Operation Manual For Ms2 Magnetic Susceptibility System: OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 1 OF 64

OM0408
OPERATION MANUAL FOR MS2 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY SYSTEM
Bartington Instruments LTD 10 Thorney Leys Business Park Witney Oxford OX28 4GG England Tel: +44 1993 706565 Fax: +44 1993 774813 E-mail sales@bartington.com Internet http://www.bartington.com/
Specifications may be subject to slight alteration without prior notice. This system is not qualified for use in explosive atmospheres or life support systems. Consult Bartington Instruments for advice. The copyright of this document is the property of Bartington Instruments Ltd. The document is supplied on the condition that it is to be treated commercially confidential and it may not therefore be disclosed to any third party without the written authorisation of the Managing Directors of Bartington Instruments.
OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 1 OF 64
CAUTION MS2 Magnetic susceptibility meter When using the mains power supply ensure that the mains adaptor is correct for the local ac mains voltage (110V or 240V). Magnetic Susceptibility/Temperature system 1. In addition to the above ensure that the mains selector on the MS2WFP is set to the local ac mains voltage (110V or 240V). 2. When the furnace is first heated after renewing the insulation the binder material in the insulation is burnt off and produces unpleasant fumes. Some samples may also produce fumes during heating. Ensure good ventilation is provided and avoid breathing the fumes. 3. The operator should be aware that the outside surface of the furnace will become hot during measurements and the interior will remain hot for a considerable time after the unit is switched off. 4. If low temperature measurements are made as suggested using liquid nitrogen, the operator must take the necessary precautions involved with using liquid nitrogen. 5. The MS2W sensor glass tube may be damaged if a tightly fitting sample is inserted. When making low temperature measurements use only the recommended sample size and, if other components or objects are to be placed within the cavity, ensure that they will not expand on recovery to room temperature and damage the glass. 6. Catastrophic damage will occur if the MS2W sensor is exposed to temperatures above the ambient temperature without the recommended water flow. The MS2W sensor will also be damaged if the water flow is interrupted when the furnace is operating inside the sensor. A flow indicator is provided to be fitted in the water outlet from the sensor. 7. The MS2WF furnace is powered by a current-limited low voltage supply. The furnace support pillars carry the current to the furnace and should not be shorted together. 8. The black heatsink on the rear of the MS2WFP will become very hot when the furnace is heating.
CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Principle of operation 1.2 General description of the meter model MS2 1.3 General description of the sensors 1.4 Range of sensors 1.4.1. Laboratory sensors 1.4.2. Field survey equipment 1.5 Operating environment considerations 1.5.1 Electromagnetic compatibility 1.6 Software DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF METER MODEL MS2 2.1 Serial interface 2.2 Analog interface (optional) 2.3 Internal batteries 2.4 Front panel controls 2.5 SI & CGS units CALIBRATION OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR METER MODEL MS2 4.1 Serial interface 4.2 Analog interface (optional) 4.3 Internal batteries 4.3.1 Battery charging - laboratory use 4.3.2 Battery charging - field use 4.3.3 Battery check 4.4 Connecting a sensor 4.5 Taking measurements TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR METER MODEL MS2 SENSOR TYPE MS2B DUAL FREQUENCY 6.1 General description 6.2 Dual frequency measurements 6.3 Single frequency measurements 6.4 Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements 6.5 Setting up the sensor 6.5.1 Centering 6.5.2 Calibration check 6.5.3 HF/LF cross calibration 6.6 Magnetic mineralogy and the igneous rocks OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR SENSOR MS2B - DUAL FREQUENCY 7.1 Preparation of samples 7.2 Diamagnetic effects 7.3 Mass and volume specific measurements 7.3.1 Mass specific measurements 7.3.2 Volume specific measurements 7.4 Taking measurements
2.0
3.0 4.0
5.0 6.0
7.0
7.5 8.0
7.4.1 Sample insertion procedures 7.4.2 Selecting the measuring range Technical Specification
CORE SCANNING SENSOR TYPE MS2C 8.1 General description 8.2 Operating instructions 8.3 Technical specification HIGH RESOLUTION SURFACE SCANNING SENSOR MS2E 9.1 General description 9.2 Characteristics 9.2.1 Spatial response 9.2.2 Conductivity 9.2.3 Calibration 9.3 Operating instructions MS2E 9.3.1 Connecting up 9.3.2 Taking measurements 9.3.3 Siting the sensor 9.3.4 Preparing the core 9.3.5 Core logging 9.4 Care of the sensor 9.5 Technical Specification - MS2E sensor 9.6 Technical Specification - MS2E calibration sample MS2 HANDLE FOR USE WITH PROBES TYPE MS2D AND MS2F 10.1 General description 10.2 Technical specification PROBE TYPE MS2D 11.1 General description 11.2 Technical specification PROBE TYPE MS2F 12.1 General description 12.2 Operating instructions 12.3 Technical specification SENSOR TYPE MS2G - SINGLE FREQUENCY 13.1 General description 13.2 Setting up 13.3 Sample height adjustment 13.4 Calibration 13.4.1 Fill height/volume correction factors 13.5 Taking measurements 13.6 Technical specification HIGH RESOLUTION SURFACE SCANNING SENSOR MS2K 14.1 General description 14.2 Characteristics 14.2.1 Sensitivity 14.2.2 Conductivity effects
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
14.3
14.4 14.5 14.6 15.0 16.0
14.2.3 Calibration Operating instructions 14.3.1 Connecting up 14.3.2 Taking measurements Technical specification MS2K Sensor Technical specification calibration sample Maintenance
THE MS2 SUSCEPTIBILITY/TEMPERATURE SYSTEM WATER JACKETED SENSOR TYPE MS2W 16.1 Technical specification for sensor type MS2W FURNACE TYPE MS2WF 17.1 Construction 17.2 Pt/Pt.Rh type 'S' thermocouple 17.3 Base electronics 17.4 Technical specification for furnace type MS2WF MAINTENANCE OF FURNACE TYPE MS2WF 18.1 Preparation of plugs 18.2 Furnace outer insulation 18.3 Thermocouple installation POWER SUPPLY/TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER TYPE MS2WFP 19.1 Internal power distribution 19.2 Temperature control 19.3 RS232 buffer 19.4 Data format 19.5 Technical specification for power supply type MS2WFP OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY/TEMPERATURE SYSTEM 20.1 Setting up the equipment 20.1.1 Mains voltage selection 20.1.2 Water supply connection 20.2 Connection to a computer (GEOLABSOFT for WINDOWS software) 20.3 Sensor orientation 20.4 High temperature measurements 20.5 Thermal gradients 20.6 Low temperature measurements 20.7 GeoLabsoft
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
LIST OF FIGURES
ALL DRAWINGS ARE IN THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION & ALL MEASUREMENTS IN MM
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6
MS2 METER OUTLINE DRAWING MS2B SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING MS2B PLATENS STYLE A AND B MS2 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL AMS ADAPTORS MS2C SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING RELATIVE RESPONSE TO VARYING CORE DIAMETER WITHIN MS2C SENSOR THIN SECTION RESPONSE OF MS2C SENSOR MS2E SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING MS2E SENSOR RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS MS2E SURFACE SCANNING SENSOR IN USE MS2D PROBE OUTLINE DRAWING MS2F PROBE OUTLINE DRAWING MS2F ISO-MAGNETIC FIELD PLOT SHOWING RELATIVE (%) VARIATION IN SENSITIVITY WITH DISTANCE FROM TIP MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF COMMON ROCKS TNC-TNC CABLE MS2 SERIAL INTERFACE CABLE MS2 COMBINED SERIAL DATA AND ANALOG OUTPUT INTERFACE CABLE SUSCEPTIBILITY/TEMPERATURE SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM SUSCEPTIBILITY / TEMPERATURE SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAM MS2W SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING MS2WFP OUTLINE DRAWING & MAINS VOLTAGE SELECTION MSW2F FURNACE OUTLINE DRAWING
FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 FIGURE 9 FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13
FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15 FIGURE 16 FIGURE 17
FIGURE 18 FIGURE 19
FIGURE 20 FIGURE 21 FIGURE 22
FIGURE 23
WATER COOLING SYSTEM FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY/TEMPERATURE SYSTEM MS2WFP TO COMPUTER CABLE MS2WF TO MS2WFP CABLE MS2G OUTLINE DRAWING MS2K SENSOR RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS MS2K OUTLINE DRAWING
FIGURE 24 FIGURE 25 FIGURE 26 FIGURE 27 FIGURE 28
MS2 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY SYSTEM 1.0 INTRODUCTION
The MS2 Magnetic Susceptibility System comprises a portable measuring instrument, the MS2 meter, and a variety of sensors. The meter displays the magnetic susceptibility value of materials when these are brought within the influence of the sensor. Each sensor is designed for a specific application and sample type. The sensor is connected to the MS2 meter via a simple coaxial cable. An RS232 serial interface allows the instrument to operate in conjunction with custom PC compatible software running on a portable data logger or PC. The MS2 meter is powered by internal rechargeable batteries. The circuitry within the MS2 powers the sensors and processes the measurement information produced by them. The measurements are obtained digitally using a time dependent method. This results in precise and repeatable measurements. The sensors are independently calibrated and are therefore fully interchangeable between MS2 instruments. For ease of viewing on the laboratory bench the MS2 can be placed on a special tilt stand. 1.1 Principles of operation
The magnetic state of a specimen is generally described by the following equation: B = 0 (H+M) (1) where: B is the flux density of the specimen in Tesla. 0 is the permeability of free space. This is a constant (4x10-7). H is the applied field strength in AT/m. M is the magnetisation of the specimen in Tesla. Dividing through by H we get:
r = 0 + 0 (2)
where: r is the relative permeability of the specimen (dimensionless) is the magnetic susceptibility of the specimen (dimensionless) Rewriting, we get:
0 = r 0 (3)
The MS2 instrument measures the magnetic susceptibility in the following way: The sensor consists of a very high thermal stability oscillator for which a wound inductor is the principle frequency-determining component. When the inductor contains only air the value of 0 determines the frequency of oscillation.
When the inductor is placed within the influence of the specimen to be measured, the value of r determines the frequency of oscillation. The meter to which the sensor is connected digitises the 0 and r dependant frequency values with a resolution of better than one part in a million and computes the value of magnetic susceptibility. The value of 0 is constant but the variable of interest is relatively small. Therefore any thermally induced sensor drift needs to be eliminated by occasionally obtaining a new "air" or 0 value by depressing the "zero" button on the MS2 meter. The r value is obtained by pressing the "measure" button. The magnetic susceptibility value is displayed digitally and output via a serial interface. 1.2 General description of the meter model MS2
The MS2 circuitry is housed in an enclosure weighing 1.3kg (3lb) with approximate dimensions of 160mm x 255mm x 50mm (6" x 10" x 2"). Operating switches, a TNC sensor cable connector and a 4-digit liquid crystal display are situated on the front panel ( Figure 1). The RS232 serial interface connector and a battery charger input socket are located on the rear panel of the instrument. Internal NiCad batteries provide 12 hours continuous use and can be recharged from either the mains or a vehicle dashboard. An instrument stand is provided for laboratory use and a carrying bag is supplied for field portability. 1.3 General description of the sensors
These all operate on the principle of a.c. induction. Power is supplied to the oscillator circuit within the sensor. This generates a low intensity (80 amperes per metre approx.) alternating magnetic field. Any material brought within the influence of this field will bring about a change in oscillator frequency. The frequency information is returned in pulse form to the MS2 meter where it is converted into a value of magnetic susceptibility. The sensors are particularly insensitive to sample conductivity. The sensor subjects the sample to a non-saturating field that has the advantage of measuring initial susceptibility without destroying any sample magnetic remanence. 1.4 Range of sensors
Sensors available for use with the MS2 can be broadly defined as either field or laboratory sensors. 1.4.1 (i) Laboratory sensors MS2B (dual frequency) - This sensor (Figure 2) has an internal diameter of 36 mm and accepts granular or liquid samples in 10 cc or 20 cc sample pots and 1" drill cores. The high accuracy of the sensor is derived from the use of a well defined sample shape. Samples are easily and accurately located within the sensor cavity using a simple insertion mechanism. The sensor can be operated at two different frequencies for the study of the frequency dependency of susceptibility. The low frequency setting will normally be selected for single frequency measurements.
Accurate weighing of the samples will allow the precise measurement of mass specific magnetic susceptibility. AMSWIN-BAR software is available which, together with appropriate sample adaptors, permits the measurement of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. (ii) MS2C - These sensors (Figure 5) are designed for the measurement of continuous sections of core. Due to their ruggedised construction they are suitable for field and shipboard use. They are available in a range of sizes from 36 mm to 162 mm and feature extremely low temperature induced drift as required during prolonged logging sequences. Calibration graphs are provided to assist in the evaluation of the volume specific measurement. Optimum measurement accuracy is achieved with 5-10 mm core clearance; calibration graphs are provided for intermediate core sizes. MS2E - This sensor (Figure 8) is used to perform measurements with high spatial resolution along split cores or suitably prepared geological specimens. The active region is at the end of a 25mm diameter ceramic cylinder mounted in line with the electronics unit. The active region of the sensing surface is a 10.5mm x 3.8mm rectangle, defined by FWHM of the response across the surface. The sensor is accurately calibrated to measure an infinite volume and the unit is individually calibrated to reduce temperature induced drift. MS2G - This sensor (Figure 24) is used with a 1cc volume sample vial for powders or liquids. This is the smallest sample size available in the MS2 range of sensors. Satisfactory measurements are possible with volumes down to 0.2cc provided that the sample is positioned at the centre of the sensor and the appropriate calibration factor is applied. MS2W - This 30mm ID water jacketed sensor (Figure 19), together with a temperature compensated integral electronics unit, permits the temperature dependency of magnetic susceptibility to be measured. The water jacket shields the sensor from extremes of temperature within the sample cavity. Operation of this sensor is described later in this manual under the Susceptibility/Temperature system. Field survey equipment MS2D and MS2F - The system comprises a handle with an integral electronics unit and an extension tube to which either of the two field probes, MS2D (Figure 11) or MS2F (Figure 12), can be attached. During measurements these are pressed into contact with the surface under investigation. The calibration of the sensor assumes that the sample size is infinite and therefore the calibration is best expressed in volume susceptibility units. Ultimate repeatability will depend on the uniformity of the surface under investigation. The MS2 probe handle is waterproof and suitable for immersion up to the depth of the electronics unit that is not fully sealed. The field sensors can be used to depths of approximately 5 metres in conjunction with handle extension tubes.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
