Herman Daly: wrote about stead state economies, promotes an energy mix of resources (oil and renewals), remedy

for global over consumption, continued growth is not possible because resources are finite, a paradigm shift must happen for people to change the ways they think about energy. Denis Hayes: ctivist and proponent of solar power. ma!or energy transition of some kind is inevitable. Discontinuity in the production and the use of energy"should use solar. #he most direct use of solar is heating water and buildings, photovoltaic cells, wind power. $ost technology options today do not acknowledge social conse%uences or take into account social goals when choosing energy options. &nvolved in the 'arter administration with solar as head of (olar )nergy *esearch &nstitute. Helped start earth day. (olar +ossibilities,solar will fill in the gaps. mory -ovins: (oft paths: renewables, solar, wind, hydro Hard paths: centrali.ed continuation of technology, oil, nuclear, coal, controlling, not friendly to democratic process, destructive to environment and health, inefficient, )fficiency expert /atural capital David 0reeman: 1immy 'arter appointed head of #2 (#ennessee 2alley uthority) and wanted to change from growth to conservation. (hut down nuclear plants. $entioned in /ader3s article 4(hifting 5ears6 )nergi.ed ($7D to renewable energy (uccessfully fought the planned nuclear power plant for ($7D rt *osenfeld: *eroof, repave and add trees to affect substantial energy savings. $ember of 'alifornia )nergy 'ommission Helped design '0-( and motion sensors on lights 4#hinks outside the box6 )ffective in policy 0ather of )nergy )fficiency -ow )nergy growth rate8 4*osenfeld effect6 *ashid 9halidi: :rote 4*esurrecting )mpire: :estern footprints and merica3s perilous path in the $iddle )ast6. 'ulture of dependency established because of foreign oil companies involvement in their societies. (ome good,democracy, education, formation of infrastructure. (ocial and political conse%uences of energy choices :endell ;erry: ccording to ;erry, the good life includes sustainable agriculture, appropriate technologies, healthy rural communities, connection to place, the pleasures of good food, husbandry, good work, local economics, the miracle of life, fidelity, frugality, reverence, and the interconnectedness of life. #he

threats ;erry finds to this good life include: industrial farming and the industriali.ation of life, ignorance, hubris, greed, violence against others and against the natural world, the eroding topsoil in the 7nited (tates, global economics, and environmental destruction. (hould look for the answer that produces the most solutions with the least problems &magine a world where mass transportation in the form of light rail and fast trains, fewer highways and autos. How would your life be different< => dimensions from the '?/ )( ('ommittee on /uclear and lternative )nergy (ystems) study found in 4)nergy 'hoices in a Democratic (ociety6 )nvironmental: 'ement and gravel is harmful to the environment. 5reen house drilling off shore, or otherwise to get oil. 0ewer oil spills. (ome displacement due to trains, but not if subways. 'ould be bad is ma!or earth%uake@heavy autos drive above. $ay disrupt a%uifers. #rains may disrupt migration patters@settlement patterns of species, bird deaths. /oise is decreased. (ettlement patterns: *educes urban sprawl. +romotes higher population densities, urban cores ?ccupations: construction and engineering !obs, urban planners, less of an oil@auto lobby, renewable energy !obs (sustainable ways to power trains) -eisure: don3t have to deal with rush hour traffic, road rage. 'loser sense of community8talk to people on the train. #rainAleisure time because we don3t have to drive8can read, chat, etc. &nstitutional: trains could run off of decentrali.ed energy (whatever is best for the community, coal, biomass, solar, hybrid) 'ivil liberties@vulnerability: more vulnerable to terrorist attacks, earth%uakes, subsidence, but safer day to day than cars, not necessarily dependant on oil (fewer wars to get it), dependant on electricity (make own renewable energy solutions) Dispersion of decision making power: trains could be locally controlled (like ; *#, ' #ransit) instead of centrally decided upon from the top8down like highways. 'iti.ens could be involved in deciding where the train would go, how it3d be designed, and how it would impact the community (ocial: 0ewer health problems such as asthma, obesity (less pollution, encourage walking, biking). (trengthen community ties (people may community focused), shared sense of space and community. $indsets about transportation will have to be changed. &t has been said that energy policy is treated as if it were estranged from its environment of politics and economic power. :ho are the culprits, and with what conse%uences. 5ive examples from both conventional economics or science, and innovation positions. )nergy policy is seen as one which is ob!ective because of its association with science and engineering. give examples of how in: conventional economics8 subsidies for nuclear, ignoring externalities, the issue with private wires making decentrali.ed forms of power economically not feasible innovative positions: natural capitalism, decoupling of profits from energy sales 0or culprits, we all agree on scientists, economists, and bureaucrats. :e all seem to agree on politicians. (ome of us also feel corporate interests are partly to blame. +articularly: 'orporate interests esp. companies invested in established energy practices oil, coal, chemical and their lobbyists, automobile industry =. 'linton admin economists argued for non compliance with international agreement on 5reenhouse emissions because on the basis that it was too expensive. #his was proved false by a 4B lab report6 showing that it would not be detrimental or uneconomicalC reduction in emissions in the long run much more important to preserving the environment than attempting to thwart a minor recession.

