routing selection & marine survey

DR. IR. RICKY LUKMAN TAWEKAL DWI HARIYO W BANGUNAN LEPAS PANTAI II (SUBSEA PIPELINE ENG.)

topics
ROUTING SELECTION & MARINE SURVEY

Routing Development & Selection Marine Survey

EXPECTATION

Understand the routing selection criteria Know the routing desktop study Know the radius curvature Know the routing selection Know the main marine survey methods Know the survey equipment used and the data can be obtained Know which survey operation to perform at each stage in the installation of pipeline

routing development

Route Selection Criteria Desk Top Study Marine Survey Route Selection and Optimisation Pipeline Route Selection Example

Route selection criteria RULES OF THUMB:

The shortest - Straight line is ideal Minimise materials Minimise pressure losses Minimise installation risk Easiest for installation The safest, minimize risk & impact Minimize Cost

Route selection criteria

Easiest for Installation To be able to lay the pipeline The Safest, minimize risk & impact The selection of pipeline route is to minimize potential risks of of damage to the pipeline during installation and operation phases. The optimum pipeline route is to be selected based on the detail survey result within the specified pipeline corridor Perpendicular approach to the landfall Taking following factors to account:

Route selection criteria

A surprising number of factors have to be taken into account:

Politics Water Depth (Avoid extremely shallow depth & extremely deep water) water) Avoidance of significant seasea-bottom undulation to minimize unsupported spans Seabed Features (Very hard seabed, Very soft seabed, Sand waves, Boulder fields, Wrecks, Debris, Rock outcrops, Mine fields, Active Faults, Faults, Pockmarks, Landslide/Mudslide areas, shallow gas, seabed slope) Existing Facilities (Existing platforms and risers, Minimized crossings crossings of existing pipelines & cables Third Parties (Submarine exercise areas, Fishing area, Dumping grounds, grounds, Dredging, Avoidance of Shipping Lane - ASL & Local, Marine/Nature Reserves, Mineral Deposit, Archaeological Site, Heritage, Military, Avoidance Avoidance of zones exposed to anchor damage, Avoidance of zones exposed to droppeddropped-object damage) Shore Crossings Maintain adequate clearance from adjacent islands Iceberg plow marks (site specific) Installation constraints

Route selection criteria

Straight line never happens cause:

Seabed Features Third Parties Shore Crossings

Installation Constraints Environmental Considerations

Routing - seabed features

Seabed slopes Difficult soils (hard clay, very soft silt) Sand waves Rock/coral outcrops Shallow gas Pock-marks Wrecks, debris

Profile depth of seabed

Routing seabed features

Routing - seabed features

Routing - seabed features

Routing - seabed features

Routing - seabed features

Radius of curvature

The minimum radius of curvature, R is based on the following bending stress equation;

R=

E.D 2. f SMYS

R =

yE f S

where, y = E = S = f =

radius of steel pipe (mm) modulus of elasticity for steel (MPa ) (MPa) specified minimum yield stress (SMYS) (MPa ) (MPa) factor of safety, taken as 5%

Radius of curvature
R=
R=

E.D 2. f SMYS

xt x2 x1 L

3ED ; 4 fa E = mod ulus of

Elasticity;
R a

D = pipe diameter fa = design factor x SMYS design factor = 5 10% SMYS = Minimum Yield Strength sin ( / 2) = x1 = x2 = xt = y / 2R y( R y) y (2 R y ) yR y (2 R y ) y (2 R y )

L =R

Routing - third parties

Existing facilities
Pipelines (crossings, proximity, lay in corridors) Cables (power, telecommunication, fiber optic) Wellheads (exploration and production) Platforms / FPSOs (available riser slots, dropped objects) Access for tietie-ins (existing / future) Drilling rig legs/anchors

Generally want 500m clearance

Routing - third parties

International boundaries Other exploration licences Fishing (commercial & recreational) Military Shipping lanes Dredging & Dumping areas Marine/Nature Reserves

Routing shore crossings

Environmental constraints conservation Social impact (fishermen) Land usage proximity to people Beach mobility Minimise shore approaches (pipeline stability) Onshore routing / destination

