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Journal of Baltic Studies

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Ninth-century dirham hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic
Thomas S. Noonan
a a

Department of Russian and East European Studies, University of Minnesota Available online: 28 Feb 2007

To cite this article: Thomas S. Noonan (1982): Ninth-century dirham hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic, Journal of Baltic Studies, 13:3, 220-244 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01629778200000421

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NINTH-CENTURY DIRHAM HOARDS FROM NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA AND THE SOUTHEASTERN BALTIC

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Thomas S. Noonan, University of Minnesota

During the period c. 800-c. 1015, hundreds of thousands of Islamic silver coins or dirhams were imported into eastern and northern Europe. Traditionally, the dirham hoards found in these areas have been examined within the framework of modern political boundaries. Russian specialists, for example, have focused upon the hoards from European Russia, Polish specialists concentrate upon the hoards from Poland, and Swedish specialists are most interested in the hoards from Sweden. The reasons for this national framework are clear to all of us, and such a framework does have certain advantages. Nevertheless, the prevailing national framework presents serious difficulties in evaluating dirham hoards. Contemporary national boundaries often have little meaning in terms of the political, ethnic, and economic conditions of the ninth and tenth centuries. The Khazars and Volga Bulgars, for instance, played a major role in the export of dirhams into eastern and northern Europe although they have no place on modern maps of eastern Europe. If we must have boundaries to provide a framework for the study of dirham hoards, then these should make sense in terms of the ninth and tenth centuries. National frameworks also present difficulties in properly evaluating the dirham hoards from any given region. At certain times, the dirhams circulating throughout large parts of western Eurasia were fairly homogeneous. At other times, however, different types of dirhams circulated in various regions. Furthermore, the degree of homogeneity or heterogeneity in dirham hoards at various periods reflects important historical and economic forces. We can never understand these forces, much less recognize their existence, if we have too rigid a national framework. Only through a comparative analysis of dirham hoards from many regions can we determine what, if anything, is unique in the hoards of a given region and what is common to most hoards found throughout a larger area. In short, a Comparative approach is essential if we wish to identify the dis220

JBS, 1/'ol. Xl11, No. 3 (1982)

Dirham Hoards from Russia and the Baltic

221

tinguishing characteristics of the dirham hoards from any given region and illuminate the economic and historical forces which produced these hoards. During the ninth and tenth centuries, the eastern Baltic was the center for considerable international activitiy. Bands of Vikings from several parts of Scandinavia launched a series of eastern campaigns while thousands of Islamic coins were simultaneously brought north into the lands along the Baltic littoral. In fact, Viking activity in the east and the import of dirhams into the eastern Baltic were unquestionably interrelated. The lands bordering upon the eastern Baltic, while diverse in many ways, thus belonged to a much larger area during the Viking Age. They formed an area of Viking activity and dirham imports based on the sea routes across the Baltic Sea. Unfortunately, relatively little work has been done on a comparative study of dirham hoards from the eastern Baltic during the Viking Age. In the 1930s, Richard Fasmer published several coin hoards from eastern Europe in which he included tables comparing hoards found throughout the eastern Baltic along with a brief commentary. 1 However, these works focus on the late tenth and eleventh centuries and do not evaluate the data in any detail. Sture Bolin apparently completed a major comparative study of dirham hoards from eastern and northern Europe. 2 But this important work has not been published, and it is probably best known through the summaries contained in Peter Sawyer's well-known book on the Vikings. a In brief, we lack a detailed, comparative, and comprehensive analysis of the VikingAge dirham hoards from the eastern Baltic which would be readily available to all those concerned with the Vikings and medieval Baltic history. In connection with the Eighth Conference on Baltic Studies, Mr. Bengt Hovdn and I agreed to begin a joint analysis of the Viking-Age dirham hoards from the eastern Baltic. Mr. Hovdn agreed to assume responsibility for the hoards deposited in Sweden and I assumed responsibility for hoards buried in northwestern Russia, the southeastern Baltic, and the coastal regions of Poland and Germany. Mr. Hovdn and I further agreed that we would confine this initial endeavor to hoards deposited before 900. We hope to be able to continue this effort at some later time and examine dirham hoards from the eastern Baltic deposited in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The appendix lists 33 ninth-century dirham hoards deposited in what was later called the Novgorod lands of medieval Russia, the area of modern Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and those parts of contemporary Poland and East Germany which border upon the Baltic. Since the fourteen hoards from the coasts of Poland and East Germany are not well known, at least to me, I have included a detailed description of their contents in the appendix. I have also given the names for both the medieval region and the modern area in which these hoards were discovered. For the hoards deposited in Latvia, Estonia, and northwestern Russia, I have merely cited two recent studies which describe these hoards in great detail and give the appropriate numismatic literature. I have also included a map of the eastern Baltic which shows the approximate location of the hoards (see Figure). The appendix and map thus constitute the data base for this study.

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tO t-O t,~

~
24 19

25-26 20' 27 18? 30 29

,=

/ TMj . .14
N u m b e r s Refer to H o a r d s Listed in t h e A p p e n d i x . e~
0 I

o(
100 I 200 I Miles

FIGURE. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF NINTH.CENTURY DIRHAM HOARDS FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN BALTIC AND NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA

Dirham Hoards from Russia and the Baltic

223

At first glance, it might appear that the 33 hoards form a rather substantial data base. Regrettably, this is not the case since the figure of 33 hoards is misleading. Two of the hoards (Nos. 16 and 33) are often described as hoards in numismatic literature although there are serious reasons to question such a characterization. Furthermore, only 3 dirhams survive from the so-called I!.~i hoard (No. 16), so its scientific value is minimal. The hoard from Zagorod'e (No. 33) is a little larger (13-15 dirhams) and thus can be partially used. But we cannot be certain that these two hoards were really hoards. Five of the hoards (Nos. 3, 17, 23, 28, 31) are still unpublished. While one of these hoards is small (No. 23-Staraia Ladoga), three are larger (Nos. 17, 28, 31), ranging from 57 to 73 coins, and the Ralswick hoard (No. 3) is huge (400 whole dirhams and about 1,800 dirham fragments). We should also note that only part of the unpublished hoard from Toropets (No. 31) survives. As we shall see, one of the deficiencies in our data base is the lack of hoards deposited in the 840s and 850s. Publication of the Ralswick hoard dating to 842 and the Staraia Ladoga hoard dating to 846/47 would help to remedy this problem. In any event, until these five hoards are fully published they only have limited value. Two of the hoards (Nos. 18, 30) were discovered in the first part of the nineteenth century and published by C. M. Fraehn. Unfortunately, Fraehn, who did so much to establish Islamic numismatics as a scholarly discipline, failed to enumerate each coin, and he provided only aggregate data of very restricted value today. Thus neither of these hoards can be fully used. There are six hoards (Nos. 6, 8, 21, 25, 27, 32) from which only a few coins have survived. In one case (No. 21-Kaliningrad), the 9 coins out of a hoard of some 150 which have been preserved have still not been published. In the case of the hoards from Pskov uezd (No. 27) and Nabotovo (No. 32), only 2-3 dirhams were identified and the usefulness of these hoards is thus negligible. Seven to eight dirhams from the Grzybowo (No. 6), Kretomino (No. 8), and Vylegi (No. 25) hoards were identified and thus we can utilize these 3 hoards partially. However, we should remember that there is no way of determining how representative the few surviving coins from each of these hoards was of the hoard as a whole. Finally, we have five small hoards, apparently preserved more or less intact, which contain less than 20 coins (Nos. 2, 4, 9, 13, 15). In mini-hoards such as these, each coin represents a relatively large percentage in any statistical measurement. Differences of only a few coins can thus create major differences in the quantitative profiles of a hoard. Consequently, while I have included these minihoards in our statistical analysis, I have placed them in a separate category so that the reader can be aware that they represent a special situation. In order to maximize our data base, I have placed four of the mini-hoards along with several other hoards for which we possess incomplete information into a category called secondary hoards. The mini-hoard from Lithuania (No. 15) is, regrettably, so small (6 dirhams)that I have not included it in our tables. Besides the four mini-hoards, our secondary group of hoards includes one of the questionable hoards (No. 33-Zagorod'e), the two hoards studied by Fraehn in

