Shale Extraction Methods Presentation

Copyright 2012 by Civan, Devegowda, and Sigal 1
Effective Shale
Gas and Condensate
Reservoir Simulation
Faruk Civan, Deepak Devegowda, and Richard Sigal

Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological
Engineering, University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
Copyright 2012 by Civan,
Devegowda, and Sigal
2
Acknowledgments
RPSEA
The University of Oklahoma Subcontract
No. 09122-11 (Sigal et al., 2010).
Consortium
Service and operating companies.
3
Shale Gas and Condensate
Reservoirs
Exist throughout the world
Abundant source of hydrocarbons
Contain hydrocarbons and water
Extremely low permeability
Hydraulically fractured to improve
production by creating
Large fracture surface
Induced fractures
Pore structure at different
scales
SEM image
Inorganic pores
Organic pores
Thin cracks
Core plug
Grid block
Complex matrix
Fractures
4
Faruk Civan, 2012
Adsorbed gas Free gas
Water
Modified after Passey et al.,
2010.
Fracture
5
Project Objectives
Critical Issues: What are different?
Theoretical Fundamentals
Adequate Formulation
Validation using an in-house simulator
Implementation in commercial simulators
Demonstration with applications
Project Accomplishments
Most advanced transport equation
Non-Darcy flow under pore proximity
effects
Fully-coupled free and adsorptive phase
transport model
Multiple-porosity transport mechanisms
Capillary relaxation coupled with relative
permeability modification
6
Project Accomplishments
Handling various fracture systems by the
method of superposition
Upscaling from SEM to core and grid block
sizes
Fully-equipped one-dimensional test
bench simulator in FORTRAN
7
Work in Progress
TOUGH2 Modification for shale reservoir
simulation
Properties of pore-confined fluids
Molecular simulation
Thermodynamics and phase behavior
Permeability from drill-cuttings
Shale flow-units characterization
Comingled production analysis
8
9
Shale Rock Composition
Complex shale matrix contains
Inorganic materials
Clay minerals
Nonclay minerals
Some organic matter called kerogen

Effective pore space contains
Water
Clay bound water
Capillary bound water
Mobile water
Hydrocarbon
Free gas
Adsorbed gas
Dissolved gas
Water
Modified after Passey et
al., 2010, SPE 131350
Fracture
10
Shale Rock Characteristics
Mud-rock
Extremely low permeability around 100 nanodarcies (10
-17
m
2
)
Complex pore structure contains
Intergranular porosity
Intercrystalline matrix microporosity
Organic porosity
Organic particles
Thin cracks of
Natural types often cemented with some material
Induced types created during hydraulic fracturing
Heterogeneous quad-media having different
Wettability
Storage
Transport
Connectivity
Copyright 2012 by Civan, Devegowda, and Sigal
11
Quad-media Continuum
Transport with Six Exchange
Pathways
Faruk Ci van, 2012 2
Inorganic
matter
Organic
matter
Natural
fractures
Induced
fractures
12
Complex Issues of Gas and
Condensate Movement in Shale
Heterogeneous quad-media system
Each component has different wettability, storage,
transport, and connectivity
Hydrocarbons storage in different forms as the free gas,
adsorbed gas, and dissolved gas
Alteration of fluid properties and behavior under pore
confinement
Gas transport by various mechanisms depending on
prevailing regimes
Effective mean-radius and apparent permeability
depending on pore-size distribution and flow regime
Nonequilibrium fluid distribution in narrow flow paths.
Gas Transport Mechanisms
13
Modified after
(Bae and Do, 2005)
Adsorbed phase diffusion

Wall dominated gas flow

Gaseous viscous flow
As the tube size gets
smaller, flow regime
changes to the point that
viscous (Darcy) flow
vanishes.
Faruk Civan, 2012
14
Hydrocarbon Storage in Shale
Pore-filling free gas
Dissolved gas in
Organic matter
Water
Adsorbed and
condensed gases
Pore reduction effect
Energy of surface of small pores is barely
sufficient to hold only a monolayer
Langmuir adsorption isotherm is applied
q
p
=
+
L
L
q p
q
p p
15
Gas Transport by Pressure
Reduction
Sequence of transport out of pores
Free gas, first
Adsorbed gas, second
Dissolved gas, last
Connectivity of quad-media
Strongly affects gas transfer
SEM images can only show micron scale connectivity
Practically inferred by
Modeling
Production history matching
Inorganic
matter
Organic
matter
Natural
fractures
Induced
fractures
R
h
Hydraulic radius Effective size parameter for non-
adsorbing gas at high pressure.
Mean-Free-Path
(For real gas not well understood)
Kn = /R
n
Knudsen number
In general porous media R
h
differs from R
n

