Nouns, its classes and properties

OVERVIEW

8. ___AR a vehicle with wheels9. ___AR an organ for audio 10.___ AR in a distance Look at your answers carefully. Check what does each word name; person, animal, idea, thing? All these are name words except for one, can you identify which? What do you call these words? Yes. These are samples of nounswords that name persons, places, things, animals, and ideas. Now, you have successfully motivated yourselves to a learning situation. How do you feel? Let us now proceed. Our topic is the first of the eight parts of speech- NOUNS. Brainstormer #2 Here are nouns in a list below. Classify them according to how you perceived them to be classified. The next page is for your creative classification. Make your classification an expression of yourself. Use your aesthetic prowess. Here are the words: boy computer children mango tree mother professor news farm Dr. Smith University of California student Miss Universe basketball peace jewelry rooster police officer prosperity ambition chicken guy plan course scholar bridegroom machine attorney-at-law monarch duke duchess drake committee congress kindness team Now, analyze your classification. Label your classification with the following categories: masculine, feminine, neuter, proper, common, abstract, and collective. Do it now. I am sure that after you have seen the labels, you feel like changing your list, no, dont make any changes, you will discover more when you go further.

Language is an essential tool in human expression. Man uses language tosatisfy himself, achieve his goals and live with others peacefully andharmoniously. Language is basic to success in whatever field of interest you arein. Your ability to express effectively what you feel and what you think and believe makes you prolific and effective. Language is everyones best weapon inthis stiff global competition of survival.
EXPECTANCIES After going through the pages of this module, you are expected to: 1. identify and nouns, its classes and properties; 2. explain the uses of nouns in English grammar; 3. use nouns correctly in sentences and paragraphs. Activities Brainstormer #1 Give the words describe in each item by supplying the missing letter. 1. ___AR the state of conflict and chaos 2. ___AR a sailor 3. ___AR anything that impedes or obstructs 4. ___AR an earthenware pot or vessel 5. ___AR a blemish or disfigurement 6.___AR a light pole with a broad blade for rowing a boat 7.___AR state or equality

Kinds of Nouns Read the sentences given below: I am a girl. My name is Mary. Both girl and Mary are nouns. When we say girl, it can be any girl. However when we say Mary, we say about one particular girl. So girl is a Common noun. Mary is a Proper noun. Remember:- A proper noun always begins with a capital. John, Nine, France. A common noun begins with a capital only if it is the first word of a sentence. 1. Proper nouns and Common Nouns. There are two main classes of nouns, proper and common nouns. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. A common noun names any one of a class of persons, places, or things. Exercise #1. Make a list of the nouns in the following sentences. Encircle each noun and write P under each proper noun and C under each common noun. ___1. Fresh fruits are shipped to Europe from the Canary Islands. ___2. The early settlers of New England lived in town and villages. ___3. The Pillar of the Cloud was written by Cardinal Newman. ___4. The frequent reading of the Bible should be encouraged in our Catholicfamilies. ___5. Indian summer comes late in the fall. ___6. The Canon of the Mass follows the Preface. ___7. Helen wrote a story about Saint Anthony. ___8. Were the Spaniards friendly to the Indians? ___9. The first school in the United States was opened by Catholics. ___10. The principal money of the Indians was wampum. 2.Collective Nouns A collective noun denotes a group of persons, animals, or things considered as one.

When a bill was introduced in one of the houses of Congress, it is referred to a special committee. This group carefully examines the bill and weighs its good and its bad points so as to determine whether or not it will be of benefit to the nation. Note that the words Congress, committee, group and nation name groups of persons as if they were one. These words, therefore, are collective nouns. Exercise #2. Encircle the collective nouns in the following sentences: 1. The crew showed great heroism. 2. Our class is going on a picnic next week. 3. Timidly Barbara faced the assembly. 4. The organist played softly as the choir assembled. 5. Joseph Green was appointed chairman of the committee. 6. The flock of sheep was grazing on the hillside. 7. A troop of happy children passed the house. 8. The swarm of bees hovered around the rosebush. 9. The audience appreciated the concert. 10. We saw the jury enter the courtroom. 3.Abstract Nouns An abstract noun expresses a quality, a condition, or an action apart from any object or thing. Good books are the gateway to the world of culture. They are guides that help to develop knowledge, appreciation, and love of beauty. The words culture, knowledge, appreciation, love, and beauty do not name person, places, or things. They name qualities and are, therefore, abstract nouns. Collective and abstract nouns are usually included among common nouns.

