AP Physics C Review Guide CH12-13

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. A satellite is in a circular orbit about the Earth at an altitude at which air resistance is negligible. Which of the following statements is true? a There is only one force acting on the satellite. . b There are two forces acting on the satellite, and their resultant is zero. . c There are two forces acting on the satellite, and their resultant is not zero. . d There are three forces acting on the satellite. . e None of the receding statements are correct. .

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!. A satellite is laced in a geosynchronous orbit. "n this e#uatorial orbit with a eriod of !$ hours, the satellite ho%ers o%er one oint on the e#uator. Which statement is true for a satellite in such an orbit? a There is no gra%itational force on the satellite. . b There is no acceleration toward the center of the Earth. . c The satellite is in a state of free fall toward the Earth. . d There is a tangential force that hel s the satellite &ee u with the rotation of the Earth. . e The force toward the center of the Earth is balanced by a force away from the center of . the Earth.

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'. Two identical lanets orbit a star in concentric circular orbits in the star(s e#uatorial lane. )f the two, the lanet that is farther from the star must ha%e the smaller eriod. the larger gra%itational mass. the greater eriod. the larger uni%ersal gra%itational constant. c the smaller gra%itational mass. .

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$. Which of the following #uantities is conser%ed for a lanet orbiting a star in a circular orbit? )nly the lanet itself is to be ta&en as the system* the star is not included. a +omentum and energy. . b Energy and angular momentum. .

c +omentum and angular momentum. . d +omentum, angular momentum and energy. . e None of the abo%e. .

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,. The figure below shows a lanet tra%eling in a countercloc&wise direction on an elli tical ath around a star located at one focus of the elli se. When the lanet is at oint A,

its s eed is its s eed is a constant. ma-imum. its s eed is its s eed is a increasing. minimum. c its s eed is decreasing. .

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.. The figure below shows a lanet tra%eling in a cloc&wise direction on an elli tical ath around a star located at one focus of the elli se. When the lanet is at oint A,

its s eed is its s eed is a constant. ma-imum. its s eed is its s eed is a increasing. minimum. c its s eed is decreasing. .

____

/. The figure below shows a lanet tra%eling in a countercloc&wise direction on an elli tical ath around a star located at one focus of the elli se. When the lanet is at oint A,

its s eed is its s eed is a constant. ma-imum. its s eed is its s eed is a increasing. minimum. c its s eed is decreasing. .

____

0. The figure below shows a lanet tra%eling in a countercloc&wise direction on an elli tical ath around a star located at one focus of the elli se. When the lanet is at oint A,

its s eed is its s eed is a constant. ma-imum. its s eed is its s eed is a increasing. minimum. c its s eed is decreasing. .

____

1. The figure below shows a lanet tra%eling in a cloc&wise direction on an elli tical ath around a star located at one focus of the elli se. When the lanet is at oint A,

its s eed is its s eed is a constant. ma-imum. its s eed is its s eed is a increasing. minimum. c its s eed is decreasing. .

____ 12. The figure below shows a lanet tra%eling in a countercloc&wise direction on an elli tical ath around a star located at one focus of the elli se. When the lanet is at oint A,

its s eed is all of the abo%e are decreasing. correct. its angular none of the abo%e momentum is is correct. increasing. c the gra%itational force does no wor& on . the lanet.

____ 11. When two solid s heres of the same material and same radius r are in contact, the magnitude of the gra%itational force each e-erts on the other is directly ro ortional to a r. b r !. c r'. d r$. e r .. . . . . .

____ 1!. 3uyghens claimed that near the surface of the Earth the %elocity downwards of an ob4ect released from rest, vy, was directly ro ortional to the s#uare root of the distance it had fallen, e#ual to a b c g. d e . . . . . . . . . This is true if c is $g.

____ 1'. "n an isolated system of two bodies that e-ert gra%itational forces on one another, the #uantity 5#uantities6 that remain5s6 constant is5are6 a the total energy of the system. . b the total angular momentum of the system. . c the angular ositions of the two bodies. . d all of the abo%e. . e only 5a6 and 5b6 abo%e. .

____ 1$. 7arla and 8enny are arguing about whether or not it is ossible to esca e the gra%itational field of the Earth. 7arla shows 8enny a system where mass m is rE 5not the Earth(s radius6 distant from Earth and rP 5not lanet 9(s radius6 distant from lanet 9, the mass being on the line connecting the Earth and lanet 9. 7arla states that the mass m has esca ed if F9 on m : FE on m. 8enny disagrees. Which one, if either, is correct, and why? a 7arla, because the total gra%itational force on m is zero at that oint. . b 7arla, because there is no gra%itational force from Earth on m at that oint. . c 7arla, because there is no gra%itational force on m from Earth when r ; rE. . d 8enny, because there is a gra%itational force on m from Earth no matter how great the . distance from the Earth. e 8enny, because the gra%itational force from the Earth can only be bloc&ed by a body that . is larger than the Earth.