2 =
h h
D R
Civan (2010)
Faruk Civan, 2012
Flow classification and
modeling
17
Flow Regimes Models
Continuum flow
(Kn 0.001)
Euler equations
B
o
l
t
z
m
a
n
n

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

No-slip Navier-
Stokes
equations
Slip flow
(0.001<Kn<0.1)
Slip
Transition flow
(0.1<Kn<10)
Burnett equation
Free-molecular
Flow (Kn 10)
s>
s
>
(Civan, 2010, after Roy et al., 2003;

Schaaf and Chambre, 1961)
Shale gas conditions
Faruk Civan, 2012
Schaaf and Chambre (1961); Civan (2010)
18
Fluid Properties and Behavior
under Pore Confinement
Pore size varies in 0.5-100 nm (Ambrose et
al.; Schulz and Horsfield, 2010).
Light hydrocarbon molecule size varies in
0.40.6 nm (Mitariten, 2005).
Fluid properties and behavior in confined
pores deviate from large medium PVT cells
Confinement effect
Promotes interactions between
Pore surface and molecules
Molecules themselves.
Results from various forces including van der
Waals
Important when the pore-to-molecule size ratio is
less than about 20 (Travalloni et al., 2010)
19
Deviation From Normal Fluid
Behavior In Nanoporous Media
Occurs for
Low pressure (Klinkenberg effect)
Small pore size (pore proximity effect)
Pore proximity
Dominant for high pressure reservoir fluids
Apparent critical properties
Critical temperature deviation increases with
increase in molecule to pore size ratio
But critical pressure deviation may increase or
decrease depending on pressure
20
Effect of Confinement on Fluid
Property Modification
Pore reduction by surface retention
Critical pressure and temperature
Real gas deviation factor
Density
Real gas equation of state yields an apparent
gas density different than that measured in
unconfined medium.
Viscosity
Interfacial tension (IFT)
Apparent Gas Critical
Properties
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0 50 100 150 200
T
c
*

=

1
-
T
c
p
/
T
c
b

Molecular Weight
5nm
4nm
2nm
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 50 100 150 200
P
c
*
=

1
-
P
c
p
/
P
c
b

Molecular Weight
5nm
4nm
2nm
(Sapmanee, 2011) (Sapmanee, 2011)
Faruk Civan, 2012
22
Effect of 2 nm pore on real gas
deviation factor
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Z

F
a
c
t
o
r
Pressure [psia]
100 F (corrected)
150 F (corrected)
200 F (corrected)
250 F (corrected)
300 F (corrected)
100 F (uncorrected)
150 F (uncorrected)
200 F (uncorrected)
250 F (uncorrected)
300 F (uncorrected)
Temperature
Methane : 2nm
Michel G., Sigal R., Civan F.,
Devegowda D. SPE 155787,
Copyright 2012, Society of
Petroleum Engineers
23
Gas Viscosity Decreases With
Increasing Knudsen Number Kn
Gas viscosity (Beskok and Karniadakis,
1999)

Rarefaction coefficient (Civan, 2010):
1
and lim 0
1
Kn
Kn
= =
+
1 and lim
o
o
B
Kn
A
Kn
o
o o
o

= =
Rarefaction Coefficient
accounts for all regimes
24
-7.5
-7.0
-6.5
-6.0
-5.5
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
l
o
g

(
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

P
a
.
s
)

log (Nanotube Radius, nm)
Chen et al.
(2008)
( )
Beskok and
Karniadakis (1999)
1
1
Rarefaction coefficient
Civan, 2010
1
o
o
o
=
+
=
o
B
Kn
A
Kn
Faruk Civan, 2012
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.E-091.E-051.E-011.E+03
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
l
e
s
s

r
a
r
e
f
a
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

o

Knudsen number, Kn
Loyalka and
Hamoodi (1990)
Civan (2010)
Civan, 2011
25
Apparent Gas-condensate IFT
c : empirical constant
D
p
: mean-pore diameter
S
G
: gas saturation.
Modified after Hamada et al. (2007)
and Sapmanee (2011)
1 2
lim
p
p G
D
c
D S