Exercise #3. Many abstract nouns may be formed from other words by adding suffixes as ty,-ness,-hood,-ship,-ment,-ion,-ure,- and ity. Make an abstract noun from each of the following by adding the proper suffix. These nouns are also considered derivational nouns. 1. loyal11. convict2. familiar12. assert3. good13. fail4. wicked14. child5. human15.express6. timid16. priest7. agree17. leader8. edit18.fellow9. arrange19.certain10.knight20.friendKeep it up! You are ready for level 2 of our learning of nouns- the application of nouns in sentences. You try this. Exercise #4. Fill out each blank with the appropriate word to make the sense of the sentence complete. Make use of the word inside each parenthesis .e.g.(engineer) The engineer is awarded as the best project leader. He is indeed a master in engineering skills. (plan)1. The ________was implemented after the _________department has gone through the documents. (China)2. The _________are very popular for their utensils and other household wares. The best quality of these products are said to be from _______. (decide)3. Martin has to _______ on whether or not he would join the basketball varsity team despite being a graduating student. His ________ is very critical.

(citizen)4. The Philippines needs good and patriotic _________who have concerns for the country. As it is said, the future of the country depends on its ___________. (human) 5. Technology is making the __________ lives easy. ___________ owes their luxuries to modernization. (humble) 6. __________ is according to St. Catherine of Sienna the most important virtue. (poor) 7. The government has been trying its best to augment peoples lifestyle, but until now, ____________ is still the masses battle cry. (commune)8. Good ______________ is achieved when everyone respects each others rights. (person)9. A pleasing ____________ is always the ultimate requirement of every company these days. (happy)10. True ___________ is only attained when one has totally surrendered his/her life to the Almighty. Abstract nouns can also be derived from verbs or action words. Take the following sentences John F. Kennedy abbreviated his middle name. The abbreviation ASAP means as soon as possible. King Edward abdicated his throne. His abdication of the throne surprised the world. In the above sentences, the words abbreviated and abdicated are a verbs,(both show action) while abbreviation and abdication are abstract nouns which are also considered as derivational nouns. Would you like to have some more exercises? Try this. Exercise # 5. Like the preceding exercise, complete the sentences by giving the appropriate word from the given word inside the parenthesis. Make sure to make each word agree with the sense of the sentence. ( acclaim)1. The critics ________ the new musical play. The judges of the singing contest chose the winner buy listening to the _____________ of the audience.

(admire)2. I really __________ Oprah Winfrey. ___________ should be earned. (adore)3. Her husband _________ her. Her husbands ____________is total and complete. (administer) 4. A president must ____________ to the wishes of the people in the country. Unfortunately, some presidential ____________ are dishonest .(accumulate)5. Too much water ____________ in the mountain side. The ______________ of water caused landslide. (assassinate)6. John Wilkes Boo the ___________ Abraham Lincoln. Lincolns _______________ stunned the American people and the whole world. (associate)7. Do you think bill Clinton still ___________ with Monica Lewinsky? Their _____________ was quite scandalous to the office of the Presidency. (authenticate)8. The painting I found needs to be ____________. I hope its real Picasso! The _____________ failed. My Aunt Edna painted the picture-not Picasso! (assimilate)9. America has ___________ people from many countries. The _____________ began with the Pilgrims in the 1700s .(allege)10. The principal _________ that the students had been cheating. Unfortunately, the __________ were true. You have been performing pretty well. You are almost done with the first phase. Now, lets check what have you retained so far. Test you skill: Let us put into practice what you have learned. This is now the gauge of your learning. Exercise # 6. Write a 10-sentence-paragraph explaining what is noun, its classes and uses. Give an attractive title for your paragraph. ___________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________

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Subject verb agreement

OVERVIEW Agreement means in union. It could also mean compatibility between two or more individuals as well as things. In life, we always have an agreement on things for us to be united. One example is marriage. Both a man and a woman agree to be married. they have an agreement to love and cherish each other as well as form a whole peaceful family. Upon having an agreement, both have the same goal in a sense that they must do whatever the agreement is, just to live life to the fullest. It is not only happened between people but also in languages as in English language. The most familiar agreement in English grammar is the subject-verb agreement. EXPECTANCIES This module intends to let the students: learn the rules on subject-verb agreement; apply the rules in making sentences; and make pronouns agree with their antecedents when used in sentences. Language Focused In a correct sentence, the verb must agree with its subject in person and number. The failure to make the subject and verb agree in number is now considered to be the most common

error committed by many students. This agreement or rule is applied to verbs in the present tense only. Q: Why? It is because in the past (except for was and were) and future tenses do not undergo changes even when they are used with subjects of different persons and numbers. Q: What do person and number mean? Person refers to the speaker (first person), the one spoken to (second person), and the one spoken of (third person). It is easy to recognize the subject in pronouns. Number refers to the singularity or plurality of a noun. Singular means one while plural means more than one. Person and number are properties of nouns and pronouns. Q: What should be remembered as a general rule? The use of the simple (plural form) and s-form (singular form) of the verb is determined by the person and number of the subject. It is therefore necessary that the subject is properly identified. When the subject in the sentence is in the first person or in the second person, singular or plural in number, the simple form of the verb is used. When the subject is in the third person, plural in number, the simple form of the verb is used. But when it is singular in number, there is a need to use the s-form of the verb.