10

Routing shore crossings

Routing shore crossings

11

Routing shore crossings

BEACHPULL

Routing installation constraints

Installation method Minimum curvature Vessel anchor patterns Vessel minimum operating draft Lay tolerances (+/-10m, corridor 50100m wide) Platform approaches

12

Routing installation constraints

Desk top study

Start and Destination Gather all available information

Naval Charts Projects in the Region Seismic Data Environmental Constraints Block Ownership

13

Desk top study

Propose Preliminary Routes (Rules of Thumb)

The shortest The safest (Risk & Impact) Easiest to Install Cost Geodetical Geophysical Geotechnical HydroHydro-Oceanography Visual (optional)

Define Scope of Work for Route (Marine) Survey

One day offshore will pay for months of office engineering time

Desk top study

Propose Preliminary Routes (Rules of Thumb)

14

Marine survey

Survey are for finding information about: Geodetic Survey: Geodetical parameters Geophysical: The seabed along the pipeline route (contours) Geotechnical: The nature of soil HydroHydro-Oceanography: Meteorology & Environmental Load Visual: Real Time Monitoring (by ROV, AUV, DIVER)

marine survey geophysical & geotechnical

Data Processing of Pipeline Route Survey Flow Chart

Bathymetry Contouring Topography Map

Sub Bottom Profile Thematic Map Side Scan Sonar Interpretation Description Magneto Description Soil Laboratory Analysis General Description Drawing Map

REPORT

Thematic Map

15

Marine (route) survey

Offshore Geodetic Survey:

Remote Sensing (SRTM Image inhomogeneous topography area) Aerial Photography Static Global Positioning System (GPS) & Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Survey Traverse Profiling & CrossCross-Section Leveling Advance contour mapping with fast, accurate and flexible result for planning, design and construction

Marine (route) survey

SRTM

FOTOGRAMETRI

Aerial photography
FOTO KIRI FOTO KANAN PROYEKTOR KIRI PROYEKTOR KANAN

FOTO UDARA DENGAN PERTAMPALAN (60% - 70%)

RESTITUSI MODEL 3D

MODEL 3D

TRACING TABLE

PROYEKSI TEGAK

PETA

BOBBY SD - 1999

16

Marine (route) survey

Offshore Geophysical Survey:

Bathymetry Side Scan Sonar SubSub-bottom profiling Grab samples Magnetometer

marine survey - geophysical

Bathymetry

Medium Resolution
Single beam enchosounder Hull Mounted 750m wide swathe Best 8m footprint size

High Resolution
Multi Beam Towed close to seabed Much narrower swathe

17

marine survey - geophysical

marine survey - geophysical

Side scan sonar

Used to find seabed profile, wrecks, wellhead, rock outcrops etc Towed fish

18

marine survey - geophysical

Seabed feature from side scan sonar record

marine survey - geophysical

Seabed feature from side scan sonar record
E PIP
PIPE
SANDY CORAL HIGH REFLECTIVITY

DIRECTION OF SHIP MOVEMENT

50 Meter

E PIP

120 Meter

HIGH REFLECTIVITY

CORAL DOMINATED BUT SAND ALSO EXHIBITED

19

marine survey - geophysical

Seabed feature from side scan sonar record
SIDE SCAN SONAR RECORD
CORAL

HIGH REFLECTIVITY CORAL CORAL CORAL

DIRECTION OF SHIP MOVEMENT

50 Meter 120 Meter

CORAL HIGH REFLECTIVITY CORAL HIGH REFLECTIVITY

marine survey - geophysical

Seabed feature from side scan sonar record
SIDE SCAN SONAR RECORD
COARSE SAND & SHELLS

