WIRELINE LOG

WIRELINE LOG
1. WHAT IS WELL LOGGING:
1. WELL LOG IS A CONTINUOUS RECORD OF MEASUREMENT MADE IN
BORE HOLE RESPOND TO VARIATION IN SOME PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF ROCKS THROUGH WHICH THE BORE HOLE IS
DRILLED.
2. TRADITIONALLY LOGS ARE DISPLAY ON GIRDED PAPERS SHOWN IN
FIGURE.
3. NOW A DAYS THE LOG MAY BE TAKEN AS FILMS, IMAGES, AND IN
DIGITAL FORMAT.
2. WIRELINE LOGGING IS PERFORMED WITH A SONDE LOWERED INTO THE
BOREHOLE OR WELL
3. 2 TYPES OF WIRELINE LOGGING :
1. OPEN HOLE LOGGING
2. CASED HOLE LOGGING
4. INTERPRETATION METHODS
1. QUALITATIVE
2. QUANTITATIVE
1. MANUAL
2. COMPUTERIZED
LOG INTERPRETATION
LOG INTERPRETATION
IS A PROCESS OF USING WELL LOGS TO
EVALUATE THE CHARACTERISTIC OF
FORMATION :
STORAGE CAPACITY porosity,
fluid saturations and net pay
thickness
FLUID PROPERTIES density, fluid
type, fluid contacts, API gravity,
water resistivity & salinity,
temperature, GOR
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
structural/dip/fracture, geologic
environtment, facies characteristic,
top/bottom reservoir,
heterogeneities, distribution
PRODUCTIVITY : permeability, water
cut, GOR and rate (estimated)
TOP SAND
SAND THICKNESS
SAND PROSITY
PERMEABILITY
FLUID SATURATIONS
LITHOLOGY
LOG INTERPRETATION
LOG INTERPRETATION
Log interpretation should provide answers to questions on:
LOG INTERPRETATION
LOG INTERPRETATION
IS PART OF RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION PROCESS WHICH
SHOULD BE INTEGRATED WITH THE FOLLOWING SURVEY
AND ANALYSIS:
DRILLING OPERATION LOGS:
CUTTING ANALYSIS, MUD ANALYSIS, DRILLING DATA COLLECTION
(PRESSURE, GAS READING, PENETRATION RATE ETC.) AND
ANALYSIS.
CORRING & CORE ANALYSIS :
SIDE WALL CORE & FULL HOLE CORE
VISUAL LITHOLOGY DESCRIPTION, HYDROCARBON SHOWS,
POROSITY, PERMEABILITY, FORMATION FACTOR, SATURATION
ETC.
PRODUCTIVITY TEST :
RFT, MDT, DST, PRODUCTION TESTS
GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICAL :
SURFACE GEOLOGY, SEISMIC SURVEY & INTERPRETATION ETC.
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
LOGGING UNITS
LOGGING UNITS
LOGGING UNIT CONTAINS:
logging cable
winch to raise and lower
the cable in the well
self-contained 120-volt
AC generator
set of surface control
panels
set of downhole tools
(sondes and cartridges)
digital recording system
Open Hole Logging :
1. The traditional wireline
logging
2. Logging While Drilling
3. Logging on drill pipe
WELL
WELL
LOGGING
LOGGING
Logging Job Sequences :
Rig-up logging unit
Check Tool and system
Wellsite Geologist (WG) will
perform system & tool quality
control
Safety meeting
Tool run in hole
The system is on but never be
used for log interpretation
Pull-out and logging
WG is the witness, checks the
logging speed and quality.
WG has authority to stop, refuse
and re-logging when necessary
Rig-down the logging unit.
Print the result
WG signs the services ticket
containing type of services and
charges
LOGGING UNIT
SONDE / TOOL
WIRELINE
SAMPLE :
SAMPLE :

