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By
Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi (M.B; B.S., M. Phil.)
Transport mechanisms are responsible for Differential composition of ECF & ICF.
Active transport
Endocytosis
1. 2. Pinocytosis Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Lipid bilayer as barrier against water molecules & water-soluble substances: Lipid barrier is not miscible with ECF or ICF.
Allows lipid soluble substances to penetrate directly through the lipid substance.
Carrier proteins: Channel proteins: Have watery spaces that penetrate throughout the molecule. Allow free movement of water, selected ions or molecules.
Highly selective.
DIFFUSION
Movement of substances down the conc. gradient either through opening in cell membrane or in combination with carrier protein, caused by simple kinetic motion of molecules without the use of energy is called diffusion.
OSMOLALITY:
No. of osmole of solute per kg of water is called osmolality
OSMOLARITY:
Osmole per liter of solution. In usual practice.
Osmotic Pressure:
Definition: The exact amount of pressure required to stop osmosis is called Osmotic Pressure. Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the number of osmotically active particles. **
Each particle in a solution, regardless of its mass, exerts on average the same amount of pressure against the membrane.
K.E = 1 mv2 2 K.E = average kinetic energy, v = velocity, m = mass. If mass is less, velocity is more.
Diffusion through the cell membrane: Simple diffusion & Facilitated diffusion Simple diffusion Kinetic movement of ions / molecules through a membrane opening / intermolecular spaces without any interaction with carrier proteins in the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion Requires interaction of a carrier protein. Carrier protein binds chemically with & shuttles ions / molecules through the membrane.
Once in the channel, sodium ions diffuse in either direction, according to laws of diffusion (down the concentration gradient)
2 principal ways of opening & closing of gates: Voltage & Ligand gating
Voltage gating: Molecular conformation of the gate or Molecular conformation of the chemical bonds respond to electrical potential across cell membrane. Chemical (ligand) gating: Gates open by binding of a chemical substance (ligand) with the protein channel conformational or chemical bonding change in protein molecule that opens / closes the gate.
Facilitated Diffusion:
Carrier mediated diffusion. Carrier facilitates diffusion of the substance to the other side. Examples: Glucose & most Amino Acids. In presence of insulin, glucose transport increases 10-20-fold. Glucose carrying protein has molecular weight of 45,000.
Saturation of carrier molecules. The rate of transport cannot be greater than the rate at which carrier protein molecule can undergo change back & forth between its 2 states.
Smaller protein might anchor the protein complex in the lipid membrane The larger protein has three specific features that are important for the functioning of the pump:
1. It has three receptor sites for binding sodium ions on the portion of the protein that protrudes to the inside of the cell.