MODERATE REFLECTIVITY

ROCK

ROCK

HIGH REFLECTIVITY DIRECTION OF SHIP MOVEMENT

ROCK COARSE SAND & SHELLS

ROCK

50 Meter MODERATE REFLECTIVITY 120 Meter MODERATE REFLECTIVITY

20

marine survey - geophysical

SubSub-bottom profiler

General purpose pinger Seismic structure of top 1010-15m of seabed Looking for reflector horizons Acoustic signature Can use AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle)

marine survey - geophysical

Seabed profile from subsub-bottom profiler
SUB BOTTOM PROFILER RECORD
60 Meter

SEA WATER 80 Meter

SEA WATER

100 Meter LAYER 1 LAYER 1

SEABED SURFACE

120 Meter LAYER 2 LAYER 1 140 Meter

SEAB

ED SU RFAC E

LAYER 2

LAYER 2 160 Meter

500 Meter 180 Meter

21

marine survey - geophysical

Seabed profile from subsub-bottom profiler

10 Meter SEA WATER 183 Meter 20 Meter

ROCK OUTCROP 30 Meter SEABED SURFACE LAYER 1 40 Meter LAYER 2 LAYER 2 SEABED SURFACE LAYER 1

SEA WATER

LAYER 1 ROCK LAYER 2

Line ESC

marine survey

Offshore Geotechnical Survey:

Sampling

Field Test:

Gravity Cores Box Cores Cone Penetrometer (CPT) Vibrocore Drilling Deep Boring Test Undisturbed Soil Sampling Standard Penetration Test Vane Shear Test Dutch Cone Penetration Test Specific Gravity Content Grain Size Analysis Atterberg Limit Shrinkage Limit

Laboratory Test:

Frequency of sampling varies for trenched vs onon-bottom pipeline (500m to 5km)

22

marine survey - geotechnical

Soil sample from drop coring

Soil sample from CPT

Soil sample from vibrocore

marine survey - geotechnical

Data interpretation
Types of soil or rock at or below seabed Thickness of layer Engineering characteristic: strength, density, porosity etc

23

Marine survey Hydro-oceanography survey

HEIGHT & PERIOD OF WAVE

&

WAVE TRANSFORMATION

PHYSICAL CONDITION

TIDAL

CURRENT VELOCITY

WIND SPEED

Metocean data
Lokasi Panjang Pipa (m)

Location 1

Posisi Kedalaman Perairan (m) Periode Ulang Parameter Metocean Kecepatan Angin Angin 60 menit-an Tinggi Gelombang Tinggi Gelombang Signifikan Periode Gelombang Signifikan Panjang Gelombang Signifikan Elevasi Muka Air Mean Sea Level (MSL) Higher Water level (di atas MSL) Lowest Water level (di bawah MSL) Kecepatan Arus Kecepatan Total (karena pasut dan angin) 0 % dari kedalaman 10 % dari kedalaman 20 % dari kedalaman 30 % dari kedalaman 40 % dari kedalaman 50 % dari kedalaman 60 % dari kedalaman 70 % dari kedalaman 80 % dari kedalaman 90 % dari kedalaman 100 % dari kedalaman V0 V10 V20 V30 V40 V50 V60 V70 V80 V90 V100 m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s Hs Ts Ls m s m

1 12373 Dari Ke 0558.9 LS 0556.1 LS 106.58 BT 106.11.7 BT 10.5 1 100 Simbol W60 Unit m/s 3.89 11.55

0.14 2.17 7.35

3.2 7.42 85.93

m m m

0.60 0.59 0.35

0.252 0.247 0.241 0.236 0.232 0.227 0.223 0.218 0.214 0.211 0.207

0.480 0.474 0.468 0.463 0.457 0.452 0.447 0.442 0.437 0.432 0.427

24

Route selection

Review Survey Data Refine Preliminary Routes

The shortest The safest (Risk & Impact) Easiest to Install Cost

Bottom Roughness Assessment

Software tools to predict spans Optimise routes

Route selection
Desktop Study

Route survey

Seabed profile

Bottom Roughness

Design

Allowable Span Length

Mix Data & Compare OK Select Final Route

NO

Modify Route

25

Route selection

PrePre-lay - Diverless

Matts

Strakes CRP

Mass PrePreexcavation PSL Jetprop Grout Bags

Post Lay - Diverless

ROV Trenchers

Ploughs

Supports

Routing study case 1

Very rugged seabed Very high tidal currents across the possible pipeline routes means the seabed is very mobile 3 pipeline routes need to be fitted in LNG tanker terminal and shipping traffic

