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8/25/11
( )
f0 ! 0
BW >> k BT
EF
outline
example: 1D DOS
independent of E(k)
parabolic E(k)
E = EC + !2k 2 2 m*
D1D ( E ) =
1 !!
2 m* E " EC
Lundstrom ECE-656 F11
!=
1 dE = ! dk
2 E " EC m
*
)
6
2D density of states
TSi = 3 nm
exercise
alternative approach
proof
in k-space, we know: can also work in energy-space:
nL =
$ f ( E ) L # ! ( E " E ) dE
0 k k
nL =
1 ! L k
$ f ( E )" ( E # E ) dE
0 k
interpretation
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outline
17
graphene
Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar carbon sheet with a honeycomb lattice.
Graphene has an unusual bandstructure that leads to interesting effects and potentially to useful electronic devices.
Lundstrom ECE-656 F11 18
graphene
E(k) Brillouin zone
Datta: ECE 495N fall 2008: https://nanohub.org/resources/5710 (Lecture 21) https://nanohub.org/resources/5721 (Lecture 22)
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ky kx
(valley degeneracy)
( )
1 1 A ! E " Ek = # || A k|| A 2$
( )
&
D2 D E =
( )
gV
2 ! ! 2" F
&#(E $ E
0
k||
) Ek dEk
||
||
D2 D E =
( )
2E 2 ! ! 2" F
E>0
D2 D E =
( )
2E
2 ! ! 2" F
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22
! !" F
= AD2 D
( ) ( E ) dE
D2 D E =
( )
2E
2 ! ! 2" F
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outline
24
density of states
D1D
E D2D
E D3D
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0 5
1 0 1 2 ENERGY (eV)
The DOS is calculated with nonlocal empirical pseudopotentials including the spin-orbit interaction. (Courtesy Massimo Fischetti, August, 2011.)
26 Lundstrom ECE-656 F11
no. of states =
0 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 ENERGY (eV) 3 4 5 6
( 2" #)
( !k )
$2
density of states for bulk silicon (near the band =1.0 eVedge)
me,d2=0.2577 me (gc=6) 2= 0.0 eV1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 valence band ELECTRON KINETIC ENERGY (eV) 0.5
conduction band
10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 8 me,d1=0.3288 me (gc=6) 1=1.0 eV1 me,d2=0.2577 me (gc=6) 2= 0.0 eV1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ELECTRON KINETIC ENERGY (eV) 0.5
mh,d1=0.8076 me (gv=1) 1=0.5 eV1 mh,d2=0.7528 me (gv=1) 2=0.25 eV1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 HOLE KINETIC ENERGY (eV) 0.5
0 0.0
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0 0.0
outline
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summary
1) When computing the carrier density, the important quantity is the density of states, D(E). 2) The DOS depends on dimension (1D, 2D, 3D) and bandstructure. 3) If E(k) can be described analytically, then we can obtain analytical expressions for DOS(E). If not, we can compute it numerically.
30 Lundstrom ECE-656 F11
questions
1) Density of states 2) Example: graphene 3) Discussion 4) Summary
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