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224

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the early nineteenth century (Nos. 18, 30-Livonia, Demiansk), two of the unpublished hoards (Nos. 17, 28-S~iraji, Poterpel'tsy), and three of the hoards from which only some dirhams survive (Nos. 6, 8, 25-Grzybowo, Kretomino, Vylegi). Not all of these secondary hoards can be used for all types of statistical measurements, but they provide a supplementary data base that can be compared with that obtained from larger, published hoards. Each reader can decide how much weight to attach to the evidence derived from the twelve hoards (36% of all hoards) in our secondary category. Only 13 of our 33 hoards (39%) contain more than 20 identifiable and pubfished coins (Nos. 1, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29). These 13 hoards shall be called primary to distinguish them from the other hoards. Our primary hoards will be used to determine the basic characteristics of ninthcentury dirham hoards from the coasts of the eastern and southern Baltic. While these primary hoards constitute the core of our data base, they are not without problems as a source of information. In several cases, the surviving, published dirhams only constitute part of a larger hoard much of which has been lost to science. In the Zalewo hoard (No. 11), for example, approximately half of the coins seem to have been preserved. Only 47 coins from a "larger" dirham hoard found at Braniewo (No. 12) were identified. We possess information on some 97 coins out of a hoard of at least 400 or so dirhams found at Kniashchino (No. 24). Furthermore, these surviving Kniashchino dirhams come from about five batches which raises the problem of whether we are dealing with a larger hoard that was dispersed and then partially recovered or whether there were, in fact, several distinct hoards found at Kniashchino. We can only hope, and assume, that the surviving coins from these three primary hoards are representative of the entire hoards from which they derived. We should also consider the large number of fragments in several of our primary hoards. The hoard from Prerow-Darss (No. 1) consisted of 63% coin fragments. The Pinnow hoard (No. 5) contained 91 whole dirhams, 160 partially identifiable fragments, and "hundreds" of small pieces that could not be identified. In the Karnice hoard (No. 7), fragments composed 45% of the coins. The Mokajmy-S6jki hoard was entirely composed of dirham fragments as was the Zalewo hoard (No. 11). About 20%-25% of the Shumilovo hoard (No. 29) consisted of dirham fragments. While discussing fragments, we might also add that about 82% of the large, unpublished Ralswick hoard (No. 3) were dirham fragments while fragments formed 78% of the small 846/47 hoard from Staraia Ladoga (No. 23). Since only some of the dirham fragments can ususally be identified, either completely or in part, the presence of a large number of fragments in a hoard means that despite a substantial number of total coins, only part of the hoard can be utilized for statistical purposes. The Karnice hoard (No. 7), for example, consisted of 142 coins (78 whole dirhams and 65 dirham fragments). For purposes of dynastic composition 140 or 99% could be identified. But, only 86 coins (61%) could be utilized in determining the chronological distribution, and the mints were legible for only 76 coins (54%), which greatly affects our cal-

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Dirham Hoards from Russia and the Baltic

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culations on regional distribution. A related problem arises with the Pinnow hoard (No. 5) which contained hundreds o f unidentifiable fragments of 'Abb5sid dirhams. Because the exact number of such fragments is unknown, they cannot be counted as part of the 'Abb~sid component for purposes of dynastic composition nor could their dates and mints be utilized in calculating the chronological and regional distribution. The result is that this hoard has more 'Abbasid coins and more post-750 dirhams than our figures show. But, because o f the large number of unidentifiable fragments, we cannot determine precisely how much more. The presence o f a large number of fragments in many o f our primary hoards, especially those from northern Germany and Poland (5 o f the 7 primary hoards or 71%), creates distortions in our statistical measurements that cannot be ignored. In summation, some o f our 13 primary hoards are less than perfect sources for our data base. It is all t o o rare that a sizeable hoard is found from which all the dirhams were preserved, identified, and published. Despite these problems, the existence o f 13 primary hoards does provide a data base o f sufficient size to begin our characterization of ninth-century dirham hoards from the eastern and southern Baltic. The most recent coin in any hoard probably provides the best numismatic indication o f when the hoard as a whole was deposited. Using this indicator, I have attempted to show the time distribution o f our primary and secondary hoards in Table 1. As can be seen, the earliest hoard from our area was probably Table 1 Time Distribution of Ninth~Century Primary and Secondary Dirham Hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic Primary Hoards Number % 1 8 2 3 1 1 4 1 13 15 23 8 8 31 8 101 Secondary Hoards Number % Total Number 1 3 9 2 2 6 2 25

780s 790s 800s 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s 860s 870s 880s 890s Total

% 4 12 36 8 8 24 8 100

1 6 1 1 2 1 12

8 50 8 8 17 8 99

deposited around the late 780s. Then, following a hiatus in the 790s, we come to the first two decades of the ninth century when 38% of our primary hoards and 58% o f our secondary hoards were deposited. Following this high point in the early ninth century, we note a decline in the 820s and 830s, which are

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only represented by one primary and one secondary hoard per decade. As noted before, there are no hoards of either category from the 840s and 850s. Then, in the 860s, the number of hoards deposited suddenly rises; 31% of the primary hoards and 17% of the secondary hoards can be attributed to this single decade. The upsurge of the 860s tapers off in the 870s when we find only one primary and one secondary hoard. Finally, no hoards of either category come from the 880s and 890s. In short, the time distribution of the primary and secondary hoards is most uneven. Fifty-four percent of the primary hoards and 67% of the secondary hoards are concentrated in only two of our twelve decades. On the other hand, five of our twelve decades are not represented at all. If we take two periods alone, the 800s-810s and the 860s-870s, they account for 77% of the primary hoards and 83% of the secondary hoards. The primary and secondary hoards are not distributed evenly over the twelve decades; rather, they are concentrated in two periods with significant time periods having no representation in our statistical measurements. In short, there is a total of half a century for which we presently have no primary or secondary hoards. We have relatively good data on some periods in the ninth century and no data for others. If we go beyond the erratic time distribution of our primary and secondary hoards and inquire into the patterns of depositing dirham hoards, then we can use a slightly different approach. In addition to our 13 primary hoards, we have five unpublished hoards of 20 or more coins whose most recent dirham is known (Nos. 3, 17, 23, 28, 31). The two hoards studied by Fraehn in the early nineteenth century (Nos. 18, 30) also consisted of over 20 coins and their most recent dirham was recorded. Therefore, we have 20 ninth-century hoards, or 61% of the total from our area, which were composed of over 20 coins each and whose terminal dirham was identified. The time distribution of these 20 hoards is given in Table 2. Table 2 Time Distribution of Ninth-Century Primary-Like Dirham Hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic Pdmary-Like Hoards 780s 790s 800s 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s 860s 870s 880s 890s Total Number 1 2 3 2 1 2 7 2 20 % 5 10 15 10 5 10 35 10 100

Dirham Hoards from Russia and the Baltic

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Table 2 gives us a more accurate idea of when dirham hoards were probably deposited during the course of the ninth century. As we can see, the first dirham hoard appeared in the late eighth century and was followed, after a brief interval, by a fairly steady but not intensive depositing of hoards during the first half of the ninth century. One gains the impression that after the first dirhams were brought to this area in the late eighth century, a small but constant flow of dirhams took place until c. 850. Then, after another interval, the intensity of dirham imports suddenly increased dramatically in the 860s, and this upswing carried over into the 870s. Finally, the absence of any hoards from the last two decades of the century might suggest that the import of dirhams into this area declined sharply or ceased entirely at this time. We are not able in this study to explore the historical factors behind the time distribution discussed above. But it would seem that dirhams were initially imported into northwestern Russia sometime in the late eighth century. The appearance of these coins apparently led, after a short delay, to the regular import of some dirhams into a much larger region during the period c. 800-c. 850. In other words, our area had established steady but still tenuous contacts, whether commercial or military, with those parts of eastern Europe which obtained dirhams from the Islamic world. In the second half of the ninth century, these relations became erratic and conditions within our area may have been disturbed. Consequently, the small but steady influx of dirhams either increased markedly, as in the 860s, or declined dramatically, as in the 880s and 890s. While the Vikings do not deserve credit or blame for everything, one suspects that Viking activities in the southern and eastern Baltic as well as in northwestern Russia probably explain much of the pattern in our time distribution. The geographical distribution of our primary and secondary hoards is given in Table 3. The largest number of primary and secondary hoards comes from the coastal regions of Germany and Poland, followed by northwestern Russia and, finally, what we today refer to as the Baltic states. There is remarkable agreement between the figures for both categories of hoards from all three regions. As a result, we can say that half of our hoards derive from northern Germany and Poland, one third from northwestern Russia, and one sixth from Table 3 Geographical Distribution of Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic Primary Hoards Number 4 2 7 13 % 31 15 54 100 Secondary Hoards Number % 4 33 2 17 6 50 12 100

Northwestern Russia Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania North Germany-Poland Total

