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Modeling of VSC-HVDC and Control Strategies for Supplying both Active and Passive Systems
Gengyin Li, Member, IEEE, Ming Yin, Ming Zhou, Member, IEEE, Chengyong Zhao, Member, IEEE

Abstract--An equivalent continuous-time state-space model for VSC-HVDC in the synchronous dq reference frame has been established in the paper. Based on the model, relevant control strategies have been developed for the cases of supplying active and passive systems. The Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) control schemes are emphasized in designing power controller and voltage controller. The scheme features feed forward compensation to decouple the d- and q-axis of the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) model, which ensures the independent control of active and reactive power, DC voltage and reactive power as well. Simulations have been performed on PSCAD/EMTDC, a visual design environment for power system studies. The validity of the mathematic model and the feasibility of the control strategies have been proved by the simulation results. Index Terms--VSC-HVDC; Voltage Source Converter (VSC); SPWM; power control; voltage control

I. INTRODUCTION

HE new HVDC system, VSC-HVDC, has Voltage Source Converters (VSC) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique at its core, different from conventional current source converter based HVDC. Differences in structure between the two types of converters contribute to the differences in their performance. Generally, the new transmission technology has many advantages in various aspects compared with its conventional counterpart [1]. Basic structure of VSC-HVDC is visualized in Fig.1.
VSC1
idc1

DC Links
icc Rdc
2C1 2C2

idc2

VSC2

vcon1 vs1 Reactor1

R1+j L1 vdc1

vcon2
vdc

Reactor2
R2+j L2

vs2

Filter1

2C1

2C2 Rdc

Filter2

Fig. 1.

Basic structure of VSC-HVDC.

In the figure, the interface reactors (denoted as Reactor1 and Reactor2, usually converter transformers) smooth current and secure the power exchanges between the AC system and the DC links. The reservoir DC capacitors (denoted C1 and C2) are used for voltage support and harmonic attenuation. The two converters on both ends of DC links have the same
This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 50577018. The authors are with the Key Laboratory of Power System Protection and Dynamic Security Monitoring and Control under Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, Hebei Province, P.R.China (e-mail: ligy@ncepu.edu.cn, routouter@sina.com).

structure. For the simplicity of analysis without degrading its accuracy, the AC system is assumed to be three-phase symmetric. Usually, the VSC have four operation modes: a) Constant DC voltage control; b) Constant active power control; c) Constant DC current control; d) Constant AC voltage control. The switch-on and -off commands of the static switches of the converters are generated by the technique of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). The modulation signal takes sinusoidal form and the carrier signal assumes triangular form. The ratio between the peak values of the two is defined as the modulation index M. From [2], the relationship between the fundamental component of the converter AC voltage, vcon, and the DC voltage, vdc, can be expressed as M (1) vcon (t ) = v dc sin( t + ) 2 where is the shift angle between the fundamental voltage component of the AC bus voltage and that of the bridge AC voltage of the converter. Obviously, the SPWM-VSC can be regarded as a linear amplifier under normal conditions [3]. VSC-HVDC is capable of supplying both active and passive systems, an outstanding property over its conventional counterpart. When used for connecting two active systems, one converter station, usually, is supposed to operate in constant DC voltage control mode and the other in constant active power control mode [4]. When supplying power to a passive system, the converter station that directly connects the active system, usually, operates in constant DC voltage control mode and the other station that directly links with the passive system has to operate in constant AC voltage control mode. When feeding power to an active system, the VSC can be regarded as a double-input and double-output nonlinearly coupled identity. The two inputs are phase angle and modulation index M. The two outputs include one of DC voltage or active power and one of AC voltage or reactive power. When transmitting electricity to a passive system, the AC output voltage of the transformer of the converter station needs controlling. According to (1), the input to VSC is the modulation index of PWM and the output is the RMS value of the AC output voltage of the converter transformer. Some mathematical models and control strategies for VSC-HVDC have been proposed [5]-[6]. However, in [5], the model is for steady state and the control law is too complicated. Although a nonlinear DC voltage controller is proposed in [6], the power control strategy is not analyzed in

1-4244-0493-2/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE.