1.4.2 (i)
The MS2D search loop is 185 mm in diameter and provides a depth of investigation approximately equal to its diameter. The MS2F probe has a tip diameter of 15 mm with a similar depth of investigation.
(ii)
MS2K (Figure 26) - This sensor is designed to provide highly repeatable measurements of the volume magnetic susceptibility of moderately smooth surfaces. Description of magnetic stratigraphy and identification of horizons are key applications. Characterisation of outcrops and logging of split cores are also possible. The sensor, which connects directly to the MS2 meter, is housed in a lightweight enclosure and is fitted with a pistol grip.
1.5
Operating environment considerations
The following environmental factors should be taken into account when using the MS2 system. (i) Temperature induced drift - The MS2 sensors operate on the principle of comparison between the permeability of free space and the relative permeability obtained with the added contribution of the sample magnetic susceptibility. The sensors are therefore required to measure the relative permeability to a resolution of a few ppm (parts per million). This is a very demanding requirement. Each of the sensors employs a unique technique for temperature compensation to minimise any temperature induced drift. Errors, which could arise from baseline drift, can be systematically eliminated through measurement procedures - See Section 4.5. A facility for automatic correction of temperature drift at the end of a measurement sequence is provided by the MULTISUS software package. Where the most sensitive measurements are to be performed on weak material the best precaution is to ensure that the operating temperature is constant and preferably cool and that sensor and samples have time to reach an equilibrium temperature. Clearly this may not be an option when operating in the field. (ii) (ii) Avoid using the equipment in very wet conditions. Noise and interference check: This instrument should not be operated close to high power radio transmitters or heavy electrical machinery. Select the normal sensitivity, x1.0 range, and with no sample present first press the Zero button and then select continuous measurements on the Measure toggle switch. If fluctuations of greater than 1 least significant digit per reading appear on the display then external electrical noise should be suspected in which case the only solution is to re-site the equipment. Before using the laboratory sensors first check the selected area for freedom from large ferrous objects by moving the sensor and watching for any changes on the display. 1.5.1 Electromagnetic compatibility
The MS2 meter and sensors contain no high frequency electronics likely to cause emissions that could affect other apparatus. The use of a rechargeable battery charged from a mains adaptor and decoupling of the internal switched mode power supply minimise any emissions. Other sensitive equipment such as squid magnetometers will only be affected if placed in close proximity.
The unit is unlikely to be affected by interference from other equipment in the normal operating environment. However, by their nature the sensors are susceptible to electromagnetic interference and operation close to a radio frequency source radiating with a frequency close to the operating frequency of the sensor should be avoided. See above for noise and interference check. It is important to position the sensor to minimise interference and obtain the best performance.
1.6
Software
The following software is available and is supplied with individual operation manuals: (i) MULTISUS - This Windows software runs on the users PC and provides data capture from the MS2 meter, via the RS232 serial port, when used with either the MS2B, MS2C, MS2E or MS2G sensor. When used with the MS2B sensor the program allows volume or mass specific susceptibility measurements with corrections for sample volume or mass where appropriate, and calculation of the coefficient of frequency dependant susceptibility. When used in conjunction with the MS2C, corrections for the ratio of core to sensor diameter can be automatically applied. The software offers baseline drift correction for all the above sensors. AMSWIN-BAR - This Windows program permits the measurement of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Sample adaptors are provided with the software. GEOLABSOFT for WINDOWS - This program is used in conjunction with the susceptibility/temperature system to record the data in the selected temperature range. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF METER MODEL MS2 Serial interface
(ii)
(iii)
2.0 2.1
An RS232 compatible serial interface, which permits data logging in the field and data processing in the laboratory, is included within this unit. Serial data input and output is via a 4-way socket situated on the rear panel. The serial interface cable is shown in Figure 16. 2.2 Analog interface (optional)
This option, which can be fitted in addition to the serial interface, permits use of the MS2 meter in conjunction with a chart recorder, X-Y plotter or analog data recorder. Analog output is via the same 4-way rear panel socket. The combined serial data and analog output interface cable is shown in Figure 17. 2.3 Internal batteries
The instrument is powered by internal maintenance-free rechargeable NiCad batteries. Recharging is carried out quickly and easily either from a mains electricity supply or a vehicle dashboard. The instrument is protected against the ingress of moisture but operation in very wet conditions should be avoided. 2.4 Front panel controls
There are five front panel controls (see Figure 1): (i) Range multiplier switch This switch allows selection of either x1 or x0.1 sensitivity range. In the second case the result is shown to the first place of decimal and a 10-fold increase in measurement time provides additional noise filtering. The switch also activates the battery indicator. ZERO push button This button permits air readings to be taken. By performing a measurement to "air" this control re-sets the instrument and brings subsequent measurements within the range of the display. MEASURE push button This button permits sample readings to be taken. Toggle switch This performs the same function as the push button but permits continuous measurements. On/Off Switch This switch controls the internal battery supply and also permits the selection of either SI or CGS units. 2.5 SI and CGS units
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
The instrument may be pre-set to display the susceptibility value directly in one or other of the dimensional systems thus producing a basic mass or volume specific unit of :Mass ( ) 10-8 (m3/kg) 10-6 (cm3/g) Volume () 10-5 10-6
SI CGS
Numerical conversion from SI to CGS units is accomplished by dividing the SI value by 4pi i.e. CGS = SI/4pi The meter model MS2 performs this function internally but by using the constant 0.4pi to keep the numbers in a similar range of magnitude. 3.0 CALIBRATION
All sensors are calibrated either directly or indirectly to the diamagnetism of water, where density rho = 1. (mass susceptibility of H20) is -0.72 x 10-6 Therefore, for H20 = rho x = 1 x -0.72 x 10-6 CGS.
Precise mass specific measurements are only possible using the MS2B sensor where the sample volume is accurately defined.
4.0 4.1
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR METER MODEL MS2 Serial interface
The RS232 serial interface, via the 4 way connector on the rear panel of the instrument, allows data communication between the MS2 meter and a computer with custom designed software. For reasons of economy of battery drain the interface is restricted to operate over a maximum cable length of 50 metres. An RS232 connecting cable is provided with the MS2 for connection to a computer via a 9-way D-type connector (Figure 16). No hardware handshaking is provided. Before using the serial interface facility it is most important to establish that the MS2 TRANSMIT (Tx) line connects with the host computer RECEIVE (Rx) line and vice versa. Consult the computer manual before selecting the port for connection of the cable. The instrument ZERO and MEASURE functions can be externally controlled by sending the ASCII character Z (Zero) or M (Measure) to the MS2 from the computer. To revert the instrument to the IDLE mode any other character can be sent. Data is only transmitted from the MS2 following the instruction to MEASURE. The delay between the instruction being received and the data being transmitted will be equal to the measuring period which depends on the sensor type (see relevant specification) and the range selected. The time taken to reset the meter to zero is the same as that required to take a measurement. Software should allow sufficient time for a response before issuing the next command. The MS2 meter has a standard RS232 interface that operates in one of three modes as set by the screwdriver-operated rotary switch on the rear panel. The options are: A. Standard operation 1200 baud with a 7 bit word - for use with Multisus B. X/T system operation 1200 baud with an 8 bit word - for use with GeoLabsoft C. Operation at 9600 baud with an 8 bit word The specification of the interface and bit pattern for each option is shown in the Technical Specification (see Section 5.0). 4.2 Analog interface (optional)
A 3 digit, digital to analog converter provides a continuously updated bipolar analog output voltage that is proportional to the digital value displayed on the MS2. The maximum output voltage of 5 V corresponds to a maximum displayed value of 1999. The scaling factor is therefore 25 mV/unit. The output will return to 0 V as the digital value makes a transition through 1999-2000 and will continue to be updated in the range 0-5 V for every subsequent interval of 2000. The analog output is available on the MS2 four pole rear panel socket and the lead provided is terminated in a red (+ve) and black (ground OV) 4 mm plug, see Figure 17. It is recommended that the output is not loaded by an impedance of less than 10 kohms. 4.3 Internal batteries WARNING: When using the mains power supply ensure that you are using a mains adaptor that is correct for local ac mains voltage (110 V or 240 V).
To recharge the batteries connect either the 12 V mains power supply adaptor or the vehicle dashboard cable to the 2.1 mm connector on the rear panel of the instrument where a yellow LED will indicate that charging is taking place. The rate of charge will depend on whether the instrument is switched ON (trickle charge) or OFF (full charge). The charger input is polarity protected and any d.c. source between 6 and 18 volts can be used. To maintain the full capacity of the batteries it is necessary to completely discharge and recharge them from time to time. 4.3.1 Battery charging - laboratory use When the instrument is switched on and connected to the mains supply via the battery charger the batteries receive a trickle charge and therefore continuous use from the power supply is permitted. 4.3.2 Battery charging - field use
For field use the batteries will need to be charged overnight for use the following day. A full recharge will take 16 hours with the instrument switched off and connected to an external mains supply or vehicle dashboard. To prevent overcharging it is recommended that charging is not continued for more than 16 hours. 4.3.3 Battery check
The condition of the batteries can be checked by selecting "BATT" on the range multiplier switch. The battery indicator lamp will appear: green - charge acceptable yellow - re-charge soon red - re-charge immediately Use of the instrument when the battery voltage is low will cause excessive measurement drift. 4.4 Connecting a sensor
Connect the sensor to be used to the front panel socket of the MS2 meter with the 50 ohm TNC to TNC cable (Figure 15) and switch on by selecting either SI or CGS units. 4.5 Taking measurements
The user must set the meter to the 1.0 range for the initial measurement of any sample to establish the approximate result before switching to the more sensitive 0.1 range. If the value of a sample is greater than 1000 then the most significant digit will not be seen if measured on the 0.1 range, leading to an apparent gross error in the result. Irrespective of the type of sensor being used the measurements are accomplished using the following procedure: (i) Take an "air" reading by pressing the ZERO push button with the sample to be measured away from the influence of the sensor. The display will appear blank and a colon will appear to show the instrument is "busy". The completion of a ZERO cycle will be announced by a bleep and the display will show all zeros.
(ii)
Place the sample within the influence of the sensor and press the MEASURE button. The "busy" colon will appear and the display will show the previous reading until updated at the completion of the current measurement period. This is announced with a bleep and at this time serial data will be transmitted. If either push button is enabled at the completion of a cycle a repeat measurement will be taken. To measure weakly magnetic material, select the more sensitive x0.1 range and compensate for any thermally induced drift by making a series of three measurements. The mean of an air measurement before and after the sample is subtracted from the sample measurement: a) Zero to air b) Measure sample = R1 c) Measure air = R2 Corrected value Rk = R1 - R2/2
(iii)
(iv)
Attempt to keep the time between measurements as consistent as possible. If recording values by hand, note that the previous value can be read whilst the current measurement is taking place thus saving time and improving precision. The magnetic susceptibility of common rocks is shown in Figure 14.
5.0
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR METER MODEL MS2 Mechanical Enclosure material Weight (without carrying bag) Overall dimensions Operating temperature range Storage temperature range Display Linearity Batteries Current drain Battery operation Battery charge Sensor connection Sensor cable type Instrument care REAR PANEL SOCKET Type : Fischer sealed 4-way : : : : : : : : : : : : : ABS 1.3 kg 255 x 158 x 50 mm : -10oC to +40oC -20oC to +70oC 4 digit LCD including sign 1% 1 to 9999 (over range to 29999) 16.8V X 600 mAh sealed NiCad in removable cassette quiescent 16 mA, measuring 20 mA 12 hours minimum 16 hours full charge 50 ohm TNC connector RG58CU 50 ohms 100 pF/m (200m maximum length) clean with mild detergent and water
Pin-Assignment (shown on rear panel)
1 - Ground Ov. 2 - MS2 Tx 3 - MS2 Rx 4 - Va out - analog output option Two-way transmission of data over a screened cable up to 50 metres may be accomplished. A 2 metre cable with 25-way to 9-way D type adaptor is provided. The baud rate and bit format are set by a rotary switch on the rear panel as follows: A. STANDARD SERIAL INTERFACE - Data format Baud rate Bits per character Number of characters Character format Control lines Code : : : : : : 1200 1 start, 7 data, 2 stop, no parity 5 + carriage return Sign, four digits, CR inactive ASCII
B. SERIAL INTERFACE FOR X/T SYSTEM OPERATION- Data format This is used for compatibility with the temperature meter Baud rate Bits per character Number of characters Character format Control lines Code : : : : : : 1200 1 start, 8 data, 2 stop, no parity 5 + carriage return Sign, four digits, CR inactive ASCII
C. SERIAL INTERFACE FOR 9600 BAUD OPTION - Data format Baud rate Bits per character Character format Control lines Code : : : : : 9600 1 start, 8 data, 2 stop, no parity Sign, four digits, CR inactive ASCII
MS2 SERIAL INTERFACE CABLE FOR CONNECTION TO PC MS2 4-Way Fischer 9-Way D-type connector Function Pin 2 Pin 3 MS2Tx Pin 3 Pin 2 MS2Rx Pin 1 Pin 5 COMMON Pin 4 and 6 RTS, CTS Pin 7 and 8 DSR, DTR
ANALOG INTERFACE (additional option)

