Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
0
1
T
r
e
n
d
s
i
n
N
e
u
r
o
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
2
4
:
3
3
9
M M M M
M3 M4
M2
M1
M1
M2
M4 M3
The channel forms a hole (i.e., a pore) in the membrane. This pore allows
ions to move (passively and quickly) from the extracellular uid to the
intracellular uid, and from the intracellular uid to the extracellular uid.
The pore is lined by the P domains (P1, P2) of each subunit.
Imagine these domains as the inner surfaces of a tube, maybe like this:
P2
P1 P1
P2
side view of one subunit
end view of 2 subunits forming
1 homo-dimeric leak channel
X + water
X + O
X + water
rotate
90
o
amino acid sequences shown in orange extend
carbonyl (C=O) groups toward the pore interior.
the oxygens might form rings around the pore. in
other K-channels, the diameters of these rings are
similar to that of unhydrated K ions, but they are
larger than unhydrated Na ions.
thus the spacing and charge of the oxygens creates a
selectivity lter, and allows the channel to be
K-selective (i.e., pass K and not Na ions).
T
h
i
s
i
s
n
o
t
a
l
e
a
k
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
a
m
i
n
o
a
c
i
d
s
t
h
a
t
b
i
n
d
t
h
e
K
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
i
n
l
e
a
k
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
.
M
o
r
a
i
s
e
t
a
l
0
1
N
a
t
u
r
e
4
1
4
:
3
7
K
+
ions (red balls in the left panel; blue balls in the right panel) unbind from the oxygens
of water (in cytoplasm or extracellular uid) and bind to the oxygens of the
carbonyl groups.
Depending on the electro-chemical gradients for K
+
ions, there will be a net
K
+
efux or inux.
T
h
i
s
i
s
n
o
t
a
l
e
a
k
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
a
m
i
n
o
a
c
i
d
s
t
h
a
t
b
i
n
d
t
h
e
K
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
i
n
l
e
a
k
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
.
M
o
r
a
i
s
e
t
a
l
0
1
N
a
t
u
r
e
4
1
4
:
3
7
where do the K ions bind?
look at the side view of a K channel, showing 4 ions inside the pore
summary
1) voltage is a net separation of charge. when this voltage exists across a
cell membrane, we call this voltage the membrane potential.
2) the membrane potential measured in the absence of stimuli is the
resting potential.
3) the resting potential of some cells is constant over time. the resting
potential of other cells might not be.
4) in a cell with:
a) Na
+
concentration gradient
b) K
+
concentration gradient
c) K
+
leak channels
the voltage is described by the Nernst equation for K ions. this equates
force due to concentration gradient & force due to electrical
gradient. gives us a voltage due to the combination of a permeability
and a concentration gradient, when the forces balance each other --
electrochemical equilibrium.
5) if the cell has K
+
leak channels & Na
+
leak channels, the resting
potential is some value between E
K
& E
Na
in this case, the resting
potential is not described by the Nernst equation for a single ion.
6) Resting potential forms in three steps:
a) Na-K ATPase forms Na & K concentration gradients.
b) leak K channels allow K efflux.
c) leak Na channels allow a small mount of Na influx.
If too much K
+
leaves the cell, the ATPase pumps it back in.
If too much Na
+
enters the cell, the ATPase pumps it back out.
Otherwise, the pump moves few ions & E
rest
is set by P
K
& P
Na
.
7
th
ed: Fig 3-23
8
th
ed: Fig 3-22