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the Baltic states. This may not be the perfect geographic distribution for statistical purposes, but it is the one that determines our data base. Historically, the most interesting geographical phenomenon is probably the way in which the territory of the later Baltic states was seemingly avoided in the early import of dirhams into the area. Dirhams first appear in northwestern Russia. Then, after an interval, we see a small but steady influx of dirhams into both northern Germany-Poland and northwestern Russia. The 837/38 Kohtla hoard from northem Estonia was the only hoard from the first half of the century to be deposited in the lands of the Baltic states. Following the 850s, when no hoards known to us were deposited in the entire area, dirham hoards appear in all three regions during the 860s. In short, the lands of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania seem to have been little affected by the early import of dirhams and appear to have been bypassed up until the 830s. Only after 850 does this region fully share the geographical-time pattern of northwestern Russia and northern Germany-Poland. Again, I might only suggest that the answer may lie, to a great extent, in the pattern of Viking activities throughout the entire area. But that is a question that requires further discussion in another study. If we take the 20 hoards used for Table 2, their geographical distribution is given in Table 4. In Table 4 equal weight is given to northwestern Russia and northern Germany-Poland reversing the 50% vs. 33% advantage of the latter based on primary and secondary hoards. This change basically reflects the weight of three unpublished dirham hoards from northwestern Russia (Nos. 23, 28, 31). More important, however, is the way in which the data from Table 4 confirms the relatively modest and late role of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the import of dirhams prior to 850. Our two new dirham hoards from this region (No. 17, 18) date to the 860s-870s. The lands of the later Baltic states appear to have remained outside the main movement of dirhams during most of the first half of the ninth century. Table 4 Geographical Distribution of Ninth-Century Primary-Like Hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic Number 8 4 8 20 % 40 20 40 100

Northwestern Russia Est onia-Latvia-Lithuania Northern Germany-Poland Total

The dynastic composition of our ninth-century primary and secondary hoards is shown in Table 5. An examination of Table 5 shows that the most outstanding dynastic characteristic of all these hoards is the predominance of 'Abb~sid dirhams. 'Abb~sid dirhams are the single largest dynastic group in every hoard from every period from each of the three regions. The lowest figure for 'Abb~sid dir-

Dirham Hoards from Russia and the Baltic

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Table 5 Dynastic Distribution of Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic (in percentages)
Z

< ~. r~ Z

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Find-spot, Date of Most Recent Coin, Number of Identified Coins

A. Northwestern Russia Primary Hoards Staraia Ladoga, 786/87 (31) Kniashchino, 808/09 (90) 10 Novgorod, 864/65 (203) Shumilovo, 870/71 (1227) Secondary Hoards Vylegi, 807/08 (7) Demiansk, 824/25 (35) Zagorod'e, 831/32 (13) Poterpel'tsy, 865/66 (60) B. Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania Primary Hoards Kohtla, 83738 (481) Lake Peipus, 861/62 (61) Secondary Hoards S~raji, 863/64 (27) Livonia, 871/72 (38) C. Germany-Poland Primary Hoards Prerow-Darss, 803 (72) 17 Zalewo, 811/12 (20) Braniewo, 816/17 (47) Mokajmy-S6jki, 817[18 (124) Ramsowo, 828/29 (335) Pinnow, 862/63 (254) 4 Karnice, 867/68 (140)

11 14 7 3 14

100 48 81 97 86

12 +a

92 100

94 87 91
+

2 1 23 9

+ + 1

67 100 100 98 99 72 88

1 1

230
Secondary Hoards Kretomino, 809/13 (8) Stegna, 811/12 (17) Krasnof~ka, 813/14 (10) Rugard, 815/16 (11) Grzybowo, 815/16 (8) 13 Neubrandenburg, 818/19 (7)

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13 6 10 25 14

88 94 90 100 63 86

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aSome coins present, but number uncertain or less than 0.5%. hams is 48% in the Kniashchino hoard (No. 24). However, as already noted, this may not be the remnant of a single hoard but rather the remainder of at least two separate hoards. In any event, 'Abb~sid dirhams constitute the largest dynastic component, by far, in the Kniashchino hoard; the next largest group was the 14% Umayyad dirhams. The second lowest figure for 'Abb~sid dirhams occurs in the Grzybowo hoard (No. 6) where they form "only" 63% of the entire hoard. But only 8 coins survive from Grzybowo hoard, and they might not be completely representative of the original hoard. Five hoards consist entirely of 'Abb~sid dirhams, and four of these, contrary to what one might expect, are primary or primary-like (Nos. 11, 12, 22, 28). Only one of our secondary hoards is composed of all 'Abb~sid dirhams (No. 2). The majority of hoards for which we possess precise figures (14 or 61%) contain 80%-90% 'Abb~sid dirhams. All the hoards from the area under investigation are thus connected by the common predominance of 'Abb~sid dirhams. This predominance can be visually demonstrated in two ways. The first is to calculate the average 'Abb~sid component for all primary hoards in each region. Such calculations produce the following results: Northwestern Russia-82%, Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania-91%, North Germany-Poland-89%. In other words, the average hoard from each region was formed from 80%-90% 'Abb~sid dirhams. The second approach is to calculate the average 'Abb~sid component for all primary hoards in each decade. This calculation indicates the following distributions: 780s 100% (1) 840s 790s 800s 810s 820s 830s 58% (2) 99% (3) 99% (1) 94% (1) 850s 860s 870s 880s 890s

82% (4) 97% (1)

The predominance of 'Abb~sid dirhams was already noted in our earliest hoard from Staraia Ladoga (No. 22) which was composed entirely of 'Abb~sid coins. This predominance continues throughout the entire ninth century and only drops below 80% once (800s). In fact, the figure for the 'Abb~sid component was probably higher in reality. For example, Fasmer, who published the Novgorod hoard (No. 26), tended to attribute dirhams to the T.~hirids that specialists

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now consider as 'Abb~sid. As noted earlier, the 'Abb~sid component in the Pinnow hoard (No. 5) is understated since we do not know how many 'Abb~sid fragments are meant by the term "hundreds" in the account of this hoard. Thus, the 'Abb~sid component in the ninth century dirham hoards from our area was even larger than our figures show. Given the overwhelming 'Abb~sid predominance in all hoards from all regions for every period, there is no need for a more detailed analysis of this component. Nor, it seems to me, do we need a detailed analysis of the non-'Abb~sid coins. We might merely note that almost all were part of the coin stock available in the Near East during the ninth century and were thus exported to eastern and northern Europe along with the 'Abb~sid dirhams. The only exception to this phenomenon was the two West European coins found in the hoard from PrerowDarss (No. 1) in what is now East Germany. The presence of West European coins in early dirham hoards is quite rare. The only example I can think of from ninth-century Russian hoards is the Hedeby half-bracteate of c. 825 found in the Kislaia hoard deposited around 833 in the Smolensk area. Ninth-century dirham hoards from northwestern Russia, the contemporary Baltic states, and northern Germany-Poland all had a common dynastic characteristic: the overwhelming predominance of 'Abb~sid dirhams. The chronological composition of our primary and secondary hoards is shown in Table 6. At first glance, there does not appear to be any predominant chronological characteristic. However, closer scrutiny indicates that there was a marked aging in those hoards deposited after 819. In other words, hoards buried after this approximate date tend to contain an increasing number of older coins and a smaller number of newly struck dirhams. In the 862]63 Pinnow hoard (No. 5), for example, only 5% of the dirhams were struck after 819. Thus, the best way to examine the chronological composition of our hoards is probably to study this aging factor in more detail. Let us begin by looking at those primary hoards whose terminal dirham dates to 819 or earlier. In these hoards, a substantial percentage of the coins was usually struck within the 40 years or so preceding the date of the most recent dirham. The figures are as follows: Staraia Ladoga 100% Kniashchino 63%+ Prerow-Darss 51%+ Braniewo 59%+ Mokajmy-Sojki 43%+ The figures for the Braniewo and Mokajmy-S6jki hoards are greater than those shown because our data base did not separate the 770s from the 780s. Considering this fact, I think it is safe to say that hoards from our area deposited before 819 normally consisted of at least one half coins struck within 40 years or so of the most recent dirham. The figures for hoards of the 800s and 810s from northwestern Russia and northern Germany-Poland seems to be 50-63%. The second ary hoards deposited before 820 present the same picture as the primary hoards:

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23 2 Vylegi Stegna Zalewo 100% 94% 71%+ Krasnotaka Rugard Grzybowo 70%+ 45%+ 51%+

Journal o f Baltic Studies

Neubrandenburg 57%+

At least half the coins in these hoards were struck no more than 40 years or so before the most recent dirham.