Output Voltage Range Output impedance POWER SUPPLY ACCESSORIES (i) (ii)
: : :
25 mV/unit OV to 5V for 0 to 1999 overflow permitted 600 ohms
Fully isolated 240V or 110V to 12V d.c. 2.1 mm centre positive plug thermally protected input and output. Vehicle dashboard connecting cable 3 amp fused to 2.1 mm centre positive plug. Line cord colour code : Brown Live Blue Neutral
Select the correct line voltage power supply. Connection is via rear panel socket.
6.0 6.1
SENSOR TYPE MS2B DUAL FREQUENCY General Description
This sensor (Figure 2) is designed for use with 1" (25.4 mm) and 7/8" (23 mm) cubic boxes, 20 cc and 10 cc cylindrical bottles and 1" cylindrical cores. Sample insertion and removal is facilitated by a hand operated platen. The sensor is normally fitted with a moving platen with a 27.5 mm stem (Figure 3). For measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility the alternative 17.5 mm stem supplied must be fitted - See Section 6.4. The sample containers accommodated by this sensor are those commonly in use in most palaeomagnetic and mineral magnetic laboratories; thus measurements of NRM (natural remanent magnetisation), IRM (induced remanent magnetisation), ARM (anhysteric remanent magnetisation) etc. can be carried out without any further sample treatment. The sensor is specifically calibrated for use with a 10 cc sample container with internal dimensions 24 mm diameter x 23 mm height and a base external diameter of 26 mm maximum. Suitable polystyrene sample containers produced from virgin plastic and sealed with a polyethylene lid are available from Bartington Instruments. The sensor characteristics are optimised to produce no measurable response to sample conductivity e.g. even in 25% saline solution. Even metallic conducting material can be measured provided it is divided into a granular form to reduce the apparent diamagnetic contribution that might otherwise result due to eddy currents.
6.2
Dual frequency measurements
Fine grained materials exhibit frequency dependent susceptibility. This is especially significant where grains of the single domain order are present (around 0.03 m diameter) where very rapid changes in frequency dependency occur with relatively small changes in diameter. In naturally occurring materials these grains are widely distributed in size and give rise to a fairly uniform frequency dependency of susceptibility in the low kHz range in which the MS2 operates. The coefficient of frequency dependency (FD) can be expressed as the change in susceptibility per decade frequency divided by the low frequency susceptibility (LF) where the low frequency susceptibility will always have the higher value.
FD % = 100 x ((LF - HF) / LF) where LF and HF are in the ratio 1:10. The frequencies used by the MS2B sensor are 0.465 kHz (LF) and 4.65 kHz (HF)
6.3
Single frequency measurements
When dual frequency measurements are not required the LF (low frequency) range should always be selected as this will give results to the best precision.
6.4
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements (AMS)
For accurate measurements of AMS it is necessary to use the MS2B sensor in conjunction with the AMSWIN-BAR software. The sample platen of the sensor should be changed in accordance with Figure 3 and samples placed in the adaptors supplied (Figure 4) with the AMSWIN-BAR package. Instructions for measurement procedures are given in the AMSWIN-BAR manual (C) Morris Magnetics Inc.
6.5
Setting up the sensor
It is necessary to make the following adjustments a few times a year or when using an unusual sample container.
6.5.1
Centering
Perfect centering of the sample within the sample cavity is accomplished by adjusting the rest position of the moving platen. To carry out this adjustment it is necessary to completely and uniformly fill the selected sample container with a material of high susceptibility and, whilst taking measurements, adjust the nylon screw, which is visible in the top of the platen operating pillar, until a maximum value is obtained. A maximum of 10 mm height adjustment to the rest position is possible. A non-magnetic adjuster tool for this purpose can be found on the top the sensor enclosure.
6.5.2
Calibration check
A calibration sample is provided which contains a mixture of Magnetite (Fe304) and Alumina bonded in resin in a 10 cc container. The magnetic susceptibility value is marked on the sample. This material exhibits a frequency dependency of susceptibility of less than 1%. The sample should be stored at room temperature and not be exposed to high magnetic fields or demagnetising fields. 6.5.3 HF/LF cross calibration
The high frequency HF calibration can be adjusted relative to the low frequency LF calibration to within a few parts per million in the following way: Select LF and Zero the instrument. Switch to HF, wait 5 seconds then select Measure. The ppm (parts per million) error in HF will be displayed. An error of less than 1000 (0.1%) is insignificant. If it is greater than this use the non magnetic flat bladed adjuster tool, inserted through the hole in the label and attempt to reduce the error to zero; clockwise rotation will make it more positive and vice-versa. The HF value must be seen to pass through zero to ensure cross calibration is accomplished. 6.6 Magnetic Mineralogy and the igneous rocks
The fourth most abundant mineral in the earth's crust is iron. The solid deposits located in the earth's crust originate in the magma of the mantle. The magma may cool slowly to form the intrusive (plutonic) rocks, where the deposits will be typically more crystalline at depth than near to the surface. These rocks may be subsequently exposed by erosion processes. Alternatively they may cool quickly as a result of volcanic lava flow to form extrusive rocks noted by their fine crystal structure. The igneous rocks are characterised by their ferromagnetic properties. Therefore magnetic susceptibility measurements will provide a simple but rapid indication of the iron content. There are four principal types of iron ore. are as follows: (i) Magnetite - Fe304 (ii) Hematite Fe203 (iii) Limonite 2Fe203H20 (iv) Siderite FeCo3 These, together with their approximate iron content, 72% iron 70% iron 60 to 70% iron 50% iron
Although iron ore contains a varying proportion of non or weakly ferromagnetic material, for example quartz and silicates, the magnetic susceptibility is characteristically very high. For mining purposes the level of concentration must be taken into consideration. For example, in the case of magnetite the concentration may be as low as 25% but the ore of high commercial grade has an iron content of approximately 15%. As a guide to the assessment of the relative iron abundance in a rock sample containing magnetic minerals the following empirical formula can be applied: = 0.15p where p is the percentage volumetric concentration of magnetite where is the volume susceptibility in CGS units e.g. where = 1500 x 10-6 CGS p = 1% Clearly high concentrations of magnetite could result in overload of the MS2 meter that is designed primarily for weakly magnetic sediments. However, excellent accuracy can be obtained with this sensor using a 1 cc rather than the usual 10 cc sample. 7.0. 7.1 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR SENSOR MS2B - DUAL FREQUENCY Preparation of samples
Natural samples will never occur in such a form that the text-book value will be obtained, for example, the material of interest may be involved in a matrix of organic material of no interest
or be suspended in water. In fact the true density of the analytic fraction is seldom known. No strict instructions can therefore be given for every situation. Each situation must be judged on its own merits and an appropriate sample collection and preparation regime planned. However, the following general points must be observed: (i) For most surveys precise inter-sample comparability is of more interest than absolute values. This can only be assured where more importance is attached to consistency of the method of sample collection than to rigorous laboratory after-treatment. Samples can safely be dried in air at temperatures up to 40oC to reduce the mass contribution of water. The sensor is calibrated to a secondary standard derived from a primary standard of 10cc H20. The standard applies for a sample shape defined by the 10cc sample pot. Some variation in accuracy will result when other sample volumes are employed - see table below. It is particularly important that sample containers are always completely filled or calibration will be impaired. Description 10 ml cylindrical bottle 20 ml cylindrical bottle 1" length x 1" dia. core 23 mm cubic sample 1" cube Internal volume ml.(cc.) 10 20 12.27 7.18 12.16 Accuracy 1% 2% 1% 2% 1.5%
(ii)
(iii)
When using an unusual size of sample pot see 6.5.1 for guidance on centering. 7.2 Diamagnetic effects
Only sample containers constructed in electrically insulating materials should be used with this sensor. When operated on the more sensitive range the diamagnetic contribution (-ve sign), due to the material of the sample holder, may become significant. This should be measured separately for an empty container and the value subtracted from subsequent readings. i.e. Rsample = Rmeas - Rcontainer 7.3 Mass and volume specific measurements
Due to their granular nature and the inclusion of air, the density of most sample materials will be their bulk density that will almost always be less than the "true" density. Except in the case of rock samples, conversion from mass to volume units is not possible unless the true density can be established by, for example, compacting the material to a solid at great pressure. 7.3.1 Mass specific measurements
The sensor is calibrated for a sample mass of 10 g. Mass specific measurements are the preferred method of expressing measurements using this sensor. For dry materials and for materials of unknown density this provides the most useful measurement because simple weighing of the material is all that is required. Where sample mass departs from calibration mass the corrected value will be:
= measured value x calibration mass/sample mass Therefore it will be usual to carefully weigh the samples prior to taking measurements. Example: cal. mass = 10g., sample mass = 12g. true = meas./1.2
7.3.2
Volume specific measurements
Where comparison only between identically prepared samples is required or where it is not desired to dry out wet samples then "volume" susceptibility can be recorded directly. Where sample volume departs from calibration volume the corrected value will be: = measured value x calibration volume/sample volume 7.4 Taking measurements
At this stage the samples should have been correctly labeled and weighed and the operator should be familiar with the calculations given in the previous section. Time should have been allowed for the samples and sensor to thermally equilibrate to room temperature. Correctly position the sensor and if possible immobilise it on the bench using bench recesses. Connect up, switch on, and allow a few minutes warm up time before taking measurements. If dual frequency measurements are to be performed on a batch of samples they should all be measured at one frequency and then the other. This avoids rapid switching between HF and LF ranges with insufficient settling time between range selection. 7.4.1 Sample insertion procedures
To insert a sample first raise the moving platen using the pillar on the top of the sensor. Position the sample accurately within the recesses of the platen and lower the sample in to the sample cavity to perform a measurement. Note: When performing zero or blank measurements on the x0.1 sensitivity range the platen must be in the lowered (resting) position to eliminate the possibility of errors arising from its diamagnetism.
7.4.2
Selecting the measuring range
Choose one or two samples from the batch to be measured and obtain the susceptibility value using the x1 range. If the value obtained is less than 20, the entire batch should be measured using the x0.1 measurement range on the MS2 meter. This is particularly important if the coefficient of frequency dependency is of interest. When using the x0.1 range the three measurement procedures for background drift cancellation, described in Section 4.5. should be adopted.
7.5
MS2B Technical Specification Materials Weight Dimensions overall Sample cavity internal dia. Operating frequency Amplitude of applied field Maximum resolution Accuracy HF/LF cross calibration Temperature induced drift Measurement period on x1 range CGS on x0.1 range CGS : : : : : : : : : : ABS 0.8 kg 210 x 110 x 143 mm 36 mm LF 0.465 kHz HF 4.65 kHz 250T peak 10% (LF and HF) 2 x 10-7 CGS (LF and HF) 1% 0.1% worst case Not greater than 0.5 x 10-6 CGS/minute for ambient temperature fluctuation of 1oC/hr. 1.2 s 12 s
: :
Calibration notes The sensor is calibrated using a cylindrical 10 ml sample of water where: (H20) = -0.719 x 10-6 CGS (H20) = -0.903 x 10-8 SI Distilled, de-ionised water only may be used. Values obtained for other sample sizes will be in proportion to the sample volume.
8.0 8.1
CORE SCANNING SENSOR TYPE MS2C General description
The MS2C sensor (Figure 5) is designed for volume susceptibility measurements of sediment, peat or soil cores in plastic, perspex or similar non-magnetic tubes, trays or liners. The high spatial resolution of the sensor permits cores to be logged at intervals down to circa 20 mm. The sensor can be mounted either on a vertical or horizontal surface. Where it is necessary to preserve the water sediment interface e.g. in lake cores, horizontal logging is preferred. For highest resolution and sensitivity select a sensor with a loop diameter approximately 5 mm larger than the core. A manual core conveyor is available for use with the MS2C.
8.2
Operating instructions
Select a suitable site well away from any possible sources of electromagnetic interference. Avoid situations where the sensor might be subject to large temperature fluctuations or direct heating by the sun's rays. Switch on the instrument and allow 5 minutes settling time before commencing measurements. Calibration check A calibration check core is provided. The serial number of the MS2C sensor appears on the calibration core supplied. The value for the core, when used with the specified diameter sensor, is printed around the middle of the core. The stability of the sensor over time has been shown to exceed that of any core material that might be routinely used to check the calibration. Therefore, the core should be used only to identify when some catastrophic calibration error has occurred but where operation appears to be normal. The value obtained should be within 5% of the printed value. Calibration notes Calibration is to H20 where density rho = 1 Therefore = rho x = -0.72 x 10-6 CGS Two calibration graphs are provided which may be helpful when: a) estimating true values of susceptibility () for narrow strata b) compensating for end of core effects c) compensating for different core diameters Both graphs present the variable of interest in relation to coil diameter D (8mm greater than the nominal diameter of the aperture). FIGURE 6 - This shows the variation in the calibration value of for varying core diameter d for a long core (length l greater than 2D). The measured value will be equal to when d/D = 0.66. For other ratios of d/D the relative response will approximate to REL = 3.45 * (d/D)3. FIGURE 7 - This shows the relative (arbitrary units) response in the measured value to the horizontal displacement L of a thin discoidal section of stratum diameter d = 0.85D. For a period of core length l = 0.25D the enclosed volume will produce a value of approximately x 2 but only for the diameter d stated above. When taking prolonged core logging sequences a blank or air value should be obtained before and after logging and these values used to obtain a base line correction when plotting the results. Any drift can be assumed to have been linear up to 30 minutes.
8.3
Technical Specification Materials : white polyacetal