depth. This paper presents an equivalent continuous-time state-space model for VSC-HVDC. The model is derived in the so-called dq reference plane, the two-phase rotating reference frame through the Parks transform. Based on the model, an active power controller and a DC voltage controller are developed for supplying electricity to an active system. Also, for the case of feeding a passive system, a DC voltage controller of the rectifier and an AC voltage controller of the inverter are designed. In control strategy analysis, the reference frame is so selected that the voltage of the AC source is on the q-axis exactly. Therefore, for the case of supplying an active system, the active power exchanges between the AC system and the DC links can be controlled by the q-axis current component, and the reactive power exchanges controlled by the d-axis current component. For the case of feeding a passive system, the DC voltage control of the rectifier is realized by adjusting the q-axis current component. The d- and q-axis current components, after passing PI controllers, are used to produce the q- and d-axis components of the converters AC voltage. In this process, the coupling between the q- and d-axis of the VSC model is minimized by the feed forward compensation technique. Meanwhile, the voltage of the AC system is treated as two terms of perturbation in d- and q-axis that are compensated by the integral terms of the PI controllers. Furthermore, in accordance with the inherent relationship between the two resulting voltage components and the DC voltage, command signals of the inputs to the converter, namely the modulation index and phase angle can be figured out. II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF VSC-HVDC In the study, the left-hand side converter in Fig.1, VSC1 operates as the rectifier, connecting an active AC system. The right-hand side converter, VSC2 operates as the inverter, linking to either an active system or a passive one and operates. For the rectifier, there exist the following voltage equations in the form of dq synchronous frame [7].

Instantaneous power extracted from the AC source to the DC links can be expressed as 3 (6) p1 = (v sd1i1d + v sq1i1q ) 2 3 (7) q1 = (v sd1i1q v sq1i1d ) 2 Neglecting the losses of the converter and the transformer [9], the instantaneous power balance equation between the AC source and the DC links is (8) p1 = p dc1 = i dc1v dc1 where idc1 is the DC current to be filtered by the DC capacitor. On the DC side of the converter, the balance relationship in current has the form dv (9) idc1 = C1 dc1 + icc dt where icc is the current flowing through the DC transmission lines. Substituting (6) and (8) into (9) yields dvdc1 3v sq1i1q 3v d i d i (10) = + s1 1 + cc dt 2C1v dc1 2C1v dc1 C1 So, (2) and (3) and (10) constitute the mathematical model for the rectifier in the dq synchronous frame. Similarly, the mathematical model for the inverter can be described as follows d v d vsd2 di2 R d q (11) = 2 i2 + i2 + con2 dt L2 L2
q v q vsq2 di2 R q d = 2 i2 Li2 + con2 dt L2 L2

(12)

vd vd di1d R = 1 i1d + i1q + s1 con1 dt L1 L1

di1q R vq vq = 1 i1q i1d + s1 con1 dt L1 L1

(2) (3)

dvdc 2 3v q i q 3v d i d i (13) = s 2 2 s 2 2 + cc dt 2C 2 v dc 2 2C 2 v dc 2 C 2 The DC transmission lines in VSC-HVDC can be either overhead lines or DC cables. The former can be modeled as conventional transmission lines. In this paper, DC cables are applied. For the sake of simple analysis, the DC cables in the paper are modeled as resistance. So, the rectifier, the inverter and the DC line models constitute the continuous-time state-space model of VSC-HVDC. III. CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR SUPPLYING ACTIVE SYSTEM When VSC-HVDC is implemented to guarantee power exchanges between two active systems, one converter station is assigned the duty as the DC voltage controller to secure the stability of the DC voltage; the other station operates as the power controller to balance the power exchanges between the two active systems. In the following analysis, VSC1 and VSC2 in Fig.1 operate as the power controller and the DC voltage controller, respectively. A. Voltage Controller The control objectives of the DC voltage controller, VSC2, include the DC voltage and the output voltage of the converter transformer. The control principle can be specified as the following.

d ,q where v sd1,q , i1d ,q , vcon denote the d- and q-axis components 1 of AC source voltage, current and converter AC voltage, respectively. R1 and L1 represent the equivalent resistance and inductance, respectively, and is the source angular frequency. Notice that subscript 1 refers to the identities of VSC1, and subscript 2 to those of VSC2. For the VSC1, following relationships exist [8]. M1 d (4) vcon v dc1 cos( 1 ) 1 = 2 M1 q (5) vcon v dc1 sin( 1 ) 1 = 2 d ,q means the d- and q-axis components of the where vcon 1

converters AC voltage, and vdc1 is the DC voltage.