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Table 6 Chronological Distribution of Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic (in percentages)

Find-spot, Date of Most Recent Coin, Number of Identified Coins

~ ~ ~

' ~ ~

r- r~

A. Northwestern Russia Primary Hoards Staraia Ladoga, 786/87 (31) Kniashchino, 808/09 (97) Novgorod, 86465 (203) Shumilovo, 870/71 (1,111) Secondary Hoards Vylegi, 807/08 (6) Zagorod'e, 831/32 (13) B. Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania Primary Hoards Kohtla, 837/38 (463) Lake Peipus, 861/62 (44) Secondary Hoards Saraji, 863/64 (27) C. Germany-Poland Primary Hoards Prerow-Darss, 803 (40) Braniewo, 816/17 (46) Mokajmy-S6jki, 817/18 (60) Ramsowo, 828/29 (328) Pinnow, 862/63 (149) Karnice, 86768 (86) Secondary Hoards Stegna, 811/12 (17) Zalewo, 811/12 (14) Krasnohka, 813/14 (10) Rugard, 815/16 (11) Grzybowo, 815/16 (8) Neubrandenburg, 818/19 (7)

30 7 3

21 6 8 5

79 47 16 15 50 23

11 7 33 8

25 24 17 39

8 9

2 2

4 2

6 4

6 10

8 20 1

15

3 5 15

13 7

29 20

12 16

25 18

13 23

3 5

[----19---]

[-----~1

][--26--]

43 5 1 45 15 6

8 11 5 16 5 7

25 30 47 35 17 34

13 20 8 17 4 13 12 14 10 18 13

13 9 23 18 19 14 47 50 50 9 25 43

30 12 10 5 13 35 7 10 18 13 14

3 3

1 5

14 10 9 38 14 14

14 20 45 13 14

Dirham Hoards from Russia and the Baltic

233

Now, let us turn to those hoards deposited after 819. The figures for the primary hoards are the following: Ramsowo, 828/29 48%+ Novgorod, 864/65 26%Kohtla, 837/38 42%+ Karnice, 867/68 5% Lake Peipus, 861/62 12%Shumilovo, 870/71 37%Pinnow, 862-63 5%As we can see, the primary dirham hoards deposited in our area after 819 contain less than half coins struck within the previous forty years or so. Furthermore, the more we move away from 820, the greater is the tendency for hoards to be composed of larger numbers of dirhams issued over forty years before their depositing. There is a very definite aging pattern that appears in our primary hoards. Unfortunately, our secondary hoards deposited after 819 or so do not allow us to test the aging pattern satisfactorily. In the 831/32 Zagorod'e hoard (No. 33), 55% of the dirhams were struck in the ninth century, but only 16% dated from after 809. We only possess aggregate data on the 863/64 Sgraji hoard (No. 17) from Latvia. It indicates that 26% of the coins were issued in the 850s-860s. Forty-one percent dated to the period 800-849, but no breakdown by decade was given. Thus, the secondary hoards might suggest some aging pattern but the evidence is too sparse to reach any firm conclusion. We must also note that the aging pattern of our primary hoards is not uniform over our entire area. It seems to be most pronounced in the hoards of the 860s from northern Germany-Poland and is also quite noticeable in the Lake Peipus hoard from Estonia. The two hoards from northwestern Russia, Novgorod and Shumilovo, show some signs of aging, but they are less pronounced. These two hoards contain a comparatively large number of dirhams issued in the 840s-860s, 20% and 34%, respectively. Dirhams from this same period are rather few in the northern German-Polish hoards: Pinnow = 2% and Karnice = 5%. One can conclude from all this data that fewer new dirhams reached our area after 819. Furthermore, when new dirhams did reach this area, as in the 860s and 870s, they went primarily to northwestern Russia. Relatively few new dirhams struck after 819 were imported into northern Germany-Poland. Several hypotheses can be advanced to explain these differences in the aging pattern. It may be, for example, that the dirhams reaching northern GermanyPoland after 819 did not come from northwestern Russia. In particular, one might argue that if northern Germany-Poland had obtained its dirhams from northwestern Russia in the period 850-870, then the hoards deposited in the former region would have had a higher percentage of new dirhams. In other words, if some kind of relations between these two regions had existed, the influx of new dirhams struck in the 850s and 860s which shows up in northwestern Russia could be expected to have shown up in northern Germany-Poland. Thus, it can be maintained that the dirhams which were brought into northern GermanyPoland at this time came from some other region. The accuracy of this hypothesis as well as the possible identity of the other potential exporting region awaits

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234

Journal of Baltic Studies

further research. An alternate explanation is that the routes connecting eastern Europe with the Near East were disturbed for some reason after 820 or so except for the 850s-860s when a significant number of new dirhams were exported north. These disturbances reduced the influx of new dirhams into eastern Europe significantly. As a consequence, the people involved with dirhams in a region like northwestern Russia might have had a tendency to hoard the fewer new dirhams reaching them from the Islamic world. They might well have held on to a commodity that was becoming scarce. Under these conditions, the contacts of northwestern Russia with the lands of the Baltic states and northern GermanyPoland might have continued except for the fact that fewer dirhams were now re-exported to them. Thus, the coin stock in these two latter regions,, now deprived of newer dirhams, came to consist more and more of coins brought there earlier. Additional research will be needed to test this hypothesis. The chronological composition of our hoards thus raises some very important questions about events in the Baltic during the period after 820. Continued numismatic study may suggest some of the answers, but I suspect that we shall also have to rely very heavily on the written and archaeological evidence. The regional distribution of our primary and secondary hoards is given in Table 7. Table 7 shows that dirhams struck in Iraq formed the single largest component from most hoards in all three regions. Looking at the averages from the primary hoards by region, we find the following Iraq component: Northwestern Russia-50% (4), Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania-56% (2), Northern Germany-Poland55% (6). If we look at the Iraq component in these hoards over time, we find the following: 780s 63% (1) 840s 790s 850s 800s 28% (2) 860s 59% (4) 810s 58% (2) 870s 50% (1) 820s 66% (1) 880s 830s 56% (1) 890s These figures show that the average Iraq component in primary hoards from each region was remarkably similar, ranging between 50% and 56%. Our time sequences show that the only exception to the predominance of Iraq dirhams came in the first decade of the ninth century when they fell to 32% in the Prerow-Darss hoard (No. 1) and as low as 23% in the Kniashchino hoard (No. 24). This drop began to reverse itself in the 810s; the Braniewo hoard of 816/ 17 (No. 12) was 40% Iraq (but overshadowed a bit by Jib~l dirhams)while the 817/18 hoard from Mokajmy-Srjki (No. 10) was 76% Iraq. With the exception of this one period, all primary hoards from all three regions were composed of at least one-half Iraq dirhams. The reason for this was, of course, the huge output of the mint at Madinat al-Sal~m or Baghdad.

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D i r h a m H o a r d s f r o m Russia a n d t h e Baltic

235

Table 7 Regional Distribution of Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic (in percentages) < ~

<

<

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Find-spot, Date of Most Recent Coin, ~ Number of Identified Coins ~

m ~ , ~ ~

, ~ ~, ~.

< ,~

_ ,

z _ ~

A. Northwestern Russia Primary Hoards Staraia Ladoga, 786/87 (30) 63 Kniashchino, 808[09 (73) 23 Novgorod, 864/65 (203) 65 Shumilovo, 870/71 (980) 50 Secondary Hoards Vylegi, 807/08 (7) Demiansk, 824/25 (35) + Zagorod'e, 831/32 (13) 46 B. Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania Primary Hoards Kohtla, 837/38 (473) 56 Lake Peipus, 861/62 (43) 56 Secondary Hoards Livonia, 871/72 (38) + C. Germany.Poland Primary Hoards Prerow-Darss, 803 (28) 32 Braniewo, 816/17 (47) 40 Mokajmy-S6jki, 817/18 (59) 76 Ramsowo, 82829 (326) 66 Pinnow, 862/63 (179) 58 Karnice, 867/68(76) 57 Secondary Hoards Stegna, 811/12 (17) 47 Zalewo, 811/12 (16) 63 Krasnof~ka, 813/14 (10) 50 Rugard, 815/16 (11) 55 Grzybowo, 815/16 (7) 71 Neubrandenburg, 818/19 (7)43

27 3 27 18 2 14 1 25 57 29 + + 31

3 1 2 2

3 19 4 10 8 3 5 13 1 +a + 1 3 + 2 1

14 + 8 + 8 + + 8

3 22 9 14 +

5 5 +

9 12 +

1 2

+ +

3 2 +

18 14 45 14 3 18 3 18 11 i1 6 6 10 18 25 20 27 29

18 2 3 2 8 1 12 6 10 14 14 13 5 8 7 5 12

4 2 1 1 4

2 4 4

1 1

+ 1 5 6 10 9

9 14 14

a Some coins present, but number uncertain or less than 0.5%.