Weight Dimensions Coil diameter D Operating frequency Maximum resolution Accuracy Temperature induced drift Measurement period Spatial resolution Field strength
: : : : : : : : : :
2-2.5 kg depending on loop diameter 290 x 200 x 162 mm Nominal diameter of sensor aperture + 8mm 0.565 kHz 2 x 10-7 CGS 5% 1 x 10-6 CGS/hr (for ambient temperature change of 2oC) 0.9s on x1 range CGS 20 mm 250mT peak 10%
9.0 9.1
HIGH RESOLUTION SURFACE SCANNING SENSOR MS2E General description
The MS2E sensor (Figure 8) is designed to perform high resolution measurements of magnetic susceptibility along flat surfaces that have a roughness less than 1mm. The sensing surface is at the end of a ceramic tube. The tube is mounted on a metal enclosure that houses the electronic circuitry. Each sensor is individually calibrated to measure true when measured against a flat surface greater than 10mm depth and also individually calibrated to compensate for temperature induced drift. The sensor connects directly to the MS2 meter via a TNC-TNC coaxial cable that can be up to 30 metres in length. The sensor and calibration sample are supplied in a polycarbonate, foam filled box. 9.2 9.2.1 Characteristics Spatial response
The response to magnetic material within the vicinity of the sensing area, when measured in the plane of the sensor, shows a rectangular profile with a long axis and a short axis. The long axis direction is marked on the circumference of the ceramic enclosure and the direction is also shown symbolically on the sensor label. The rectangular response permits two modes of operation. With the long axis parallel to narrow strata then the maximum spatial sensitivity is obtained for detailed measurements. With the long axis perpendicular to the strata the measurement is integrated over a longer interval and an average value is obtained. A detailed description of the spatial response is given in Figure 9. Two response characteristics are given: (1) Response to narrow stratum (in the plane of the sensor)
This shows the FWHM response to be circa 10.5mm with the long sensing axis perpendicular to the stratigraphy and circa 3.8mm with the long sensing axis parallel to the stratigraphy.
(2)
Depth response (normal to the plane of the sensor)
This shows the rate at which the relative response falls off with depth below the surface of the sensor. The response is reduced by approximately 50% at a depth of 1mm. 9.2.2 Conductivity
The response to conductors is high due to the relatively high operating frequency of 2kHz. This imposes a significant limitation to use that must be considered. If a good conductor which constitutes a shorted electrical turn is larger than the FWHM outline and more than 0.2mm thick then apparent negative susceptibility values will be obtained. Therefore, the use of the sensor is restricted to poor conductors or shapes which do not constitute a shorted turn. For this reason cores cannot be measured in split aluminium cladding or trays. 9.2.3 Calibration
The sensor is calibrated to read true volume susceptibility where the sample is effectively infinitely large. The value displayed on the MS2 on the x1 and CGS range is therefore equivalent to that which would be obtained for 1 cc and is therefore equal to x 10-6 CGS. For further guidance on dimensional systems refer to the section on the MS2B sensor. A calibration sample is provided and should be used periodically to check that the sensor is working correctly. Never expose this calibration sample to high magnetising fields as these can alter the calibration value. Keep the sample with the sensor at all times.
9.3
Operating instructions MS2E
This sensor is designed for measuring the susceptibility of split cores. Automatic core logging systems are available, together with data logging software. The following, however, describes the method of obtaining measurements by hand, both in the field and laboratory. 9.3.1 Connecting up
Connect the MS2E sensor to the MS2 meter via a TNC-TNC coaxial cable. Select the desired operating range on the MS2 meter and, after a few minutes warm-up time, the sensor will be ready to take measurements.
9.3.2 Taking measurements The sensor is zeroed to air by pressing the Z button and when the zero period is completed the sensor can be gently placed against the surface to be measured and the Measure button pressed. During the zeroing period the sensor should be raised circa 2cm above the measurement surface. Prior to use, measurement of the calibration sample should be obtained to ensure that the sensor is working correctly. 9.3.3 Siting the sensor
Choose a suitable site for the measurements. Although the sensor performs measurements only in the vicinity of the probe surface, its very high sensitivity makes it susceptible to the influence of large electrical conductors or magnetic materials at several centimetres from the probe. For this reason measurements of cores should only be performed on, for example, a wooden bench. As a precaution, experiments should be performed by obtaining measurements at different points over the surface of the bench and at different heights above it to check its suitability. The sensor has good immunity to interference from external electromagnetic sources. However, operating it near to electrical machines, transformers etc. should be avoided. 9.3.4 Preparing the core
A soft sediment core, suitably clad and stabilised in a suitable cradle, should be prepared by covering it with thin PVC film. The film will prevent contamination of the sensor measuring surface and therefore prevent errors from this source. Kitchen film has a thickness of approximately 0.02mm and the reduction of the scale factor due to this distance can be ignored. If a thicker film is used allowance should be made for the reduction in the scale factor. For example, at 0.05mm, values must be multiplied by 1.04 to correct for this reduction. A non-magnetic (plastic) ruler can be fixed or supported along the core (see Figure 10) to gauge the measurement interval, which might typically be 5 cm. For closer measurement intervals, e.g. 3 mm, it may be more convenient to prepare a marker tape, stepped off and numbered for each measurement point. 9.3.5 Core logging
The core and sensor should be allowed to reach the same temperature before attempting measurements. After zeroing to air, obtain the first measurement. Then move on to the next point and take a second measurement. Check the baseline drift by performing a measurement to air. If the drift level is unacceptable then further time for temperature equilibration should be allowed. Five or so measurements should normally be possible before the need to re-zero. compensation is automatically accomplished using Multisus software. Drift
The choice of orientation of the sensor relative to the core will depend on whether detailed examination of core lamination is to be attempted or not. 9.4 Care of sensor
The sensor is ruggedly constructed. However, the sensing surface is constructed of a very thin layer of alumina (aluminium oxide) which is an immensely strong material but can be fractured if it receives a heavy blow from a sharp object. Therefore, every precaution should be taken not to drop the sensor and, when not in use, it should be stored together with the calibration sample in the box provided. The sensor should be cleaned only with weak detergent and water should this be necessary. 9.6. Technical Specification - MS2E sensor Mechanical
Overall dimensions (including connector) Weight Materials Finish Connector type Performance Area of response Depth of response Measurement period Operating frequency Connection 9.7
: : : : :
137mm x 62mm x 25mm 220g Aluminium alloy and ceramic White epoxy paint TNC
: : : : :
3.8mm x 10.5mm 50% at 1mm, 10% at 3.5mm 1.2 seconds on 1.0 CGS range 2kHz directly to MS2 meter via coaxial cable
Technical Specification - MS2E calibration sample Dimensions Weight Materials Markings : : : : 15mm x 33mm diameter 20g approx. Fe304 in alumina and epoxy resin serial number and calibration value
10.0 10.1
MS2 HANDLE FOR USE WITH PROBES TYPE MS2D AND MS2F General description
The handle permits operation of the MS2 meter in conjunction with probes type MS2D and MS2F whilst providing a convenient method for manipulating the probes. The handle comprises an upper section which includes an electronics module and a lower extension tube. Probes can only be used in conjunction with the handle. Correct connections are clearly marked on the electronics unit. Accidental direct connection of a probe to the MS2 meter will result in excessive current drain but will not cause permanent damage. The probe is connected to the handle electronics module via a 50 ohm TNC to TNC cable which passes up the inside of the tubular parts and emerges at the top through a liquid tight rubber gland. If required the cable can be retracted to facilitate connection of a probe to the top section of the handle alone. The probe cable can be replaced by removal of the rubber gland and a replacement part fitted. The handle is submersible in water up to the electronics unit (0.6 metres), but extension tubes can be provided. 10.2 Technical Specification Length Weight Connections Mechanical Electrical : : : : top section - 430 mm bottom section - 360 mm both sections - 0.65 kg 11TPI 'O' ring sealed screw coupling 50 ohms TNC
11.0 11.1
PROBE TYPE MS2D General description
The field survey probe type MS2D (Figure 11) is specially constructed to tolerate the moderate stresses encountered when it is pressed against surfaces. It is designed to perform equally well on land or when submerged up to 5 metres in water with handle extension tubes. The sensor provides a method for surveying and plotting the concentration of ferromagnetic minerals in the top circa 60 mm of the land surface. It has been used successfully by geographers in initial catchment surveys and in slope process characterisation through the establishment of magnetic catenas. Its submersibility makes it suitable for use in conjunction with magnetically "enhanced" river bed-load (using heat treated or magnetically "plugged" material) in tracing experiments. This probe has been successfully used by archaeologists to discover topsoil evidence of human activity and in particular to discover local susceptibility enhancement which occurs where fires have been lit. It is especially well suited for use on plane surfaces such as beaches and poorly vegetated slopes. Surface roughness in the form of tussocky vegetation, or variable thickness of organic leaf litter, limit its accuracy and point instead to the appropriateness of the MS2F probe. 11.2 Technical Specification Materials Weight Dimensions Operating frequency Maximum resolution Temperature induced drift Measurement period Depth of penetration Calibration notes This sensor is calibrated to read 0.5 on rough soils and will give about 0.75 on smooth surfaces. : : : : : : : : epoxy, PVC 0.5 kg overall height 100 mm loop mean diameter 185 mm 0.958 kHz 2 x 10-7 CGS (depending on environmental conditions) 1 x 10-6 CGS/oC typical 0.5 s on x1 range CGS 50% at 15 mm, 10% at 60 mm
12.0 12.1
PROBE TYPE MS2F General description
This design (Figure 12) is optimised for ease of use being lightweight and small enough to penetrate surface vegetation or to allow logging of soil profiles and geological sections and exposures. It can be used either with the upper section of the handle alone - the cable can be retracted and coiled up at the top of the handle - or with the extension tube for ground level use.
It provides a series of comparable and repeatable contact readings provided the whole of the sensor end is placed against a flat surface. The value obtained will be approximately 0.5 with the sensor placed against a flat surface and 1 x when buried up to the shoulder. The relative variation in sensitivity around the probe is shown in Figure 13. 12.2 Operating instructions
Connecting the probe to the handle electronics unit 1) Inspect the 'O' ring seals on the handle and extension tube to ensure that they are in contact. Correct connections are clearly marked on the electronics unit. Accidental direct connection of a probe to the MS2 unit will result in excessive current drain but will not cause permanent damage. Connect the probe to the handle electronics module using the 50 ohm TNC to TNC cable which passes up the inside of the tubular parts and emerges at the top of the handle through a liquid tight gland. If required the cable can be retracted to facilitate connection of the probe to the top section of the handle alone.
2)
3)
Taking measurements 1) 2) 3) Switch on and allow a few minutes "warm-up" time. Select the x1 sensitivity range on the front panel of the MS2. With the sensor at least 100 cm away from the material to be measured, momentarily select the Zero control on the front panel of the MS2. Place the probe in firm contact with the material to be measured and take a reading. For materials with susceptibility values less than 10 x 10-6 CGS it will usually be necessary to zero the instrument between each reading. Technical Specification Materials Weight Dimensions : : : Nylon 6.6 0.075 kg Overall length 85 mm Tip diameter 15 mm Tip to shoulder 20 mm 0.580 kHz 2 x 10-7 CGS (depending on environmental conditions) 5% 2 x 10-6 CGS/oC typical 0.9 s on x1 range CGS 20 mm
4) 5)
12.3
Operating frequency Maximum resolution Accuracy Temperature induced drift Measurement period Spatial resolution
: : : : : :
Calibration notes This sensor is calibrated to read x 0.5 (H2O) for tip contact only. This increases to x 1.0 when immersed up to the shoulder.
13.0 13.1
SENSOR TYPE MS2G - SINGLE FREQUENCY General description
The sensor type MS2G is intended for use with a 1cc volume sample vial. It comprises a metal enclosure containing the electronic circuitry at the end of which is mounted a rectangular block containing the measurement cavity. Connection to the MS2 is via the standard TNC-TNC coaxial cable. Samples are inserted into the top of the cavity. An adjustable mechanical stop can be set to centralise the sample material within the measurement zone. This permits a sample volume down to 0.2cc to be used. Markings on the front of the cavity show the position of the measurement zone. The sensor operates at a single frequency. A calibration check sample is provided. 13.2 Setting up
An operating site well away from sources of electrical and radio interference should be chosen, although the small measuring zone gives this sensor good immunity to interference. The site should also be free from magnetic materials and large non-magnetic sheets of electrically conductive material, e.g. aluminium bench tops. Again, the immunity to these effects is high. A reasonably stable room temperature is desirable. 13.3 Sample height adjustment
If possible a full 1cc sample container should be used. However, satisfactory measurements are possible with a sample volume of less than 1cc provided the sample material is positioned at the correct height and the appropriate correction factor, given in the calibration section, is applied. For best accuracy each sample vial should be uniformly filled. Place the vial in front of the sensor block and gauge the appropriate sample height for which the sample material is symmetrically within the two horizontal lines. Adjust the sample height setting screw, located below the cavity, to achieve the same sample position for when the sample is within the cavity. Tighten the locking nut. The adjustment mechanism may be removed by undoing the brass retaining nut. 13.4 Calibration
The measuring zone is 5mm in height and senses only over a small portion of the sample. For this reason the sample appears infinite and volume susceptibility units apply. The density of the sample material should be controlled by, wherever possible, compressing the sample material in the bottom of the vial. The sample may be weighed to establish the density. The tare weight of the vial is 0.69 g.
The vial has a constant internal area of 0.33 cm2 so fill height and volume are linearly related. The vial has a diamagnetic value of -0.55 x 10-6 CGS which is constant at all practical measurement positions. This value (or its SI equivalent) should be subtracted from the measured value to give the correct value. 13.4.1 Fill height/volume correction factors FILL HEIGHT (mm) VOLUME (cc) CORRECTION FACTOR 5.0 0.165 1.46 5.5 0.1815 1.40 6.0 0.198 1.35 6.5 0.2145 1.295 7.0 0.231 1.26 7.5 0.247 1.214 8.0 0.264 1.185 10.0 0.33 1.098 15.0 0.5 1.032 20.0 0.66 1.015 FULL 1.0 1.0 MULTIPLY MEASURED VALUE BY THE CORRECTION FACTOR
13.5
Taking measurements
The sensor may be used immediately following switch on if the x1.0 range is used but allow circa 5 minutes settling time for the x0.1 range. Samples should also be allowed to equilibrate to room temperature prior to attempting measurements on the x0.1 range. Check that the sensor is functioning correctly by performing a calibration check using the 1cc check sample located on the side of the sensor. The value obtained should be within 1% of the stated value. When measuring on the x1.0 range first press Zero and measure Air then insert the vial and obtain its value by pressing the Measure button. When measuring on the x0.1 range it may be necessary to use three measurements by pressing the Measure button first to air, then with the sample and then to air again, recording the three values obtained. The drift corrected value will be equal to the sample value minus the average of the two air values. 13.6 Technical specification Sample cavity diameter Sample cavity height Sensitive region Calibration accuracy Resolution Measurement period on x1 range Operating frequency Drift at room temperature Enclosure Weight Dimensions (mm) : : : : : : : : : : : 8.5mm 28mm 5mm length at centre of cavity 2%* (a calibration check sample supplied) 1 x10-7 CGS 0.9 seconds (SI), 0.7 seconds(CGS) 1.3kHz <2x10-7 CGS in 5 minutes Aluminium and ceramic 670g 180 X 80 X 67
Sample vial : Kartell part number 730 * May be used with sample volume down to 0.2cc - scaling correction data supplied. 14.0 14.1 HIGH STABILITY SURFACE SCANNING SENSOR MS2K General description
The MS2K sensor (Figure 26) is designed to provide highly repeatable measurements of the volume magnetic susceptibility of moderately smooth surfaces. Description of magnetic stratigraphy and identification of horizons are key applications. Characterisation of outcrops and logging of split cores are also possible. Each sensor is individually calibrated to measure true when measured against a flat surface greater than 10mm depth and also individually calibrated to compensate for temperature induced drift. The sensor is housed in a lightweight enclosure and is fitted with a pistol grip. The active region of the sensor is 25mm in diameter at the tip of a cylinder and is protected by a wear-resistant ceramic disk. The isotropic 25mm diameter response pattern gives good surface integration without sacrificing resolution, (Figure 25). The sensor connects to the MS2 meter via a TNC to TNC 1 metre length co-axial cable. Measurements are accomplished to 1 x 10-6 CGS in one second on the x1.0 range on the MS2 meter. It is not advised that this sensor be used within 100mm of large conductors or magnetic structures. Aluminium clad cores are therefore excluded. The sensor, calibration sample and cable are supplied in a polycarbonate carrying case. 14.2 Characteristics
14.2.1 Sensitivity A detailed description of the FWHM response is given in Figure 25. The response is reduced by approximately 50% at 3mm depth. 14.2.2 Conductivity Effects The MS2K sensor with its low operating frequency of 930Hz and the ability to be positioned at the point of interest makes this a good choice for the measurement of the magnetic properties of poorly conducting metals, e.g. stainless steel. The resistivity and relative permeability of the specimen will also determine the depth of penetration of the sensors magnetic field where:Depth S = 2/ and is defined as that depth at which the flux diminishes by a factor of 1/e (0.37). From the examples given below it is apparent that at a frequency of 1 kHz the skin depth for stainless steel is compatible with measurements performed using the MS2K sensor: Cu, Ag S = approx. 2 mm
Fe Stainless Steel