According to (1), the RMS value of the output voltage of the converter transformer, US2, has an approximate linear relationship with the PWM modulation index M2. Therefore, a PI controller can satisfy the control requirements. On the other hand, the amount of the power exchanges between the two sides of VSC2 can be controlled by adjusting 2. Fig.2 represents the conceptual diagram of the voltage control.
Us2ref vdc2ref + vdc2
Fig. 2.
Kdc

+ Us2
GA 1+sTA 1 sTB

PI1

M2

+ +

The partial derivative term can accelerate action speed of the controller and reduce the negative effects of highfrequency interference caused by the derivative term. According to (15), Kq=2/(3vs1). The active power p1 is determined by (16). i1d and i1q are the d- and q-axis components of the AC current, respectively. L1 is the reactance of the converter transformer. In the previously mentioned synchronous reference frame, (2) and (3) can be rewritten as vd di1d R (18) = 1 i1d + i1q con1 dt L1 L1

AC voltage control principle diagram

B. Active Power Controller VSC2 takes controlling active power as its major objective. In the analysis, we align the dq-axis in such direction that the q-axis is in phase with the AC source voltage, i.e., v sq1 = v s1 , v sd1 = 0 . So, (6) and (7) can be rewritten as

di1q R v vq (19) = 1 i1q i1d + s1 con1 dt L1 L1 In order to decouple the d- and q-axis, feed forward technique is recommended to compensate the cross-coupling terms i1q and i1d in (18) and (19). The d- and q-axis
components of the AC source voltage ( v sd1 , v sq1 ) are treated as two constant perturbations that are to be compensated by the integral parts of the PI controllers. Here, two new inputs vd and vq are defined as d (20) v d = L1i1q v con 1
q v q = L 1 i1d + v s1 vcon 1

3 q q 3 (14) v s1i1 = v s1i1q 2 2 3 3 (15) q1 = (v sq1i1d ) = v s1i1d 2 2 The instantaneous active power from the AC system to the DC links can be worked out by (16). (16) p1 = v sa1i1a + v sb1i1b + v sc1i1c p1 =
For three-phase symmetric systems, the result of (14) equals to what derived from (16) [10]. Fig.3 illustrates the active power control principle diagram. The reactive power is also controlled with a simple open loop by computing the d-axis current component. Both the AC currents and voltages have been transformed from the three-phase abc system into the two-phase synchronous dq reference plane through the Parks transform.
p1ref + _
p1
PI2 D(s)

(21)

Therefore, two independent first-order models in the d- and q-axis directions are obtained [11], as shown in (22) and (23). (22) v d = (sL1 + R1 )i1d (23) v q = (sL1 + R1 )i1q where s is the Laplace operator. Based on the proposed models, two separate current loops are resulted which have two similar PI controllers designated PI2 and PI3. So, we can see that each loop consists of two branches, one relating to the corresponding current component with a feedback control of the AC current control, the other to the feed forward compensation for the crossing-term in the voltage balance equations. The PI controllers are output limited to generate the control signals vd and vq that are defined in (22) and (23). According to (20) and (21), the d and resulting control signals are utilized to compute vcon 1
q . So, M1 and 1 can be figured out, using (4) and (5). vcon 1

vq s1 + + +
q i1

PI3

vq con1

L1i 1d
vs1
d

q1ref

Kq

+ i1
d

PI4

+ +

vd con1

L1i1q

Fig. 3.

Power control principle diagram

Assume that pref is the active power reference. The error term of active power (prefp1) is passed through a partial derivative PID controller to generate the reference value of q-axis current component i1qref . The d-axis current reference is given by reactive power reference qref. The partial derivative term is defined in (17). sT (17) D( s ) = G
1 + sT

C. Phase Locked Loop (PLL) The phase locked loop, in dependence on the sensed value of the angular frequency of the AC source and of the phase position of the AC system voltage, generates a synchronizing signal . The synchronizing signal has the importance in synchronizing the dq reference plane with the AC source voltage abc system [12]. Thus, when is in synchronism with the phase of the source voltage, the rotating dq reference plane is locked and maintained in synchronism with the three-phase abc system.

