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This article is part 3 of a series of 3 articles that I am going to post. The proposed article content will be as follows: 1. Part 1 : This one, will be an introduction into Perceptron networks (single layer neural networks) 2. Part 2: Will be about multi layer neural networks, and the back propogation training method to solve a non linear classification problem such as the logic of an XOR logic gate. This is something that a Perceptron can't do. This is explained further within this article 3. Part 3 : This one, is about how to use a genetic algorithm (GA) to train a multi layer neural network to solve some logic problem, if you have never come across genetic algorithms, perhaps my other article located here may be a good place to start to learn the basics
Summary
This article will show how to use a Microbial Genetic Algorithm to train a multi-layer neural network to solve the XOR logic problem.
The bias can be thought of as the propensity (a tendency towards a particular way of behaving) of the perceptron to fire irrespective of it's inputs. The perceptron configuration network shown in Figure 5 fires if the weighted sum > 0, or if your into maths type explanations
As already explained above there is one input layer, one hidden layer and one output layer. It is by using the inputs and weights that we are able to work out the activation for a given node. This is easily achieved for the hidden layer as it has direct links to the actual input layer. The output layer, however, knows nothing about the input layer as it is not directly connected to it. So to work out the activation for an output node we need to make use of the output from the hidden layer nodes, which are used as inputs to the output layer nodes. This entire process described above can be thought of as a pass forward from one layer to the next. This still works like it did with a single layer network, the activation for any given node is still worked out as follows:
Where (wi is the weight(i), and Ii is the input(i) value) You see it the same old stuff, no demons, smoke or magic here. Its stuff we've already covered. So thats how the network looks, so now I guess you want to know how to go about training it.
Learning
There are essentially 2 types of learning that may be applied, to a Neural Network, which is "Reinforcement" and "Supervised"
Reinforcement
In Reinforcement learning, during training an set of inputs is presented to the Neural Network, the Output is 0.75, when the target was expecting 1.0. The error (1.0 - 0.75) is used for training (wrong by 0.25). What if there are 2 outputs then the total error is summed to give a single number (typically sum of squared errors). Eg your total error on all outputs is 1.76 Note that this just tells you how wrong you were, not in which direction you were wrong.
Using this method we may never get a result, or could be hunt the needle. Using a generic algorithm to train a muti-layer neural network, offers a Reinforcment type training arrangement. Where the mutation is responsible for jiggling the weights a bit. This is what this article is all about.
Supervised
In Supervised Learning the Neural Network is given more information. Not just how wrong it was, but in what direction it was wrong' like Hunt the needle but where you are told North a bit West a bit. So you get, and use, far more information in Supervised Learning, and this is the normal form of Neural Network learning algorithm. This training method is normally conducted using a Back Propogation training method, which I covered in Part 2, so if this is the first article of these 3 parts, and the back propogation method is of particular interest, then you should look there.
Remember with a single layer (perceptron) we cant actually achieve the XOR functionality, as its not linearly seperable. But with a multi-layer network, this is achievable. So with this in mind how are we going to achieve this ? Well we are going to use a Genetic Algorithm (GA from this point on) to breed a population of Neural Networks, that will hopefully evolve to provide a solution to the XOR logic problem, that's the basic idea anyway. So what does this all look like.
As can be seen from the figure above, what we are going to do is have a GA which will actually contain a population of Neural Networks. The idea being that the GA will jiggle the weights of the Neural Networks, within the population, in the hope that the jiggling of the weights will push the Neural Network population towards a solution to the XOR problem.
1. The Geneotype
For this article the problem domain states that we had a population of Neural Networks. So I created a single dimension array of NeuralNetwork objects this can be seen from the Constructor code within the GA_Trainer_XOR object
//ANN's private NeuralNetwork[] networks; public GA_Trainer_XOR() { networks = new NeuralNetwork[POPULATION]; //create new ANN objects, random weights applied at start for (int i = 0; i <= networks.GetUpperBound(0); i++) { networks[i] = new NeuralNetwork(2, 2, 1); networks[i].Change += new NeuralNetwork.ChangeHandler(GA_Trainer_NN_Change); } }
So how can we tell how fit (how close) the neural network is to this ? It is fairly simply really, what we do is present the entire set of inputs to the Neural Network one at a time and keep an accumulated error value, which is worked out as follows: Within the NeuralNetwork class there is an getError(..) method like this
public double getError(double[] targets) { //storage for error double error = 0.0; //this calculation is based on something I read about weight space in //Artificial Intellegence - A Modern Approach, 2nd edition.Prentice Hall //2003. Stuart Rusell, Peter Norvig. Pg 741 error = Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow((targets[0] - outputs[0]), 2)); return error; }
Then in the NN_Trainer_XOR class, there is an evaluate method, that accepts an int value, which represents the member of the population to fetch and evaluate (get fitness for). This
overall fitness is then returned to the GA training method, to see which Neural Network should be the WINNER and which Neural Network should be the LOSER.
private double evaluate(int popMember) { double error = 0.0; //loop through the entire training set for (int i = 0; i <= train_set.GetUpperBound(0); i++) { //forward these new values through network //forward weights through ANN forwardWeights(popMember, getTrainSet(i)); double[] targetValues = getTargetValues(getTrainSet(i)); error += networks[popMember].getError(targetValues); } //if the Error term is < acceptableNNError value we have found //a good configuration of weights for teh NeuralNetwork, so tell //GA to stop looking if (error < acceptableNNError) { bestConfiguration = popMember; foundGoodANN = true; } //return error return error; }
So how do we know when we have a trained Neural Network? In this articles code what I have done is provide a fixed limit value within the NN_Trainer_XOR class, that when reached, indicates that the training has yielded a best configured Neural Network. If however the entire training loop is done, and there is still no well configured Neural Network, I simply return the value of the WINNER (of the last training epoch) as the overall best configured Neural Network. This is shown in the code snippet below, this should be read in conjunction with the evaluate(..) method shown above
//check to see if there was a best configuration found, may not have done //enough training to find a good NeuralNetwork configuration, so will simply //have to return the WINNER if (bestConfiguration == -1) { bestConfiguration = WINNER; } //return the best Neural network return networks;
The main classes that people should take the time to look at would be : GA_Trainer_XOR : Trains a Neural Network to solve the XOR problemm using a Microbial GA TrainerEventArgs : Training event args, for use with a GUI NeuralNetwork : A configurable Neural Network NeuralNetworkEventArgs : Training event args, for use with a GUI
SigmoidActivationFunction : A static method to provide the sigmoid activation function The rest are a GUI I constructed simply to show how it all fits together. NOTE : the demo project contains all code, so I wont list it here Also not that most of these classes are quite simliar to those included with the Part 2 article code. I wanted to keep the code, simliar so people who had already looked at Part 2 would recognize the common pattern.