S = approx. 0.2mm S = approx. 14mm
Note that for Fe the high value of r = 500 accounts for the significantly low value of S as does the low resistivity of Cu and Ag. 14.2.3 Calibration The sensor is calibrated to read true volume susceptibility where the sample is effectively infinitely large. The value displayed on the MS2 on the x1 and CGS range is therefore equivalent to that which would be obtained for 1cc and is therefore x 10-6 CGS. For further guidance on dimensional systems refer to the section on the MS2B sensor. A calibration sample is provided and should be used periodically to check that the sensor is working correctly. Never expose this calibration sample to high magnetising fields as these can alter the calibration value. Keep the sample with the sensor at all times.
14.3 Operating Instructions 14.3.1 Connecting up Connect the MS2K sensor to the MS2 meter via the TNC-TNC coaxial cable. Select the desired operating range on the MS2 meter and, after a few minutes warm-up time, the sensor will be ready to take measurements. 14.3.2 Taking measurements The sensor should be allowed to acclimatise before taking measurements. Prior to use, always measure the calibration sample to ensure that the sensor is working correctly. The sensor is zeroed to air by raising the sensor about 20mm above the measurement surface and pressing the Z button. When the zero period is completed the sensor can be gently placed against the surface to be measured and the Measure button pressed. Move on to the next point and take a second measurement. Check the baseline drift by performing a measurement to air. If the drift level in unacceptable then further time should be allowed for temperature equilibration. Drift compensation is automatically accomplished using Multisus software. 14.4 Technical specification MS2K Sensor : : : : : : : 25.4mm diameter full-width-halfmaximum 50% at 3mm, 10% at 8mm 1.0 range CGS 1 sec, SI 1.25 secs 930Hz 180 x 170 x 50mm 270g; 1695g with carrying case directly to MS2 meter via coaxial cable
Area of response Depth of response Measurement period Operating frequency Dimensions Weight Connection
Environmental
(supplied) may be used under wet conditions not suitable for immersion
14.5
Technical specification - MS2K calibration sample : : : : 15mm x 33mm diameter 20g approx. Fe304 in alumina and epoxy resin serial number and calibration value
Dimensions Weight Materials Markings 14.6 Maintenance
Ensure that the connector is kept clean at all times and inspect the connecting cable occasionally for signs of wear.
15.0
THE MS2 SUSCEPTIBILITY/TEMPERATURE SYSTEM
The measurement capability of the MS2 system can be extended to include the measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of materials as a function of temperature (see Figure 18). There are five additional requirements: (i) Water-jacketed sensor type MS2W
This has a 30 mm internal diameter sample cavity and the passage of water within the sensor screens it from extremes of temperature which may be present within the sample cavity. CAUTION: CATASTROPHIC DAMAGE WILL OCCUR IF THE MS2W SENSOR IS EXPOSED TO TEMPERATURES ABOVE THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE WITHOUT THE RECOMMENDED WATER FLOW. (ii) Furnace type MS2WF
This comprises a non-inductively wound platinum wire furnace with a maximum operating temperature of 900oC and a maximum sample capacity of 15 mm diameter. The furnace is mounted on a substantial metal base which contains serial interface circuitry and a digital panel meter (DPM). Temperature information is obtained from either the internal type S thermocouple or an external type T thermocouple. The base includes a retort stand for mounting the MS2W sensor around the furnace (or any other experimental hardware). Temperature information is available as a 4 digit LED display, 1 mV/oC analog output and RS232 compatible serial data for computer interfacing. The panel meter has an RS485 interface and this is converted to RS232 within the furnace unit. WARNING: THE THERMOCOUPLES ARE NOT ELECTRICALLY ISOLATED AND MUST NOT BE CONNECTED TO GROUND POTENTIAL OR ERRORS WILL OCCUR. (iii) Power supply type MS2WFP
This unit supplies electrical power to the furnace and provides either pre-set thermostatic control of temperature or slowly varying linear increase or decrease of temperature. The ramp rates can be controlled manually. Serial interface connection between the user's computer, the MS2 meter and the digital thermometer is via this power supply unit. (iv) A water supply of 2 litres/minute
The following interconnection cables are provided with the MS2 Susceptibility/Temperature system:Figure 22 MS2WFP to computer (RS232 serial interface - 9-way 'D' type) Figure 17 MS2 meter to MS2WFP (RS232 serial interface - 9-way 'D' type) Figure 15 MS2 meter to MS2W sensor (TNC-TNC coaxial cable) Figure 23 MS2WF to MS2WFP (8-way cable - circular multipole type) Mains to MS2WFP (mains cable - IEC 3-pole to service outlet as requested) GeoLabsoft for WINDOWS software is supplied for plotting the results in real time. (v) A computer supplied by the user with and RS232 serial port running the GeoLabsoft for
windows software supplied with the system. 16.0 WATER JACKETED SENSOR TYPE MS2W
The highly stable sensing coil, together with the precision oscillator electronics within the sensor enclosure (Figure 19) are cooled by a flow of cold water which completely screens the sensor from extremes of temperature occurring within the sample cavity. The special circuitry compensates for small changes in temperature arising from the influence of the furnace or changes in the cooling water temperature. See warning in 15.0. The glass cavity is 65 mm high x 30 mm internal diameter and is painted on the outer surfaces with a special reflecting paint. The sensor can be mounted on a retort stand in any position, but will be vertically orientated when used in conjunction with the furnace. The probe is calibrated to accept a 10cc sample. The operating frequency of 696 Hz is chosen to be sufficiently low so that measurements are essentially independent of sample conductivity. For low temperature measurements the maximum sample diameter of 25 mm can be used in which case it is usual to cool the sample in liquid nitrogen (-196oC) and insert it within the cavity and record susceptibility changes as the sample recovers to room temperature. 16.1 Technical Specification for sensor type MS2W Materials Weight Overall length Height Mounting Internal diameter (cavity) Effective coil length Measurement period Operating frequency Calibration : : : : : : : : : : Glass filled polycarbonate/glass 0.7 kg 255 mm 65 mm 13 mm rod 30 mm 15 mm 1.3 s on x 1.0 CGS range 696 Hz for 10cc cylindrical sample /4 for 2.5cc (15mm dia.) cylindrical (furnace) sample 1.0% <1 x 10-6 cgs/oC of coolant 1 x 10-6 cgs/hour typical 2 litres/min minimum recommended 300 cm Hg Water - 6 mm Electrical - TNC 50 ohm
Calibration accuracy Measurement drift Coolant (water) flow rate Maximum water pressure Connectors
: : : : : :
Calibration Note This sensor is calibrated to read (H2O for 10cc cylindrical sample.) (See Section 3.0)
17.0
FURNACE TYPE MS2WF
This furnace has been specially designed for use with the water-jacketed probe type MS2W to facilitate susceptibility/temperature measurements up to 850oC.
17.1
Construction Figure 22
The 17 mm internal diameter silica tube is non-inductively wound over a 45 mm length with a platinum wire heating element which, when supplied with current, will uniformly heat a sample placed at its centre. Stray magnetic fields within the furnace are extremely small. A 4mm layer of silica fibre insulating material reduces the surface temperature to approximately 100oC max., making the furnace suitable for use within the sensor cavity. The refractory materials used in this furnace are free from magnetic contaminants and contain no asbestos. The recommended sample size to obtain uniform heating is 15 mm diameter x 15 mm length. 17.2 Pt/Pt.Rh type 'S' thermocouple
This is housed in a 4 mm x 160mm alumina sheath which can be clamped, using a 3mm diameter locking screw, at any height within the furnace. The sample is placed in close contact with the tip of the Pt/Pt.Rh type 'S' thermocouple and, in this way, very accurate temperature measurements of the sample are accomplished. To minimise the generation of sample thermal gradients, the sample should not come into contact with the furnace wall. The sample should therefore be drilled and mounted on the tip of the type 'S' thermocouple pillar. A hole depth of one third of the sample length is suggested for good thermometry. Ceramic crucibles with an internal diameter of 13 mm and a depression in the base to fit on the thermocouple are supplied with the system for the measurement of granular samples. Silica fibre insulating plugs are fitted at the ends of the heated section. These are essential for the achievement of high sample temperatures with low thermal gradients and can be re-made and replaced by the user to maintain good magnetic hygiene. The furnace is guaranteed to perform to its full specifications for 1000 hours cyclical use. The heating element is cemented into place using caked alumina to tolerate the stresses induced by frequent heating and cooling cycles. The type 'T' thermocouple is for low temperature measurements and is not recommended for use in conjunction with the furnace. 17.3 Base electronics
The base is fitted with a "retort" stand for mounting the probe type MS2W and contains the a digital multimeter for temperature indication. A switch is used to select the appropriate thermocouple. The GeoLabsoft software supplied requests the operator to identify the thermocouple in use and communicates this to the meter which provides the appropriate scaling, cold junction compensation and linearisation. The meter is pre-set for normal operations and the manual controls should not be used if the equipment is operated with a computer running GeoLabsoft. For stand-alone applications without a computer, the front panel controls should be used to select the thermocouple type to be the same as set by the manual switch on the side of the furnace unit. The furnace type MS2WF and power supply type MS2WFP are connected via an 8-way cable for the transmission of data and power. 17.4 Technical Specification for furnace type MS2WF
Furnace and Thermocouples Materials Dimensions - heated section : : Silica/platinum/alumina/stainless steel 17 mm internal diameter 28 mm external diameter 40 mm element length 40 mm diameter of base x 80 mm overall height 3 ohms at room temperature 100 W max. 28 V dc at 3 A measured less than 0.05 A/m 850oC maximum intermittent use approx. 0.027 V/oC with good thermal insulation
furnace- overall Electrical resistance Power requirements Internal magnetic field Operating temperature Voltage/Temperature characteristics of furnace
: : : : : :
Fixed thermocouple (non magnetic, high temperature) Type : 'S' (Pt/Pt. 10%Rh) built-in and permanently wired to base electronics unit. Adjustable height Calibrated range : -50C to 850oC Separate thermocouple (non magnetic, low temperature) Type : 'T' (Cu/Cu Ni) Remote connection via polarised plug and socket Calibrated range : -270oC to +400oC Base Materials Dimensions Retort stand dimensions Digital thermometer Type Output Serial output Bits per character Baud rate Trigger Output Sockets : : : : : : : : 4 digit display with polarity 1 mV/oC via 4 mm sockets RS232 via RS485/RS232 converter 1 start, 8 data, 2 stop, no parity 1200 from GeoLabsoft program ASCII string 2 x 4 mm Va out 1 x 8-way polarised MS2WFP to MS2WF connection (Trident ringlock) 1 x polarised Cu/Cu.Ni. thermocouple connector : : : Aluminium 235 mm x 135 mm x 90 mm 260 mm x 9.5 mm
18.0
MAINTENANCE OF FURNACE TYPE MS2WF
To maintain good magnetic hygiene and efficient heating, the plugs at the top and bottom of the furnace should be replaced when they appear to become fragile or dirty. Contamination of the furnace can be evaluated by occasionally performing a temperature measurement sequence with NO SAMPLE IN PLACE. In the absence of contamination no magnetic transition behaviour will be observed. 18.1 Preparation of plugs
The efficient performance of the furnace depends, to a very great extent, on the quality of the insulation material provided. The insulating material is a low cost, silicate fibre fabric which can be wound into a regular shape. When heated, the binder material is burnt off and this produces unpleasant fumes. Good ventilation is therefore recommended when fitting new insulation. Thermal plugs are fitted at the top and bottom of the heated section of the furnace. thermocouple probe passes through the lower plug. Plugs should be prepared in the following way: a. Cut a strip of the insulating material provided 400 mm x 30 mm using a ruler and scalpel and wind into a cylindrical shape. The lower plug should be wound round a 4 mm former (e.g. 4 mm drill) to provide entry for the thermocouple. The end of the winding should be secured in place with Fortafix Light Grade High Temperature Cement to prevent the plug from unwinding. Push the lower plug down into the furnace until it is flush with the base of the furnace silica tube. The
b.
The upper plug need only be pushed in half way whilst performing high temperature measurements and will require frequent replacement.
18.2
Furnace outer insulation
This should seldom need to be replaced but proceed as follows: a. Remove the old insulation. DO NOT USE SHARP OBJECTS as they may damage the heating element or the furnace tube. Rewind the insulation from a strip of the fabric provided, 500 mm x 60 mm. It is necessary to burn off the binding material from the silica fabric. To do this, retain the fabric in place with aluminium foil whilst heating the furnace to 800oC to burn off the binding material. WARNING. WHEN USING ALUMINIUM FOIL, DO NOT ALLOW IT TO COME INTO CONTACT WITH THE THREADED BRASS SUPPORT RODS WHICH CARRY CURRENT TO THE FURNACE. Carefully remove the foil and the furnace will be ready for use. Thermocouple installation
b.
c. 18.3
The type 'S' thermocouple base is clamped by a screw within the furnace assembly. The thermocouple tip can therefore be positioned at the desired height. The centre of the heating zone is 35 mm from the top of the silica tube or approximately 147 mm from the top of the furnace base. 19.0 POWER SUPPLY/TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER TYPE MS2WFP
This unit performs two basic functions: i) ii) 19.1 Thermostatic power control of furnace type MS2WF Routing data transmissions Internal power distribution
Filtered mains supply is rectified and smoothed to 25 V dc max. (20 V full load) and supplied to power controlling transistors which control the voltage supplied to the furnace. Furnace current is monitored by a meter on the front panel. A 15 V dc regulated supply is provided for the internal circuitry. A +15 V dc supply is fed to the digital panel meter and associated circuitry and a precision reference voltage is provided for temperature offset and control purposes. 19.2 Temperature control
The furnace can be powered in one of two ways: i) ii) Pre-set temperature on a 10-turn dial, thermostatically maintained. Temperature-set programmed to increase or decrease with time in a linear fashion at a rate pre-selected on the 10-turn dial.
In both cases, analog temperature information from the MS2WF is compared to an internally generated reference (proportional) and the resulting error information (integral) is used to maintain the correct temperature. Temperature rate of change (differential) information is measured to minimise over and under shoot which could occur when selecting a new temperature. Maximum current is limited to 4 A (cold furnace) by a safe operating area monitor. The high positive temperature coefficient of resistance of the platinum furnace will limit this current to 3A maximum at elevated temperatures. 19.3 RS232 Buffer
With a computer, MS2 meter and MS2WF connected to the appropriate connectors, the RS232 serial data between the computer and the MS2 meter and the MS2WF digital panel meter are routed through the MS2WFP. The computer transmits characters Z and M which are recognised by the MS2 meter, causing a zero and measure operation respectively. The measurement value is transmitted back to the computer at the end of the measurement period. The computer also transmits data strings which are recognised by the temperature meter and cause it to set the appropriate thermocouple linearisation or take a reading as required. The meter responds by
transmitting an ASCII character string. The temperature meter has an RS485 interface and a 232/485 converter is used at the temperature meter terminals. The signals from the MS2 meter and temperature meter are output through the same RS232 connector to the computer. 19.4 Data format
The temperature and magnetic susceptibility values are transmitted as ASCII character strings which are evaluated by the software. 19.5 Technical specification for power supply type MS2WFP Weight Dimensions Power input (rear panel IEC inlet) Power output Power lead colour code : : : : : 7 kg 317 mm x 210 mm x 165 mm 200 W max. 110 V or 220 V selectable 150 W max. Brown - LIVE Blue - NEUTRAL Green/Yellow - EARTH 2 A anti-surge 20 mm x 5 mm 3 ohms 20 V max. 4A 0.2 V p-p 9-way 'D' connectors : RS232 temperature and susceptibility see MS2WF specification see MS2 specifications A B C D E F G H 0 V power +ve furnace (active) -ve furnace 0 V sig 1 mV/oC in Rx data Tx data +15V out
Line fuse Minimum load resistance Output voltage Maximum output current Maximum ripple voltage Serial data I/O Output data format temperature susceptibility 8-way socket connections
: : : : : : : : : :
9-way plug (MS2 Meter) connections
2 Tx 3 Rx 5 0V 2 3 4 7 5 Tx Rx DTR Link to 6 DSR RTS Link to 8 CTS OV
9-way skt (Computer) connections
3-way skt (water cooling system)
1 +ve 2 -ve 3 Signal
3-way skt (water cooling system)
1 +ve 2 -ve 3 Signal
20.0
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY/TEMPERATURE SYSTEM
This section is to be read in conjunction with Figures 18 to 23 and the operation manual for GeoLabsoft. Note: The furnace tube is protected by a transit tube which is retained by a hose clip. This should be removed carefully to avoid damage to the furnace insulation before use. 20.1 Setting up the equipment
Place the equipment on a suitable bench with access to a mains electricity supply but away from potential sources of electrical noise, e.g. large electric motors. 20.1.1 Mains voltage selection Before connecting to a mains electricity supply, check that the power supply type MS2WFP is set to the required ac supply voltage. The voltage selection is performed using the voltage selector switch which is mounted on the top left hand side of the rear panel of the power supply unit and the selected voltage should be displayed on a label positioned by the power inlet socket. To alter the supply voltage, proceed as described in Figure 21, always remembering to record the new voltage on the label. 20.1.2 Water supply connection The closed water cooling system supplied with a reservoir and pump should normally be used, see Figure 23. However, in an emergency, the water supply can be derived from the relatively cool sub-surface mains supply. The inlet flow from the water pump should be connected to the lower 6 mm nipple on the probe type MS2W and the outlet, which should be unrestricted and as short as possible, should be connected to the upper nipple. The water pump may need to be primed when the system is initially set up, i.e. immerse the pump in the reservoir and suck water from the reservoir and through the pump into the inlet flow pipe before connecting to the MS2W lower 6mm nipple. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure continuity of water supply during operation of the furnace. Should the water supply fail at elevated furnace temperatures, damage can be done to the probe type MS2W. Connect up the equipment as shown in Figure 19. DO NOT SWITCH ON THE MAINS ELECTRICITY SUPPLY UNTIL: i) ii) all connections are made power supply controls are set to RESET and HOLD and the 10-turn dial is set to zero
20.2
Connection to a computer (GeoLabsoft for WINDOWS software)