26

Routing study case 2

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Due to the shore approach section of the pipeline, the pipeline installation startstart-up will probably be initiated from the Balongan onshore facilities end. From the Balongan onshore end, the pipeline would then headed generally in the NorthNorth-East direction toward the new PLEM. It is proposed that the submerged pipeline shall be postpost-trenched to a minimum burial depth of 2.0m from the top of pipe The onshore pipeline shall be buried with minimum burial depth of 1.0m from the top of pipe. Total pipeline length is 10.46 km. EPIC contractor may elect to optimize the pipeline route further during detailed design.

routing

27

Pipeline route coordinate

L o c a t io n S ta r t P o in t ( S .P .) T .P . 1 I.P . 1 T .P . 2 I.P . 2 K .P . 1 K .P . 2 K .P . 3 K .P . 4 K .P . 5 K .P . 6 K .P . 7 T .P . 8 I.P . 8 T .P . 9 I.P . 9 T .P . 1 0 T .P . 1 1 T .P . 1 2 T .P . 1 3 T .P . 1 4 I.P . 1 4 T .P . 1 5 I.P . 1 5 T .P . 1 6 EP E a s tin g ( m ) 4 7 5 9 2 .1 7 4 7 4 9 4 .5 1 4 7 4 6 5 .2 2 4 7 4 1 8 .0 3 4 7 3 9 8 .8 4 4 7 3 6 8 .9 2 4 7 0 5 5 .9 5 4 6 7 4 5 .8 2 4 6 3 6 8 .1 6 4 6 0 7 7 .9 6 4 5 8 5 7 .2 5 4 5 2 2 1 .0 3 4 4 8 7 8 .7 4 4 4 7 5 0 .7 1 4 4 5 8 9 .6 5 4 4 4 4 4 .8 2 4 4 1 0 3 .3 3 4 3 7 8 0 .6 5 4 3 4 9 5 .4 1 4 3 0 8 1 .9 8 4 2 8 0 3 .2 1 4 2 7 9 3 .3 0 4 2 8 1 7 .6 7 4 2 8 2 3 .2 9 4 2 8 0 9 .7 8 4 2 7 7 6 .2 6 N o r th in g ( m ) 3 0 3 4 9 6 .5 6 3 0 3 2 8 2 .7 3 3 0 3 2 2 1 .3 4 3 0 3 1 0 6 .4 2 3 0 3 0 6 4 .5 9 3 0 2 9 9 5 .3 8 3 0 2 2 6 3 .5 6 3 0 1 5 3 9 .4 1 3 0 0 6 5 5 .3 7 2 9 9 7 7 7 .4 9 2 9 8 8 6 7 .2 2 2 9 7 9 7 4 .0 4 2 9 7 1 7 1 .6 4 2 9 6 8 3 8 .5 7 2 9 6 6 1 4 .5 2 2 9 6 4 7 0 .1 0 2 9 6 2 3 8 .2 6 2 9 6 0 4 0 .2 6 2 9 5 8 5 1 .7 8 2 9 5 5 9 2 .1 4 2 9 5 4 1 5 .5 8 2 9 5 4 0 2 .8 2 2 9 5 3 5 1 .8 6 2 9 5 3 6 8 .3 7 2 9 5 3 3 7 .6 0 2 9 5 3 1 7 .7 1 R a d iu s ( m ) 3000 3000 3000 3000 2 0 .3 2 2 0 .3 2 8 7 .3 4 3 9 .4 5 2 1 .7 0 6 1 6 .5 0 3 9 7 .1 4 3 2 4 .7 7 4 8 5 .5 5 4 1 5 .9 5 6 2 9 .0 6 1 2 1 .2 6 7 9 0 .2 8 7 9 4 .0 5 9 6 6 .3 0 9 3 4 .7 6 9 7 1 .5 7 1 0 1 1 .8 8 8 6 1 .8 0 1 9 2 .7 2 L e n g th (m ) 0 234 C u m u la t iv e L e n g t h ( m ) 0 234 234 4 2 6 .7 2 4 2 6 .7 2 5 4 7 .9 8 1 3 3 8 .2 6 2 1 3 2 .3 1 3 0 9 8 .6 1 4 0 3 3 .3 7 5 0 0 4 .9 4 6 0 1 6 .8 2 6 8 7 8 .6 2 6 8 7 8 .6 2 7 5 0 7 .6 8 7 5 0 7 .6 8 8 1 2 4 .1 8 8 5 2 1 .3 2 8 8 4 6 .0 9 9 3 3 1 .6 4 9 7 4 7 .5 9 9 7 4 7 .5 9 9 7 6 9 .2 9 9 7 6 9 .2 9 9 8 5 6 .6 3 9 8 9 6 .0 8