There are always great and kind people around us. Q: What simplified rules the general rule consists of? RULES ON SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number. Examples: She works hard in order to finish her studies. The children shout while they play. 2. Words which intervene between subject and verb do not affect the verb. Examples: My sister, together with her friends, arrives tonight. The bus, loaded with boxes of fruits and vegetables, was abandoned in a solitary road. 3. Make the verb agree with the subject, not with the "ofphrase" (a phrase that begins with 'of'). Examples: The bundle of bank notes attracts the driver's attention. The enticing hands of the demon attract us into a labyrinth of cynical distrust. 4. Sentences in the inverted order where the subject is not in the beginning position, but comes after the verb, must be properly identified. Examples: Down that fearsome desert is a kind person. 5. Generally, compound subjects connected by "and" take the plural form of the verb. Examples: Students and teachers need to trust each other. A change of clothes and a warm bath are all I need. Note: When the compound subject refers only to one person, thing, or idea, the verb is singular. Examples: The secretary and treasurer of this class is absent. A bow and arrow makes for a primitive weapon. 6. A compound subject involving the use of "each" or "every" requires the s-form of the verb (singular). Examples: Each boy and girl has clothes made of T'boli tinalak. Every man and woman helps this community become more progressive. 7. Compound subjects joined by "or", "either...or", "neither...nor", or "not only...but also" agree with the nearer subject. Examples: Neither Analyn nor her friends have seen Chocolate Hills. Either the people or the demon tells lies.

8. A singular verb is used for nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning. Examples: Measles is prevalent in their place nowadays. Mathematics is a challenging subject. Note: There are many words ending in "-ics" that may be either singular or plural such as economics, athletics, critics, politics, etc. These words are singular when they refer to a school subject, a science, or a general practice. The "his/her", "some", "all" and singular modifiers do not precede them when they are in singular in meaning. Examples: Politics has become a way of life to them. (singular) His politics are well-known. (plural) 9. Some nouns are plural in form and meaning. These nouns take the simple form of the verb(plural). scissors, tongs, shears, pliers, pants, tweezers, refreshments Examples: My favorite pants were stolen by thieves last night. His scissors are used only to cut strings. 10. Fractions may take the singular or the plural form of the verb depending on the of-phrase. If the object of the preposition (of) is singular, the fraction takes the singular form of the verb; if it is plural, the verb becomes plural in form. Examples:

One-half of the mangoes are sold. Three-fourths of the cake is eaten by Hector. 11. Words or phrases that express periods of time, weights, measurements, and amounts of money or taken as a unit are usually regarded as singular. Examples: Two kilos of sugar meets our monthly needs. About 15% of progress is brought about by proper attitude. Ten days seems extremely long to survive in the desert. 12. Expressions of quantity or amounts that describe individual items rather than whole units require plural verbs. Example: A hundred years have passed since the country gained its independence. 13. Adjectives used as subjects take the plural form of the verb. Example: The hardworking are rewarded. 14. Indefinite pronouns like everyone, anyone, someone, somebody, everybody, one, each one, all(meaning everything), neither, and either take the singular form of the verbs. Examples: Each has his assignment.

Somebody was quick to report the situation to the dean and discipline officer. Neither of them was pleased. 15. Subjects modified by each, every, neither and either take the singular form of the verbs. Examples: Each student presents his explanation. Either one has become so defensive. 16. Expressions like many a, more than one, not one take the singular verbs. Examples: More than one person finds it very interesting. Many an individual feels happy about the misery of others. 17. The expression the number of takes the singular verb and the expression a number of takes the plural. Examples: The number of cars in the city is increasing so fast that causes traffic. A number of demons tempt good people to do bad things. 18. Many, others, several, few, a few, both and all(referring to people) require the simple form of the verb (plural). Examples: Like the three magi, many follow the star. All are sure where the star is.

19. A collective noun requires a singular verb when the group is regarded as one unit, and a plural verb when the individuals in the group act separately. Examples: The crew works fast. (one unit) The crew were very busy working. (separate) 20. A plural verb is used for a relative pronoun referring to a plural antecedent. In other words, the verb of the relative pronoun depends on its antecedent. Examples: Hermanio is a boy who looks good wearing barong tagalog. Trust is a value that helps us grow better. 21. A clause used as a subject takes the singular verb. Example: What you do reflects on you. 22. Some, most and all are singular when they refer to quantity. They are plural when they refer to number. Examples: Some of the electrical appliances are damaged. (number) Most of the music is difficult to understand. (quantity) 23. The words listed below are mass nouns. They are always singular and cannot be preceded by a, an or a number. They refer to things difficult to count.