OPEN HOLE LOG
OPEN HOLE LOG

SP, GR, AIT, SONIC,
SP, GR, AIT, SONIC,
DENSITY & NEUTRON
DENSITY & NEUTRON
SP
GR
DT
AIT
RHOZ
NPHI
1. SP SPONTANEOUS
POTENTIAL LOG
2. GR GAMMA RAY LOG
3. ELECTRICAL LOG
INDUCTION, LATERAL,
SPHERICAL FOCCUSS, MICRO
LATERAL ETC
4. NEUTRON LOG CNL, SNP
5. DENSITY LOG LDT
6. SONIC LOG BHC
7. OTHERS : FMI (DIPMETER &
IMAGING), NMRI (Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Immaging,
TEMPERATURE LOG, CALLIPER
LOG, ETC.
S P
S P
SP results from electric
currents flowing in the
drilling mud.
There are three sources of
the currents, two
electrochemical and one
electrokinetic.
Membrane potential -
largest.
Liquid - junction potential.
Streaming potential -
smallest.
SP LOG READING
SP LOG READING
The SSP is the
quantity to be
determined.
It is the deflection
seen on the SP from
the Shale Base Line
(zero point) to the
Sand Line (max.
deflection)
SP USES
SP USES
Differentiate potentially porous and
permeable reservoir rocks from
impermeable clays.
Define bed boundaries, top &
bottom of the layer.
For geological correlation
Give an indication of shaliness
(maximum deflection is clean;
minimum is shale).
Indicate vertical grain size
distribution
Determine Rw (formation water
resistivity) in both salt and fresh
muds.
we
mfe
R
R
k SSP log =
S
H
A
L
E

B
A
S
E

L
I
N
E
SP scale
- +
SP DEFLECTIONS
SP DEFLECTIONS

CORRESPOND TO
CORRESPOND TO

Rmf
Rmf

&
&
Rw
Rw

VALUES
VALUES
SP Borehole
SP Borehole
Effects
Effects
Baseline shifts: These can occur when there are beds
of different salinities separated by a shale which does
not act as a perfect membrane.
SP Surface Effects
SP Surface Effects
The SP can be affected by a number of surface effects as it relies on
the fish as its reference electrode.
Power lines, electric trains, electric welding, close radio
transmitters:
All these create ground currents which disrupt he " fish reference
causing a poor, sometimes useless, log.
-
-

Principles
Principles
The Gamma Ray log is a
measurement of the formation's
natural radioactivity.
Gamma ray emission is produced by
three radioactive series found in the
Earth's crust.
Potassium (K40) series.
Uranium series.
Thorium series.
Gamma rays passing through rocks
are slowed and absorbed at a rate
which depends on the formation
density.
Less dense formations exhibit more
radioactivity than dense formations
even though there may be the same
quantities of radioactive material per
unit volume.
GR USES
GR USES
Bed definition top,
bottom, thickness
Shalliness content
and net thickness, The
minimum value gives
the clean (100%) shale
free zone, the maximum
100% shale zone.
NEUTRON TOOLS
NEUTRON TOOLS
The first neutron tools used a chemical neutron source and
employed a single detector which measured the Gamma Rays
of capture. They were non-directional. The units of
measurement were API units where 1000 API units were
calibrated to read 19% in a water-filled limestone. The tool was
badly affected by the borehole environment.
The second generation tool was the Sidewall Neutron Porosity
(SNP). This was an epithermal device mounted on a pad.
The current tool is the Compensated Neutron Tool (CNT). The
latest tool is the Accelerator Porosity Sonde (APS), using an
electronic source for the neutrons and measuring in the
epithermal region.
NEUTRON
NEUTRON

USES
USES
POROSITY &
LITHOLOGY
with density log
HYROCARBON
INDICATION
The tool measures
hydrogen index
The Density Tools use a chemical gamma ray source
and two or three gamma ray detectors.
The number of gamma rays returning to the detector
depends on the number of electrons present, the
electron density, e.
The electron density can be related
to the bulk density of the minerals
by a simple equation.
e = ( 2Z/A )
Where Z is the number of
electrons per atom and A is
the atomic weight.
DENSITY
DENSITY

Uses
Uses
The density tool is extremely
useful as it has high accuracy
and exhibits small borehole
effects.
Major uses include:
Porosity.
Lithology (in combination
with the neutron tool).
Mechanical properties (in
combination with the sonic
tool).
Acoustic properties (in
combination with the sonic
tool).
Gas identification (in
combination with the neutron
tool).
Density Porosity
Density Porosity
There are two inputs into the porosity equation: the matrix
density and the fluid density.
The fluid density is that of the mud filtrate.
+ = 1
ma f b
f ma
b ma

