Humboldt State University

Janes Creek Water Quality Analysis

Engineering 351, Spring 2012

Scott Clowser, James Purchio 4/30/2012

Contents
1 2 Abstract.................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Arcata, California .............................................................................................................. 3 Janes Creek ....................................................................................................................... 3 Basin Plan ......................................................................................................................... 3 City of Arcata Historical Sampling .................................................................................... 4 Janes Creek Sampling Sites .............................................................................................. 5 Land Uses ......................................................................................................................... 7 Associated Contaminants ................................................................................................. 7

Wood Processing Facilities ...................................................................................................... 8 Confined Animal Feeding......................................................................................................... 8 Irrigated and Non-irrigated Crops ........................................................................................... 8 Forest Land .............................................................................................................................. 8 Housing .................................................................................................................................... 8 Roadways ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.8 3 Water Quality Standards .................................................................................................. 9

Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Testing Procedures ......................................................................................................... 10

Total solids .................................................................................................................................... 11 Total suspended solids .................................................................................................................. 11 Total and Fecal Coliforms.............................................................................................................. 11 Biological Oxygen Demand ........................................................................................................... 11 Nutrients ....................................................................................................................................... 12 1

Alkalinity and Hardness ................................................................................................................ 12 3.2 4 Precipitation and Flow Rate Correlations ...................................................................... 13

Results.................................................................................................................................... 14 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Solids .............................................................................................................................. 14 Total and Fecal Coliform ................................................................................................ 15 Nutrients......................................................................................................................... 15 Alkalinity and Hardness .................................................................................................. 16

5 6 7

Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 16 References ............................................................................................................................. 19 Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 20 7.1 7.2 Site Photos...................................................................................................................... 20 Raw Data ........................................................................................................................ 21

1
The primary purpose of this project is to provide The City of Arcata with a mechanism to assign flow rates to historical water quality data that was taken without flow measurements. This project will also attempt to identify water quality issues and the sources of these issues. The final stage of the project is to determine ways The City of Arcata can mitigate or prevent any of the water quality issues identified. The information collected during this project will be given to The City of Arcata to help develop a storm water management program.

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The City of Arcata has collected stream data on several occasions over the last two decades. The stream parameters were collected without determining stream flow, making it difficult to discern the mass of the water constituents within the stream. The objective of this analysis was to correlate present stream parameters with flow rates to the previous data in order to determine the historical flows and mass of the water constituents collected by the City of Arcata and identify constituents that are in violation of federal or state storm water limits.

2.1 Arcata, California

Arcata California is a city of 17,000 people that lies 280 miles north of San Francisco California on the northwest corner of Humboldt Bay. Arcata has an average elevation of 23 feet above sea level and average rainfall between 40 and 50 inches annually. Arcata California occupies almost 11 square miles and is home to Humboldt State University, the northernmost of the California State Universities.

2.2 Janes Creek

Janes Creek is a stream which runs through Arcata California and drains an area of roughly 3.85 square miles. Janes Creek originates in the low coastal hills just northeast of the city of Arcata. The upper portion of the watershed, in the northeast is made up of mature second growth redwood forest. The remainder of the watershed is made up of agricultural, commercial, light industrial and residential use (Bidaurreta, 2007). Jane's Creek is listed as a fish bearing creek in Arcata's General Plan 2020, therefore, water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen and temperature are important to ensuring the survival of native species.