236

Journal of Baltic Studies

Second place behind Iraq belongs to Jib,l, primarily due to the large number of dirhams issued at al-Mu.hammadiyyah. The regional averages for primary hoards are as fotlows: Northwestern Russia-15%, Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania-18%, Northern Germany-Poland-20%. The time sequence shows the following distrib ution: 780s 3% (1) 840s 790s 850s 800s 16% (2) 860s 12% (4) 810s 30% (2) 870s 25% (1) 820s 18% (1) 880s 830s 22% (1) 890s These figures show a very consistent regional component from Jib~ which ranged between 15% and 20%. The time sequence shows some variations from this norm. The Jib~l component was very small in our earliest hoard (3%) and very large in the Braniewo hoard (45%). But the other ten hoards fell between 11% and 25%. In short, Jib~l dirhams were present in all primary hoards and usually constituted 10-25% of the total. North African dirhams are present in ten of the twelve primary hoards, reaching a high of 27% in both the Staraia Ladoga and Kniashchino hoards (No. 22, 24) of the late eighth-early ninth centuries from northwestern Russia. They also constitute 18% of the early ninth-century hoard from Prerow-Darss (No. 1) in northern Germany-Poland. After the early ninth century, however, their relative numbers decline due to the fact that new dirhams from North African mints become very rare in the Near East. We might also note that dirhams struck in Khur~san and Transoxiana were present in most hoards from all three regions. In general, their relative weight increases as the relative weight of North African dirhams declines. The secondary hoards follow the same general regional trends as the primary hoards. Iraq dirhams are usually 50% or more of the hoard, Jib~l dirhams normally constitute a significant but lesser component, North African dirhams are a major component in many earlier hoards, and the dirhams of Transoxiana and Khur~s~n occupy a definite if more modest role. In concluding this section, we should emphasize that the regional composition of the hoards from all three regions is highly homogeneous. The regional differences noted in the chronological composition do not appear here. As a final measurement, let us consider the volume of dirhams exported into our three regions during the ninth century. While we cannot determine such a sum precisely, the number of coins in our 20 primary-like hoards serves as a fairly good, if imperfect, indicator. A detailed analysis of the size of these hoards may also reflect the number of dirhams available for hoarding at a given time and region. Since the data on several hoards is ambiguous, I have been forced to make a rough approximation. While the evidence leaves much to be desired and definitely understates the number of coins, it does provide some foundation for a realistic estimate.

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Dirham Hoards from Russia and the Baltic The raw data is given below:
Northwestern Russia

237

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Staraia Ladoga, 786/87 Kniashchino, 808/09 Demiansk, 824/25 Staraia Ladoga, 846/47 Novgorod, 864/65 Poterpel'tsy, 865/66 Toropets, 867/68 Shumilovo, 870/71 Total
Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania

31 400 (?) 35 23 203 60 150 (?) 1,326 2,228_+ 600 (?) 60 57 38 755_+ 72 40 200 (?) 124 336 2,200 400 (?) 143 3,515_+

Kohtla, 837/38 Lake Peipus, 861/62 Saraji, 863/64 Livonia, 871/72 Total
Northern Germany & Poland

Prerow-Darss, 803 Zalewo, 811/12 Braniewo, 816/17 Mokajmy-S6jki, 817/18 Ramsowo, 828/29 Ralswick, 842 Pinnow, 862/63 Karnice, 867/68 Total

The rough total from all three areas is 6,498+_, of which 34% come from northwestern Russia, 12% come from Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania, and 54% come from northern Germany and Poland. Lest we attach too much confidence to these percentages, it should be remembered that prior to the discovery of the Ralswick hoard in 1973/74, the percentage from northern Germany and Poland would have been much smaller. Furthermore, the gross total of around 6,500 coins is not as large as it might seem. In April 1868, workers found two pots, one clay and one copper, while digging in the city of Murom along the Oka River in central Russia. The clay pot contained 11,077 whole dirhams while the copper pot held up to 14 pounds of dirham fragments. The most recent dirham dated to 939. One clay pot found in one Russian town thus contained many more dirhams than all the ninth-century hoards from our entire area taken together. Having paid our respects to caution and modesty, let us see what our figures suggest, if anything. The average size of our 20 hoards was 320 dirhams. However, as might be expected, 12 hoards (60%) were definitely smaller and 3 other hoards (15%) may have been smaller. Only 5 hoards (25%) were definitely larger

238

Journal o f Baltic Studies

than 320 dirhams. Nine hoards (45%) were under 100 and 11 (55%) were definitely less than 150 coins. Each region has its smaller hoards and at least one very large hoard of over 500 dirhams. The average for these hoards by decade is as follows: 780s 31 (1) 840s 1,112 (2) 790s 850s 800s 186 (2)? 860s 153 (7) ? 810s 121 (3) ? 870s 682 (2) 820s 186 (2) 880s 830s 600 (1) ? 890s There is no uniformity at any time. The two hoards from the 840s are composed of 23 dirhams and 2,200 dirhams. The two hoards of the 870s number 38 dirhams and 1,326 dirhams. Neither is there any uniformity within a given region. The Shumilovo hoard is twenty-two times larger than the Poterpel'tsy hoard although they were deposited in northwestern Russia only some five years apart. Nevertheless, we should observe that we start out with a small hoard in the 780s (31 coins) and slowly work up to an average of over 1,100 for the 840s. There is a dechne in average size during the 860s followed by another sharp increase in the 870s. The three hoards of over 500 dirhams all date after 820. But there is only a faint trend toward larger hoards. For example, four of the nine hoards of under 100 coins (44%) date to the 860s. It might also be tempting to suggest that larger hoards occurred at periods when fewer hoards were deposited; i.e., at certain periods dirhams were accumulated for longer periods and larger batches were thus produced. The Kohtla and Ralswick hoards could be cited as support, being the only hoards cleposited in each respective region during a fairly long era. But the large Shumilovo hoard dates from almost the very same year as the modest Livonia province hoard (871), and they are not too distant from each other either. In brief, one of the common features seemingly shared by all three regions is the absence of any clear pattern in the size of hoards or the volume of imports. Dirhams were accumulated in varying quantities in all three regions, at least until the early 870s. Rather than attempt to repeat our main findings in this conclusion, I should simply like to emphasize that this initial effort at a comparative analysis of ninth-century dirham hoards from the eastern Baltic has probably produced two major results. First of all, I believe that we have found sufficient homogeneity among the hoards from all three regions to justify our grouping them into a single area. The ninth-century eastern Baltic makes sense as an historical-numismatic unit. Second, our examination of the data has raised a series of numismatic and historical questions whose exploration should, it is to be hoped, illuminate developments in this area during the early Viking Age. Many events poorly documented in written sources are reflected in the patterns of our hoards.

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D i r h a m H o a r d s f r o m Russia a n d t h e Baltic NOTES

239

1 Richard Vasmer, Ein im Dorfe Staryi Dedin in lCeissrussland Gemachter Fund Kufischer Miinzen [Kungl. Vitterhets Historic och Antikvitets Akademiens Handlingar, De140:2] (Stockholm, 1929), 32-43; Richard Vasmer, "Ein neuer Miinzfund des elften Jahrhunderts in estnischem Privatbesitz," Sitzungsberichte der Gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft/Opetatud Eesti Seltsi Aastaraamat (1934), 206 ft. 2 Sture Bolin, "Studier 6ver Mynt och Myntfynd i t3stra och Norra Europa under Vikingatiden." 3 Peter H. Sawyer, TheAge of the Vikings (London, 1962), 100-13,207-18.

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A P P E N D I X : LIST O F N I N T H - C E N T U R Y D I R H A M H O A R D S F R O M T H E S O U T H E A S T E R N BALTIC A N D N O R T H W E S T E R N R U S S I A ABBREVIATIONS Kiersnowscy, Pomorza = Teresa i Ryszard Kiersnowscy, ICczesno~redniowieczne Skarby Srebrne z Pomorza: Materia?y [Polskie Badania Archeologiczne, Tom 4; Polskie Skarby Wczesnorffredniowieczne,Inwentarze, Tom II ] (Warsaw-Wroetaw, 1959). Markov, Topografia = A. K. Markov, comp., Topografia kladov vostochnykh monet (Sasanidskikh i kuficheskikh} (St. Petersburg, 1910). Kiersnowski, lCarmii i Mazur = Marian Haisig, Ryszard Kiersnowski, Janusz Reyman, ICczesnolredniowieczne Skarby Srebrne z Malopolski, ~laska, Warmii i Mazur: Materiaty [Polskie Badania Archeologiczne, Tom 12; Polskie Skarby Wczesno~redniowieczne, Inwentarze, Tom IV] (Wrocfaw-Warsaw-Cracow, 1966). Kiersnowski, Potabia = Ryszard Kiersnowski, lCczesno{redniowieczne Skarby Srebrne z Po~abia: Materiaty [Polskie Badania Archeologiczne, Tom 11 ] Wroelaw-Warsaw-Cracow, 1964). Noonan, "Pre-970 Dirham Hoards" = Thomas S. Noonan, "Pre-970 Dirham Hoards from Estonia and Latvia, I: Catalog," Journal of Baltic Studies, 8(1977), 238-59. Noonan, "Ninth-Century" = Thomas S. Noonan, "Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from European Russia: A Preliminary Analysis," in M. A. S. Blackburn and D. M. Metcalf, eds., Viking-Age Coinage in the Northern Lands: The Sixth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History [British Archaeological Reports, International Series 122 ] (Oxford, 1981), 47-117.

