CHAPTER 5: SOLID AND FLUID 5.

Characteristics Of Solids, Liquids And Gases

Individual atoms can combine with other atoms to form molecules. Regardless of the type of molecule, matter normally exists as either a solid, a liquid, or a gas. We call this property of matter is the state of the matter The three normal states of matter have unique characteristics which are listed on the table.

ASPECT
Shape

SOLIDS
Fixed volume and shape

LIQUIDS
Assumes the shape of the part of the container

GASES
Assumes the shape and volume of its container

Compressible

Not easily compressible

Not easily compressible

Compressible

Flows of particles

Does not flow easily

Flow easily

Flow easily

Microscopic view

Tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern

Close together with no regular arrangement

Well separated with no regular arrangement

Vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place

Vibrate, move about and slide past each other

Vibrate and move freely at high speed

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CHAPTER 5: SOLID AND FLUID 5.2 Density

Density

Density of substance ,

Relative Density

Definition: as the mass (m) per unit volume (v) of a substance

Definition: - Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of substance to the density of water

Formula: density = mass volume m ( kg/m3 ) v ( m3 )

Formula: Relative density = Density of substance (kg/m3) Density of water(kg/m3) ( water = 1000 kg/m3)
No unit.

Unit: kg/m3 @ kgm-3

Relative density is also expressed as a SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Example 1: 3 A mass of the block is 45 kg and its volume is 0.5 m . Calculate the density of the block. Solution :

m v 45 kg = 0 .5 m 3

= 90 kg/m3

Example 2: 3 A concrete block with a density of 2100 kg/m . Calculate the relative density of it. Solution :

relative =
= =

subs tan ce water

2100 kg / m 3 1000 kg / m 3
2.1

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Example 3: Calculate the volume of a solid with a density of 2.65 kg/m and its mass is 39.24N. Solution :
3

W mg 39.24 m 9.81 39.24 m 4kg 9.81 m v 4 2.65 v

v = 1.51 m
-3

Exercise 1: Calculate the density for a rectangular block with mass 0.72kg.The volume of the block is -3 -3) 0.00297m . (Ans : 242.4kgm

Exercise 2: Aluminium has a density of 2710kgm .Calculate its relative density. (Ans : 2.71)
-3

Exercise 3: A block with weight 20 N and its volume is 30 cm x 15 cm x 20 cm. Calculate the value of density of substance. -3 (Ans : 226.7kgm )

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5.3 Pressure
Definition:- Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area acting on a surface.

Pressure =

Normal Force Area

F(N) A ( m2 )
2 2

The S.I unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa) or Newton per meter square (N/ m or Nm ) Example 4: A car has a weight of 1800N and rests on four tyres, each having a surface area of 2 contact with the ground of 0.006m .What is the pressure exerted by the tyres on the ground? Solution :

F A 1800 N 0.006 m 2

= 30 000 Pa Example 5: 2 The wind pressure on the wall is 200 Pa. If the wall has an area 0f 8 m , what is the force on it? Solution :

P
200 N / m
2

= =

F A F 8 m2

= 1600 N

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Example 6: A fruit seller uses a knife with a sharp edge and a cross-sectional area of 0.5 cm to cut open a watermelon.If the force applied on the knife is 18 N, what is the pressure exerted by the knife on the watermelon? Solution :
2

0.5cm 2 5.0 10 4 m 2 P F 18N A 0.5 10 4 m 2

= 360000 Pa Exercise 4: In a hydraulic brake, a force of 50N is applied to a piston of area 5.0 x 10 m .What is the pressure transmitted throughout the liquid? ( Ans : 100,000 Pa @ 10 kPa )
-4 2

Exercise 5: A fruit seller uses a knife with a sharp edge and a cross-sectional area of 0.5 cm to cut open a watermelon. a) If the force applied on the knife is 18 N, what is the pressure exerted by the knife 5 on the watermelon? [ans: 3.6 x 10 Pa]
2

b)

After that, he cuts open a papaya using the same knife by exerting a pressure of 5 2.7 10 Pa. Calculate the magnitude of force applied to cut the papaya.
[ans: 13.5 N]

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Exercise 6: 2 The mass of an elephant is 5000 kg and the area of one its foot is 600 m . If the elephant stands on with two feet and four feet, which one will exert the greatest pressure on the ground?