IV. CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR SUPPLYING PASSIVE SYSTEM When supplying power to passive systems, the rectifier takes the onus to control and stabilize the DC voltage. The

primary function of the inverter is to ensure that the output voltage of the converter transformer is stable.
A. Rectifiers DC Voltage Controller DC voltage controlling and reactive power controlling are two basic control goals for the rectifier. The principle diagram of the controller is illustrated in Fig.4, which is similar to the active power controller displayed in Fig.3. The DC voltage controlling is realized through a partial derivative PID controller. Notice that the parameters of each PI controller in Fig.4 are different from those in Fig.3.
vdc1ref + _
vdc1
PI5 D(s)

According to (1), Us2 has an approximate linear relationship with M2. So, a PI controller can satisfy the controlling requirements. Fig.5 depicts the principle diagram of the inverters AC voltage controller.
Us2ref + Us2
PI8 (27)

M2 vs2ca vs2bc

Fig. 5.

Inverter AC voltage control principle diagram

vq s1 + + + i1q
PI6

V. SIMULATION STUDIES
vq con1

L1i1d
vd s1 + +

q1ref

Kq

+ i1d

PI7

vd con1

L1i1q

Fig. 4.

Rectifier DC voltage control principle diagram

B. Inverters AC Voltage Controller The controller is supposed to provide stable RMS values of the converter transformer output voltage. Conventional methods for detecting RMS values are less propitious in terms of precision and rapidity. To compromise these disadvantages, [13] introduces the concept of space vector and proposes a new method for computing RMS values with instantaneous values. The method is to be detailed with the example of three-phase voltages as follows. Define the space vector of the three-phase voltages as 2 (24) V = (va + vb e j120 + vc e j120 ) 3 The three-phase voltages of the converter transformer voltage are expressed as 2 v s 2 a = U s 2 cos(t + ) 3 (25) 2 v s 2b = U s 2 cos(t + 120) 3 2 vs 2c = 3U s 2 cos(t + + 120) where Us2 is the RMS value of line-to-line output voltage of the converter transformer, vs2a, vs2b, vs2c are the instantaneous values of abc three phase voltages, respectively. Substituting (24) into (23) yields (26) V s 2 = U s 2 e j
o o

To validate the obtained continuous time space-state model and the control strategies, several cases of simulation have been conducted with PSCAD/EMTDC, electromagnetic transient simulation software for power system. The parameters of the simulation system are as follows: f1=50Hz, Vs1(peak value)=11.26kV, Vs2(peak value)=93.90kV, R1= 0.15, R2=8.45, L1=0.53, L2=31.36, C1=C2=450F, Rdc=5.36. The rated capacities and voltage ratios of the transformers connecting VSC1 and VSC2 are 100MVA, 100MVA, 13.8/62.5kV, 62.5/115kV, respectively. The transmission distance is 100km; the rated DC voltage is 70kV. The frequency of the modulation signal is 2250Hz. A. Simulation for Supplying Active System Four cases of simulation have been performed to validate the control strategies, including active power step changes from 50 to 70MW (Case 1), from 70 to 50MW (Case 2), power reversion from 50 to -30MW (Case 3, with the constant reactive power of 0MVar) and reactive power step change from 0 to -20MVar (Case 4, with the constant active power of 70MW). The simulation results are displayed in the following figures. Fig.6 and Fig.7 display the AC active and reactive power (P1, Q1) changes corresponding to Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. Fig.8 and Fig.9 visualize the AC power (P1, Q1) and the DC power changes of the rectifier and the inverter (Pdc1, Pdc2), respectively, in Case 3. Fig.10 shows the power changes in Case 4. All the command signals are actuated at the instant of 0.72s. The parameters for the voltage controller are the proportional gain k1=7, the integral time constant T1=0.02; kdc=3, GA=0.6, TA=0.018; TB=30. The parameters of the PI controllers of VSC1 are: for PI2, k2=1.8, T2=0.019; for the partial differential term, G=0.85, T=0.01; for PI3 and PI4, k3=k4=0.55, T3=T4=19. Table I lists some indexes for the four cases, such as rising time trise (second), peak time tpeak (second), settling time tsettle (second), overshoot and steady state error (absolute value).
TABLE I MAIN INDEXES OF SIMULATION Items trise(s) tpeak(s) tsettle(s) Case 1 0.016 0.022 0.076 11.79% 0.13% Case 2 0.015 0.022 0.106 15.78% 0.23% Case 3 0.017 0.021 0.206 42.65% 0.33% Case 4 0.017 0.024 0.116 42.20% 0.52%

So, (26) gives rise to the formula for computing the RMS values of the voltages as
o 2 (27) v s 2ca + v s 2bc e j120 U s 2 = VS 2 = 3 where vs2ca, vs2bc are the instantaneous values of the voltages between phase a and phase c and that between phase b and phase c.

