Abstract Write abstract

Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outline of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10

2 Literature review 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard tests and Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mechanical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 2.4 Compressive strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mortar at elevated temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 Compressive strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tensile strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulus of elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specic heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5 2.6

Numerical modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Numerical Simulation 3.1 3.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3

Thermal analysis of a single terra-cotta block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal analysis of wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14

Thermo-structural analysis 3.3.1 3.3.2

2D Coupled analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3D Coupled-analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.4

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Conclusion 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limitations of this project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Further study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of Figures
3.1 3.2 3.3 Meshed Model of single terra-cotta block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature distribution of single terra-cotta block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12 12

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Background

Masonry is one of the oldest material used in construction of civil engineering structures.The use of masonry oers many advantages.One of the most important properties is its very high thermal resistance.In case of re masonry structures(walls)act as good barrier to re hence by controlling the spread of re to other parts of the structure.This special property has resulted in great deal of interest. These walls serve basic three roles which can be summarized as follows: 1. Providing adequate structural stability to prevent collapse in case of re. 2. Hinder or obstruct the passage(spreading) of re to other structural elements. 3. Providing adequate insulation.

1.2

Objectives

Study of masonry under re is important in successfully predicting the behaviour of masonry walls at elevated temperature. In order to achieve the aim of this project, the following objectives are identied: Familiarise with the important concepts of behaviour of masonry at elevated temperature. Study of important thermal and structural properties of masonry aecting its behaviour in case of re. Detail study of various experiments carried out by many authors. 5

Introduction

Numerical simulation of masonry and its verication with experimental results.

1.3

Outline of the Project

This project is divided into four chapters. This chapter is an introductory chapter, familiarizing the readers about the main objectives of the project and the importance of study of numerical simulation of masonry under re. Chapter 2 deals with the literature overview relevant to the project. Specically thermal and mechanical properties of masonry at studied in detail. Also various experiments that have been carried out by various authors in study of masonry under re. This chapter indents the deepen the understanding of how various properties of masonry play an important role in its over all behaviour. Chapter 3 introduces numerical simulation of masonry. A Finite Element Model is built using a commercially available FEM software ANSYS. Thermal modelling, structural modelling and coupled-eld analysis are carried out. Chapter 4 explains the results obtained and the experimental results and simulation results are both studied. And nally chapter 5 covers the main conclusions that are obtained from this project.

Chapter 2

Literature review
2.1 Introduction

Masonry had been used in many historical constructions. The existence of these structures gives the signicant properties of masonry like re and thermal resistance, resistance against material degradation etc. making it a signicant material to be used for structures. Many historical res proving the capability of masonry structures against re resistance is beyond doubt. The eect of re on these structures have been extensively studied by many authors. In many cases it has been found that masonry could resist action of re without damage and risk of failure[1] Masonry structures are complicated owing to the fact that they are made up of bricks and joints. This complex composition makes it dicult to study both from experimental and simulation point of view. Hence a literature review is both important and essential to the understanding of masonry structure when subjected to re.

2.2

Standard tests and Codes

In any experimental study of masonry under re the main objectives[2, 3] generally can be summoned up as: Study of re resistance of masonry members and assemblies. Assessment of mechanical behaviour of structures under re conditions. Study of various properties of materials when subjected under re.

Literature review

The test mainly deals with the study of temperatures and displacements within the walls when exposed to re. These tests[4, 5] are performed on full sized representatives whose dimensions are adopted according to testing standards.The walls are heated on one side and the other side is kept at ambient temperature. The temperature inside the furnace is evolved according to the normalized temperature-curve(ISO-834) which is given by (2.1)

Tf urnace = Tiso = T0 + 345 log 10 (8t + 1)

where T0 is initial temperature and t is time in minutes. The temperature of furnace is controlled with the help of thermo-couples by placing them on the face of exposed side. The mechanical boundary conditions also play a major role in these tests. These boundary conditions must be chosen carefully as to represent the practical conditions of use of walls. The walls can be either restrained partially or complectly depending on the requirement of the tests. The codes governing the rules[6]cover the structural re design processes in detail.These codes clearly lay out the principles and rules. Under these codes the masonry elements are required to fulll the requirements stated.