1. Potabia/Pomerania.

Prerow-Darss, now in Ribnitz-Damgarten Kreis, East Germany, 1873. A treasure-coin hoard was found which contained 27 whole coins (25 oriental and 2 West European) and 45 coin fragments (all oriental). The most recent coin dated to 803. I. Sasanian (12 = 4 whole and 8 fragments) Khursaw II, 614, 617,627,628; Ruler and year unknown, 8 fragments. II. Umayyad (4 = 1 whole and 3 fragments) Kirmfin, 709/10; Wasit, date unknown (fragment); Mint unknown, 717-720 (fragment), 748]49 (fragment). III. 'Abbdsid Governors of Tabaristan (5 = 1 whole and 4 fragments) Kh~lid b. Barmak, 766-770 (fragment); 'Umar b. al-'Ala, 773, 758-783 (fragment); Ruler and year unknown (2 fragments--one or both could be Ispahbad). IV. "Abb~sid (48 = 24 whole and 24 fragments) al-'Abbisiyyah, 769]70, 774/75, 779]80, 772]73 (?); Atm~aiyah, 802; Madinat al-Sal~m, 773]74, "775]76, 777/78, 778/79, 795/96, 801/02 (7), year unknown (2 fragments); al-Mub~rakah, 791192; ai-Muhammadiyyah, 766/67, 797/98, 7991800, year unknown (fragment); Zaranj, 797198, 803; Mint unknown, 767/ 68-775 (fragment), 767/68 (fragment), 775-785 (fragment), 786-797 (fragment), 793, 802 (fragment); Mint and date unknown, 6 whole coins and 16 fragments.

240
V.

Journal of Baltic Studies

Umayyad Governors (1 whole) 'Abdallah b. aI-Zubair, D~rabjird, 674. VI. Western European (2 whole) Charlemagne, Dorestad, 768-814; Ruler, mint, and date u n k n o w n . References: Kiersnawski, Potubia, p. 54, No. 143; Markov, Topografiia, pp. 125-26, No. 35-36. The accounts vary somewhat; for the sake o f consistency, I have followed the date in Polabia. Markov described this hoard twice as if it were two distinct hoards found in different places. The totals for whole coins and fragments given in Potabia do not tally with the sums for the separate dynasties. 2. Po~abia/Pomerania. Rugard, n o w in Riigen Kreis, East Germany, in or before 1860. Twelve dirhams were found. The most recent coin dated to 815/16. "Abbasid (11): Madinat al-Sal~m, 771/72, 773]74, 774/75, 785/86, 796/97; al-Basrah, 762/63; I.sbah~n, 815116; al-Muhammadiyyah, 783/84, 800/01; Samarqand, 8 1 2 # 3; Zaranj, 789/ 90. References: Kiersnowski, Pot~ibia, p. 58, No. 155; Markov, Topografiia, p. 125, No. 31. PoCabia states that there were twelve dirhams but only enumerates eleven. 3. Po4tabia/East Germany. Ralswick, Rugen Kreis, East Germany, 1973/74. A hoard of 400 whole dirhams and around 1,800 dirham fragments was found. The most recent coin apparently dated to 842. Most o f the coins appear to have been 'Abb~isid. References: Coin Hoards, I (1975), p. 73, No. 273; Miinstersche Numismatische Zeitung (1974), No. 57, p. 13. 4. Potabia/Mecklenburg. Near Neubrandenburg, n o w in Neubrandenburg Kreis, East Germany, before 1873. Seven dirhams and treasure were found. The most recent coin dated to 818/19. I. Umayyad (1) W~sit, 713 / 14. II. 'Abb~sid (6) Madinat al-Salfim, 804/05; Balkh, 803/04; al-Bas.rah, 760/61; al-Muhammadiyyah, 770, 800101 ; Samarqand, 818/19. References: Kiersnowski, Potabia, pp. 48-49, No. 119; Markov, Topografiia, p. 133, No. 15. 5. Pomorze/Pomerania. Pinnow, n o w in Anklam Kreis, East Germany, 1890. Workers f o u n d a hoard o f several h u n d r e d dirhams, t h e majority o f which had been cut into small pieces. The hoard is said to have consisted o f 91 whole dirhams, 160 more or less identifiable fragments, and m a n y hundreds o f smaller pieces. The most recent coin dated to 862/63. I. Sasanian (9) 9 fragments. II. Umayyad (58) A dharb~yj~n, date u n k n o w n (fragment); Arminiyah, date u n k n o w n (fragment); Dfir~bjird, date u n k n o w n (fragment); Hamadh~n, 699/700; Naysabfir, date unk n o w n (fragment); Tanbuq (?), 750/51; W~sit, 713114, 723/24, 726/27, 738/39, 742/43, 743/44 (2), 746/47, 747/48, date u n k n o w n (7); Mint u n k n o w n , 712/13 (fragment); Mint and date u n k n o w n , 35 fragments. III. 'Abbdsid (182 + hundreds of fragments) al-'Abbasiyyah, 782]83 (2), date u n k n o w n (fragment- xx5 H.); Abarshahr, 807]08 (2 fragments); Armi-niyah, 76566, 777/78, 862]63, date u n k n o w n (xx2 H.); Madinat al-Sal~m, 766]67, 76768, 771/72, 772/73, 773/74, 776/77, 777/78, 778/79, 780/81, 788/89, 796/97, 797/98, 802 (2), 802/03 (4), 803/04 (2), 804/05 (3), 805/06, 807/08, 810/11, 819/20, date u n k n o w n (47 fragments); Balkh, 801/02 (2), 802]03, 809/10, date u n k n o w n (4 fragments); al-Bas.rah, 751/52, 758/59, 776/77, 778]79, date u n k n o w n (2 fragments); BukhArfi, 808/09 (2), 809/10 (?-fragment); al-HfirQniyyah, 785/86; Ifr~qiyah, 792/93, date unk n o w n (fragment); IsbahAn, 811/12, date u n k n o w n (fragment); al-YamAmah, 783]84; Kirm~n, 781-82; al-Kfifah, 749/50, 754/55, 764]65, dates u n k n o w n (3 fragments); Marw, date u n k n o w n (fragment); al-Mu.hammadiyyah, 770/71, 783/ 84, 7 9 6 / 9 7 , 8 0 1 / 0 2 , 8 0 2 , 8 0 2 / 0 3 , 8 0 3 / 0 4 , 8 0 6 / 0 7 , dates u n k n o w n (21 fragments); Nays~b.~r (?), date u n k n o w n (fragment- xx7 H.); Samarqand, 8 0 9 / 1 0 , 8 1 0 / 1 1 (3),

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dates u n k n o w n (2 fragments); al-Sh~sh, 805/06 (3); Surra m a n ra'fi, 847]48; Zaranj, 797]98 (2); Mint u n k n o w n , 774-786 (6 fragments), 753-864 (16 fragments), 8 2 4 ] 2 5 , 8 3 3 - 8 4 2 (4 fragments); Mint and date u n k n o w n , hundreds of fragments. IV. Idr~sid (1) Walilah, 788]89. V. Aghlabid (1) Ifr[qiyah, 801/02. VI. Tdhirid (3) Abarshahr, date u n k n o w n (fragment); al-Muhammadiyyah, 821]22 (fragment); Samarqand, 823/24. References: Kiersnowscy, Pomorza, pp. 81-82, No. 123; Markov, Topografiia, p. 129, No. 47. These accounts vary somewhat; for t h e sake o f consistency, I have followed the data in Pomorza. 6. Pomorze/Pomerania. Grzybowo, n o w in KDt'obrzeg powiat, Poland, 1877. Oriental coins were f o u n d of which 8 were identified. The most recent dated to 815/16. I. Sasanian (1) Khusraw II. II. U m a y y a d (2) al-Basrah, 699]70; Wfisit., 710/11. III. 'Abb~sid (5) Madinat al-Sal~m, 775/76, 796/97, 805]06; Balkh, 803]04; Samarqand, 815/16. References: Kiersnowscy, Pomorza, p. 51, No. 55; Markov, Topografiia, p. 127, No. 39 & p. 131, No. 68. 7. Pomorze/Pomerania. Karnice/Carnitz, n o w in I~obez powiat, Poland, 1878. A vessel containing 78 dirhams and 65 dirham fragments was found. The most recent coin dated to 867]68. L Umayyad (13) D~r~bjird, date u n k n o w n ; Dimashq, date u n k n o w n ; W~sit, 703/04, 7 1 0 1 1 1 , 7 0 8 ] 09 or 717]18 (fragment- x 9 x H.), 722/23 (fragment), date u n k o w n (fragment); Mint and date u n k n o w n , 6 fragments. lI. 'Abb~sid (123) al-'Abb~siyyah, 776]77 (5), 789]90;Armin~yah, 754-775; Anr~n, 7 9 9 ] 8 0 0 , 8 0 2 / 0 3 ; Mad]nat al-bal5m, 771]72, 772/73 (4), 7 7 7 ] 7 8 , 7 8 0 / 8 1 , 7 8 5 ] 8 6 , 7 8 6 ] 8 7 , 7 8 8 ] 8 9 , 796197 (6), 797198, 798/99, 802103, 804105, 806107 (2), 807108 (3), 810]11, 813/14, 847-861, date u n k n o w n (2x4 H.- 2 fragments); al-Basrah, 751/52, 752] 53, 762]63, 763]64, (2), 764]65; Bada'ah, 792/93 (fragment); Bukhfir, 809110; Dimashq, 847-861 (2); Herfit, 810/11; Isbahfin, 817118;al-Kfifah, 860/61, 854861 (2x4 H.); al-MubSrakah, 790/91; al-Mu.hammadiyyah, 776]77, 778]79, 782]83, 800]01 (2), 809-813, 813-833; Samarqand, 814]15, 813-833; Zaranj, 800]01, 810/11, 813, 816117; Mint u n k n o w n , 774]75, 754-775 (3 fragments), 775-785 (1 whole and 9 fragments), 786-809 (2 fragments), struck under alQuasim (?) (fragment-seems 19x H.), 813-815, 813-833 (5 fragments), 862-866 (2); Mint and date u n k n o w n , 31 fragments. III. Idrfsid (1) Ruler, mint, and date u n k n o w n (fragment). IV. T.flhirid (1) Samarqand, 867/68. V. Ispahbad (1) TabaristSn, (fragment). VI. Imitation (1) Imitation of a dirham of al-Mahdi, 775-785. References: Kiersnowscy, Pomorza, pp. 55-56, No. 67; Markov, Topografiia, p. 127, No. 41. These two accounts vary somewhat; for the sake o f consistency, I have followed the data in Pomorza. 8. Pomorze. Kretomino, n o w Koszalin powiat, Poland, 1933. A hoard of 18 dirhams was found o f which 8 were studied. The most recent coin dated to 809-813. I. Umayyad (1) SSbOr, 713]14.