- stands on two feet

- stands on four feet

F A

F A

The elephant stands on _________ will exert the _____________ on the ground

5.3.1

Variation Of Pressure With Depth

The deeper you go into a liquid or gas, the greater the pressure on you from the surrounding fluid will be. The reason for the increased pressure is that the deeper into a fluid you go, the more fluid, and thus the more weight, you have over top of you. We can calculate the variation of pressure with depth by considering a volume of fluid of height h and cross-sectional area A (see Fig. 5.3.1).

Figure 5.3.1: Variation of Pressure with Depth

If this volume of fluid is to be in equilibrium, the net force acting on the volume must be zero. There are three external forces acting on this volume of fluid. These forces are:

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1. The force PTA due to the pressure on top of the volume of fluid. If the fluid is open to the air, 5 PT = PO = 1.01 x 10 Pa, which is atmospheric pressure. 2. The weight of the volume of fluid, W= mg . Remembering the definition of density, = m/v , and that the volume of the fluid may be calculated as V = Ah , we can write the weight of the fluid as W = ghA . 3. The force pushing up on the bottom of the volume of fluid, PBA , due to the fluid below the volume under consideration. If we take the up direction to be positive and add the forces we get PBA - ghA - PTA = 0, which gives PB = PT + gh. This provides the general formula relating the pressures at two different points in a fluid separated by a depth h .

Note: Only the density of the fluid and the difference in depth affects the pressure. The shape and size of the container are irrelevant.

5.3.2

Pressure In A Liquid
The pressure exerted by a static fluid depends only upon the depth of the fluid, the density of the fluid, and the acceleration of gravity.

Pressure, P =

gh

The pressure from the weight of a column of liquid of area, A and height, h is

where, in SI Units: = fluid density, measured in kg/m3 g = acceleration of gravity, measured in measured in N/kg h = depth of fluid, measured in m

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Example 7: A coin sinks to a depth of 8 m below the surface of the sea. What is the water pressure 3 on the coin? [ water density = 1000 kg/m ] Solution :

P gh (1000) (9.81) (8)

78480 Pa

Example 8: A building is supplied with water from a water tank situated on its roof. If the water 5 pressure at the ground floor is 1.96 10 Pa, what is the height of the building? 3 -3 (Density of water = 1.0 10 kg m ) Solution :

P gh 1.96 105 (1.0 103 )(9.81)(h) 1.96 105 h 9810

= 19.98 m Example 9: The figure shows a container with water. What is the 3 pressure of water exerted on fish? [ water density = 1000 kg/m ] Solution :

P gh (1000 )(9.81)( 0.35 )

= 3433.5 Pa

40 cm 5 cm

Exercise 7: A small rock sinks to a depth of 3 m in a liquid of density 700 kg/m . What is the pressure of the rock?
[Ans: 20601 Pa]
3

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Exercise 8:
A coin of density 500 kgm sinks in a liquid. At what depth, will the coin be subjected to the the pressure of 88290 Pa? [Ans: 18 m]
-3

Exercise 9: The figure below shows a reservoir on a hill. The reservoir supplies water to a water tank 3 on a tall building. Calculate the water pressure at X. ( Density of water = 1000 kg/m ).

5.4

Pascals Principle
Pascals principle states that pressure exerted on an enclosed fluid (liquid) is

transmitted equally to every part of the fluid (liquid)

Pascals Principle is also known as Pascals principle of transmission of pressure in fluids. Figure below shows how a simple hydraulic system works based on Pascals principle.

F1

F2

d1 Piston X Of Area, A1

d2 Piston Y Of Area, A2

This system consists of two cylinders of cross-sectional area A1 and A2 respectively. Each of the cylinders is fitted with a piston and is filled with a liquid such as water or oil. When a small force, F1 is applied to the smaller piston X, a large force, F2 is produced on the larger piston Y.

