TO ASSESS THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF JATROPHA, (Jatropha curcas) FARMING IN THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL.

By
JACKSON, YOHANA (2011/1333)

A thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements For the degree of BACHEOLOR OF SCIENCE WITH EDUCATION At ST.JOHN`S UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA SJUT Supervisor: Mr. KITUNDU N. FEBRUARY 2014

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKDROUND INFORMATION The world is currently facing seriously energy crisis and global warming problems due to rising prices of fossil fuel and increased green house gases in atmosphere due to the distortion of the Ozone layer. One of the mitigation option solutions suggested is the use of bio-fuels due to the fact that they can provide clean energy. Recent reports on the biofuel potential for Tanzania estimated that nearly half of the country land area is suitable for bio-fuel productions. And the Jatropha is a biofuel (Yefred, 2008).

Biofuel is a fuel produced from renewable resources, especially plant biomass, vegetable oils as well as the treated wastes. Biofuel are considered neutral with respect to the emission of carbon dioxide.

Jatropha curcas being one of biofuel is a drought resistant perennial crop growing well in marginal/poor soils. It is easy to establish and grows relatively quickly and it has high life span producing seed for 50 years. It is still uncertain on its centre of origin, but it is believed to be Mexico and Central America. It has been introduced to Africa and Asia and is now cultivated world wide. It is highly drought resistant species easily adapted to arid and semi arid conditions (Centre for Jatropha promotion and bio diesel 2004-2008)

Jatropha tree belongs to family Euphobiaceae. It is indigenous to America and found in almost all the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world and known by 200 different names which indicate its significance and various possibilities of use. Its water requirement is extremely low withstanding drought for long periods it is suitable for sand stabilization and soil conservation areas. It can be used for ecological and economic rehabilitation of waste lands in tropical and sub-tropical region of the Tanzania like Dodoma region (MNRT, 2009).

1.2 Statement of the Problem The worlds fuel switch to bio-diesel has multiplied even to Tanzania as many companies are establishing Jatropha plantations in various parts of Tanzania, e.g. Kilosa and by TATEDO in Arusha project. The Jatropha plantation is believed to cause food shortage in surrounding communities in two scenarios the employment of some villagers on the Jatropha plantations since men and women will use much of their time in the plantations and formers changing their farms from food production to Jatropha plantation (New Report. Casts doubt over bio fuels 2009).

The question on what would be the impacts of farming Jatropha curcas on a large scale has not received research attention. It is already classified in Western Australia as an invasive species and it is used in bio-diesel production is banned. It is also considered poisonous (to some degree) as its seeds or nuts and oil from them are not edible. Though Jatropha is not indigenous to Tanzania the species seems to have been introduced close to a (century a go) judging from the age of the trees growing wildly in the country from the natural stands in Tanzania the tendency to spread has not been observed and it is rare to find young trees long term observation especially and large scale planting should be under taken (Bernad, 2008)

The trend possibly may lead to an increase in wealth financial security and poverty alleviation. The people that are working on the Jatropha plantation are doing so voluntarily they are not and they understand that it is better to increase their wealth by earning regular wage whilst their families continue to cultivate their farms (the sun Biofuels, 2008)

However, the extent of impact of Jatropha farming to socio-economic of various stakeholders including households have not been studied and the information remains widely fragmented. This knowledge may be important for the all stake holders and may be vital for improvement and sustainability. The purpose of this study therefore asses the economic impact of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) farming in the household level and suggest the way forward.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 Main objective

To asses the socio-economic impact of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) farming in the household level.

1.3.2 Specific objectives Assess socio-economic value of Jatropha growing at local level in Arusha Extent of Jatopha growing , main challenges and constraints to conservation To assess the value chain analysis of Jatropha growing.

1.3.3. Research questions What are socio-economic value of Jatropha (biodiversity, spiritual, medicinal and environmental)? Who are Jatropha stakeholders? Who are involved in the Jatropha market chain? What is the processing management in value addition?

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The local communitys dependence on Jatropha farming.

2.1.1 Reason for dependence of Jatropha Jatropha curcas help the community to increase in health, financial security and poverty alleviation by getting regular wage whilst their families continue to cultivate their own farms (The sun biofuels, 2008).

Also the contribution of alternative cash crops farmers small and provide employment and income opportunities so as to promote rural development in creating new rural industries and improve infrastructure (GTZ, 2005)

The by products are press cake a good organic fertilizer, oil contains also insecticides which can be used in their agricultural crops. Also medically it is used for diseases treatments like cancer biles, snake bite, paralysis dropsy (Centre for Jatropha promotion & Biodiesel 2004 08)

Promotion of bio-fuels started in Tanzania focus on improving energy security (reducing oil imports and foreign exchange savings). Tanzania dependent entirely on imported fossil fuels for local needs (BOT, 2006). The value of the countrys oil imports increased from us USD 400.3 million (2003) to us USD 1.1 billion (2005), demand and price for petroleum products are growing rapidly at rate of more than 30 percent per year (GTZ 2005) causing a heavy burden for the country.