The host computer must run WINDOWS 98/NT4SP6/2000/XP and have an RS232 serial interface port available. The GeoLabsoft program is supplied with an operating manual. For successful data transmission between a host computer and the rest of the system it is important that correct protocols are used, i.e. 1200 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 2 stop bits. This is achieved by setting the three-way switch on the rear panel of the MS2 meter to position B. The temperature meter is pre-set to this protocol. For further information see the GeoLabsoft operation manual. When power is applied, the temperature meter runs through a self-test routine and the temperature is displayed after about 10 seconds. The temperature will only be correct if the thermocouple type selected by the switch is the same as the thermocouple selected during the last GeoLabsoft run. The thermocouple range selection is done when the user information is entered at the start of each run. 20.3 Sensor orientation
Figure 19 shows the sensor in a vertical orientation around the furnace for high temperature measurements. If low temperature measurements only are to be performed (no furnace) it may be advantageous to mount the sensor horizontally. Note: The sensor will detect the presence of the metal base. This is not a problem as the instrument is zeroed before commencing readings but the sensor clamp should be checked to ensure that no movement of the sensor can occur. Similarly the probe connecting cable should not be disturbed when measurements are being taken. When the furnace is not in use, i.e. for low temperature measurements, the type 'T' thermocouple will be connected and selected and coolant supplied to the system. When the furnace is to be used, position the sensor as shown in Figure 19 so that its most sensitive detection region is located in the middle of the sample and at the thermal centre of the furnace. Allow the system to stabilise for 30 minutes with the MS2 meter running and water flowing through the sensor for optimum low drift performance. 20.4 High temperature measurements
For sample preparation see section 17.2. The power supplied to the furnace is controlled using the two toggle switches and the 10-turn dial on the MS2WFP controller. ALWAYS begin with the dial set to ZERO, the SET/RAMP/RESET switch set to RESET and the UP/HOLD/DOWN switch set to HOLD. Switch on the MS2WFP power supply and the water pump and check for leaks and water flow. The flow switch in the water system is activated when the pump is turned on. If the water flow is not established, due to lack of water or a restriction in the pipework, then the current to the furnace will be interrupted and no heating will occur. A warning bleep will sound if the water pump is switched on but no flow is detected. The water pump should be switched off when the sample reaches room temperature after a measurement run.
To set the furnace to a pre-determined temperature, select the temperature on the dial and switch to SET. To use the ramp facility, set the desired ramp rate on the dial where rate of temperature increase is approximately 5oC/minute per turn. Select RAMP and UP and commence taking readings until the maximum desired temperature is reached. It should be noted that after resetting the ramp begins from a temperature of 0C and there will be a considerable delay before the ramp reaches the temperature of the sample and current starts to flow in the windings of the furnace to keep the furnace temperature at the level of the ramp. The RESET switch sets the ramp back to 0C. Select DOWN to reduce the temperature at the same (or some new) rate. At any time the current temperature can be HELD but, if this facility is to be used, a low ramp rate should be selected to minimise the effects of sample thermal time lag. There are no restrictions on the way in which the controller is used, other than to avoid presetting a cold furnace to a high temperature and thereby subjecting it to high in-rush current and thermal shock. If rapid heating is required, observe the ammeter and keep the current below 4A. Note: Fluctuations in line supply voltage can cause loss of temperature regulation at high temperatures and a conditioning transformer may be required. 20.5 Thermal gradients
Under equilibration conditions, thermal gradients for a sample correctly positioned within the sample cavity will be circa 2-3oC anywhere within the sample. However, when subjected to varying temperature, the centre of the sample will thermally lag behind the surface of the sample. This thermal gradient can be calculated from the empirical formula: G = R/1.6 where G = thermal gradient in oC/7 mm R = ramp rate in oC/minute 20.6 Low temperature measurements
These will usually be performed using the larger sample size and without the furnace. The sample can be attached to the tip of the type 'T' thermocouple using "Plasticine". It is recommended that the sensor be orientated horizontally for these measurements. WARNING: The glass tube of the MS2W sensor may be damaged if a tightly fitting sample is inserted. Use only the recommended sample size and, if other components/objects are to be placed within the cavity, ensure that they will not expand on recovery to room temperature and damage the glass. Smaller samples can be used for low temperature measurements within the furnace. The type 'T' thermocouple will be used and the furnace controller switched from RESET to RAMP or SET as the temperature passes through zero.
20.7
GeoLabsoft
The GeoLabsoft program supplied prompts the operator to select the correct thermocouple, set the power supply to a rising or falling ramp and collects the magnetic susceptibility measurements as a function of temperature.
DR1395 (2)
FIGURE 1 MS2 METER OUTLINE DRAWING
DR0305(3)
36 NOMINAL
165 UPPER LIMIT
SAMPLE CAVITY
143 LOWER LIMIT
139
125
105 NOMINAL HF CALIBRATION SCREW
SAMPLE INSERTION MECHANISM & HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT SCREW
FLAT BLADED ADJUSTER TOOL
HF LF
MS2B
Sensor
OPERATING FREQUENCY SELECTOR