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F2 is produced by pressure exerting on the larger piston Y due to the pressure transmitted from piston X through the liquid. Pressure on piston X, P1 = F1 A1 Pressure on piston Y, P2 = F2 A2

Based on Pascals principle, the pressure acting at both pistons is the same pressure. Thus; Pressure on Piston X = Pressure on Piston Y P1 = P2 F1 = F2 A1 A2

If the piston X is moved by a distance d1, the piston Y would move by a distance d2. Since the volume pf liquid transmitted is constant, thus;

A1d1 = A2d2

Example 10: Diagram below shows a hydraulic system. The cross-sectional areas of piston P is 0.002 m .. If a force of 15 N is applied to a smaller piston, what will be the pressure exerted on the Piston Q? Input Output
2

Piston P

Piston Q

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Solution :

P1 P2 Pr essure Piston P Pr essure Piston Q P1 15 N 0.002m 2 7500Pa P2 Piston Q

Example 11: The cylinder piston of a hydraulic jack has a cross-sectional area of 0.06 m and the plunger 2 has across-sectional area of 0.002 m . F1 plunger
2 2

F2 = 9000 N

A1 = 0.002 m

A2 = 0.06 m

i)

The upward force for lifting a load placed on top the large piston is 9000 N. calculate the downward force on the plunger required to lift this load.

Solution :

P1 F1 A1 F1 0.002 m 2 F1 0.002 m 2

= =

P2 F2 A2
9000 N 0.06 m 2

= = =

150000 N / m 2 150000 N / m 2 x 0.002 m 2

300 N

F1

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ii) If the distance moved by the plunger is 75 cm, what is the distance moved by the large piston in cm? Solution :

A1 d1 0.002 m 2 x 75 cm d2

= = =

A2 d 2 0.06 m 2 x d 2

0.002 m 2 x 75 cm 0.06 m 2
2.5 cm

Example 12:

F W P Q

The diagrams shows a hydraulic jack.A force F of 20N applied on the piston P is required to lift a load of weight W by the piston Q. The cross sectional-area of input and output pistons are respectively 64 cm2 and 192 cm2.What is the mass of the load? Solution :

P1 P2 Pr essure Piston P Pr essure Piston Q FP FQ AP AQ 20 N m(9.81) 2 64cm 192cm 2

m=6.11kg

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Exercise 10:
-4 2

In a hydraulic brake, a force of 50N is applied to a piston of area 2.0 x 10 m .What is the pressure transmitted throughout the liquid?

Exercise 11: Figure as below show a balanced hydraulic pressure pump. Given F1=20N, A1=0.2m 2 and A2=0.3m . Calculate the force at F2. F F1 1 F F2 2
2

A1

A2

Exercise 12: Figure below shows a hydraulic jack used to lift a 3600 kg load. The cross-sectional 2 2 areas of input piston R and output piston S are 100 cm and 450 cm respectively. -1 [g =9.81 N kg ]

i) What is the weight of the load?

ii) Calculate the pressure acting on the oil.

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iii) What is the pressure exerted by the oil on piston R?

iv) Calculate the force, F, required to support the load.

v) If the displacement of piston R is 36 cm, calculate the displacement of piston S.

5.5

Archimedes Principle
Archimedes principle states that an object which is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid (liquid or gas) is acted upon by an upward buoyant force equals to the weight of the

fluid it displaces.
The buoyant force is created by the increase of pressure with depth. F1 = h1gA

h1 h2

F2 = h2gA Base area = A Consider an object of base area A, immersed in a liquid of density . Using the formula of pressure, P = gh and P = F / A The buoyant force = the resulting force acting upwards = F2 - F1 = ( h2gA ) - ( h1gA )

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= ( h2 h1 ) A g = (Vliquid displaced) g = (mliquid displaced) g = weight of liquid displaced by the water Hence; Buoyant Force = weight of liquid displaced by the object

The principle of floatation states that a floating body displaces its own weight of the liquid in which it floats. The weight of liquid displaced = weight of the body (i.e the buoyant force) The volume of liquid displaced = volume of the body (i.e the buoyant force)

Hence;

The buoyant /

= the weight of liquid displaced ( w ) = [ density of liquid () x volume of liquid displaced (Vliquid) ] x gravitational acceleration (g) = [ density of liquid () x volume of body submerged (Vbody) ] x gravitational acceleration (g)

Upthrust Force = the mass of liquid ( m ) x gravitational acceleration ( g )