5
Prec(MW), Qrec(Mvar)

90 60 30 0

P1

Q1

precision; d) with the proposed power controller DC power can be reversed rapidly and steadily, highlighting no occurrence of the change in the power transmission direction for the second time. B. Simulation for Supplying Passive System Two cases of simulation have been performed to validate the control strategies for supplying a passive system. The simulation results are shown in Fig.11 to Fig.16. The simulation cases include the loads stepping up for the passive system (P2, Q2) from 65+j38MVA to 87+j45MVA at the instant of 0.62s (Case 5) and the reference AC voltages stepping up from 1pu (115kV) to 1.05pu (120.8kV) for the inverter transformer. The DC voltage of the rectifier (Vdc1) is fixed to 70kV for the two cases. Fig.11 to Fig.13 depict the changes of the voltage of the rectifier (Vdc1), the output voltage of the inverter transformer (Vac2) and the load of the passive system (P2, Q2) in Case 5, respectively. Fig.14 to Fig.16 envisage the changes of the mentioned identities in Case 6. The parameters of the PI controllers of VSC1 are: for PI5, the proportional gain k5=1.32, the integral time constant T5=0.0265; for the partial differential term, G=0.141, T=0.01; for PI6 and PI7, k6=k6=0.105, T6=T7=9.847. The parameters of AC voltage controller of VSC2 are k8=1.25, T8=0.01.
74.0 Vdc1 Vdc1ref 72.0 kV 70.0 68.0 66.0 0.60 0.65 0.70 t (s) 0.75 0.80

-30 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 t(s)

0.95

1.00

Fig. 6.

AC power in Case 1
Qrec(Mvar)

80 60 40 20 0 -20
0.70

P1

Q1

Prec(MW),

0.75 0.80

0.85
t(s)

0.90

0.95 1.00

Fig. 7.

AC power in Case 2
Qrec(Mvar)

60 30 0 -30 -60 0.70

P1

Q1

Prec(MW),

0.75

0.80

0.85 t(s)

0.90

0.95

1.00

Fig. 8.

AC power in Case 3
Pdci(MW) 60 30 0 -30 -60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 t(s) 0.90 0.95 1.00 Pdc1 Pdc2

Fig. 11.

Rectifier DC voltage in Case 5

118.0 kV 116.0 114.0 112.0 0.60 0.65 0.70 t(s)
Q2

Vac2

Vac2ref

Pdcr(MW),

0.75

0.80

Fig. 9. DC power in Case 3

Qrec(Mvar) P1 Q1

Fig. 12.

Inverter AC voltage in Case 5

P2(MW), Q2(Mvar)

100 80 60 40 20 0.60

P2

80 40 0 -40 0.70

Prec(MW),

0.65

0.75

0.80

0.85
t(s)

0.90

0.95

1.00
Fig. 13. Inverter AC power in Case 5
74.0 72.0 kV 70.0 68.0 66.0 0.60 0.65 Vdc1

0.70 t(s)
Vdc1ref

0.75

0.80

Fig. 10.

AC power in Case 4

From the simulation results, following conclusions can be drawn: a) control of VSC-HVDC does not require any communication channels between the converter stations; b) the proposed power controller can guarantee desirable stability and high response speed as well, even for large step changes, which can be completed within 3 to 10 cycles; c) at different operating points the controlled variables can reach high

0.70 t(s)

0.75

0.80

Fig. 14.

Rectifier DC voltage in Case 6

122.0 120.0
kV

Vac2

Vac2ref

[4] [5] [6]

118.0 116.0 114.0 112.0 0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80
[7] [8] [9] [10]

t(s)
Fig. 15. Inverter AC voltage in Case 6
Q2(Mvar)

100 80 60 40 20 0.60

P2

Q2

0.65

0.70 t(s)

0.75

0.80

[11]

Fig. 16.