=
=
Gas
D
G
= D
P
2

4A
L
S
L
=
A
L
A
P
=
A
L
A
G
+ A
L

26
A
=
a
K A
p
q
L
L
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
K
/
K
0
Reciprical of Pressure [10
-3
psia
-1
]
Methane : T = 170 F
median = 34
median = 56
median = 152
Klinkenberg predicts
linear trend
Cannot describe
transition and free-
molecular flow
Michel et al (2011)
Faruk Civan, 2012
Apparent Permeability
Correction Factor
27
( )
4
( ) 1 1
1
o
| |
= + +
|
\ .
Kn
f Kn Kn
bKn
(Beskok and
Karniadakis,1999)
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r
,

f
(
K
n
)

=

K
a
/
K
,

d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
l
e
s
s

Knudsen number, Kn,
dimensionless
( ) =
a
K
f Kn
K
Civan (2010)
Faruk Civan, 2012
Correction for Pore-size
Distribution Effect
Range representative of
nanoporous shale
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1 10 100 1000 10000
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Radius []
median = 152
median = 56
median = 34
1
10
100
14.5 145 1450 14500
K
/
K
0
Pressure [psia]
Methane : T = 170 F
r = 50
r = 100
r = 500
r = 1000
r = 5000
median = 152
median = 56
median = 34
(Michel et al.,
2011)
(Michel et al.,
2011)
Faruk Civan, 2012
Effective vs. Hydraulic
Mean-Radii
Hydraulic radius, R
h
(Intrinsic permeability)
Effective radius, R
e
(Apparent permeability)

8
h
K
R
|
=
( )
( )
( ) ( )
-
-
-
-
4
0
4
0
4
4
( )
8
( )
8
e
e R
e
e e
R
R b
R R b
r r b
r f r dr
r r b
r
f r dr
o

o
t
+
( +
=
(

( + +
N
(

N
}
}
0
500
1000
1500
0 500 1000 1500
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e

r
a
d
i
u
s
,

A
,

R
e

Hydraulic radius, A, R
h
N: Number of tubes
f(r): pore size distribution
(Michel et
al., 2011)
Faruk Civan, 2012
Spontaneous Hydraulic Fluid
Spreading
Significant portion of injected fluid
does not return to surface during
clean-up
Accurate prediction of fracturing-fluid
spreading is important.
30
Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid
Entrapment
Equilibrium state is not reached
after many months of production.
Pressure trends indicate water
entrapment in narrow capillaries.
Trapped water may invade deep
into formation by imbibition.
Assuming instantaneous fluid
advance predicts unrealistic
negative capillary pressure.
31
Nonequilibrium fluid
distribution effect
Narrow flow paths
require long time to
attain equilibrium
fluid redistribution
32
Tortuous
narrow
flow path
( )
, ,
,
t
t t
c
| |
= ~
|
c
\ .
c c
| |
+ ~
|
c c
\ .
e
S
S S X S
t
S S
S g S
t t
(Hassanizadeh and Gray,1993; Barenblatt et al., 2003)
S
S
e
Time
(0, 0)
t : Relaxation time
Faruk Civan, 2012
33
Nonequilibrium Fluid
Distribution in Narrow Paths
S
eq
: equilibrium fluid saturation
S: instantaneous nonequilibrium fluid saturation S
t : relaxation time
t : real time
eq
S
S S
t
t
c
= +
c
(Hassanizadeh and Gray,1993; Barenblatt et al., 2003)
Equilibrium vs. Nonequilibrium
Saturation
34
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
P
c

[
a
t
m
]