=
TOOL
TOOL
The sonic tools create an
acoustic signal and measure
how long it takes to pass
through a rock.
By simply measuring this time
we get an indication of the
formation properties.
The amplitude of the signal
will also give information
about the formation.
SONIC
SONIC
-
-
BHC
BHC
A simple tool that uses a pair of transmitters and four receivers
to compensate for caves and sonde tilt.
The normal spacing between the transmitters and receivers is
3' - 5'.
It produces a compressional slowness by measuring the first
arrival transit times.
Used for:
Correlation.
Porosity.
Lithology.
Seismic tie in /
time-to-depth
conversion.
ARRAY SONIC
ARRAY SONIC
Multi-spacing digital tool.
First to use STC processing.
Able to measure shear waves
and Stoneley waves in hard
formations.
Used for:
Porosity.
Lithology.
Seismic tie in /
time-to-depth conversion.
Mechanical properties (from shear and compressional).
Fracture identification (from shear and Stoneley).
Permeability (from Stoneley).
Porosity 1
Porosity 1
It reacts to primary porosity only, i.e. it does not "see the
fractures or vugs.
The basic equation for sonic porosity is the Wyllie Time
Average:
ma f
t t t + = 1
log
ma f
ma
t t
t t


=
log

Porosity 2
Porosity 2
Raymer Gardner Hunt.
This formula tries to take into account some irregularities
seen in the field.
The basic equation is:
A simplified version used on the Maxis is:
C is a constant, usually taken as 0.67.
f ma c
t t t
+

2
1 1
log
log
t
t t
C
ma

=
DETECTING
DETECTING
OVERPRESSURED
OVERPRESSURED
ZONE WITH THE
ZONE WITH THE
SONIC LOG
SONIC LOG
OVERPRESSURED ZONE
Lithology
Lithology
& Porosity
& Porosity
Determination
Determination
Schlumberger 1999
Lithology Tools
Lithology Tools
Most tools react to lithology - usually in conjunction
with the porosity.
Major lithology tools are:
Neutron - reacts to fluid and matrix.
Density - reacts to matrix and fluid.
Sonic - reacts to a mixture of matrix and fluid, complicated
by seeing only primary porosity.
NGT - identifies shale types and special minerals.
Geochemical logging, identifies 10 elements; K, U, Th, Al, Si,
Ca, S, Fe, Gd, Ti
From these the exact mineralogy can be computed.
Crossplot Solution
The plot is a straight line from the matrix point to the 100% porosity,
water point. It is scaled in porosity.
Porosity and
Lithology
Determination
from
Litho-Density* Log
and CNL*
(Compensated Neutron
Log)
Schlumberger Chart
2.48
12
Porosity 13 %
75% sand & 25% limestone
ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL
RESISTIVITY LOGS
RESISTIVITY LOGS
Resistivity Theory
Resistivity Theory
Current can only pass
through the water in the
formation, hence the
resistivity depends on:
Resistivity of the
formation water.
Amount of water present.
Pore structure.
The resistivity of a substance is a measure of its ability
to impede the flow of electrical current.
Resistivity is the key to hydrocarbon saturation
determination.
Porosity gives the volume of fluids but does not
indicate which fluid is occupying that pore space.
Resistivity
Resistivity