Improve livelihoods introduction of alternative cash crops farmers small and large scale also provide employment and income opportunities. Therefore to promote rural development in creating new rural industries and improve infrastructures. Bio-fuels production in Tanzania is at infant stage no large production of biofuels/ethanol and bio-diesel, only small scale production of straight vegetable oil (SVO) from oil seeds e.g. Jatropha, oil palm do exist promoted by local private companies and

NGOS multinational companies/investors have started large scale production of biofuels-mainly for export.

In India Jatropha curcas perform well when spaced at 2 x 2 m or pongania 4 x 4 m with rainfall of 750mm, annual average temperature of 28 30C and 20 45C respectively depending on the season. Plant planted per ha between 2,500 and 3,333 the expected yield is 1.3 1.7kg dry seed/tree.

2.3 Potential for bio fuels production in Tanzania Tanzania has a significant potential to produce bio-fuels and become one of the major suppliers. The reasons for this include: Availability of high yield biofuels feed stock Land resource Availability of labour force

Potential for Biofuel Production in Tanzania

Useful Crop Production, 10.8m ha

Potential Available for Agriculture, 44.4 m ha

Non-Agricultural Potential, 39 m ha

Estimates of Jatropha seed yield vary widely due to a lack of reliable research data the genetic diversity of the crop the range of environments in which it is grown and Jatrophas perennial life cycle. Seed yields under cultivation can range from 1500 to 2000 kilograms per hactare corresponding to extractable oil yield of 540 to 680 liters perhectare (58 to 73

us gallons per acre). Time magazine recently cited the potential for as much as 1600 gallons of diesel fuel per acre per year.

Jatropha can also be intercropped with other cash crops such as coffee, sugarcan, fruits and vegetables seeds used to produce non edible Jatropha oil for making candles and soap and as feed stock for producing bio-diesel. Prior to pressing the seed can be shelled with the Universal Nut shells which reduces the arduous task of removing the seeds from the shell by hand. Once the seeds has been pressed the remaining cake can be used as a feed in digester and gasifiers to produce biogas for cooking and in engines or be used for fertilizing and some times even as animal fodder Richard Mngazija 22nd Sept 2009

Kenya policy recognizes the potential for production of bio-diesel from locally grown crops and in order to utilize bio-diesel, observes that a system for production distribution and use will need to be put in place. It recognizes the need to set a side land for the production of energy crops from which bio-fuels can be produced to formulate strategies to optimize land use and harmonize the existing land use policy with the energy policy (Benard, 2008)

It is projected that by 2030 the world will experience deficits of petroleum supplies as new oil discoveries are offset by depletions. Further as the world focuses on global climate change bio-fuels have assumed importance as the most practical alternative to petroleum fuels in efforts to reduce carbon emissions. In addition to addressing the energy security and global warming bio-fuels will address the issue of high energy cost associated with imported fossil fuel (Lisa, 2008)

The bio-fuels produced from the Jatropha may be competing with food production for land and water. In Swaziland Jatropha production has made two thirds of the population to depend on food aid.

2.3.1 Transport The bio-diesel production is being experimented by TaTEDO and Diligent - where Diligent Tanzania Ltd use straight vegetable oil (SVO) to run vehicles (with minor engine modifications). Blending with petrol and diesel (to a certain percentage) is possible for ethanol and bio-diesel respectively but B20 (20%) bio-diesel is possible without engine modifications for high quality bio-diesel. TaTEDO provides engine machines which using biodiesel engine power, different tools also has potential to provide electricity to the house holds and motive power for general milling oil pressing welding and battery charging. It aims at improving the living conditions of rural populations in the off-grid areas. TaTEDO has installed to Multifunctional Plant Form (MFPs) in the rural areas of Arusha regions more than 100 households have been electrified.

2.3.2 Cooking

Jatropha seed cakes can be used as biogas feed stock (at certain percentage) e.g. Diligent Tanzania constructed a 60m3 biogas plant. The gas is used for cooking. The global biofuels demand continues to grow and is expected to remain strong and stronger in the future. Tanzania alone has potential of producing about 4010 and 1726 million liters of ethanol and biodiesel respectively. The local annual demand for ethanol and biodiesel are estimated at 568 and 886 million liters respectively. This means that country has annual export potential to the world market of ethanol and biodiesel of about 3442 and 840 million liters respectively (Philip 2007).