____ 1,. 9airs of forces of e#ual magnitude act on identical cylinders as shown in the figures. "n which e-am le is the cylinder in translational and rotational e#uilibrium? a b c d e . . . . .

____ 1.. Angie says that an ob4ect is in e#uilibrium if the net tor#ues about the center of mass is zero. <obbie says that an ob4ect is in e#uilibrium if the sum of e-ternal forces is zero. Which one, if either, is correct? a =oth are correct> an ob4ect is in e#uilibrium if either condition holds. . b Neither is correct> both conditions must hold simultaneously. . c Neither is correct> the net e-ternal force and the net e-ternal tor#ue about any a-is must . be zero. d Neither is correct> an ob4ect is in e#uilibrium only if its %elocity is zero in all coordinate . systems. e =oth are correct> if the sum of the e-ternal forces is zero, the net tor#ue about any a-is is . automatically zero, and %ice %ersa.

____ 1/. ?ebastian has drawn a free@body diagram for a ladder of mass m leaning against a frictionless wall. 3is diagram is shown below. What is his error?

a . b . c . d . e .

is in the wrong direction. should be directed u wards, not down. should be er endicular to the wall, not arallel to it. should be down into the floor for to ha%e the gi%en direction.

is correct, but there should also be a force er endicular to the wall.

____ 10. 8ohn is carrying a sho%elful of snow. The center of mass of the '.22 &g of snow he is holding is 1,.2 cm from the end of the sho%el. 3e is ushing down on the o osite end of the sho%el with one hand and holding it u '2.2 cm from that end with his other hand. "gnore the mass of the sho%el. ?arah says that his hand ushing down on the sho%el must be e-erting a greater force than the hand ushing u . 8ames says it is 4ust the re%erse. Which one, if either, is correct? a ?arah, because the hand ushing down must e-ert a greater force to match the tor#ue . e-erted by the snow. b 8ames, because, de ending on the location of the a-is of rotation, the hand ushing down . can counteract the tor#ue e-erted by the snow. c 8ames, because the hand ushing u must e-ert a force that e#uals the sum of the force of . the hand ushing down and the weight of the snow. d 8ames, because both 5b6 and 5c6 abo%e are correct. . e Neither, because the hands e-ert forces of e#ual magnitudes. .

____ 11. The free body diagram below re resents a 1 ,22 &g car sitting on a ' 222 &g bridge su orted at its far ends. The car(s osition is three #uarters of the length L from the left end of the bridge. "dentify the one error in the tor#ue e#uation below>

a . b .

ne%er roduces a tor#ue on the bridge no matter where the a-is of rotation is laced. ne%er roduces a tor#ue on the bridge no matter where the a-is of rotation is laced.

c .

cannot roduce a tor#ue on the bridge no matter where the a-is of rotation is ta&en since it is at the center of the bridge. from the left end of the bridge is 2, F1L should from the right end of the bridge is 2, F2L

d . =ecause the er endicular distance to be 2. e . =ecause the er endicular distance to should be 2.

Short Answer !2. A uniform ladder 1, ft long is leaning against a frictionless wall at an angle of ,' abo%e the horizontal. The weight of the ladder is '2 ounds. A /,@lb boy climbs ..2@ft u the ladder. What is the magnitude of the friction force e-erted on the ladder by the floor? !1. A horizontal uniform meter stic& su orted at the ,2@cm mar& has a mass of 2.,2 &g hanging from it at the !2@cm mar& and a 2.'2 &g mass hanging from it at the .2@cm mar&. Aetermine the osition on the meter stic& at which one would hang a third mass of 2..2 &g to &ee the meter stic& balanced. !!. The figure shows a uniform, horizontal beam 5length : 12 m, mass : !, &g6 that is i%oted at the wall, with its far end su orted by a cable that ma&es an angle of ,1 with the horizontal. "f a erson 5mass : .2 &g6 stands '.2 m from the i%ot, what is the tension in the cable?

!'. A uniform 122@lb beam is held in a %ertical osition by a in at its lower end and a cable at its u er end. A horizontal force 5magnitude P6 acts as shown in the figure. "f P : /, lb, what is the tension in the cable?