>. Have ignored options such as solar (due to the political infrastructure pushing for nuclear). D. :e don3t discuss safety which had lead to deaths of many, as in the case of nuclear accidents or nuclear radioactivity, or coal mining (because its Ebuilt into the design3). F. :e ignore the people aspect of gaining energy resources, and we treat people as numbers (thus, we do things like destroy indigenous homes in our blindsighted path to resources). 0or conse%uences: we all agree that important issues are not discussed and important options such as solar are ignored. &ssues include: safety, renewabiity, scarcity, intermittency, international crisis, civil liberties and inflation &nnovative positions: bottom8up change in the 7.(., individuals experiencing self reliant modes of energy production, such as efficiency, conservation, and passive solar &sland of the (ea 9olbert describes wind energy in Denmark. :hat was the initial incentive that spurred the pro!ect she describes< Does she make an argument for local vs. global< #he government set up a renewable energy contest, the community had to show how it would wean itself of fossil fuels. 0or this island, the maxim is 4think locally, act locally6, because a nation can be part of the global consciousness, but it is difficult for an individual to be part of that, but the individual can be part of the local and act at the local level more easily, bottom up approach. Here should be a bottom8up instead of a top8down approach to renewable energy decisions. #hat is, she3s saying that local communities should work together on renewable energy pro!ects. ( s opposed to nations3 governments passing laws about carbon emissions or creating pro!ects. ?r having international organi.ations go to meetings and make energy decisions.) 5ive some examples of decoupling. )nergy growth and energy consumption, energy consumption and 5/+, technology progress with social progress, etc. How is it that such gets coupled at all< #aking apart ideas that are normally associated together, like more energy means better lifestyle. Decouple energy consumption and 5/+8 what do you need all this energy for< Herman Dayle prediction makes it sound science and value free@ planning sounds value loaded. 5/+ measures materials, not leisure timeAgoods rich but time poor. #echnological progress and social progress8 in such a progressive evolutionary frame science too could only rise and not fall or wane but civili.ation are fragile. How does it get coupled at all< #hrough corporate capitalism self8interest profit motive. energy growth most likely e%uals economic growth (look at the very end of page BG= of reader) energy consumption@gnp: %uality of life article technological progress@social progress: how< $indsets including scientc@progress, 4factual evidence6 that is actually based on a small sample so for instance energy consumption and 5/+ growth were coupled from industrial revolution to the BHs, that wasn3t necessarily a causal relationship /D we are having troubles now with natural capital, ie we are running out of natural capitalI :hat is an unofficial public energy policy< 5ive examples of bricolage. 7nnofficial energy policy: see page BG>, :ashington :ill be the -ast to 9now. lso, on page BGH of reader, 4a handful of innovators, private citi.ens, and business executives can affect an un8official public energy policy through organi.ational work, and activism.6 (this is the bottom8up aspect). #op down aspect: 4un8official energy directions (pg BG>),6 where environmental policy is being influenced by corporate (i.e. oil, coal, chemical, automobile) lobbyists and national security interests. )nergy involves technology and profit making, and fierce bidding and who should profit.

