Chapter 11 Section 2

 Describe the size of an atom

 Name the parts of an atom

 Describe the relationship between numbers of

protons & neutrons and atomic number

 State how isotopes differ

 Calculate atomic masses

 Describe the forces within an atom

 A penny contains 2 x 10²² atoms of copper
and zinc (20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000)

 Atoms are very small!!

 An aluminum atom has a diameter of

0.00000003cm
 Protons

 Neutrons

 Electrons
 Small, dense, positively charged center of the
atom

 Contain most of the atom’s mass

 Protons & neutrons are found here

 Positively charged particles in the nucleus

 Mass of a proton: 1.7 x 10ˉ²4g or

.000000000000000000000017

 New unit for particles of atoms: Atomic

Mass Unit (AMU)
◦ SI unit used to express the masses of particles in atoms
◦ Each proton has a mass of about 1 amu
 Particles in the nucleus that have no electrical
charge

 A little large than protons

 So close in size that they are also considered

1 amu

http://www.phscale.net/atom-model.gif
 Electrons: negatively charges particles in
atoms

 Found around the nucleus in electron clouds

 Very small compared to neutrons & protons

 It takes ~1,800 electrons = 1 proton

 Charges of protons & electrons are opposite
but equal – charges cancel

 An atom is neutral – no overall charge

 If # of electrons & protons are not equal,

atom becomes a charged particle = ION
◦ Lose 1 or more electron = positively charged ion
◦ Gain 1 or more electron = negatively charged ion
 What makes atoms different from each other?

 Atoms do not have the same number of

protons, electrons, and neutrons

 Build an atom to see:

◦ 1 proton, 1 electron, 0 neutrons = Hydrogen
◦ 2 protons, 2 neutrons, 2 electrons = Helium
 The number of protons = atomic number

 All atoms of an element have the same

atomic number

 Hydrogen: atomic number 1, protons 1

 Carbon: atomic number 6, protons 6
 An atom that has the same number of
protons (or the same atomic number) as
other atoms of the same element do but that
has a different number of neutrons (different
atomic mass)

 Ex: Isotopes of Hydrogen

◦ 1 proton, 1 electron
◦ 1 proton, 1 neutron, 1 electron
http://www.radiation-scott.org/timeline/isotope_definition_LARGE.jpg
 Each element has a limited number of
isotopes that are found in nature

 Some are unstable (nucleus changes over

time) = radioactive

 Isotopes of the same element share similar

properties
◦ Ex: Oxygen isotopes: 8,9, or 10 neutrons – all are
colorless, odorless gases at room temp.
 Identified by its mass number (sum of
protons & neutrons in an atom)

 Why aren’t electrons included in mass #?

 Ex: Boron isotope – Fig. 5 pg. 322

◦ Mass number = protons + neutrons

 Write the name of the element followed by a
hyphen and the mass number

 Ex: Hydrogen-1: 1 proton, no neutron

Hydrogen-2: 1 proton, 1 neutron

 Ex: Carbon-12: mass number 12, atomic

number 6, neutrons 6
◦ Mass number - # of protons = # of neutrons
 Copper used to make
the Statue of Liberty

◦ Copper-63

◦ Copper-65

◦ Atomic mass is 63.6amu

 Most elements contain a mixture if 2 or more
isotopes

 Atomic mass: the mass of an atom expressed

in atomic mass units; the weighted average of
the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes
of that element

 Go to math focus pg. 323

 What are the forces acting between these
particles in an atom?

 4 main forces: give atoms their structure &

properties
◦ Gravitational force
◦ Electromagnetic force
◦ Strong force: nucleus stays together because of it
◦ Weak force: important in radioactive atoms
 What is an atom’s mass number equal to?

 How is the atomic mass of an element

calculated?

 How do isotopes differ from one another?