!$. A !,@ft long crane su orted at its lower end by a in is ele%ated by a horizontal cable as shown in the figure. A !,2@lb load is sus ended from the outer end of the crane. The center of gra%ity of the crane is 12 ft from the in, and the crane weighs !22 lb. What is the tension in the horizontal cable?

!,. A uniform beam ha%ing a mass of .2 &g and a length of !.0 m is held in lace at its lower end by a in. "ts u er end leans against a %ertical frictionless wall as shown in the figure. What is the magnitude of the force the in e-erts on the beam?

!.. A uniform 1!2@lb beam is su orted in a horizontal osition by a in and cable as shown in the figure. What is the magnitude of the force by the in on the beam?

!/. The diagrams below show forces a lied to a wheel that weighs !2 N. The symbol which diagram5s6 is5are6 the wheel in e#uilibrium?

stands for the weight. "n

!0. The diagrams below show forces of magnitude B a lied to an e#uilateral triangular bloc& of uniform thic&ness. "n which diagram5s6 is5are6 the bloc& in e#uilibrium?

!1. An ob4ect of mass m is sus ended by two co lanar wires, as shown below. The tension in each wire has a magnitude gi%en by

'2. The 1 ,.2 &g solid steel door to a ban& %ault is !.22 m high, 1.22 m wide and 12 cm thic&. )ne hinge is .2.2 cm down from the to on the left hand side of the door. The other hinge is '2.2 cm u from the bottom. What horizontal force, in what direction, does the door e-ert on the u er hinge? '1. The 1 ,.2 &g solid steel door to a ban& %ault is !.22 m high, 1.22 m wide and 12 cm thic&. )ne hinge is .2.2 cm down from the to on the left hand side of the door. The other hinge is '2.2 cm u from the bottom. What horizontal force, in what direction, does the door e-ert on the lower hinge? '!. A horizontal uniform 1.!2@N meter stic& is held u by two %ertical strings, one at the !2@cm mar& and the other at the .2@cm mar&. What is the tension in the string at the .2@cm mar&? ''. A satellite circles lanet <oton e%ery !.0 h in an orbit ha%ing a radius of 1.! 12/ m. "f the radius of <oton is ,.2 12. m, what is the magnitude of the free@fall acceleration on the surface of <oton? '$. The eriod of a satellite circling lanet Nutron is obser%ed to be 0$ s when it is in a circular orbit with a radius of 0.2 12. m. What is the mass of lanet Nutron? ',. A ,2@&g satellite circles lanet 7ruton e%ery ,.. h in an orbit with a radius of 1! 12. m. What is the magnitude of the gra%itational force on the satellite by lanet 7ruton? '.. Two stars of masses ! and .! are se arated by a distance ". Aetermine the distance 5measured from !6 to a oint at which the net gra%itational force on a third mass would be zero. '/. What is the magnitude of the free@fall acceleration at a oint that is a distance ! # abo%e the surface of the Earth, where # is the radius of the Earth? Exhi it 13-1 Three ,.2@&g masses are located at oints in the $y lane as shown in the figure.

Cse this e-hibit to answer the following #uestion5s6. '0. <efer to E-hibit 1'@1. What is the magnitude of the resultant force 5caused by the other two masses6 on the mass at the origin? '1. <efer to E-hibit 1'@1. What is the magnitude of the resultant force 5caused by the other two masses6 on the mass at $ : 2.$2 m, y : 2? $2. Three ,.2@&g masses are located at oints in the $y lane, as shown. What is the magnitude of the resultant force 5caused by the other two masses6 on the mass at $ : 2, y : 2.'2 m?

$1. What is the gra%itational force on a !2@&g satellite circling the Earth 5radius : ..$ 12. m, mass : ..2 12!$ &g6 with a eriod of ,.2 h? $!. A s aceshi of mass m circles a lanet 5mass : !6 in an orbit of radius #. 3ow much energy is re#uired to transfer the s aceshi to a circular orbit of radius ' #? $'. A s acecraft 5mass : m6 orbits a lanet 5mass : !6 in a circular orbit 5radius : #6. What is the minimum energy re#uired to send this s acecraft to a distant oint in s ace where the gra%itational force on the s acecraft by the lanet is negligible? $$. A ro4ectile is launched from the surface of a lanet 5mass : !, radius : #6. What minimum launch s eed is re#uired if the ro4ectile is to rise to a height of ! # abo%e the surface of the lanet? Aisregard any dissi ati%e effects of the atmos here. $,. An ob4ect is released from rest at a distance h abo%e the surface of a lanet 5mass : !, radius : # D h6. With what s eed will the ob4ect stri&e the surface of the lanet? Aisregard any dissi ati%e effects of the atmos here of the lanet.

