burette washed with? Why? _____________________________________________________________________________ 11. Before using the pipette what do you wash it with? Why? _____________________________________________________________________________ 12. Before putting the alkali in the flask, what do we wash it with? Why? _____________________________________________________________________________

Chemistry Form 4
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Ms. R. Buttigieg

13. In an experiment 25cm of sodium hydroxide solution was reacted with sulphuric acid of concentration 0.1 mol dm-3. The following are the results. 1st time Final burette reading Initial burette reading Volume of acid used 22cm3 0cm3 2nd time 21cm3 0cm3 3rd time 21.2 cm3 0cm3

a)

Fill the table and find the average volume of acid used.

b)

Find the concentration of NaOH (aq)

Section B questions 1a) A solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, was prepared by dissolving 5g sodium hydroxide per 250cm3 solution. i) What is the relative formula mass of sodium hydroxide?

ii) How many moles of sodium hydroxide are dissolved in solution?

iii) What is the molar concentration of the solution?

(3 marks) b) An excess of iron (II) sulphate solution is added to 100cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution of molar concentration 2M (2mol dm-3). The equation for the reaction is FeSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq) Calculate: i) the number of moles of NaOH in solution,

ii)

the number of moles of Fe(OH)2 precipitated,

Chemistry Form 4

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Ms. R. Buttigieg

iii)

the mass of Fe(OH)2 precipitated.

(5 marks) 2 (a) Describe, in detail, how you would prepare 250cm3 of a standard solution of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Include all practical steps and precautions required to ensure accuracy. (10 marks)

(b)

25cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution of molar concentration 0.2M (0.2 mol dm-3) are required 20cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid solution to neutralise it. (i) Calculate the mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate used to prepare 250cm3 of the standard solution. (3 marks) (ii) Give the equation for the reaction of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. (2 marks) (i) Calculate the molar concentration (molarity) of the hydrochloric acid. (5 marks)

3. A solution of hydrochloric acid was titrated against a standard solution of sodium carbonate of molar concentration 0.1 mol dm-3 (0.1M) using a suitable indicator.

(a) For this titration procedure, give: (i) a labelled diagram of the titration set up; (3 marks) (ii) the names of the three main items of apparatus; (3 marks) (iii) the name of a suitable indicator and its colour change at the end point; (3 marks) (iv) three precautions or practical steps which must be taken to obtain accurate titre values. (3 marks) (b) It was found that 25cm3 of the standard sodium carbonate solution was exactly neutralized by 30 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid solution. The equation for the reaction is: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (i) Calculate the number of moles in 25cm3 of the sodium carbonate solution. (3 marks) (ii) Use the acid : carbonate mole ratio of the equation to find the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that must have reacted. (2 marks) (iii) Use your answer to part (ii) to find the Molarity of the hydrochloric acid solution. (3 marks)