Wetting phase
saturation
Equilibrium
Nonequilibrium
t
c
~
c
e
S
S S
t
(Andrade, 2011)
Faruk Civan, 2012
Gas/Water flow by apparent
vs. Darcy Formulation
35
Gas Displacing Water (Andrade, 2011)
Faruk Civan, 2012
Pore structure at different
scales
SEM image
Inorganic pores
Organic pores
Thin cracks
Core plug
Grid block
Complex matrix
Fractures
36
Faruk Civan, 2012
Water
Modified after Passey et al.,
2010.
Fracture
37
Upscaling for Effective Shale
Reservoir Scale Simulation
Integrate various features of shale at different scales
From the SEM grain scale
To the representative elementary volume
Then to gigantic reservoir grid block size
Relate permeability of percolating network of different
characteristics to an effective medium description
Apply superposition of porosity and permeability of
Background interconnected and dead-end pores of matrix
Thin sheet shaped cracks formed over the interparticle pore
system, acting like the pore throats.
38
Quad-media Continuum
Transport With Source/Sink
| |
( )
.( )
( )
. . ( )
( )
.
1
and
c |

c
c |
|
c
c |

c
c
c
+V =
+V V =
= V
| |
= V V +
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
a
a
T
T
q
t
w
w w qw
t
K
p
K
p q
t
Mp
c
ZRT p
u
u D
u
Inorganic
matter
Organic
matter
Natural
fractures
Induced
fractures
Civan et al. (2012)
Effective transport and productive capability
Quad-Porosity effective medium grid block
properties
Matching grid block response generated by
fine-grid simulation
Grouping into quad-porosity effective media
Match production time dependence of fine-grid
model
Allow up to four conductors with different
properties
Source terms to handle sorbed gas
Both single and dual media treatments can
be implemented with present commercial
simulators (Hudson et al. 2012).
39
Upscaling Methodology
Homogenous
effective
block
Fine-grid
Upscaling
Recovery Factor by Tank Model
of Quad-porosity System
40
Hudson et al. (2012)
Copyright 2012, Society of
Petroleum Engineers
41
Final Remarks
Quad-media shale pore structure and
characteristics
Alteration of fluid and pore properties
and behavior
Fundamental gas transfer mechanisms
Nonequilibrium fluid distribution
Modeling considerations for effective
simulation of shale gas and condensate
reservoirs.
References
Andrade, Juan Felipe, One Dimensional Test Bed Incorporating Correct Physics Of Fluid
Redistribution And Transport For Simulation Of Shale-Gas Reservoirs, M.S. thesis, U. of
Oklahoma, May 2011.
Andrade, J., Civan, F., Devegowda, D., and Sigal, R., Accurate Simulation of Shale-Gas
Reservoirs, Paper SPE 35564-PP, the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition
Florence, Italy, 1922 September 2010.
Andrade J., Civan, F., Devegowda, D., and Sigal, R. Design Requirements for a Shale Gas
Reservoir Simulator and an Examination of How the Requirements Compare to Designs of
Current Shale Gas Simulators, Paper SPE-144401, the SPE Americas Unconventional Gas
Conference, 14-16 June 2011 in The Woodlands, Texas.
Ambrose, R.J., Hartman, R.C., Campos, M.D., Akkutlu, I.Y. and Sondergeld, C. 2010. New Pore-
scale Considerations for Shale Gas in Place Calculations. Paper SPE 131772-MS presented at
the SPE Unconventional Gas Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 02/23/2010. doi:
10.2118/131772-MS.
Bae, J.-S. and Do, D.D., Permeability of Subcritical Hydrocarbons in Activated Carbon, AIChE
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Barenblatt, G.I., Patzek, T.W. and Silin, D.B. 2003. The Mathematical Model of Nonequilibrium
Effects in Water-Oil Displacement. SPE Journal, Vol.8 (4): 409-416. SPE 87329-PA. doi:
10.2118/87329-PA.
42
References
Beskok, A. and Karniadakis, G.E.: A model for flows in channels, pipes, and ducts at micro and
nano scales, Microscale Thermophysical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 1 pp. 43-77 (1999).
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Media, Porous Media and Its Applications in Science, Engineering, and Industry, Vafai, K. (ed.),
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Adequate Formulation of Effective Shale Gas and Condensate Reservoir Simulation, Porous
Media and Its Applications in Science, Engineering, and Industry, Vafai, K. (ed.), Proceedings
(CD) of the 4th International Conference on Porous Media and its Applications in Science and