$.. What is the &inetic energy of a !22@&g satellite as it follows a circular orbit of radius 0.2 12. m around the Earth? 5+ass of Earth : ..2 12!$ &g.6 $/. An ob4ect is released from rest when it is a height h abo%e the surface of a lanet of mass ! and radius #. What is the s eed of the ob4ect 4ust before stri&ing the surface of the lanet? Neglect any air resistance. Eet h : $.2 12. m, # : ,.2 12. m, and ! : $.2 12!$ &g. $0. A ,2@&g satellite circles the Earth in an orbit with a eriod of 1!2 min. What minimum energy is re#uired to change the orbit to another circular orbit with a eriod of 102 min? 5Earth> radius : ..$ 12. m, mass : ..2 12!$ &g6 $1. 9lanet <oton has a mass of $.2 12!' &g and a radius of !.2 12. m. With what s eed should a s ace robe be launched from the surface of <oton so as to achie%e a ma-imum distance of '.2 12. m from the center of <oton? ,2. 9lanet Fero has a mass of ,.2 12!' &g and a radius of !.2 12. m. A s ace robe is launched %ertically from the surface of Fero with an initial s eed of $.2 &mGs. What is the s eed of the robe when it is '.2 12. m from Fero(s center? ,1. What is the esca e s eed from a lanet of mass ! and radius # if ! : '.! 12!' &g and # : !.$ 12. m? ,!. A satellite of mass m circles a lanet of mass ! and radius # in an orbit at a height !# abo%e the surface of the lanet. What minimum energy is re#uired to change the orbit to one for which the height of the satellite is '# abo%e the surface of the lanet? ,'. 9lanet Fero has a mass of $.2 12!' &g and a radius of !.2 12. m. A 12@&g s ace robe is launched %ertically from the surface of Fero with an initial &inetic energy of 0.2 12/ 8. What ma-imum distance from the center of Fero is achie%ed by the robe? ,$. Two satellites are laced in geosynchronous orbits, orbits with a eriod of !$ hours, where each satellite ho%ers o%er a s ot on the Earth(s e#uator. ?atellite = has three times the mass of satellite A. What is the relationshi between the magnitudes of the gra%itational forces of the Earth on the two satellites? ,,. The eriod of oscillation of a near@Earth satellite 5neglecting atmos heric effects6 is 0$.' min. What is the eriod of a near@+oon satellite? 5#E : ..'/ 12. m* #! : 1./$ 12. m* !E : ,.10 12!$ &g* !! : /.'. 12!! &g.6 ,.. Three gala-ies, each of mass ! : $.2 12$1 &g, lie in a lane at the corners of an e#uilateral triangle with sides of ,.2 12!! m length. The magnitude of the force the other two gala-ies e-ert on each gala-y is

,/. Hnowing that at sea le%el and that #E : ..'/ 12. m, we find that the %alue of g in distance #E from the surface of the Earth is

at a

,0. ?u ose the gra%itational force of the Earth on a body was body need to esca e the gra%itational field of the Earth?

. What esca e %elocity ve would a

,1. An asteroid re%ol%es around the ?un with a erihelion 2., AC and an a helion of /., AC. What is its eriod of re%olution?

.2. A satellite re%ol%es around the Earth in a circular orbit with a mechanical energy of What is its &inetic energy?

8.

AP Physics C Review Guide CH12-13 Answer Section

M!"#$P"E CH%$CE 1. A !. 7 '. = $. = ,. = .. 7 /. E 0. 7 1. = 12. E 11. = 1!. A 1'. E 1$. A 1,. = 1.. 7 1/. 7 10. 7 11. A SH%R# A&S'ER !2. '$ lb

!1. /2 cm !!. 2.'0 &N !'. ,$ lb !$. ,/2 lb !,. 2..0 &N !.. /, lb !/. 7 !0. = !1. mg. '2. . 1,2 N, right '1. . 1,2 N, left '!. 2.12 N ''. !/ mGs! '$. $.' 12!0 &g ',. ,0 N '.. 2.!1 " '/. 1.1 mGs! '0. !.1 120 N '1. 1.. 120 N $2. !.' 120 N $1. '. N $!. %m!G5'#6 $'. %m!G5!#6

$$.

$,. $.. ,.2 121 8 $/. ..1 &mGs $0. !.1 120 8 $1. '.2 &mGs ,2. !.! &mGs ,1. $.! &mGs

,!. ,'. ,.2 12. m ,$. F& : 'F'. ,,. 120 min. ,.. /.$ 12!/ N. ,/. !.$,.

,0. ,1. 0 years .2.