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Journal of Baltic Studies

'Abbasid (7) MadTnat al-SalRm, 774/75, 776/77, 796-805, 809-813; Madfnat (Balkh or Bukh~r~), l x 3 H. (probahly 808/09); Mint u n k n o w n , l x x H. (?); Mint and date u n k n o w n , 1. References: Anna Kmietowicz and Franciszek Kmietowicz, "Dirhems de tr~sors polonais de haut Moyen ~kge inddits," Folia Orientalia, 9 (1967), 310-14; Kiersnowscy, Pomorza, p. 60, No. 82. 9. Pomorze/East Prussia. Stegna, n o w in GdaTlsk powait, Poland, 1722. A fisherman found 17 dirhams in three places at one site. The most recent coin dated to 811/12. I. Umayyad (1) W~sit, 744[45. II. 'Abbffsid (16) Mad[n5t al-Sal~m, 803/04, 807/08, 809 (2), 809/10 (3); Balkh, 803/04, 804/05; IfrTqiyah, 796/97; Isbah~n, 811/12; al-Muhammadiyyah, 80708, 811; Samarqand, 8 0 9 / 1 0 , 8 0 1 / 0 2 ; " S a u r a " or Zaranj, 796/97. References: Kiersnowscy, Pomorza, pp. 97-98, No. 159; Marker, Topografiia, pp. 111-12, No. 2. These two accounts vary; for the sake o f consistency, I have followed t h e date in Pomorza. 10. Pomorze/East Prussia. Mokajmy-S6jki/Pr~ckelwitz, n o w in Paslek powiat, Poland, 1866. A pot containing about 124 dirham fragments was found. None o f the fragm e n t s fit together to form a whole dirham. The most recent coin dated to 817118. I. U m a y y a d (3) W~sit, 730 or 740 (2); Mint u n k n o w n , 747/48. II. "Abb~sid (121) Mad~nat al-Salgm, 770, 754-775 (4), 778/79, 779/80, 780/81 (2), 775-785 (9), 792, 796, 798, 801, 803, 804 (2), 786-809 (2), 809/10, 810/11, 809-813, date u n k n o w n (7); Balkh, 8 0 3 ; al-Ba.srah, 755, date u n k n o w n (2); Isbahdn, 814/15; Kirman, 775-785; al-Kfifah, date u n k n o w n (3); aI-Muhammadiyyah, 765, 768, 787/88, 796, 798, 804, 805; NaysSbfir, 809; Samarqand, 809, 811[12, 817/18; Mint u n k n o w n , 777/78, 778[79, 779[80, 780/81, 775-785 (8), 800 (2), 804, 805, 809, 786-809 (6), 811/12, 809-813 (3), 813/14, 813-833; Mint and date u n k n o w n , 35. References: Kiersnowscy, Pomorza, p. 70, No. 103; Marker, Topografiia, pp. 110-11, No. 5. These two accounts vary s o m e w h a t ; for t h e sake of consistency, I have followed the data in Pomorza. 11. Warmia-Masuria/East Prussia. Zalewo, n o w in Mor~g powiat, Poland, 1868. An earthen pot containing up to 40 dirham fragments was found; 20 fragments from the hoard were studied. The most recent coin dated to 811/12. I. 'A bb~Md (20) al-'Ahb~siyyah, 771-793 (?); Madi'nat al-Sal~m, 770-775, 772/73, 786-809, 796] 97, 802]03, 805/06, 807]08, 808]09, date u n k n o w n ; Balkh, 804]05; al-Basrah, 752[53 or 762/63 (xx5 H.); Is..bah~n, 811/12; al-Muhammadiyyah, 766]67 (?), 791[92, 805/06; Mint u n k n o w n , 805/06 (?), 808/09-813/14; Mint and date u n k n o w n , 2. References: Kiersnowski, Warmii i Mazur, p. 78, No. 19; Markov, Topografiia, p. 111, No. 6. These two accounts vary s o m e w h a t ; for the sake o f consistency, I have followed t h e data in Warmii i Mazur. 12. Warmia-Masuria/West Prussia. Braniewo, n o w in Braniewo powiat, Poland, around 1872. A large hoard of dirhams was found from which 47 coins were identified. The most recent coin dated to 816[17. I. 'Abbasid (47) Madinat al-Sal~m, 7 6 4 / 6 5 , 7 6 8 / 6 9 , 7 6 9 / 7 0 , 7 7 0 , 7 7 4 / 7 5 , 7 8 0 / 8 1 , 7 8 1 / 8 2 , 7 8 3 / 8 4 , 784/85, 791/92, 795/96, 796/97, 797/98, 802/03, 809/10, 810/11, 811/12; Balkh, 786-809; Ibah~n, 811/12, 813/14, 814[15; al-Kfifah, 755/56, 761/62; Ma'din a l - S h ~ s h , - 8 0 5 / 0 6 ; al-Muhammadiyyah, 766/67, 769/70, 773/74 (2), 776/77, 781/82, 782/83, 783/84, 792/93, 793/94, 794/95, 796/97 (2), 800/01, 801/02, 814/15, 815/16 (2); Samarqand, 812/13, 813/14, 814/15, 8 1 5 / 1 6 , 8 1 6 / 17

