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IRWAN IDRIS

_________________________________________________________________________ SBCH 3203 ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY /KIMIA ORGANOLOGAM SEPTEMBER 2011 _________________________________________________________________________

NAMA : MOHD IRWAN BIN IDRIS MATRIK NO :810320145167001 NO. TEL :0166665247 EMAIL : eoneg e!"#$oo.%o& '( : S$#$ A)#&

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*+ESTION 1

a) In the Electron - Sea model, the valence electrons of each atom are attracted to positively charged nuclei of several close neighbours. As the result , the valence electrons become free from attractives force of its o n nucleus. !he electrostatic force of attraction bet een the positive ions and the sea of valence electrons is the metallic bond. Sodium has the electronic structure "s##s##p$%s". &hen sodium atoms come together, the electron in the %s atomic orbital of one sodium atom shares space ith the corresponding electron on a neighbouring atom to form a molecular orbital . !he electrons can move freely ithin these molecular orbitals, and so each electron becomes detached from its parent atom. !he electrons are said to be delocalised. !his cause the distance bet een the central metal cations ith the electron cloud farther, so electrostatic attraction bet een the metal cations ith ea'er electrons cloud.

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(agnesium, end up ith stronger bonds and so a higher melting point. (agnesium has the outer electronic structure %s#. )oth of these electrons become delocalised, so the *sea* has t ice the electron density as it does in sodium. !he remaining *ions* also have t ice the charge and so there ill be more attraction bet een *ions* and *sea*.

(ore realistically, each magnesium atom has one more proton in the nucleus than a sodium atom has, and so not only ill there be a greater number of delocalised electrons, but there ill also be a greater attraction for them. (agnesium atoms have a slightly smaller radius than sodium atoms, and so the delocalised electrons are closer to the nuclei. Each magnesium atom also has t elve near neighbours rather than sodium+s eight. )oth of these factors increase the strength of the bond still further. !his ill e,plain hy the increasing boiling point from -a to (g to Al across the ro in a periodic table

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b) .ifferent ligands have different effects on the energies of the d orbitals of the central ion. Some ligands have strong field ligand hich cause a large energy gap hen the d orbitals split into t o groups. !he si/e of gap determines the avelength of lights is going to get absorbed. !he list belo sho s some common ligands ith the splitting
Cl F OH H2O NH3 CN largest splitting smallest splitting

0-1 is a strong field

ith the largest splitting need more energy to promote an

electron from the lo er group of orbitals to the higher ones. In terms of the colour of the light absorbed, greater energy corresponds to shorter avelength, higher fre2uency. In order to promote an electron, )lue light has a higher energy complementary yello coloured. !hose containing 3#4 is a ea' field ligand ill create a comple, ith a smaller 5 , hich ill absorb light of longer 6 and thus lo er fre2uency, v. !he comple, ith 3#4 ligands ill absorbed red light, in order to give the complementary green colour. ill be absorbed, to give the

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c) A covalent bond is formed by t o atoms sharing a pair of electrons. !he atoms are held together because the electron pair is attracted by both of the nuclei. In the formation of a simple covalent bond, each atom supplies one electron to the bond - but that doesn+t have to be the case. A coordinate bond 7also called a dative covalent bond) is a covalent bond 7a shared pair of electrons) in hich both electrons come from the same atom. Le,-. A%-/: a species that accepts an electron pair and ill have vacant orbitals E,amples8 )9%, 3:, 0u#:, 0r%: Le,-. B#.e8 a species that donates an electron pair and ill have lone-pair electrons E,amples8 -3%, 43-, 3#4 !he reaction of a ;e is acid and a ;e is base ill produce a coordinate covalent bond, as sho n in figure " belo . A coordinate covalent bond is <ust a type of covalent bond in hich one reactant gives it electron pair to another reactant.

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A coordination comple, is the product of a ;e is acid-base reaction in hich neutral molecules 7ligands) bond to a central metal atom by coordinate covalent bonds. 0ompounds that contain a coordination comple, are called coordination compound. E,ample8 T$e 0e#% -on 1e ,een #&&on-# #n/ $"/0ogen %$)o0-/e

If these colourless gases are allo ed to mi,, a thic' hite smo'e of solid ammonium chloride is formed.

Ammonium ions, -3=:, are formed by the transfer of a hydrogen ion from the hydrogen chloride to the lone pair of electrons on the ammonia molecule.

&hen the ammonium ion, -3=:, is formed, the fourth hydrogen is attached by a dative covalent bond, because only the hydrogen+s nucleus is transferred from the chlorine to the nitrogen. !he hydrogen+s electron is left behind on the chlorine to form a negative chloride ion.

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d) 3e,aammine 0obalt 7III) chloride, > 0o7-3%)$?0l% in its octahedral geometry ith $ coordination number. !he central ion is 0o@: and three 0lAion as ionic bonds

.iagram sho 8

BBBBBBBBBB ..

ionic bonds 0ovalent bond