2.3.3 Food prices rising

Recent International Monetary Fund (IMF) analysis suggest that biofuel have been significant factors of late. Average food prices in developing countries have gone up by 10.5%. According to FAO/OECD, food prices will go up by 20%-50% in the next 10 years. According to FAO food prices will become more volatile due to oil substitution

effect and inelastic and subsidised consumption. Countries at risk of increased prices are those with low income food deficient at urban and rural poor.

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3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY.

3.1 Description of the study area

3.1.1 Location. This study will be done in Meru district. The area is selected due to the fact that it is practicing Jatropha farming. Formally the area was practicing agricultural crops. Principally the area is selected because this farming practices in such a way that Jatropha and agricultural crops are mixed. Meru district lies between E36oS and 37o5North and is situated in the South east of the Mount Meru, East side of Moshi, Arusha highway. It shares border with Hai district on North West, Arusha District on the North East and Simanjiro in the West.

3.1.2 Topographical features. According to Meru management Plan (2002) Meru district is subdivided into three topographical features namely highland, medium and lowland.

The highland area starts just near the boundary of Arusha National Park, around mount Meru, which is climatically humid area laying between 1350 1800m above sea level.

The medium land climate is moderate which laying between 1000 1350m above sea level and

The lowland lies between 800 1000m above climatic condition.

seal level with the Semi arid

3.1.3 Climate Elevation strongly influences the amount of rainfall per annum where the highland receive rainfall 1000mm (mean rainfall) where medium belt receive 500 mm and the lowland receives 300mm.

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Temperature varies and decreases with increase of altitude from 22oC between 800m a.s.l. to 10oC in 1000mm a.s.l.(Source: Meru\ District Planning Office).

This shows that the highlands are cool, with more reliable rain fall whereas the lowlands are characteristically dry with scant rainfall. The district experiences bi-modal rainfall from November to January and long rains from March to mid of June. This type of climate are favourable to Jatropha farming.

3.1.4 Soils According to SCAPA (1992) most of the soil in the district is volcanic origin and generally classified as Andosols the more fertile land with high rainfall is in the moderate and steep slopes of Mount Meru and associated hills, these area are densely populated with most land under cultivation, their soils are very soft mainly of volcanic ashes, hence susceptible to soil erosion. This type of soil is suitable for Jatropha farming.

3.1.5 Vegetation. The steep slopes of mount Meru are surrounded by both indigenous and planted forest state owned forest plantation has replaced some indigenous forests. Despite the existing legal or community protection, forest reserves are being depleted through encroachment for agriculture, indiscriminate burning and lumbering (SCAPA 1998). The dominant indigenous species in the area include Cordia africana (East Africa Cordia) Olea capensis (elgon alive), Albizia schinimperiana (long podded albizia), Croton macrostachys (croton) Acacia lahai (red thorn) grass and herb species include (Masai love grass), African foxtail, Trip sacumlaxum, and Pennisetum purperium. Exotic spp found in the district include Pinus patula (pine), Cupressus lusitanica (Cypress), Eucalyptus citriodora (lemonGum) and Grevillea robusta (Grevillea). Under this vegetation type Jatropha is highly favored.

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3.1.6 Human population. According to 2002 census, human population was 225,616 with a growth rate of 3.1% so presently human population is estimated to be 3,555,897. This population is further subdivided into men and women as 171,511(48%) and 184,381 (52%) respectively. The population further reveals that there are 48,768 households with an average of 5 people per household. This indicates that there is good manpower that can be devoted in Jatropha farming.

3.1.7 Socio-economic activities. According to Meru planning office, Meru district depends mainly on subsistence agriculture and livestock keeping. The total area of the Meru district is 1278.2 km2 with an available arable land for agriculture of 166785.2 ha. However, the land which is used for agriculture is 117622ha. The potential land for irrigation is estimated to 18745 ha but only 1132ha are being used. The main crops produced are coffee, bananas, maize, cassava and horticultural crops such as sugarcane, rice, vegetables and flours. Livestock keeping is dominated by zero grazing on the highland while free range grazing of livestock is mainly practices on the lowlands.

The district is economically well developed due to the large number of investors who come and invest indifferent activities e.g. green house flours, farming, wild animals Zoos, Arusha Nation Park (Tourists) which provides employment to the community in the Meru distinct. Mining also contributes to the growth of the district economy and help to raise the living standards of the community (Semu et al., 1992).

3.2 Methodology

3.2.1 Sampling design

Boyd et al., (1981) recommended that, for a random sample to be representative it should consist at least 5% of the total population. By using simple random procedure, three villages will randomly be selected for the household interviews as follows,

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n N

Where: n = Sampled household N = the population of the household

A sample frame for each village will be the village register and the sampling unit for questionnaire will be a house hold. Five percent (5%) of the total number of house holds for the two selected villages will be sampled randomly to represent the population, provided that the total number of respondents per village shall not be less than 30. The respondents will be the heads of households, whether they are men or women.