2.3

Mechanical properties

Temperature dependent mechanical properties of masonry depends on various parameters eg. material composition, temperature etc. The study of these properties is important in knowing the structure response to high temperature and hence carrying out the analysis.

Literature review

2.3.1

Compressive strength

2.4
2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6

Mortar at elevated temperature

Compressive strength Tensile strength Modulus of elasticity Thermal expansion Thermal conductivity Specic heat

2.5 2.6

Numerical modelling Experimental studies

Chapter 3

Numerical Simulation
3.1 Introduction

Finite Element Method(FEM) is a numerical technique which is been used successfully to solve complex engineering problems. It involves a process of diving complex structures into large number of small elements. FEM provides cost eective solutions when compared to experimental investigations. Large number of commercial codes(ABAQUS, ANSYS etc) are available to successfully carry out these computer simulations. One of the widely used commercially code ANSYS has been successfully used by many authors[7, 8] to verify its usage in applications of masonry structures. The scope of this chapter is to describe the nite element method to simulate the behaviour of masonry wall under re. First a pure thermal modelling is carried out on a hollow brick to study the temperature distribution and then a thermo-structural analysis is carried out on a masonry wall to study it global behaviour. Later a comparison of results obtained from simulation is compared with the experimental results.

3.2

Thermal Modelling

Thermal analysis for rst carried out to study the temperature distribution inside the wall when exposed to re.This was carried out to demonstrate heat transfer inside the wall. A pure thermal analysis is carried out on a single unit of terra-cotta and then analysis of global behaviour of wall made up of terra-cotta is carried out.

10

Numerical Simulation

3.2.1

Thermal analysis of a single terra-cotta block

Figure 3.1: Meshed Model of single terra-cotta block

11

Numerical Simulation

Figure 3.2: Temperature distribution of single terra-cotta block

Figure 3.3: Temperature Evolution 12

Numerical Simulation

3.2.2

Thermal analysis of wall

3.3
3.3.1 3.3.2

Thermo-structural analysis
2D Coupled analysis 3D Coupled-analysis

3.4

Results

13

Chapter 4

Conclusion
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction Limitations of this project Conclusions Further study

14

Bibliography
[1] F. S.Russo, G.Boscato, Behaviour of a historical masonry structure subjected to re, MAS Int., vol. 21(1), pp. 114, (2008). [2] F. S. Salvatore Russo, Masonry exposed to high temperatures:mechanical behaviour and propertiesan overview, Fire Safety Journal, vol. 55, pp. 6986, 2013. [3] N. S.J.Lawrence, The re resistance of masonry wallsan overview, Proceedings of 1st National Structural Engineering Conference, pp. 431437, 1987. [4] G. B. F.Al Nahhas, R. Ami Saada, Resistance to re of walls constituted by hollow blocks: Experiments and thermal modeling, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 27, pp. 258267, 2007. [5] F. M. The-Duong Nguyen, Behavior of clay hollow-brick masonry walls during re .part1: Experimental analysis, Fire Safety Journal, vol. 52, pp. 5564, 2012. [6] The European Union Per Regulation 305/2011, Directive 98/34/EC, Directive 2004/18/EC, Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structures - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural re design, 2005. [7] W. Bakeer, T.Jger and P. Schps, Simulation of masonry in ansys and ls-dyna - the features and challenges., in ANSYS conference & 27th CADFEM users meeting, CADFEM GmbH: November 18-20, 2009 Congress Centre Leipzig, Germany, 2009. [8] R. Kanit and M. S. Dndren, Investigation of using ansys software in the determination of stress behaviours of masonry walls under out of plane cycling load, International Journal of the Physical Sciences, vol. Sciences Vol. 5 (2), pp. 097108, February, 2010.

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