CALIBRATION - Volume 10cc Mass 10g
TNC CONNECTOR FOR CONNECTION TO MS2 METER

Bartington
73
FIGURE 2 MS2B OUTLINE DRAWING
DR0639 (1)
FIGURE 3 MS2B PLATENS STYLES A& B DR0638 (2)
R15 5
4 0.
35
26.5 35 45 12.5 45
25.5
13 TYP . 45 TYP .
ADAPTOR FOR VERTICAL AMS CYLINDRICAL SAMPLES
ADAPTOR FOR HORIZONTAL AMS CYLINDRICAL SAMPLES
NOM.
23.0
FIGURE 4 MS2 VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL AMS ADAPTORS
DR0642 (5)
FIGURE 5 MS2C SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING
DR0643 (6)
LIMIT OF C162
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
LIMIT OF C36
1.6
1.4
K REL
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
POOR RESOLUTION OVER THIS RANGE
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
d/D
The relative response is given by: KREL = 3.45(d/D)3 where d = CORE MATERIAL DIAMETER D = MS2C APERTURE DIAMETER +8mm RELATIVE RESPONSE TO VARYING CORE DIAMETER WITHIN MS2C SENSOR FIGURE 6
DR0644(1)
FIGURE 7 THIN SECTION RESPONSE OF MS2C SENSOR
DR1338(2)
100
25
TNC CONNECTOR
149
25
50
FIGURE 8 MS2E SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING DR1354(2)