Model
Model
Smov = Sxo - Sw
NORMAL Tools
NORMAL Tools
The voltage measured at M is proportional to the
formation resistivity.
This electrode configuration is the Normal tool.
The distance between the A and M electrodes.
The spacing determines the depth of investigation
and hence the resistivity being read.
NORMAL and LATERAL Tools
NORMAL and LATERAL Tools
The Lateral device used
the same principle.
The difference is in
electrode configuration
and spacing.
Problems came from " thin
beds" when the signature
of the curve was used to
try and find the true
resistivity.
This figure shows some of the " signature curves" for the
interpretation of lateral and normal devices in thin beds.
A library exists plus the rules to extrapolate the measured value to
the true resistivity of the bed.
Laterolog Applications
Laterolog Applications
Measures Rt.
Standard resistivity in high resistivity
environments.
Usable in medium-to-high salinity muds.
Good results in high contrast Rt/Rm.
Fair vertical resolution (same as porosity tools).
LATEROLOG LIMITS :
Cannot be used in oil-based muds.
Cannot be used in air-filled holes.
Poor when Rxo > Rt.
MSFL Principle
MSFL Principle
This tool uses a set of 5 electrodes
which focus the signal into the
invaded zone just beyond the mud
cake.
Uses:
Rxo measurement in
water-based muds.
Correction for deep
resistivity tools.
Sxo determination.
Limits:
Rugose hole.
Oil-based mud.
Heavy or thick mud
cake.
INDUCTION LOGS
INDUCTION LOGS
Schlumberger 1999
Induction Principle
Induction Logs
Induction Logs
Uses
Ideal in fresh or oil-based
environments.
Ideal for low resistivity
measurements and when Rxo >
Rt.
IL Uses and Limits
IL Uses and Limits
Measures Rt saturation
Hydrocarbon content
indications & fluid contacts
Bed definition, lithology,
shalliness
Correlation
Abnormal pressure
examples 3
The AIT logs (2' vertical resolution) read correctly in this zone giving a hydrocarbon profile.
The DIL logs are ambiguous as the SFL (electrical log) longer reading shallow because Rxo
is less than Rt
90 Inch investigation
(ohmm) 2000 .2
0.2
0.2
0.2 2000.0
2000.0
2000.0
0.0 10000.0
(ohmm)
Cable tension (TENS)
(LBF)
(ohmm)
SFL unaveraged (SFLU)
Medium resistivity (ILM)
(ohmm)
Deep resistivity (ILD)
10 Inch investigation
(ohmm) 2000 .2
20 Inch investigation
(ohmm) 2000 .2
30 Inch investigation
(ohmm) 2000 .2
60 Inch investigation
(ohmm) 2000 .2
Saturation
Saturation
The saturation of a formation represents the amount of a given
fluid present in the pore space.
The porosity logs react to the pore space.
The resistivity logs react to the fluids in the pore space.
The combination of the two measurements gives the saturation
Matrix
water
oil
S
w
= S
w
irr
+ S
w
" free"
S
o
= S
o
residual
+ S
o
" free"
Resistivity Theory
Resistivity Theory
Current can only pass through the water in the
formation, hence the resistivity depends on:
Resistivity of the formation water.
Amount of water present.
Pore structure.
Basics 1
Basics 1
F: Formation Resistivity Factor.
At constant porosity F is constant.
As porosity increases, Ro decreases and F decreases.
Experiments have shown that F is inversely proportional to
m
.
m: is called the " cementation exponent" .
a: is called the " lithology" constant.
F =
R
0
R
w
F =
a

m
Basics 2
Basics 2
Saturation can be expressed as a ratio of the
resistivities:
where n is the "saturation exponent", an empirical constant.
Substituting for Ro:
Substituting for F:
S
w
n
=
R
0
R
t
S
w
n
=
FR
w
R
t
w
n
S
=
a

m
R
w
R
t
Saturation Equation
Saturation Equation
The Archie equation is hence very simple. It links porosity and
resistivity with the amount of water present, Sw.
Increasing porosity, , will reduce the saturation for the same
Rt.
Increasing Rt for the same porosity will have the same effect.
w
n
S
=
a

m
R
w
R
t
Invaded Zone
Invaded Zone
The same method can be applied to the invaded zone.
The porosity is identical, the lithology is assumed to be
the same, hence the constants a, n, m are the same.
The changes are the resistivities which are now Rxo and
Rmf.
Rmf is measured usually on surface and Rxo is
measured by the MSFL tool.
The equation is then:
S
xo
n
=
aR
mf

m
R
xo
Ratio Method
Ratio Method
Dividing for Sxo and Sw, with n set to 2
Observations suggest:
Hence:
S
w
S
xo
=
R
xo
R
t
R
mf
R
w






