A substance that reduced

REDOX Chemical reaction where oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously A substance that oxidized

another substance

another substance

Oxidation (act as reducing agent) Gain oxygen Loss Hydrogen Loss electron Increase Oxd. No

Reduction (act as oxidizing agent) Loss oxygen Gain Hydrogen Gain electron Decrease Oxd. No CuO + H2 ---> H2O

2Mg + O2 ---> 2MgO H2S + Cl2 ---> HCl + S Na ---> Na+ + e Zn + CuSO4 ---> ZnSO4 + Cu
(0) (+2) EXAMPLE 1

Br2 + 2HI ---> 2HBr + I2 Cl2 + 2e 2ClZn + CuSO4 ---> ZnSO4 + Cu

(+2) (0)

Magnesium is oxidized (gain of oxygen) Oxidation Mg Reducing agent Mg is reducing agent as it causes CuO to be reduced. + CuO MgO Reduction +

Oxidising agent Cu is oxidising agent as it causes Mg to be oxidized. Cu

Rule 1 the oxidation number for atom and molecule is zero Example: Mg, Ca, C, Cu, Zn, Cl2, O2, H2

Copper(II) oxide is reduced (loss of oxygen)

Rule 2 The sum of oxidation number of all elements in polyatomic ions is equal to the charge of the ions Example:
NH4+ +1 SO42-2 MnO4-1 Cr2O72-2

EXAMPLE 1 Na Na+ + e (loss electron) Oxidation 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl NaCl is an ionic compound. It exist as Na+ ions and Clions

Rule 3 The sum of oxidation numbers of all elements in the compound is zero Example:
H2SO4 0 KMnO4 0 SO2 0 K2Cr2O7 0

Reduction Cl2 + 2e 2Cl- (gain electron)

Calculate the oxidation numbers for the underlined elements. (ii) S2O32- [polyatomic ion] 2(x) + 3(-2) = -2 2x - 6 = -2 x = (-2 + 6) /2 2+ 3+ x Type 1: Redox reaction involves Fe ion and ion Fe ion = +2 Thus; Oxidation number of S in SO2 Thus; = +4 Oxd. number of S in S2O32- = +2 (i) SO2 [compound] 1(x) + 2(-2) = 0 x - 4 = 0 x = +4

Rule 4 the oxidation number for monoatomic ion is equal to its charge Example: H+ Fe2+ Cr3- O2- N3+1 +2 -1 -2 -3

Oxidation (loss e-) Reducing agent Fe2+ Fe3+ Oxd. agent Reduction (gain e-)

Others oxidizing agents that can replaced bromine water: - Chlorine water, Cl2 - Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 - Acidified potassium dichromate(VI),

Others reducing agents that can replaced zinc: - Magnesium, Mg - Sulphur dioxide, SO2 - Hydrogen sulphide, H 2S - Sodium sulphide solution, Na2SO3

Change of iron (II) ions to iron (III) ions Observation Iron (II) solution change colour from green to brown FeSO4 Bromine water oxidizes Fe2+ ions to Fe3+ ions Causing Fe2+ release one electron Fe2+ Fe3+ + e (Oxidation) Fe acts as reducing agent because it reduced Br2 to Br2+

Observation Brown colour of bromine water decolourised.

Bromine water

Electron released are accepted by bromine molecules Its undergo reduction to form bromide ions, BrBr2 + 2e Br(reduction) Br2 acts as oxidizing agent because it oxidized Fe2+ to Fe3+ ions

Ionic equation: 2Fe2+ + Br2 Fe3+ + Br-

Change of iron (III) ions to iron (II) ions Observation Zn powder dissolved in solution Fe2(SO4)3 Observation Iron (III) solution change colour from brown to green

Zinc powder Fe2(SO4)3

Zinc atom lose electrons to Fe3+ Its undergo oxidation to form zinc ions, Zn2+ Zn Zn2+ + 2e(oxidation) Zinc acts as reducing agent because it reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions 2Fe3+

Zinc powder reduced Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions Fe3+ accept one electron from Zinc Fe3+ + e Fe2+ (Reduction) Fe3+ acts as oxidising agent because it oxidized Zn to Zn2+

Ionic equation: + Zn 2Fe2+ +Zn2+

Type 2: Displacement of metal from its salt solution Observation: Metal dissolve /become thinner Metal X + Salt Y Observation: Metal dissolve /become thinner Salt X + Metal Y

K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Ag Au

MORE ELECTROPOSITIVE More a electropositive metal will displace a metal less electropositive metal from its solution

The copper(II) ions are taken out from the solution to form copper metal . Cu2+ (aq) + 2e Cu (s) Copper(II) ions are reduced. The blue colour of copper(II)sulphate solution fades.

Ionic Equation: Mg + Cu2+

Mg2+ + Cu

Zinc is more electropositive than copper ( zinc is in higher position than copper in electrochemical series). Zinc displaced copper from copper(II) sulphate solution. Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e Zinc is oxidised

Type 3: Displacement Halogen from its halide solution A more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from its aqueous halide solution. F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 The more reactive halogen has a higher tendency to gain electron. F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

LESS ELECTRONEGATIVE /REACTIVE

Chlorine water Potassium bromide Chlorine act as oxidizing agent Chlorine undergo reduction Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2

Bromine water Potassium bromide Bromine act as oxidizing agent Bromine undergo reduction Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2

Bromine water Potassium bromide

Br2 + 2KI

2KBr + I2

Bromine ion undergo oxidation Potassium bromide act as reducing agent Observation: Yellow solution of chlorine decolorized Colourless solution of potassium bromide turn to brown

Iodide ion undergo oxidation Potassium iodide act as reducing agent Observation: Brown solution ofbromine decolorized Colourless solution of potassium bromide turn to brown

Bromine cannot displace chlorine from sodium chloride Bromine is less electronegative than chlorine