Inverter AC power in Case 6 [12] [13]

It is apparently betrayed by the simulation results that the AC voltage controller of the inverter can guarantee rapid, precise adjustment of the controlled identities. During the dynamic process, the DC voltage of the rectifier is immune to the changes of the inverter. VI. CONCLUSIONS In the synchronous dq reference, the continuous-time state-space model for VSC-HVDC has been established. Based on the model, control strategies for VSC-HVDC have been developed for supplying both active and passive systems. The Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) control scheme is addressed in designing power controller and voltage controller. In the control process, coupling between the d- and q-axis of the model of VSC has been minimized through feed forward compensation technique. Furthermore, the architecture of the controllers leads to faster response process. The validity of the mathematic model and the feasibility of the controllers have been proved by the simulations on PSCAD/EMTDC. VII. REFERENCES
[1] Gengyin Li, Pengfei Lv, Guangkai Li, Ming Zhou, The new development and review for HVDC light, Automation of Electric Power System, vol. 27, no. 4, pp.77-81, Feb. 2003. B. R. Anderson, L. Xu, P. J. Horton, P. Cartwright, Topologies for VSC transmission, Power Engineering Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 142-150, June 2002. B. Mwinyiwiwa, Z. Wolanski, B.T. Ooi, High power switch mode linear amplifiers for flexible AC transmission system, IEEE Transactions on

Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 4, pp.1993-1998, Oct. 1996. B. T. Ooi, X. Wang, Voltage angle lock loop control of the boost type PWM converter for HVDC application, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.229-235, April 1990. Guibin Zhang, Zheng Xu, Guangzhu Wang, Steady-state model for VSC based HVDC and its controller design, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 22, no. 1, pp.17-22, Jan. 2002. J. L. Thomas, S. Poulain, A. Benchaib, Analysis of a robust DC-bus voltage control system for a VSC transmission scheme, In: Seventh International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (IEE Conference Publication No.485), 2001: 119-124. D. C. Lee, G. M. Lee, K. D. Lee, DC-bus voltage control of three-phase AC/DC PWM converters using feedback linearization, IEEE Transactions on Industry Application, vol. 36, no. 3, pp.826-833, May-June 2000. V. R. Dinavahi, M. R. Iravani, R. Bonet, Real-time digital simulation of power electronic apparatus interfaced with digital controllers, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 16, no. 4, pp.775-781, Oct. 2001. D. C. Lee, Advanced nonlinear control of three-phase PWM rectifiers, IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 147, no. 5, pp.361-366, Sept. 2000. Bo Yin, Yunping Chen, Definition and compensation of generalized instantaneous reactive current and reactive power in abc coordinates, Power System Technology, vol. 27, no. 7, pp.43-47, April 2003. C. K. Sao, P. W. Lehn, M. R. Iravani, J. A. Martinez, A benchmark system for digital time-domain simulation of a pulse-width-modulated D-STATCOM, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 4, pp.1113-1120, Oct. 2002. S. K. Chung, Phase-locked loop for grid-connected three-phase power conversion systems, IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 147, no. 3, pp. 213-219, May 2000. Guan Wang, Ye Cai, Guibin Zhang, Zheng Xu. Equivalent model of VSC-HVDC and its hybrid simulation technique, Power System Technology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp.4-8, Jan. 2003.

P2(MW),

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Gengyin Li (M03) was born in Hebei Province, China. He received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees, all in Electrical Engineering, from North China Electric Power University (NCEPU) in 1984, 1987 and 1996, respectively. Since 1987, Dr. Li has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering at NCEPU, where he is currently a professor and deputy head of the Department. His research interests include power quality, electricity markets, analysis and control of power systems, and new transmission and distribution technologies. Ming Yin was born in Hebei Province, China. He received the B.S. degrees in power system and its automation from North China Electric Power University (NCEPU) in 1996. Now he is pursuing his Ph.D. degree in NCEPU. His fields of interest include HVDC and flexible AC transmission system (FACTS). Ming Zhou (M06) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from North China Electric Power University (NCEPU) in 1989 and 1992, respectively. Now she is pursuing Ph. D. degree at NCEPU. Since 1992, Ms. Zhou has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering at NCEPU, where she is currently an associate professor. Her areas of interest include electricity markets, power quality, AI applications to power systems, and power system operation and management. Chengyong Zhao (M05) was born in Zhejiang Province, China. He received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in power system and its automation from North China Electric Power University (NCEPU) in 1988, 1993 and 2001 respectively. His fields of interest include power system harmonics, power quality, power electronics and flexible AC transmission system (FACTS).

[2]

[3]