2.3 Basin Plan

The California Department of Water Resources has established a policy for determining the current and potential beneficial uses of water bodies in accordance with The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act (PCWQA). A water body that has a current or potential beneficial use as 3

defined by the PCWQA is governed to protect the water quality from potential degradation of the beneficial uses. These protections exceed the standards for a water body that does not have assigned beneficial uses (State Water Resources Control Board, 2011). Janes Creek is not defined specifically on any of the State of California Basin Plans, however the Eureka Plain Hydrologic Unit is defined. If Janes Creek is typical of the other water bodies on the Eureka Plain, the beneficial uses that could be attributed to it would be as follows: Municipal and Domestic Supply Agricultural Supply Industrial Service Supply Industrial Process Supply Groundwater Recharge Freshwater Replenishment Navigation Hydropower Generation Water Contact Recreation Non-Contact Water Recreation Commercial and Sport Fishing Cold Freshwater Habitat Wildlife Habitat Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species Migration of Aquatic Organisms pawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development Estuarine Habitat Aquaculture Native American Culture
List cited directly from Eureka Basin Plan Beneficial Uses (State Water Resources Control Board, 2011)

2.4 City of Arcata Historical Sampling

The City of Arcata has done sporadic sampling of water quality various sites for the past 15 years. The water quality tests done include: pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity, hardness, turbidity, fecal coliform, nitrate, phosphates, E. coli, heavy metals, and petroleum products. The samples were all taken with recent rainfall data, but flow rates were not taken at the time of sampling. These tests can provide a large amount of data that can be used to analyze the water quality of the local creeks, but without flow rates, it is not possible to tell the total amount of a contaminant in the water, just the density of said contaminant. 4

2.5 Janes Creek Sampling Sites

The City of Arcata uses standard sites for consistency when sampling the water of Janes Creek. These sampling sites are distributed from where Janes Creek exits the forest to where it enters Humboldt Bay. There are additional sample sites at points of interest along Janes Creek. These points of interest include adjacent to a fuel station, downstream of the light industrial usage, and downstream of the agriculture areas. All sample sites along Janes Creek are denoted with a T4#, with the # being a letter denoting the particular site (Figure 1). Sites on other creeks within the sample zone are denoted with a different number, such as Jolly Giant Creek, which is denoted as T5#.

Figure 1: City of Arcata Creek Sample Site Locations (City of Arcata, 2008)

Figure 2: T4H Sample Site Watershed (J. Purchio, 2012)

2.6 Land Uses

Land use of property bordering Janes Creek is a significant factor in the water quality issues of the creek (Figure 4). Approximately three miles of lower Janes Creek flows through residential zones where it is exposed to storm water runoff from roads and other impermeable surfaces. In the North Western reach along West End Rd., Janes Creek flows through an industrial zone and an agricultural zone where point source and non-point source contributions appear to have a significant effect on the quality of the water (Figures 4-#, appendix a).

Figure 3: Arcata land use map (City of Arcata, 2008)

2.7 Associated Contaminants

This section will briefly describe the contaminants typically associated with the land uses that take place on the Janes Creek Watershed. The sections below provide only a generalized list of possible contaminants, not evidence of their presence. The health effects of contaminants listed below is too vast to include in this document. 7

Wood Processing Facilities

Potential contaminants from wood processing facilities similar to the ones on the Janes Creek Watershed could include the following contaminants. Creosote, pentachlorophenol and arsenic, which are wood preservatives, metals, acids, sulfides, organic sludges, sodium hydroxide, chlorine, hypochlorite, mercury, paint sludges, solvents and coating / gluing wastes, which are used in wood pulping and milling operations (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2009).

Confined Animal Feeding

Potential contaminants from confined grazing and feeding operations on the Janes Creek Watershed could include nitrates, total dissolved solids, salts, phosphates, potassium, livestock sewage wastes, chemical sprays and dips for controlling insect, bacterial, viral and fungal pests, and coliform bacteria (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2009).

Irrigated and Non-irrigated Crops

Potential contaminants from growing both irrigated and non-irrigated crops on the Janes Creek Watershed could include pesticides, fertilizers, nitrates, phosphates, potassium and salts (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2009).

Forest Land
Potential contaminants from the forest land on the Janes Creek Watershed could include sediments and suspended solids (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2009).

Housing
Potential contaminants from the residential areas on the Janes Creek Watershed could include household hazardous wastes, mechanical repair and other maintenance products, lawn and garden care products, swimming pool maintenance chemicals and urban runoff. These categories of products include any number of detergents, disinfectants, paints, petroleum products, fertilizers, and other products found at a typical residence (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2009).