1
2
S
xo
S
w
1
5
S
w
=
R
xo
R
t
R
mf
R
w






5
8
Archie parameters
Archie parameters
Rw = resistivity of connate water.
m = " cementation factor" , set to 2 in the simple case.
n = " saturation exponent" , set to 2 in the simple case.
a = constant, set to 1 in the simple case.
All the constants have to be set.
In clastics the values are usually measured for each reservoir.
Values could be
m = 1.8 n = 2, a = 1
An often quoted old formula, the Humble Equation uses:
m = 2.15, n = 2, a = 0.62
Rw determination
Rw determination
Rw is an important parameter.
Sources include:
Formation water analysis
Local tables / knowledge.
SP.
Resistivity plus porosity in water zone.
RFT sample.
From Rxo and Rt tools.
Rw from Rwa
Rw from Rwa
If Sw = 1, the saturation equation can become:
Assuming simple values for a, m, n.
Procedure is to:
Compute an Rwa (Rw apparent) using this
relationship.
Read the lowest value over a porous zone which
This is the method employed by all computer based
interpretation systems.
R
w
=
2
R
t
Rw from resistivity
Rw from resistivity
In a water zone Sw = 1, thus the alternative
saturation equation becomes:
The value of Rmf is measured;
Rxo and Rt are measured, the value of Rw can be
calculated.
Example of variations in the Archie parameters
The following are measurements
POR = 25%, Rt = 5 ohm-m, Rw = .02 ohm-m
Assuming a simple formation with
a = 1, m = 2, n = 2
Sw = 25%
Changing n to 2.5, changes the Sw to 33%
Changing m to 3 changes Sw to 50%
Hence the choice of these constants is important
Effects of parameters
Effects of parameters
w
n
S
=
a

m
R
w
R
t
Schlumberger 1999
Shales
Shales
Clean formation Structural shale
Porosity
Porosity
Matrix
Matrix
Porosity
Matrix
Porosity Shale
Shale
Matrix
Porosity
Matrix
Laminar shale Dispersed shale
S
h
a
l
e
S
h
a
l
e
Shale and Logs
Shale and Logs
Shales have properties that have
important influences on log
readings:
They have porosity.
The porosity is filled with salted
water.
They are often radioactive.
Resistivity logs exhibit shales as
low resistivity zones.
Neutron porosity logs exhibit
shales as high porosity.
Density and sonic logs react to
the porosity and matrix changes.
Gamma ray logs react to shale
radioactivity.
Shale Volume
Shale Volume
The volume of shale must be computed to
correct the tool readings.
This is achieved using simple equations
such as:
min max
min log
GR GR
GR GR
V
cl

=
min max
min log
SP SP
SP SP
V
cl

=
Shale Volume
Shale Volume
Shale and Saturation
Shale and Saturation
The Archie equation has to be changed to
take account of the shale effect.
The shale looks like low resistivity so
another term is added to the equations.
The result is an equation which will can be
used to compute water saturation in shaly
sands.
All these equations return to Archies
equation if there is no shale present.
Saturation Equations
Saturation Equations
Indonesia Equation
Nigeria Equation
Waxman-Smits Equation
Dual Water Equation
1
R
t
=
S
w
2
F
*
R
w
+
BQ
v
S
w
F
*
C
t
=

t
m
S
wt
n
a
C
w
+
S
wb
S
wt
C
wb
C
w
( )






S
w
=
1
V
cl
1
V
cl
2








R
cl
+

e
R
w
*
1
R
t
1
R
t
=
V
cl
1 . 4
R
cl
+

e
m
2
aR
w






2
S
w
n
EXAMPLE : PROCESSED LOG
OPEN HOLE LOG
PROCESSED LOG
VOLUME
FLUID
ANALYSIS
SATURATION
POROSITY & SATURATION
CALCULATION RESULTS
DUAL WATER MODEL DEFINITIONS
DUAL WATER MODEL DEFINITIONS
hydrocarbon
far
water
bound
water
dry
clay
clean
matrix
fluids
solids
unit
volume
Vcl
wet clay
Vdcl
wb
wf
hy
effective
porosity
e
total
porosity
t
= wf+ hy
Clean to Shale
Clean to Shale
t
t
t
t
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Dry Colloid
Dry Colloid
Bound water
Far Water SAND
SHALE