Example 13: If the submarine was floating on the sea surface,its volume of body under the sea surface is 3 -3, 850m .The density of sea water is 1030kgm ( i ) Calculate the weight of water displaced. Solution :

weight of water displaced Vg (850m 3 )(1030kgm3 )(9.81) 875500kg 9.81ms 2

= 8588655 N

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( ii ) Calculate the mass of the submarine Solution : Because the submarine is floating freely,therefore weight of submarine = weight of water Displaced. = upward buoyant force = 8588655 N

mass of submarine, m

W g 8588655 N 9.81ms 2

= 875500kg

( iii ) What is the principle applied in the calculation above Archimedes Principle

Example 14:

Figure 5.5 Figure above shows a rectangular block of density 3200kgm and dimensions 30cm x 45cm x 25cm is hung to a spring balance and the block is fully submerged in water.[Density of water = -3 1000kgm ] (a) ( i ) Calculate the pressure by the water acting on the upper surface of the block. Solution :
-3

P gh 1000 9.81 0.5

= 4905 Pa

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( ii ) Calculate the pressure by the water acting on the lower surface of the block. Solution :

P gh 1000 9.81 0.75

= 7357.5 Pa

( iii )

What is the force acting on the upper surface of the block by the water? Solution :

F A F P A P 4905 0.135
= 662.2 N

( iv )

What is the force acting on the lower surface of the block by the water? Solution :

F A F P A P 7357 .5 0.135
= 993.3 N

( v ) Calculate the net force acting on the block. Nett Force = 338N

(vi)

Determine the volume of water displaced by the block. Solution :

Volume of water displaced 0.3 0.45 0.2

= 3.375 x 10 m
-2 3

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(vii) Calculate the mass of water displaced by the block. Solution :

Mass of water displaced V 1000 3.375 10 2

= 33.75 kg

(viii)

What is the weight of water displaced by the block? Solution :

W mg (33.75kg) 9.81ms 2
= 331.1 N ( v ) What is the buoyant force on the block.

Solution : The buoyant Force = The Weight of water displaced = 331.1 N

Example 15: A boat of mass 200kg floats on lake. If the density of the water in the lake is 1000kgm ,what is the volume of the displaced water ? Solution :
-3

m v m

200kg 1000kgm3
-3

= 0.2 m

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Exercise 13: 3 3 An object of mass 50 kg and density 4 x 10 kg/m . resting at the bottom of a swimming pool. -3 What is the buoyant force acting on the object [water density = 1000 kgm and g = 9.81N/kg ]

Exercise 14: A man throws a box of mass 26kg in a sea.The box floats on the surface of the sea water.If -3 the volume of the box that immersed in the sea water is 0.025m ,what is the density of the sea water ?

Exercise 15: Figure as below show a wood block measuring 0.1m x 0.2 m x 0.2 m is floating on the surface of the water. Determine: a) The related principle for the floating wood block as in the figure [ans: Archimedes] 3 b) The mass of the block if its density is 60 kg/m [ans: 0.24 kg] c) The weight of the water displaced caused by the wood block [ans: 2.3544 N] Wood block water

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CHAPTER 5: SOLID AND FLUID END OF CHAPTER

1. Give the definition, formula and S.I unit for: (a)Density of substance b) Relative density / Specific gravity

2. A container as show as figure below is filled with oil. If the mass of the oil is 3500 g. Calculate the density of oil, the specific gravity of oil and the pressure of container if 5 kN force is 3 applied on it surface. [ans: 145.833 kg/m , 0.148, 83.333 kPa]

40 cm 20 cm

30 cm

3. A small rock sinks to a depth of 3 m in a liquid of density 700 kg/m . At what depth, in 3 different liquid of density 500 kg/m , will the rock experience the same pressure? [ans: 4.2 m]

4. A block of metal shows a reading of 120N when it is placed on a weighing machine in the air. However, it shows a reading of 50N when it is submerged in the oil. -3 (Density of oil = 850 kgm ) (a) Find (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the true weight of the metal The apparent weight of the metal The buoyant force acting on metal The volume of the metal

(v)

The density of the metal

(b) State and define the principle applied

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CHAPTER 5: SOLID AND FLUID REFERENCES 1.) Physics Online,unwinnipegtheory,http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca 2.) Lim Peng Chew,Total Reference Physics,Form 4,Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd, pp 126. 3) Thong Kum Soon,You Kok Yeow,Progressive Assesment Physics,Form 4,Pustaka Yakin Pelajar Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia.

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