Roadways
Potential contaminants from the roadways present in the Janes Creek Watershed include automotive wastes and pesticides (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2009).

2.8 Water Quality Standards

The following summarizes the water quality standards listed in the North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board Basin Plan (Table 1) (California Regional Water Quality Control Board, 2011). Constituent Phosphorus Maximum Level Allowed Based on location, but <20 g/L is reasonable. Can be a limiting nutrient for photosynthesis. Above 6.5, but not to exceed 8.5. Changes from ambient levels not to exceed 0.5. 6.0 mg/L. This value is based on cold water fish species oxygen requirements for healthy respiration. Median for 5 samples in a 30 day period not to exceed 200 colony forming units per 100ml. Shall not be modified by more than 5.0 degrees Fahrenheit from ambient.

pH

Dissolved Oxygen Fecal Coliform

Temperature

Nitrate (as NO3) 45 mg/L Turbidity Ammonia Less than 20% increase from background levels. 0.025 mg/L

Table 1: Water quality standards compiled from The North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board Basin Plan.

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The sample site studied in this analysis is located on Janes Creek at Stewart Court T4H (Figure 4). The sample site is just below a foot bridge leading up to Anina Way. Flow was estimated during sampling by recording the time required to float an object between the two small redwood trees on the western bank of the creek, and measuring the depth of the stream with a yard stick (Figure 2). The channel bottom was assumed to be trapezoidal. The area of the Janes Creek watershed that drains though sample site T4H was determined using Arc Map GIS software. Arc Map used a digital elevation model obtained from the City of Arcata to find flow direction, flow 9

accumulation, stream development, and watershed delineation. The area of the watershed was then determined using the developed watershed GIS map layer.

Figure 4: Sample Site T4H at Stewart Court

Of the total watershed area of Janes Creek, roughly 78% of the watershed drains through sample site T4H. The total area drained though sample site T4H is 2.84 square miles (Figure 2). The remaining 22% is drained into Janes Creek after our sample site. This was used in creating a more accurate estimate of historical flows based on our flow correlation curve.

3.1 Testing Procedures

Testing for Engineering 351 at Janes Creek Sample Site T4H was conducted from February 2012 to April 2012. Tests were performed on sample water for a variety of water quality standards. Table 1 lists the test performed and the standard methods used to perform the test.

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Weigh an evaporation dish and measure a volume of sample water that will fill the dish. Place the dish and water into an oven and evaporate the water away. Weigh the dish again with the left over solids. The difference in mass between the initial dish mass and the dish plus solids mass yields the mass of solids per volume (test 7, Table 1).

Weigh a crucible and filter then pass a known volume of water through a crucible and filter. Place the crucible and filter in an oven to evaporate all the water. Mass the crucible and filter again after the water. The difference in mass between the initial and final masses yields the mass of the total suspended solids (test 10, Table 1).

Three concentrations of sample water from T4H were filtered through a sterile filter and placed in 3 separate petri dishes for both fecal and total coliforms. Six petri dishes were used in total. Specific broths for fecal and total coliforms were added to the correct dishes and the dishes were then placed in ovens at different temperatures to stimulate growth of the particular bacterial groups. After 24 hours, the colonies of coliforms were counted on the petri dishes and coliforms/100mL was found by multiplying the number of colonies by 100 and dividing that number by the volume of sample water used (test 11 and 12, Table 1). Coliforms/100mL = Eq. 1

BOD is a measure of the organic content of the water calculated by determining the potential of the water to deplete the dissolved oxygen of the sample. In order to verify that the test is valid, a control using pure BOD dilution water must be tested with the samples of concern. This sample will have no BOD. Place a known dilution of sample water in a BOD testing bottle and top it off with BOD dilution water. In order to measure carbonaceous BOD, an additional three samples should have nitrogen inhibitor added to the bottles before capping. Measure the DO just before capping the bottles using a YSI-55 DO meter and place them in an incubator. After five days, measure the DO again and calculate using: Eq. 2 11

Where: = The biological oxygen demand after five days = The biological oxygen demand after five days = The initial dissolved oxygen = The dissolved oxygen after five days = the decimal volumetric fraction of the sample used. NBOD may be found by subtracting CBOD from BOD. (test 13, Table 1).