Routing study case 3

Installation subsea pipeline from Teluk Banten to Muara Karang PS to Muara Tawar PS

28

Routing study case 4 Ormen Lange - Langeled

Routing study case 4 Ormen Lange Langeled Concept

29

Routing study case 4

Routing study case 4

30

Routing study case 4 Ormen Lange Langeled Routing

Routing study case 4 Narrow & Steep Landfall

31

Routing study case 4

Routing study case 4

32

Routing study case 4

Routing study case 4 Ormen Lange - Langeled

33

Routing study case 4 Steep Landfall & Sharp Curve

Routing study case 5 Gas Pipeline from Fraser Delta to Vancouver Island

34

Routing study case 5

British Columbia Hydro & Power Authority wished to build a pipeline pipeline across the strait of Georgia, from the Fraser Delta area south of Vancouver Vancouver to a landing on Vancouver Island. The pipeline diameter was a nominal 10in (273.05mm outside diameter), chosen because the expected demand would justify that size. The plan was to construct two lines to obtain additional security. The political boundary between Canada and the USA at 49 deg N lies lies just south of the delta, cuts across the Point Roberts peninsula, and extends westward to the middle of the Strait of Georgia. An early decision decision was not to cross that boundary because to do so would bring part of the pipeline pipeline under the jurisdiction of United States federal authorities, as well as as numerous state and local authorities, and would make it liable to challenge challenge in the United States legal system. The land portion of the delta consists of lowlow-lying islands. The delta is fronted by a tidal flat, Roberts Bank, which is mostly dry at low low tide and covered by about 1m of water at high tide. Landward sections of the bank are covered by grasses and seaweeds seaweeds and are fish spawning areas. Therefore, it was agreed to schedule construction construction to avoid the spawning season.

Routing study case 5

The top of the bank is almost level, but the foreslope on the seaward side is relatively steep. British Columbia has fewer earthquakes than California to the south south or Alaska to the north, but there are occasional large earthquakes. Oscillatory shear stresses induced by an earthquake might liquefy the loose and geologically recent sand and silt sediments of the bank, and parts parts of the foreslope could then become unstable, liquefy, and slide downhill into deeper water. The risk of liquefaction is least where the gradient gradient of the foreslope is smallest, about midmid-way between the South Arm of the Fraser and Canoe Pass. So it was decided that the pipeline should traverse traverse the foreslope at that point. The route runs straight down the slope (down the fall line), so that if a flowside should occur, the sand would flow along the pipeline rather than across it. This was the decision because a pipeline can withstand very large forces applied along its length but only much much smaller forces applied across its length. In the deeper water in the center of the Strait, the maximum depth depth is about 380m. At the time the route was being investigated, larger pipelines pipelines had already been constructed across the Strait of Messina (between Sicily Sicily and mainland Italy) in 380m and across the Strait of Sicily (between Tunisia and Sicily) in 615m. With that information, it was reasonable to conclude conclude that the deep water would not be an obstacle.

35

Routing study case 5

On the western side of the deep water, a submerged ridge of sandstone, sandstone, Galiano Ridge, lies parallel to Galiano and Valdes Islands. The ridge is bordered by nearnear-vertical cliffs up to 20 m high. On either side of the ridge, the seabed is silt, too soft to support construction equipment or or rock embankments. At first it was thought that there were no gaps in the ridge. Various construction alternatives were studied, and the studies concluded that the best option was to lay the pipeline to the top of the cliffs, cliffs, to restart laying at the foot of the cliffs, and to join the ends by a length length of pope (spool piece), preshaped to fit cliff and connected by hyperbaric welding, which is feasible because the depth to the top of the ridge is about about 160m. Later, however, another marine survey found that a gently sloping sloping curved valley led up onto the ridge and that there was enough space to construct two pipelines through the valley. The project was called the valley valley Valdes Gap because it was a gap in the ridge opposite Valdes Island. In retrospect, it would have been wiser to call it Valdes Valley because the word word gap allowed people opposed to the project to imply that it is a steep steep-sided canyon feature through which it would be difficult to lay pipelines. pipelines. In reality, its sides have quiet modest slopes. The route then continued onto Valdes Island and across Stuart Channel Channel to Vancouver Island.