-evi8(trauss defines it as 4enlightened tinkering done by people who can see with different eyes and utili.e what exists.6 &n the review session, they emphasi.ed lack of advance planning, thinking about the pro!ect as building it, and fixing problems as they occur. lso, bringing in consumers, the local community, lay knowledge, expert knowledge, etc. )xamples of bricolage: 'uritiba (;ra.ilian city in 4/atural 'apitalism6 article, page BJJ). not a top8down, mayor dominated city, while it is served by leaders, many of the best ideas and most of their implementation comes from its citi.ens. -erner (mayor) was selected not only for his knowledge of the city3s needs but also for his supposed lack of political talent. 'uritiba combined the ideas of private firms, /5?s, municipal agencies, utilities, and the community in order to design the city. s for 4utili.ing what exists6 and not using advance planning, they adapted the existing infrastructure instead of creating something entirely new. (i.e. widened streets instead of demolishing blocks and building superhighways). 4trend is not destiny6. lso, using extant technologies to improve efficiency: using insulation instead of heat and air conditioning (-ovins<). using trees to create 4cool communities6 that don3t need as much air conditioning (*osenfeld), finding more efficient@greener ways of using current energy (i.e., recycling waste heat ('asten and yres), building more efficient refrigerators (*osenfeld)) instead of developing new technologies to get abundant amounts 4cleaner6 energy (like nuclear, ethanol, hydroelectric dams) to fuel inefficient appliances. :hy do mericans have a hard time shifting gears according to -. /ader< :ho are the new luddites< :hat is waste by design< ll energy choices would be linked with if not determined by socio8political choices with lifestyles mericans have a hard time shifting gears because of several factors. 0rom the reading: 4everything changes, but nothing moves6. 0actors include 8 4no option6 energy discourses (pg BKB in reader) 8 mindset in which soft energy paths strconsidered feminine and weak by leading energy experts, while hard energy paths, with high risk are perceived as intellectual. #his is part of 8 un%uestioning institutional mindsets of scientists 8 other mindsets including limited time perspective 8'orporate power, as seen in utility deregulation in 'alifornia 8 and the issue of the 4new luddites6: /ew luddites are those who cling to old technologies for fear of displacement. n example of a 4new luddite6 would be a scientists with extensive knowledge of nuclear who continues to push nuclear power as the only option because if we were to shift to solar, he would lose his !ob. nother example *eagan destroying 'arter3s car -ovins et al speak about mental models (e.g. conventional economies, forms of socialism, eco8centered models of synthesis). 'an we ignore une%ual distribution of power when we speak of mental models< :hy or why not< :hat is natural capitalism< &s there any other kind< $ental models: mental model is an explanation of someone3s thought process about how something works in the real world. +eople served the economy as if the economy is the point, but people and the plant the point, the individual and not the infrastructure are responsible. (o we can3t ignore une%ual distribution of power because we cannot assume that those in power will make the right decision, everyone needs to be involved.

/atural capitalism: there are all kinds of capital (human, financial, manufactured, natural). /atural capital includes water, minerals, oil, tree, living systems, air etc. :orking towards business@economy that runs off of the idea and aim of sustainability and conservation #here are multiple assumptions to natural capitalism: the limiting to the economy is the availability of natural resources, bad systems that waste natural capital must be addressed, resource productivity, human welfare is best served by improving the %uality and flow of desired services rather than increasing the overall dollar amount #he four strategies for natural capitalism are 1. Radical resources productivity8using resources more efficiently (nearly all environmental and social harm comes from the wastefulness use of human and natural resources) (so we expend less energy and resources for what we need) >. Biomimicry8reduce the wasteful throughput of materials (eliminate the idea of waste) redesign industrial systems on biological lines to reuse materials in closed cycles ((imitating bio waste systems to allow our waste to be reused) D. Service and flow economy8change in relationship between producer and consumer to service and flowmanufacturers see themselves as deliverers of service instead of sellers of products@ products are returned to manufacturers for reuse@proper disposal etc, so that manufacturers are the ones in charge of dealing with the waste they create88which factors in externalities 4. investing in natural capital8reinvesting in sustaining, restoring, and expanding stocks of natural capital. -ovins et al. compare this to '?/2)/#&?/ - ' +&# -&($, which is centered around the idea that natural and human capital have little value as compared to final output. #here are mindsets behind conventional capitalism as well 88competitive advantage is gained when bigger, more efficient plants manufacture more products for sale to expanding markets 88growth in total output (5D+) maximi.es human well8being 88resource shortages that occur will elicit the development of substitutes 88free enterprise and market forces will allocate people and resources to their highest and best uses :hat is the inevitability syndrome< :hat is a blind eye< #he inevitability syndrome often comes up when talking about energy and is the idea that we have no other option, like we must use nuclear. #his is limiting, especially because sometimes no other options are even being explores. #his can be used to scare people and get what you want. #he blind eye is the idea of having tunnel vision, ignoring past mishaps and mistakes that have been made when evaluating current decisions, and we3re ignoring what other countries have done to make progress. he says we have 4the inability to see past a short span of time6 and implies that we cannot see outside our own culture and country as well, as 45ermans and the 1apanese can accomplish in a decade what the 7( has not been able to achieve in several decades.6 )thnocentric, egocentric. How would you explain to the anthropologist from $ars that 4since the mid8=Kth century more of nature has been destroyed than in all prior history6< +opulation growth8 house and waste #he industrial revolution and subse%uent pollution. #he automobile in =GHD8 pollution, drilling for oil, highways )nergy production8 oil, coal, gas, wood