In order to identify the nutrient levels in a water sample, a calibration curve must be created using known concentrations of nutrients for each test. For ammonia, a calibration curve was created using known concentration solutions and recording the mV using the USA Blue Book Model. The mV reading was then recorded for the T4H sample and the concentration found using the calibration curve (test 1, Table 1). Similar tests were tests were conducted for Nitrate and phosphorus using the Thermo-Scientific probe for nitrate and the Spectronic Instruments Spectronic 20 for phosphorus (test 2 and 3, Table 1).

Alkalinity and Hardness were determined via titration. For alkalinity, the color indicator, phenolphthalein, was used to indicate the total acid necessary to neutralize the alkalinity of the water sample (test 14, Table 1). For hardness, the color indicator, eriochrome black, was used to indicate the amount of acid necessary to neutralize the hardness of the water sample (test 5, Table 1).

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Water Quality Test Performed 1. Ammonia Concentration 2. Nitrate Concentration 3. Phosphorus Concentration 4. Turbidity (Electronic Measurement Device) 5. Hardness 6. Conductivity (Electronic Measurement Device) 7. Total Solids 8. Total Dissolved Solids 9. Fixed and Volatile Solids 10. Total Suspended Solids 11. Total Coliforms 12. Fecal Coliforms 13. Biological Oxygen Demand 14. Alkalinity 15. pH (Electronic Measurement Device)

Standard Method Used Standard Method 4500-NH3 D Standard Method 4500-NO3Standard Method 45600-P E Standard Method 2130 B Standard Method 2340 C Standard Method 2510 B Standard Method 2540 B Standard Method 2540 C Standard Method 2540 E Standard Method 2540 D Standard Method 9222 B Standard Method 9222 D Standard Method 5210 B Standard Method 2320 B Standard Method 4500-H+ B

Table 2: Standard Method Procedures used for Water Quality Testing (Eaton et al, 2005)

3.2 Precipitation and Flow Rate Correlations

To better understand the data provided by the City of Arcata, it was important to develop a correlation between flow rates and precipitation. Using the flow data gathered when samples were taken for Engineering 351, a curve was developed to relate flow rates to 48 hour rainfall totals (Table 2). A trend line was applied to this curve and an equation formed to allow a flow rate to be determined from recorded rainfall data. Figure 5 shows the derived equation for determining flow rates at Janes Creek Sample site T4H using historical 48 hour rainfall totals.

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48 Hour Rainfall (in) vs Flow Rate (cfs)

14 12

Flow Rate at T4H (CFS)

10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0 0.01 0.42 0.72 0.77 1.12 1.24 48 Hour Rainfall (inches)

y = 5.2963e0.1107x R = 0.9907 Flow Rate (CFS) Trendline

Figure 5- 48 Hour Rainfall (in) vs Flow Rate (cfs) used to determine correlations between rainfall and flow rate.

Table 3: Derived equation for the calculation of flow rate at Janes Creek Sample Site T4H.

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Over the course of the five months study, testing was conducted on several important water quality parameters including: solids, turbidity, conductivity, coliforms, nutrients, alkalinity and hardness and BOD. Samples were taken during or after major storm events in order to determine the maximum probable load Janes Creek might experience. This information is intended help The City of Arcata to develop a storm water management plan in order to meet current and future storm water regulations.

