Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ABSTRACT Digital filtering is one of the most powerful tools of digital signal processing. Their capability of delivering performance specifications, not possible with analog filter, justifies their use in adaptive filtering applications also. This paper focuses on design of FIR filters using various windowing techniques. The main advantage of windowing is that it is reasonably straightforward to obtain the filter impulse response with minimum computational effort. Mathematically ,the design of filter is to design the transfer function of the filter. Parameters determined are filter order and filter coefficients. Keywords: FIR ,impulse response, Rectangular, Hanning , Hamming windows, transfer function, impulse response.
The inverse of frequency response will be impulse response of the filter. The digital filter with finite samples of impulse response is FIR and with infinite samples of impulse response iS IIR.
I. INTRODUCTION
Filter is a frequency selective device that removes some undesired feature from a signal. In other words, we know that an LTI system performs a type of discrimination or filtering among the various frequency components at its input. The nature of filtering action is determined by the frequency response characteristics, which is turn depend on choice of system parameters. So we have to make a proper choice of coefficients to design frequency selective filters that pass signals with frequency components in some bands and attenuate signals that contain frequency components in other bands. Filters are essential component of everyday electronics, radios, cell phones to name a few. Two major types of filters are FIR(finite impulse response) and IIR(infinite impulse response). Generally, the filter specifications will be a desired frequency response.
Where y(n) is filter output x(n) is the input h(k) are the coefficients the structure of FIR filter This equation shows that system has length M as limit of summations are from 0 to M-1. Expanding it, y(n)=h(0)x(n)+h(1)x(n-1)+..+h(M-1)x(n-M+1) to obtain the transfer function we can take the Z transform of the above relation H(z)= h(k)z -k Where summation extends from 0 to M-1 Taking Z transform, we get the impulse response limiting in the range 0 to M-1 The structure of filter can be constructed by using delay elements and adders as shown below.
IJSRET @ 2013
III. DESIGN
There are four methods for FIR filter design: The window method The frequency sampling technique Optimal filter design methods Fourier series method In the windowing technique, we being with the desired frequency respone specification Hd(ejw) and determine the corresponding unit sample response hd(n), which is obtained by inverse fourier transform.
1. Rectangular window:
2. Hanning
window: Causal:
Non-Causal:
Where,
3. Hamming Window:
Causal:
The unit sample response will be an infinite sequency and must be truncated at some point say n=N-1 to yield and FIR filter of length N. The truncation is obtained by multiplying hd(n) by a window sequence w(n). The resultant sequence will be of length N and can be denoted by h(n).
Non-Causal:
Non-Causal
IJSRET @ 2013
IV.
SIMULATION RESULTS
Filter order=20, sampling frequency= 47000Hz, Cut-off frequency = 11000Hz 1. Magnitude response of rectangular window
3.
IJSRET @ 2013
V. CONCLUSION The presence of only zeroes, non recursiveness, linear phase and flexibility in design enables FIR filter to be used in various fields. Since hamming window shows minimum ripples in passband and also has the narrow mainlobe and sidelobes, so it is very frequently used for design. REFERENCE 1. Emmanuel C. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Ifeachor, Digital Signal nd Processing 2 Edition, Pearson Education Ltd., 2002 S.Salivahanan & Vallavraj,Digital Signal Processing, TMH,2nd edition. Arojit Roychowdhury, Fir Filter Design Techniques, Electronic System group,Nov 2002 John. G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolaokis, Digital Signal Processing,Pearson Education, 4th edition Edmund Lai, Practical Digital Signal Processing for Engineers and Technicians 1st Edition, 2003 Suvarna Joshi and Bharati Ainapure, FPGA based Fir Filter 2010 International journal of engineering science and technology Performance Analysis of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter Design Using Various Window Methods by Era Singhal, IJSRET, Aug 2012, Vol 1 Issue
IJSRET @ 2013