Routing study case 6 Gas Pipeline from Algeria to Spain

36

Routing study case 6

The shortest marine crossing is the strait of Gibraltar, but laying laying the pipeline there means traversing Morocco; and for a long time, political differences differences between Algeria & Morocco made that route inaccessible. Direct crossings crossings from Algeria to Spain were considered; but if Moroccan waters are are to be avoided, the greatest water depth is at least 2500m, and at the time that was thought technically impracticable for a largelarge-diameter pipeline. That position has now changed. In the late 1980s, reconciliation between the two countries made a route through Morocco practicable. The next question was where to cross cross the Strait. A crossing at the easterly end of the strait encounters very deep water, more than 900m to the south of Gibraltar, and also has to avoid Gibraltar which is disputed between Britain & Spain. Further west, west, the water is much shallower because of a submarine mountain range, called by oceanographers the Camarinal Sill, which runs northnorth-south in an irregular curve. Depths on the top of the range are much less, between 300m 300m and 400m. However, a route along the range encounters two difficulties. difficulties. The first is that the range has a rough and broken topography (as one one might expect from a similar range on land) so that a pipeline that followed followed the crest of the range would have many long spans. The second is related related to the complex flow of water through the strait. Dense saline Mediterranean Mediterranean water flows from the east to west through the bottom of the strait.

Routing study case 6

Less saline and less dense Atlantic water flows from west to east east through the top of the strait. The level of the interface changes with the tides tides in the Atlantic and is influenced by largelarge-scale oceanographic changes. Internal waves form on the interface. The consequence is that currents are are strong and highly variable and that they change markedly within a few minutes. minutes. These effects are at their most severe on the crest of the Camarinal Sill and are less strong in the deeper water on either side. That is another another reason to avoid the crest of the range. The route finally chosen skirted the ridge to the west. The project project is described in detail in the proceeding of a Conference Proceedings Proceedings (1995) Gibraltar Submarine Gas Pipeline: Meeting the Challenge Challenge.

37

routing

Route Selection Criteria Desk Top Study Marine (route) Survey Route Selection and Optimization

Questions?

Routing - deepwater

Deep Water Gas Development Subsea to Shore (wells, manifolds, controls, pipelines pipelines) Scarp Crossing Shore Crossing Onshore Processing

Hydro Media

38

scarp A steep slope or long cliff that results from erosion or faulting and separates two relatively level areas of differing elevations.

scarp

Subsea to Beach
Preferred Development Option Scarp is in the way

Shortest Route
Reduced pressure drop Smaller Diameter Smaller Umbilical Defer compression

Save Money

39

Scarp the challenges

Geohazards Turbity Currents Mud Slides Scarp Failure Triggers (Seismic / Metocean) Metocean) Large Free Spans Steep Slopes Large Diameter Pipeline Installation Capabilities Flow Assurance Sand Transport Slugging

Scarp geohazard challenges

Slope Failure 3 deg slopes Seismic event Soil type Debris Flow / Turbidity Current

Loads on the Pipeline Pipeline movement Freespan creation Lateral buckling initiation

40

Scarp geohazard challenges

Understand the Risks Survey (Geophysical and Geotechnical) Data Acquisition on Steep Slopes Age dating of flows Modelling of Geohazards Pipeline Routing: Avoid Failure Prone Slopes Avoid Soil RunRun-out Areas Probability and Consequence Modelling

Scarp large free span challenges

Large Spans Multi-Mode VIV

Multiple Interacting Spans

41

Next chapter
WALL THICKNESS STUDY & MATERIAL GRADE SELECTION

Wall thickness & buckling Material grade selection Introduction to Stress & Strain on Pipeline Design Basis

loads

Loads: Functional & Environmental

Gaya Gelombang

Gaya Arus

42

Stress on pipe

Stress on Pipe

SEKIAN..

TERIMA KASIH
43