4.1 Solids
Table 4-TSS for sample site T4H

2/15/2012 3/28/2012 4/24/2012

TSS 966.9 7 67

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4.2 Total and Fecal Coliform

Total and fecal coliforms were tested from samples taken from Janes Creek at sample site T4H on 2/22/12 and 3/21/12. There had been no recent rain prior to sampling on 2/22/12 with a flow of 7.03 cfs. There had been continuous rain for several days prior to sampling on 3/21/12 with a flow of 11.63 cfs.
Table 5-Total and Fecal Coliforms from T4H on Janes Creek

Date

Site

Fecal Coliform 1mL 2 Total Coliform 0.1mL 5 Total Coliform 1mL 3 Fecal Coliform 10mL 9

Notes 10mL 35 20mL 45 Avg/100mL 258.33 2 E. coli found Notes 1mL 2 10mL 47 Avg/100mL 1890

2/22/2012 Date 2/22/2012 Date 3/21/2012 Date 3/21/2012

T4H Site T4H Site T4H Site T4H

1mL 50

10mL 22

10mL 17

Avg/100mL 297.50

10mL 11

20mL 11

20mL 12

Avg/100mL 78.75

4.3 Nutrients
Nutrients were tested on 3/7/12 with a flow of 6.16 cfs
Nitrate (kg/day) 14.47 Phosphate (kg/day) 1.97 Ammonia (kg/day) 0.03

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4.4 Alkalinity and Hardness

Lab 8 Tap water run 1 run 2 run 3 4/4/2012 Alkalinity and Hardness Alkalinity Hardness 68 69 68 68.33 Alkalinity 22.5 23 23 22.83 Hardness 34 33.8 34.6 34.13

average T4H run 1 run 2 run 3 average

88 88 88 88

5
The most significant piece of information that was developed over the course of the study is the correlation equation for precipitation to flow rate. This correlation will help The City of Arcata to determine not only if a particular constituent is present, but also the total amount of the constituent present in Janes Creek. The need for this correlation originates with the historical data provided from The City of Arcata. The historical data, while quite in depth, lacks flow rate information during sample periods. With this equation The City of Arcata can now use historical rainfall data to create flow rate information for their historical records. This flow data will aid The City of Arcata in planning new storm water regulations, identifying point source discharges, and in developing storm water infrastructure. This flow rate equation is only for the Janes Creek Sample Site T4H and to determine the flow rate equations at other sample sites flow data would need to be gathered and correlated to rainfall. This is because the different sample sites drain different surface area totals of the watershed. This flow rate equation would also be more accurate if different techniques were utilized to determine the flow rate. Timing a floating object and using a cross sectional surface area of the creek is a very rudimentary way of calculating flow rates. Testing for total suspended solids (TSS) was conducted several times over the course of the study. The results from the TSS testing showed a large increase in suspended solids during first flush storm events. First flush storm events are a significant precipitation event after an 16

extended period of little or no precipitation. The baseline reading obtained for TSS was between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/L, but during first flush events the TSS readings were over 10 mg/L. The increase in suspended solids during this type of event is caused by several factors. Particulates build up on surfaces, both natural and man-made, and during the storm event they are rinsed off and washed into the creek. The forested area in the upper part of the Janes Creek watershed is likely the source of most of the suspended material. Increased flow rates in the creek typically coincide with increased velocity of the water, and these two factors increase the ability of the creek to cause erosion and scour the creek bed, picking up more particulates. The increased velocity of the creek also reduces the ability of particulates to settle out of the water column, keeping them suspended for a greater amount of time. Two tests for total and fecal coliforms were conducted over the study period. During one of these tests the fecal coliforms in Janes Creek exceeded the state regulated level. The regulation measures violations per a thirty day geometric mean, and coliform testing was only conducted on two specific days, so it cannot be stated that it was a violation. Coliform testing would have to be conducted five times for a 30 day period in order to properly establish a window to determine if a violation was taking place. The two coliform tests that were conducted show regular testing should be conducted in order to find out if The City of Arcata is in violation for coliform content. In addition to the coliforms detected, one of the coliform tests revealed E.coli was present in the water of Janes Creek. The possible sources of the coliform contamination in Janes Creek include agricultural runoff, homeless encampments, canines and other animals, and leaking or overflowing sewers. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was also tested at Janes Creek Sample Site T4H. The BOD test measures the amount of oxygen needed by aerobic bacteria to break down the organic matter in the sample. For a BOD test to be considered useful data, the amount of dissolved oxygen in the sample needs to drop by more than 2 mg/L. The requirement for this drop is due to the inexact nature of the BOD test. None of the samples we tested dropped more than the required 2 mg/L, and therefore cannot be considered relevant numerical data. The results do imply however that the biological oxygen demand of our samples is minimal. Moving waters such as creeks and rivers have more molecular contact with the air than a nonmoving body of water, such as a lake. As a result of this interaction, the dissolved oxygen in a flowing river or creek will tend to stay near saturation unless a load is applied that would reduce this oxygen content. Future BOD sampling during storm events is recommended in order to determine if there is a significant load during storm events. Nutrient testing was conducted for ammonia, nitrate, and phosphorus. Standard solutions were used to develop a calibration curve, and measured values from samples were compared to the 17