information personnel graft chalk advice mail(letters)

homework baggage clothing blood money

jewelry scenery poetry help (n.) soap

Examples: Pity comes naturally from the forgiving heart. Courage makes us survive difficult ordeals. 26. The verb agrees with the subject, not with its predicate nominative. Examples: Rico's chief interest is rocks and minerals. Their hobby is writing and collecting antiques. 27. The verb agrees with the positive subject and not with the negative. Examples: I, not my friends, am getting the watches. Linda, not her sisters, is touring Europe. 28. A singular verb is used when the subject is a title of a book, play, story, or musical composition. Examples: The Merry Wives of Windsor is a comedy. Trees is a simple, charming poem. 29. Singular verbs are used with mathematical abstractions. Examples: Four times eight is thirty-two. Five plus three is eight.

Examples: Much help is needed. Poetry is difficult to understand. The scenery is awesome. Note: When a noun listed above is preceded by pieces of, kinds of, collections of, etc., it is followed by a plural verb. Examples: Many pieces of chalk are in the box. Rare collections of jewelry are kept in the vault. 24. With nouns always singular in form but either singular or plural in meaning, the verb agrees with the intended meaning. deer trout salmon cattle sheep swine

Examples: Fifty sheep are grazing in the meadow. One deer, the largest, was saved.

25. Nouns that expresses abstract ideas are usually singular in form. They require singular verbs.

Q: Aside from subject-verb agreement, is there another agreement in English grammar? Actually, the second most familiar agreement in English grammar is the agreement of pronouns and antecedents. Pronouns stand for nouns which are commonly called antecedents. Pronouns agree with their antecedents in person and number as well as in gender. Q: How can this agreement be achieved? Agreement of pronouns with their antecedents can be achieved by:

c. using demonstrative pronouns such as this, that, these, and those, as adjectives and making these agree with the words they modify. Example: Their exemplary courage and determination enabled them to achieve their dreams. Note: Two or more antecedents joined by "and" require a plural pronoun. Example: Mother Ignacia and the Beatas, who were persistent in their cause, derived their strength from their unwavering faith in God and in themselves. Test of Learning

a. considering what is being talked about; Example: Traditional politicians always look for negative issues about their opponents who, in turn retaliate. They bribe the poor. They fool the people with empty promises. b. remembering gender - the masculine, feminine, and neuter pronouns such as he, his, him, she, her, it, its; Example: Mother Ignacia was the epitome of womanhood. She defied tradition, eventually giving women the opportunity to take active roles by practicing industriousness, persistence, simplicity, and being prayerful.

A. Choose the correct verbs from the options in the parentheses. 1. The heart, although weighing less than 12 ounces, (is , are) a muscle about the size of a person's fist. 2. The walls of the heart (contract , contracts), forcing blood to rush out. 3. All of the water in the different cans (is , are) contaminated. 4. Some of the delegates (is , are) disappointed over the result of the convention. 5. Down the road (skip , skips) the child. 6. Statistics (provide , provides) the numerical data in question. 7. Refreshments (is , are) now served at the canteen.

8. Rosa and Lynda (is , are) best friends in school. 9. Many a novel (has , have) been written on love. 10. Six plus seven (is , are) thirteen. 11. Many men today (drive , drives) their own cars. 12. My confidant and adviser (is , are) my mother. 13. One of his dogs (has , have) puppies. 14. Three-fourths of the apples (is , are) missing. 15. Many (has , have) tied to break my record. B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pronouns to complete the article of Philippine Daily Inquirer. Choose from these pronouns: them, their, they, his, he, who, and him. MARAWI CITY - "Death, to the enemies of Mindanao and (1.) _____ people!" This was how Governor Nur Misuari of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, (2.) _____ right fist raised for emphasis, ended (3.) _____ speech, Friday before barangay officials at the Mindanao State University gymnasium. Misuari and the Interior Secretary Robert Barbers were guest speakers at the graduation rites for the Barangay Administration Training Program. (4.) _____ were warmly welcomed by local officials. Misuari did not mention names, but (5.) _____ lashed out at politicians (6.) _____ were maligning and destroying (7.) _____. He said that they portrayed (8.) _____ as riding on the back of a pig. "That is how dirty (9.) _____ are because (10.) _____ have no arguments, (11.) _____ can't argue with (12.) _____ rights," Misuari said.

He urged the people to vote only for (13.) _____ who manifest genuine love and respect for Mindanao. But (14.) _____ discouraged voting for those who malign the people by calling (15.) _____ incompetent and corrupt.

Module in PROF ED 12
Submitted by: CALIMOTAN, Ysczyl Grace R. ESCOTO, Vanilli B. ESPIRITU, Marly P. NUEVO, Mercy C. Submitted to: JONALD B. SIA
Instructor