$idsets8 creation of waste is ingrained in our society, more is better, disregard for the environment, inability to shift gears, thinking short term, inability to think long term -essons to be learned from ;ritish +etrol deal at ;erkeley< 'ite those opposed on scientific grounds. solutions to the energy problem will be difficult to find in a corporate framework: ;+ focusing on ethanol@biofuel. )thanol has a higher carbon index than fossil fuel, affects food supply. :e need the university for innovationI 7sing ;erkeley3s nameI liability (page BHJ) corporate actors@players@scientists@administrators working in a public institution bring along mentality, ways of thinking. +ublic institution co8opted by private enterprise, work@findings will be creating profit for meganational corporations like montsanto predominantly be working on 5$?(, pesticides 'ompiled answer: we can all agree that there are lessons to be learned from 8 using the name and resources of a publically funded institute for private purposes 8corporate ownership of university research is problematic 8 privati.ation is a powerful and dangerous force +rivate ownership of intellectual discoveries made in cooperation with 7'. 8 using the university3s name can weaken the university3s name in the long run, especially if there are liability issues with the products of the research done here (cientific problems< ;io8fuel isn3t 4environmentally sound and can3t satisfy our energy appetite6 'ontributes to the development and use of 5$?3s (genetically modified organism) which are a threat to non8engineered species. -eads to destruction of more carbon8reducing natural environments :e are having a food shortage8 should we be using food to produce fuel< ?ther avenues to solve the energy crisis will be ignored (hauna mentions something in her answer that /ader says which & think is good: 4should have at arms length policy6 :hat does +erleman mean by social glue< His assumptions< Does transition necessarily mean hardship< social glueA 4the inducements for individual behaviors necessary to maintaining the identity and integrity of society as a whole6 his assumption: we aren3t going to find a new kind of social glue, four ma!or transitions"different things still extant"sort of using an evolutionary scale, ppl are leapfrogging, energy choices all have conse%uences and could be good or bad no, his assumptions are getting in the way, some people are transitioning without hardship #he glue that holds our current democratic8republican, capitalist, growth8oriented society together is an amalgam of material economic growth and a distributional lottery (p B=B). #hus the transition to sustainable energy in the course of the next century will dissolve most of the current social glue. #he industrial age glue is mundane and material but the traditional social glue which will be restored is sectarian, transcendental, and spiritual. His assumptions that /ader critici.es are his four ma!or energy transitions (these transitions are still here, nomads in &ran, most don3t want to make transitions because doing !ust fine). ;iomass to coal, still some people who burn wood. 'onse%uences of transition he said are violence and war (feudalism). :hat makes us think we have social glue in the first place< )nergy choices all have conse%uences and any could be good@bad. Hunter gatherer to agriculture

;iomass to mining of fossil energy *eliance on coal to oil and natural gas /atural gas to renewable How has the $iddle )ast been affected by 7( energy policies or )uro8 merican policies< :est has been interfering in the $iddle )ast military and politics because of our need to maintain access to middle eastern oil. &nfluence started in =GH= in &ran where a ;ritish man made a contract to extract &ranian oil, and seven years later the nglo +ersian ?il company was formed. ;ritain had an important interest in oil8 ;ritish boats were oil8powered. ?ver the next five decades ;ritain interfered extensively in &ran as well as &ra% to protect oil interests. &n the DHs the 7nited (tates became involved as well, when we won a contract for (audi ?il. -ater, *oosevelt met with (a8ud and offered protection for oil. #his started a string of military developments. #he /ixon doctrine was to depend on proxy forces but with 'arter we moved to direct interference. command station was created there. :e moved to defend oil in the 5ulf :ars, and arguably with &ra%. &n +erlman, speaks of insurgent &slamic fundamentalism capped by he theocratic revolution in &ran, directly involving the industriali.ed nations in the festering religious conflicts of the middle east8 yet /ader says, pure propaganda because 7.( created &slamic fundamentalism, its festing because we created the fester. merica '& ousted the democratically elected (hah of &ran. :hat energy myth have you been alerted to in the readings< -ist F maxims that you would replace them with,. :hat %uestions need to be asked (impacts) regarding a given energy system for a prudent energy policy< 'ould you write an editorial making your case< 8 :orld energy systems are economically and environmentally optimal: #here is always room for improvement. 8 we have reached the limit of efficiency: #here is always room for improvement. 8 renewables could never meet all of our power needs: mix of energy sources is crucial for steady state. 8 :e need more technology to fix the energy problem: #he technology isn3t necessarily needed and could be the source of the energy problem. $axims from (ovacool and brown: 8 (ymmetry, which means decisions that focus on technical and social issues 8 inclusivity, which means including the public in energy decisions 8 reflexivity, which means being self8aware of assumptions (engaging in a meta analysis) 8 prudence, which means making decisions that will benefit future /D present generations n energy system should be looked at in a long term view, which will embody the maxim of prudence. How it will affect society should be looked at as well (think of nuclear3s effect on civil liberties, as opposed to decentrali.ed solar). :e must ask ourselves what paradigm we are operating in, and what solutions we may be predisposed to depending on our own mindsets (ie, merican consumer, physicist, economist, etc.) 0inally, the %uestion of how the public can be involved in making energy decisions does need to be asked. &t is not as simple as responding to disasters like #hree $ile &sland. &# seems it is time for more meaningful public participation. lso, from the (L; article, we should ask these %uestions as well: Does it harm the environment< Does it degrade the social structure of local communities< Damage traditional culture<