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References: Kiersnowski, Warmii i Mazur, pp. 72-73, No. 3; Markov, Topografiia, pp. 11415, No. 17. These two accounts vary somewhat; for the sake of consistency, I have followed the data in Warmii iMazur. 13. Warmia-Masuria/East Prussia. Krasnof~ka, now in Itawka powiat, Poland, 1857. A hoard of 10 dirhams was found. The most recent coin dated to 813/14. I. Umayyad (1) W~sit, 747]48. II. "Abb~Md (9) al-'Abb~siyyah, 786/87; Madinat al-Sal~m, 781/82, 804/05, 805/06, 807/08 Balkh, 800/01; Ishahn, 813/14; al-Muh.ammadiyyah, 798/99; Zaranj, 803/04. References: Kiersnowski, Warmii i Mazur, pp. 73-74, No. 7; Markov, Topografiia, p. 110, No. 4. 14. Warmia-Masuria/East Prussia. Ramsowo, now in Olsztyn powiat, Poland, 1854. A hoard of 336 dirhams was found (I count only 335). The most recent coin dated to 828/29. I. Umayyad (2) al-S~miyyah, 748]49 ; Whsi[, 741/42. II. "Abbasid (332) al-'Abb~siyyah, 785186 (2), 792/93 (2); Atminiyah, 799/800; Arrfin, 764/65, 801/02, 802, 807/08, 828]29; Madinat ai-Sal~m, 766/67 (2), 767]68, 768]69 (3), 76970 (6), 770 (8), 770171 (4), 771172, 772173 (4), 773/74 (10), 774175 (10), 776/77 (6), 776/77 (?), 777/78 (7), 778/79 (8), 77980 (2), 780/81 (5), 781/82 (4), 784/85, 785/86, 786/87, 789/90, 791/92 (5), 795/96 (13), 796/97 (8), 797/98 (7), 798/99 (4), 799800 (2), 801/02 (3), 802 (3), 802/03 (8), 803/ 04 (4), 804/05 (4), 809/10, 810/11 (3), 811/12 (4), 814/15, 815/16 (3), 818/ 19, 819]20, 820]21; "Bakhinas" (?), 805/06; Balkh, 797]98, 798/99, 799]800, 802,804/05; al-Ba~rah, 752/53 (3), 753/54,754/55,755/56,756/57,757/58,759/ 60, 761162, (2), 762163 (3), 763164 (2), 764165 (2), 765166, 776/77 (3), 777178, 778[79, 797/98 (2), 813/14, 819]20; Jayy, 778[79; al-HarQniyyah, 785/86; Ifriqiyah, 782183, 786187, 787188, 7991800; Kirm~n, 783184 (2), 784185; al-Kilfah, 750/51 (2), 751]52 (2), 753154 (2), 755]56 (2), 756/57, 758/59,759/60, 761/62 (3), 763/64, 817/18, 819/20, 820/21 (2); ai-Mub~rakah, 791]92; al-Muhammadiyyah, 765]66, 766/67, 767/68 (2), 768/69 (6), 770, 770/71 (2), 776/77 (2), 777/78 (3), 781/82,782/83 (4), 783/84 (3), 784/85 (3), 786/87 (2), 788/89, 791]92 (2), 796/97 (9), 800/01 (2), 801]02,802 (2), 802]03, 803/04 (2), 805]06 (2), 811112, 815/16, 819/20; al-R~fiqah, 803/04, 804/05, 807/08; Samarqand, 809/10 (4), 810/11,811/12,812/13 (3), 813/14 (3), 815/16, 816/17 (3), 819/20 (2); al-Sh~sh, 804/05,805/06 (9); Zaranj, 801/02; Mint and date unknown 7. III. ldrYsid (1) Walilah, 809/10 (2). References: Kiersnowski, Warmii i Mazur, pp. 75-76, No. 13; Markov, Topografiia, p. 110, No. 3. 15. Lithuania. Pir~iupiai, Var6na raion, Lithuanian SSR, USSR, 1959. A coin and treasure hoard was found. From several "handfuls" of coins 6 dirhams were identified. The most recent coin dated to 853/54. I. 'Abb~sid (6) Ifriqiyah, 782/83; Madinat al-Sal[m, 795/96, 80304; al-R~fiqah, 805/06; Samarqand, 835, 853154. Reference: LietuvittMaterialineKultfiralX-X11IAm~iu]e, II (Vilnius, 1981), p. 92, No. 7. 16. Latvia. I]~i, now in Grobi0a, Liepl~ja talon, Latvian SSR, USSR, before 1827. Three 'Abb,~sid dirhams of the period 833/34-852153 were found. It is not clear whether these coins composed part of a hoard which was lost, as some suggest, or whether they were merely a chance find. Reference: Noonan, "Pre-970 Dirham Hoards," pp. 241-42, No. 4. 17. Latvia. S[raji, now in L~agi, Talsi talon, Latvian SSR, USSR, 1930. A hoard of 57 dirhams (27 whole and 30 fragments) was found. The most recent coin dated from 863]64. Reference: Noonan, "Pre-970 Dirham Hoards," p. 241, No. 2.

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Livonia. S o m e w h e r e in t h e p r o v i n c e o f L i v o n i a , n o w L a t v i a n S S R , b e f o r e 1 8 2 8 . T h i r t y -

e i g h t d i r h a m s f r o m a h o a r d f o u n d s o m e w h e r e in L i v o n i a w e r e i d e n t i f i e d . T h e m o s t recent coin dated to 871/72. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " P r e - 9 7 0 D i r h a m H o a r d s , " p. 2 4 1 , N o . 1. 19. Estonia. K o h t l a / K o c h t e l , V i r u m a a , n o w in E s t o n i a n S S R , U S S R , 1 9 2 3 . A h o a r d o f 500-600 dirhams was found of which 481 were identified. The most recent coin dated to 837/38. Reference: Noonan, "Pre-970 Dirham Hoards," pp. 249-50, No. 20. 2 0 . Estonia/Livonia. A l o n g t h e s h o r e s o f L a k e P e i p u s , U g a n d i , n o w in E s t o n i a n S S R , U S S R , 1885. A hoard of 60 dirhams was found. The most recent coin dated to 861/62. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " P r e - 9 7 0 D i r h a m H o a r d s , " p p . 2 5 5 - 5 6 , N o . 30. 2 1 . Kaliningrad oblast'. K a l i n i n g r a d , f o r m e r l y K 6 n i g s b e r g , n o w in t h e U S S R , 1 9 4 5 . A hoard of around 150 dirhams was found of which only 9 were identified. The most recent of these 9 coins dated to 745/46. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 8 2 , N o . 1. 2 2 . St. Petersburg province. S t a r a i a L a d o g a , L a d o g a uezd, n o w U S S R , 1 8 9 2 . A h o a r d o f 31 d i r h a m s w a s f o u n d . T h e m o s t r e c e n t c o i n d a t e d t o 7 8 6 / 8 7 . R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 8 2 , N o . 2. 2 3 . Leningrad oblast'. S t a r a i a L a d o g a , V o l k h o v talon, U S S R , 1 9 3 8 . A h o a r d o f 2 3 d i r h a m s (5 w h o l e a n d 18 f r a g m e n t s ) w a s f o u n d . T h e m o s t r e c e n t c o i n d a t e d t o 8 4 6 ] 4 7 . R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 1 0 1 , N o . 4 2 . 2 4 . St. Petersburg province. K n i a s h c h i n o , L a d o g a uezd, n o w U S S R , 1 8 7 4 - 1 9 2 4 . Several h u n d r e d d i r h a m s w e r e f o u n d in K n i a s h c h i n o o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f m a n y y e a r s . O f t h e s e , 9 7 w e r e i d e n t i f i e d . Several s c h o l a r s believe t h a t m o s t , if n o t all, o f t h e s e d i r h a m s c a m e f r o m o n e h o a r d a l t h o u g h t h i s m a y n o t h a v e b e e n t h e case. T h e m o s t r e c e n t c o i n d a t e d to 808/09. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p p . 8 4 - 8 6 , N o . 9. 2 5 . Novgorod province. Vylegi, N o v g o r o d uezd, n o w U S S R , 1 8 8 2 . D i r h a m s w e r e f o u n d of which 77 were identified. The most recent coin dated to 807]08. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 8 4 , N o . 8. 2 6 . Novgorod oblast'. N o v g o r o d , U S S R , 1 9 2 0 . A p o t - h o a r d o f 2 0 3 d i r h a m s w a s f o u n d . The most recent coin dated to 864/65. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 1 0 4 , N o . 51. 2 7 . Pskov province. A b o u t 13 miles f r o m t h e c i t y o f P s k o v , in P s k o v uezd, n o w U S S R , during the 1870s. Dirhams were found of which 3 were identified. The most recent c o i n d a t e d t o ca. 8 5 0 . R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 1 1 6 , N o . 73. 2 8 . Novgorod oblast'. P o t e r p e l ' t s y , B o r o v i c h s k i i talon, U S S R , 1 9 3 5 . A h o a r d o f 6 0 dirhams was found. The most recent dated to 865/66. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 1 0 7 , N o . 54. 2 9 . Novgorod oblast'. S h u m i l o v o , D e m i a n s k talon, U S S R , 1 9 2 7 . A h o a r d o f a b o u t 1 , 3 2 6 dirhams was found including 252-331 fragments. The most recent coin dated to 870/ 71. Reference: Noonan, "Ninth-Century," pp. 109-11, No. 64. 30. Novgorod province. D e m i a n s k , n o w U S S R , 1 8 3 3 . A h o a r d o f 35 d i r h a m s ( 1 0 w h o l e a n d 25 f r a g m e n t s ) w a s f o u n d n e a r D e m i a n s k . T h e m o s t r e c e n t c o i n d a t e d t o 8 2 4 / 2 5 . R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p p . 9 3 - 9 4 , N o . 30. 31. Kalinin oblast'. T o r o p e t s , T o r o p e t s talon, U S S R , 1 9 6 0 . A h o a r d o f d i r h a m s w a s f o u n d of which 73 were preserved. The most recent coin dated to 867/68. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 1 0 7 , N o . 58. 32. Kalinin oblast'. N a b a t o v o , T o r o p e t s raion, U S S R , 1 9 2 6 . T w o c o i n s f r o m a d i r h a m hoard were identified. The most recent dated to 815/16. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 9 1 , N o . 2 0 . 33. Tver province. Z a g o r o d ' e , V y s h n e v o l o t s k i i uezd, 1 8 8 9 - 1 9 2 4 . S o m e 1 3 - 1 5 d i r h a m s w e r e f o u n d at o n e p l a c e o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f several d e c a d e s . Several s c h o l a r s believe t h e s e d i r h a m s all c a m e f r o m o n e h o a r d a l t h o u g h t h i s m a y n o t h a v e b e e n t h e case. T h e most recent coin dated to 831]32. R e f e r e n c e : N o o n a n , " N i n t h - C e n t u r y , " p. 9 6 , N o . 33.

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