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References
Hamada, Y., Koga, K. and Tanaka, H. 2007. Phase equilibria and interfacial tension of fluids
confined in narrow pores, J. Chem Phys 127 (8): 084908-1- 084908-9.
Hassanizadeh SM and Gray WG. Thermodynamic of capillary pressure in porous media. Water
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Hudson, John D., Quad-Porosity Model for Description of Gas Transport in Shale-Gas
Reservoirs, M.S. thesis, U. of Oklahoma, December, 2011.
Hudson, J., Civan, F., Michel, G., Devegowda, D., and Sigal, R., "Modeling Multiple-Porosity
Transport in Gas-Bearing Shale Formations," Paper SPE-153535-PP,the 2012 SPE Latin America
and the Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, 16-18 April 2012 in Mexico City, Mexico.
Hudson, J.D., Michel, G. G., Civan, F., Devegowda, D., Sigal, R. F. Modeling Multiple-Porosity
Transport in Gas-Bearing Shale Formations. Paper SPE 153535, SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 4-7 Oct 2012.
Loyalka, S.K. and Hamoodi, S.A.: Poiseuille Flow of a Rarefied Gas in a Cylindrical Tube: Solution
of Linearized Boltzmann Equation, Phys. Fluids A, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp. 2061-2065 (1990).
Michel, G., Sigal, R. F., Civan, F., and Devegowda, D., Proper Modeling of Nano-Scale Real-Gas
Flow Through Extremely Low-Permeability Porous Media under Elevated Pressure and
Temperature Conditions, 7th International Conference on Computational Heat and Mass
Transfer, stanbul, Turkey, 18-22 July, 2011.
44
References
Michel, G., Civan, F., Sigal, R. F., and Devegowda, D., "Parametric Investigation of Shale Gas
Production Considering Nano-Scale Pore Size Distribution, Formation Factor, and Non-Darcy
Flow Mechanisms," SPE-147438-PP, the 2011 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition
(ATCE), 30 October 2 November 2011 in Denver, Colorado.
Michel, G., Civan, F., Sigal, R. F., and Devegowda, D., "Effect of Capillary Relaxation on Water
Entrapment After Hydraulic Fracturing Stimulation," Paper SPE-155787-PP, the 2012 Americas
Unconventional Resources Conference held 5-7 June at the David L. Lawrence Convention
Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Mitariten, M. 2005. Molecular gate adsorption system for the removal of Carbon dioxide and/or
Nitrogen from coalbed and coal mine Methane, presented at 2005 Western States Coal Mine
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19 20.
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Unconventional Shale Gas Reservoirs. Paper SPE presented at the International Oil and Gas
Conference and Exhibition in China, Beijing, China, 06/08/2010.
Sapmanee, K., Effects of Pore Proximity on Behavior and Production Prediction of
Gas/Condensate, M.S. thesis, U. of Oklahoma, September 2011.
45
References
Sapmanee, K, Devegowda, D., Civan, F. and Sigal, R.F. Phase Behavior of Gas Condensates in
Shales Due to Pore Proximity Effects: Implications for Transport, Reserves and Well Productivity,
Paper SPE 160099, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 4-7 Oct
2012.
Schaaf , S.A. and Chambre, P.L., Flow of Rarefied Gases, Princeton University Press, Princeton,
New Jersey (1961).
Schulz, H.M. and Horsfield, B., Rock matrix as reservoir: mineralogy & diagenesis Deutsches
GeoForschungs ZentrumGFZ, Potsdam, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South
Africa, 2010.
Sigal, R., Devegowda, D., and Civan, F., RFP 2009UN001, Simulation of Shale Gas Reservoirs
Incorporating Appropriate Pore Geometry and the Correct Physics of Capillarity and Fluid
Transport, $1.3 Millions, funded by PRSEA, October 1, 2010-2012.
Travalloni, L., Castier, M., Tavares, F.W. and Sandler, S.I. 2010. Critical behavior of pure confined
fluids from an extension of the van der Waals equation of state. The Journal of Supercritical
Fluids, Vol.55 (2): 455-461.
Xiong, X., Devegowda, D., Civan, F., Michel, G. G., and Sigal, R.F., A Fully-Coupled Free and
Adsorptive Phase Transport Model for Shale Gas Reservoirs Including Non-Darcy Flow Effects,
Paper SPE 159758, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, 4-7 Oct
2012.
46

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