calibration curve to determine the concentrations in the samples. Ammonia, nitrate and phosphorus testing was conducted twice each during the study. The levels of each of these three nutrients were well below regulated levels on both of the testing days. The only one of these three nutrients that showed even a slight elevation was nitrate, however nitrate typically occurs in much greater concentrations than ammonia or phosphorous naturally. The lack of ammonia shows a healthy nitrogen cycle taking place, with ammonia being converted by bacteria to nitrite and then nitrate. Nutrient testing results were typical of a healthy creek and showed no abnormalities. Alkalinity and hardness testing was conducted and compared to City of Arcata drinking water. The results showed that The City of Arcata drinking water is much harder than the water at Janes Creek Sample Site T4H. This is due to the fact that the City of Arcata increases the hardness of their drinking water in order to improve the effectiveness of foaming agents, such as soaps and detergents. Water that has low alkalinity and hardness is considered soft, and restricts the ability of foaming agents. The soft water in Janes Creek is well within standard levels, and would be expected to be softer than the City of Arcata drinking water as one of the main areas contributing to the watershed is a redwood forested area. Decomposing plant material functions quite well to reduce hardness in water.

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Burres, Erick (2009), Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program Using IDEXX for Fecal Indicator Bacteria Monitoring, <http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/docs/cwt/guidance/3410.pd f> , (April, 2012). Dendy, Bill B, North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (2011), North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board Basin Plan, http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/basin_plan/basin_plan.sh tml , (March-May, 2012) Eaton et al, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater; 20th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC. (2005). Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. (2009). Typical Contaminants from Land Uses / Sources, http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/dwp/docs/typcontaminants.pdf, (April 29th, 2012) Jack Hitt, Aldaron Laird, Carlol Dellabalma, John Graves, Elizabeth Conner, Robert Fllint, and Ann King Smith, The City of Arcata General Plan 2020, http://www.cityofarcata.org/departments/building-planning/regulations/general-plan-2020, accessed 4/2012.

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7.1 Site Photos

Figure 6- Sample Site T4M the south fork of Janes Creek

Figure 7 Creek Restoration on Janes Creek around Spear Ave.

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Figure 8 Sample Site T4P on the eastern side of West End Rd.

7.2 Raw Data

Much of the historical data provided by The City of Arcata was manipulated into usable spreadsheets. This data was too vast to be included in this report, but can be viewed at the following link: https://skydrive.live.com/#!/edit.aspx?cid=40DEBD75A5C439F4&resid=40DEBD75A5C439F4!13 4/

1. Raw Data showing spreadsheet used for flow rate to rainfall correlations including linear regression with confidence levels. 48 hour rainfall totals were used to better represent the time needed for runoff to collect.