RESPONSE TO NARROW STRATUM %KREL 100 90 80 70
1 0.
N TIO EC R I D LO NG AX IS N TIO EC XIS DIR NG A LO
DEPTH RESPONSE
DEPTH
60 50 40 30 20 10 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 DEPTH mm -1 0 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 0 -1 1 2 DISTANCE mm 3 4 5 FWHM FWHM
1 0.
FIGURE 9 MS2E RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 53 OF 64
DR1357(1)
MS2E SURFACE SCANNING SENSOR IN USE FIGURE 10 DR0641(2)
FIGURE 11 MS2D PROBE OUTLINE DRAWING OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 54 OF 64
DR0640(1)
FIGURE 12 MS2F OUTLINE DRAWING
DR1141(1)
FIGURE 13 MS2F ISO-MAGNETIC FIELD PLOT SHOWING RELATIVE (%) VARIATION IN SENSITIVITY WITH DISTANCE FROM TIP
DR0647(1)
FIGURE 14 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF COMMON ROCKS
DR0645(1)
FIGURE 15 TNC - TNC CABLE
DR1615(2)
2000
N.C.
2 3 RED
2 3 5 7
SCREEN
2 FISCHER PLUG WIRING SIDE VIEW BLUE
8 6 4
WIRING SCHEDULE
FISCHER PLUG PIN No. 2 3 1 4-WAY CABLE IDENTITY BLUE RED SCREEN LINK LINK 9-WAY CONNECTOR PIN No. 2 3 5 7 8 6 4
FUNCTION
MS2 Tx MS2 Rx COMMON 0v RTS CTS DSR DTR
FIGURE 16 MS2 SERIAL INTERFACE CABLE DR0648(1)
FIGURE 17 OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 57 OF 64
MS2W SENSOR WATER OUT TO FLOW SENSOR SAMPLE CAVITY OSCILLATOR WATER IN FROM PUMP
FROM MS2W30
RAMP RATE TEMP.SET 4A MAX. 10 CURRENT METER A 10 FURNACE MS2WF -25V +25V 0 RAMP CONTROL MS2WF TO MS2WFP CABLE
TNC TO TNC CABLE
FLOW SENSOR
10 TURN UP
HOLD
PC11
B B PC111 WATER INTERLOCK TC TYPE 'S' Pt 0-900 C TO PSU HEATER FURNACE PID CONTROL
TO RESERVOIR
DOWN
MS2
SET M TC TYPE 'T' SI Cu +/- 200 C Pt CGS Cu/Ni Pt/Rh + VA 1mV/ C A A 0VP TRACKER LED DISPLAY G 0VS E E + 1mV/ C + -
RAMP REF.
WATER TO MS2WF
RESET
-25V C C +15V H H +15V

+12 +25 -25 -12
WATER PUMP
+5V
L 0V D D
IEC POWER INLET TEMPERATURE SERIAL DATA G
POWER
T2 WATER PUMP TRANSFORMER
POWER SUPPLY LINE FILTER AND FUSE WITH POWER INDICATOR LAMP
110/240V AC MAINS ADAPTOR
E F F
9-WAY 'D' TYPE
5 G
G RS232 DATA CONTROL MS2 9-WAY 'D' TYPE
COMPUTER
2 3
5 3 2
COMPUTER WITH SERIAL PORT
6 7
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILTY SERIAL DATA 3-WAY 5 G 3 2
MS2B COMBINED SERIAL DATA & ANALOG OUTPUT INTERFACE CABLE DR0628(4)
SUSCEPTIBILITY / TEMPERATURE SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
GEOLABSOFT SOFTWARE
POWER SUPPLY / TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER MS2WFP
FIGURE 18
CURRENT METER 4 A MAX.
9-WAY
CURRENT CONTROLLER UP HOLD DOWN RESET RAMP SET
MS2WFP
Power Supply Unit
GEOLABSOFT SOFTWARE
MS2 COMPUTER FURNACE WATER PUMP
AC LINE 240 /110V
0 1
1 0
POWER
CHECK SUPPLY VOLTAGE INTERNALLY SET
Bartington
ON / OFF
RS 232
COMPUTER
WATER PUMP
9-WAY
FLOW METER
MS2
OFF SI CGS BATT 0.1 1.0
AC LINE 240 /110V 12V DC
WATER WATER RESERVOIR
M
Sensor
DR0630(3)
Magnetic Susceptibility Meter Bartington
FISCHER TO 9-WAY 'D' TYPE TOP PLUG KAOWOOL
WATER
CLAMP
SAMPLE / CRUCIBLE
MS2WF
Furnace
CO-AX TNC-TNC 1M
8-WAY
= CABLES
TYPE 'S' TC 157
= WATER PIPES
122
SUSCEPTIBILITY / TEMPERATURE SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION DIAGRAM

TC CLAMP TYPE 'T' TC
MS2WF
Furnace
S T
TEMPERATURE METER
Thermocouple Selection Type S: 0 to +900 C (Furnace) Type T: -200 to +200 C
TC SELECT
SK3

Bartington
Va OUT 1mV/ C
FIGURE 19
Va OUT 1mV/ C
DR1384(1)
FIGURE 20 MS2W SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING
DR0160 (8)
317 165
RELAY
Serial No.
TMS10 TOP VIEW
24 0
USE VOLTAGE SELECTOR TO SET MAINS VOLTAGE
FIGURE 21 MS2WFP OUTLINE DRAWING & MAINS VOLTAGE SELECTION
210
110
DR1928 (1)
235
67.5 CRUCIBLE
(157) NOMINAL SPECIMEN CENTRE
SK1
350
135
SK2
Furnace
MS2WF
Thermocouple Selection Type S: 0 to +900 C (Furnace) Type T: -200 to +200 C
SK3
TO MS2WFP
Bartington
Va OUT 1mV/ C
FIGURE 22 MS2WF FURNACE OUTLINE DRAWING
DR1893 (2)
WATER PUMP WHALE SUBMERSIBLE 881
LENGTH AS SUPPLIED
WATER IN
Pin1 +ve Pin2 -ve Pin3 N.C.
APPLY HEAT TO TUBING TO EASE ASSEMBLY ONTO NIPPLE
FREE PLUG 3-WAY SERIES 720 CABLE DIA. 4 - 6mm
PUSH STRENGTHENING SLEEVE ONTO THE THE PUMP OUTLET THEN TAP PUMP OUTLET M10 TO ACCEPT PIPE NIPPLE
DR0330 PIPE NIPPLE
LIQUID FLOW SENSOR DIRECTION OF FLOW
PVC TUBING 10 O/D X 7 I/D
2000 NOMINAL
FREE PLUG 3-WAY SERIES 720 CABLE DIA. 2.5 - 4mm

Pin1 +ve Pin2 -ve Pin3 Signal
LENGTH AS SUPPLIED
FIGURE 23 WATER COOLING SYSTEM FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY / TEMPERATURE SYSTEM
DR0631(3)
1000
COMPUTER
XT SYSTEM
9-WAY D-TYPE SOCKET
1
COMP SEND 2 COMP RECEIVE 3 4 GND 5 6 7 8 9
1
2 COMP SEND 3 COMP RECEIVE 4 5 GND 6 7 8 9
9-WAY D-TYPE PLUG
FIGURE 24 MS2WFP TO COMPUTER CABLE
DR0634(2)
FIGURE 25 MS2WF TO MS2WFP CABLE DR1437(1)
FIGURE 26
MS2G SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING
MS2K SENSOR
AIR 10 5 DISPLACEMENT IN mm 5 0 100% 75% 50% 25% 10 AIR
10% 5%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
D E P T H mm
SURFACE UNDER INVESTIGATION
MS2K SENSOR % RELATIVE SENSITIVITY ISO-PLOTS FOR DISPLACEMENT AND DEPTH
FIGURE 27
DR1830 (2)
165
MS2K
High Resolution Surface Scanning Sensor
50
Bartington
170
FIGURE 28 MS2K SENSOR OUTLINE DRAWING

Operation Manual For Ms2 Magnetic Susceptibility System: OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 1 OF 64

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Operation Manual For Ms2 Magnetic Susceptibility System: OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 1 OF 64

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

OM0408

OPERATION MANUAL FOR MS2 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY SYSTEM

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 1 OF 64

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 2 OF 64

14.4 14.5 14.6 15.0 16.0

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 5 OF 64

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6

FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 FIGURE 9 FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11 FIGURE 12 FIGURE 13

FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15 FIGURE 16 FIGURE 17

FIGURE 20 FIGURE 21 FIGURE 22

FIGURE 24 FIGURE 25 FIGURE 26 FIGURE 27 FIGURE 28

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 7 OF 64

MS2 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY SYSTEM 1.0 INTRODUCTION

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 8 OF 64

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 9 OF 64

Operating environment considerations

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 11 OF 64

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 13 OF 64

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR METER MODEL MS2 Serial interface

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 15 OF 64

Pin-Assignment (shown on rear panel)

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 16 OF 64

ANALOG INTERFACE (additional option)

25 mV/unit OV to 5V for 0 to 1999 overflow permitted 600 ohms

SENSOR TYPE MS2B DUAL FREQUENCY General Description

Dual frequency measurements

Single frequency measurements

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements (AMS)

Setting up the sensor

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 19 OF 64

Volume specific measurements

Selecting the measuring range

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 22 OF 64

CORE SCANNING SENSOR TYPE MS2C General description

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 23 OF 64

Technical Specification Materials : white polyacetal

HIGH RESOLUTION SURFACE SCANNING SENSOR MS2E General description

Depth response (normal to the plane of the sensor)

Operating instructions MS2E

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 27 OF 64

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 28 OF 64

PROBE TYPE MS2D General description

PROBE TYPE MS2F General description

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 29 OF 64

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 30 OF 64

SENSOR TYPE MS2G - SINGLE FREQUENCY General description

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 31 OF 64

S = approx. 0.2mm S = approx. 14mm

Dimensions Weight Materials Markings 14.6 Maintenance

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 35 OF 64

THE MS2 SUSCEPTIBILITY/TEMPERATURE SYSTEM

FURNACE TYPE MS2WF

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 37 OF 64

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 38 OF 64

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 39 OF 64

MAINTENANCE OF FURNACE TYPE MS2WF

Furnace outer insulation

9-way plug (MS2 Meter) connections

2 Tx 3 Rx 5 0V 2 3 4 7 5 Tx Rx DTR Link to 6 DSR RTS Link to 8 CTS OV

9-way skt (Computer) connections

3-way skt (water cooling system)

1 +ve 2 -ve 3 Signal

OM0408 ISSUE 36PAGE 42 OF 64