3.2.2 Data collection Data collection will involve structured interviews (appendix 1) with households. In addition to that researchers observation will be employed to tie together the more discrete elements of data gathered by the other method. In this study two data sets will be collected namely; quantitative and qualitative.

3.2.2.1 Primary data Primary data such as general information and performance of Jatropha carcus will mainly be collected through administration of the attached questionnaires. The data will involve the number of tree grown per household, the area covered by Jatropha farming and amount of harvested. 3.2.2.2 Secondary data Secondary data such as history of Jatropha, performance in various areas and impact to the socio economic to the community will be collected through various reports and studies at respective offices, libraries, journals, books, and from internet.

3.2.2.3 Observation
This technique will be used throughout the study for questions which the researcher can answer by himself. The researcher will try to be part of the community under study so as not to interfere with the normal course of events. The method of researcher observation will primarily be used to tie together the more discrete elements of data gathered by other methods. 14

3.3 Data analysis The data collected through household questionnaires will be coded to facilitate data entry in the computer software. Actual analysis will be done using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) programme. Qualitative data will be analysed by content analysis. Where as quantitative data will be analysed by descriptive statistical analysis. This will be done through useful calculations of frequency, mean and percentage. Correlation analysis of amount harvested and income generated will be compare to those growing and not growing Jatropha.

4.0 BUDGTET Source of funds for this study will be the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training through Higher Education Students Loan Board (HESLB). Table 1: Budget breakdown ACTIVITY Proposal writing REQUIREMENT 2 rims 10 pens 1 Compact Disk 1 stapler Transportation Guest House Meal Sub-Total Final report And typing Grand Total 4.1 Activity schedule ACTIVITIES Consult supervisor Proposal writing Data collection Data analysis Report writing & submission Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June 40,000.00 180,000 UNIT COST @ 5,500/= @ 400/= 2,500/= 2,500/= COST VALUE 11,000.00 4,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 80,000.00 20,000.00 20.000.00

Research

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5.0 REFERENCES Bernard (2008) Kenya report on Jatropha Centre for Jatropha promotion and bio-diesel (2004 2008) (www.wikipedia.com) David Boyles Bio Energy J. J. Bruwer (1980) Energy from biomass 4 7 November L. Anderson and David A. Tillmen Fuel from Wastes edited by Larry. Lisa (2008) Wonder crop Jatropha Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forestry and Beekeeping Division. Forest is Wealth Newsletter Vol. VII No. 3 April June 2008 Mwananchi newspaper by Richard Mngazija 22nd September 2009 New report cost doubt over biofuels (2009) (www.wikipedia.com) Semu, E; Bergam, G. and Skogland, E. (1992). Evaluation of soil Conservation and Agro forestry Program - Arusha (SCAPA).SIDA compiles report.pp15.

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APPENDIX 1 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSE HOLD INTREVIEW PART 1: GENERAL INFORMATION. 1.0 Name of district ............................................ Ward Division ........................................... village ................................................

1.1 Name of household head/respondent ............................................................ 1.2 Gender (a) Male (b) Female 1.3 Age of respondent ..................................... years. 1.4 Education level of the respondent. (a) Non formal education (b) Primary education (c) Secondary education (d) Above Secondary education. 1.5 Household size -----------------------------------1.6 Occupation ................................................. 1.7 Income class (a) poor (b) Medium (c) Rich PART 2: Information on performance of Jatropha curcas. 1.8 Do you have a farm for Jatropha trees? Yes/No ........................................... 1.9 How many Jatropha trees do you have in your plots? ................................... 2.0 How many species of Jatropha do you grow? ................................... and why ................................................................................................................................................ 2.1 Does it grow well in your area? Yes/No ........................................................ 2.2 What amount of Jatropha seeds do you harvest per year? kg/bags .................... 2.3 What are the uses of Jatropha tree in your area? ................................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................. 2.4 Who are stakeholders involved. . 2.5 From which source do you get seeds in your area? ................................................................................................................................................ 25. How long does it take from planting to harvesting? in month or years ........................

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26. Do you use any fertilizer to increase productivity? Yes or No ....................................... If Yes, which type. 27. Do you get assistance from extension officer concerning this crop? Yes or No ..... 28. Where do you sell your Jatropha seeds? (a) No market (b) Total market (c) To vendors 29. At what price do you sell the seeds in kg ...................................... Tshs, per bag is ..........................Tshs. 30. Which crops give high yields when are grown in the same management unit with Jatropha? ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................. ..... 31. What are environmental effects associated with Jatropha curcas production? ................................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................. 32. What are your own views on improving Jatropha curcas performance to ensure future sustainable fuel extraction?......................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ Thank you for your cooperation.

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