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year month day 2012 2 2012 2 2012 2 2012 3 2012 3 2012 3 2012 3 2012 4 2012 4

1 22 29 7 13 21 28 4 24

flow rate (cfs) 8.21 7.03 9.04 6.16 10.29 11.63 13.06 7.86 6.64

24 hr rainfall (in) 48 hr rainfall (in) 0.42 0.42 0.01 0.01 0.54 0.72 0 0 0.55 0.77 0.57 1.12 0.61 1.24 0 0 0 0

48 Hour Rainfall (in) vs Flow Rate (cfs)

Flow Rate at T4H (CFS) 15 10 5 0 0 0 0.01 0.42 0.72 0.77 1.12 1.24 48 Hour Rainfall (inches) y = 5.2963e0.1107x R = 0.9907 Flow

48 hr rainfall (in) 0 0 0.01 0.42 0.72 0.77 1.12 1.24

flow rate (cfs) 6.16 6.64 7.03 8.21 9.04 10.29 11.63 13.06 22

Log(10) of flow 0.789581 0.822168 0.846955 0.914343 0.956168 1.012415 1.06558 1.115943

SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics 0.98537 Multiple R 82 0.97097 R Square 02 Adjusted R 0.96613 Square 18 0.02178 Standard Error 13 Observations 8 ANOVA df Regression Residual Total 1 6 7 Coefficie nts 0.81700 8 0.23062 9 SS 0.095210 0.002847 0.098056 Standard Error 0.011626 0.016280 MS 0.0952 10 0.0004 74 Significan F ce F 200.683 7.72982E841 06

Intercept X Variable 1

t Stat 70.273 829 14.166 292

P-value 0.00000 0 0.00000 8

Upper 95% 0.84545 0.788560 6 0.27046 0.190793 5

Lower 95%

Lower 95.0% 0.788560 0.190793

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2. Raw data showing spreadsheet and calculations for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) tests performed during Engineering 351 lab. year 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 month 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 day 22 22 22 29 29 13 13 21 21 21 28 28 28 24 24 24 volume (mL) 100 100 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 initial wt. (g) 0.129 0.0887 0.0891 17.9012 19.8457 0.0947 0.0961 0.0892 0.0878 0.0882 0.1783 0.1292 0.1324 0.0965 0.0972 0.0927 final wt. (g) 0.13 0.0904 0.0906 18.0678 20.0578 0.1018 0.1024 0.0896 0.0882 0.0888 0.1791 0.1299 0.133 0.0968 0.0974 0.0928 TSS (mg/L) 10.0 17.0 15.0 2221.3 2121.0 71.0 63.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 3.0 2.0 1.0

3. Raw data used to determine phosphorus concentrations. Sample (3/28/2012) Calibration 1 Calibration 2 Calibration 3 Calibration 4 T4H (3/28/2012) dilution (mg/L) 0 0.5 1 2 absorbance 0.113 0.29 0.461 0.66

0.0812

0.166

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3/28/2012 Phosphorus
0.8 0.7 0.6 Absorbance 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Concentration (mg/L) Linear (Absorbance Calibration) T4H y = 0.2709x + 0.144 R = 0.9765 Absorbance Calibration

Sample (3/7/2012) Calibration 1 Calibration 2 Calibration 3 Calibration 4 Calibration 5 Calibration 6 T4H (3/7/2012)

dilution (mg/L) 0.1 0.5 1 2.5 5 10

absorbtion -0.021 0.111 0.356 0.773 1.531 1.818

0.131

0.181

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3/7/2012 Phosphorus
2.5 2 Absorbance Calibration Absorbance 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 5 10 15 Concentration (mg/L) T4H Linear (Absorbance Calibration) y = 0.1902x + 0.156 R = 0.8915

Ammonia (mg/L) 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 T4H 0.001765

mV 51.1 13 -3.5 -55.3 -110.9 90.2

1000

100 y = 0.3017e-0.057x R = 0.9668 10

1 -150 -100 -50 0.1 0 50 100

0.01 Figure 9-Ammonia Calibration Curve

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