;enefit local economies and utili.e local resources< +rovide education or local participation< Does it promote efforts aimed at conservation and efficiency< Does it foster the well being of future generations< :hy would people be opposed< 7se long time span, mention it would create !obs, :hat is special about an energy policy for a 4democratic society6 as versus one with a dictatorial government< Hard paths aren3t compatible for a democratic society because they must be centrali.ed, authoritative, and hierarchical. :here soft paths are always looking for innovation and a decentrali.ed. 'entrali.ed vs. decentrali.ed. (olar (democratic) compared to nuclear energy (dictatorial). nd energy industry that is reliant on big players such as large corporations and the government compared to letting the people decide what kind of energy and life they want to live. (article about -os ngeles having publicly owned utilities) )nergy policy for a democratic society takes into account the %uality of life and happiness of all of its people, both now, before, and to come. dictatorial government has one or few people deciding what energy policies are best to them whether it be for the good of their own interest or for the people. )nergy policy in a democratic society would make local decisions based on a bricolage of ideas that is best for the community and its resources. dictatorial government will make national energy decisions that does not look at each community but as the nation as a whole using large models and specialist. )x. ?f a democratic (ociety )li.abeth 9olbert3s 4#he &sland in the :ind6 in which a community came together and 4transformed its energy system in a single decade.6 =H8>K )x. ?f a dictatorial society 8 /aomi 9lein3s, 4Disater 'apitalism: (tate of extortion6 =H8>= 8 4*esurrecting )mpire: :estern 0ootprints and merica3s +erilous path in the $iddle )ast6 =H8>= 8 4+olicing +lutonium: #he civil liberties fall out6 *ussell =H8G *eadings that talk about democratic society and energy policy: 8 4(ocial +ower and the 0uture by *. dams6: Muestioning what powers in politics exist in energy use and control. 4#his essay has been concerned to relate man3s society to energy.6 K8>K 8 4)nergy 'hoices in a Democratic (ociety6 'h.> by /*' ==8=D 8 and 'h.N 4:ho shall decide<6 =>8G 8 4#he +olitics of )nergy: #oward a bottom8up pproach6 ;y -aura /ader. =H8>K o $ost innovations in energy have been done by a small group of people, a small group people is close to a dictatorship then democracy. $aking poor people into externalities and 5D+ e%ual human welfare -ovins (p.FFB) contrasts soft paths and hard paths in energy policy. 0or -ovins, the soft energy path was one full of alternative possibilities and central among them were renewable energy sources. #he soft path would make use of the potential in various solar techni%uesC small is beautiful in the soft path. #he hard path would be a continuation or elaboration of technologies such as nuclear, which would be centrali.ed, authoritarian, controlling and not friendly to the democratic process. +olicing plutonium8civil liberties fallout (*ussell). :hat are the lessons leaned from the film 4#aken for a *ide6< &ts important to %uestion 4innovation@moderni.ing6 #he merican public has been bamboo.led and hoodwinked. )nergy is not a technological problem, it is a social problem. $onopology corporate take

over of the mass transportation system. #he merican public has been taken for a ride where there is now little public transport services and the ma!ority of transportation options is to buy a car. Decouple the idea that mass transit is not as good as cars,bad mindset /ew -uddites will be out of a !ob that they know how to :ho was your favorite guest lecturer and what did you learn from him or her< ;arbara *ose81ohnson Disrupts water use for native people,have to find new ways of getting water, travelling Disrupts ecosystems &f you were to write a script for a documentary on energy what would it look like< How would it be different from the documentaries you have seen< How similar< /? $7(&' $ultiple perspectives on different issues 7nbiased