International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Technology (IJIET) ISSN(P): 2277-4769; ISSN(E): 2278-9456 Vol.

4, Issue 1, Feb 2014, 1-8 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

GLASS FABRIC COMBINATION FOR ACOUSTICES OF BUILDING INTERIOR

HIRENI R. MANKODI Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M. S. University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, Baroda, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT
Materials that reduce the acoustic energy of a sound wave as the wave passes through it by the phenomenon of absorption are called sound absorptive materials. They are commonly used to soften the acoustic environment of a closed volume by reducing the amplitude of the reflected waves. Absorptive materials are generally resistive in nature, either fibrous, porous or in rather special cases reactive resonators. Classic examples of resistive materials are nonwovens, fibrous glass, mineral wools, felts and foams. Porous materials used for noise control are generally categorized as fibrous medium or porous foam. Fibrous media usually consists of glass fiber, wool or polyester fibers due to have high acoustic absorption. The work has been done to study the behavior of different glass fabric and its combination with nonwoven on sound absorption behavior. The effect of Glass fabrics and its structures on sound absorption behavior and its advantage to use as wall covering applications has been described. Such types of materials with different structure are promising for home interiors, office interiors, and automobile interiors due to their good sound absorption and insulating properties.

KEYWORDS: Fibrous Material, Acoustics, Sound Absorption Coefficient, Porosity, Nonwoven INTRODUCTION
A Technical Textile is a textile product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where functional properties are the prime requirement. The growth of technical textile shows the upward trend and use of technical products in large verities of applications. Nowadays the most widely technical textile materials are used in filter, Building and Construction, Clothing, Hygiene Medicals and Furniture. One of the technical product applications in building interiors is for Acoustic. Materials that reduce the acoustic energy of a sound wave as the wave passes through it by the phenomenon of absorption are called sound absorptive materials. They are commonly used to soften the acoustic environment of a closed volume by reducing the amplitude of the reflected waves. Absorptive materials are generally resistive in nature, either fibrous, porous or in rather special cases reactive resonators. Classic examples of resistive materials are nonwovens, fibrous glass, mineral wools, felts and foams. When a sound wave strikes on acoustical materials, due to sound pressure the air molecules oscillates and particles of acoustic materials are vibrate due to transmission of sound. This vibration liberates tiny amount of heat due to the friction and thus absorb sound energy is converted to heat energy. The performance of textile absorptive materials are depends on many parameters like gram/square meter (GSM), Thickness, Air permeability, Structures, Orientation of yarn and fibers. The nonwoven fabrics are widely use as back up material due to its different structure, orientation of fibers, different method of manufacturing techniques and type of bonding (Mechanical, Thermal as well as Chemical). There are mainly four factors to be considered in choosing a sound absorbing material for a wall covering for interior like appearance, acoustic performance, environment and cost effectiveness.

Hireni R. Mankodi

CONSTRUCTION OF SOUND PROOF WALL

The sound proof walls are made by using the three to four layers of different materials. The verities of the materials are used for making the sound proof wall. Generally for making the sound proof wall the first layer is cover fabrics, which are the selected based on its look, feel and application. The second layers used the fibrous materials as backup materials. In this layer different types of fibers (Rock wool, fiber glass) or nonwoven fabrics are used and these layers are mainly responsible for the absorbing sound. The last third layer is made by plywood or timber frame which are fixed with the wall. This project introduced the glass fabric as a wall covering. The glass fabric is a good sound absorption and heat insulating properties. The glass fabric cannot directly apply on the wall because of its itching properties. It can be apply by covering with the some acoustic fabric or cover fabric, or by laminating or painting glass fabric as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Construction of Sound Proof Wall This type of wall covering mainly used in the industries. When the glass fabric is used as a wall covering it gives the best results because of its properties like thermal conductivity, chemical resistance, fire resistance etc so this type of wall coverings are giving a good advantages.

ADVANTAGES OF GLASS FABRIC

The glass is an inorganic material due to its unique properties and chemical composition; it will not act as a breeding ground for moulds or fungi. The properties like high tenacity, high impact resistance, fire resistance, chemical resistance and excellent insulating properties make glass fiber ideal material for outdoor and indoor applications, fire resistance wall, insulated wall, roofs and floors. The glass fabrics are also having good reinforcement properties which make it suitable for construction, crack resistance wall and smooth surface with good appearance. The hospital environment should be ecologically sound and disinfected sealed walls, which can be regularly scrubbed to fight against superbugs in this case glass fabrics founds suitable. The walls can easily cover with glass fabrics and easy to clean. The glass fabrics are an unbeatable finish to meet even the most exacting standards required by architects. It can also create design statements of their own with a huge array of textured finishes. The glass fabrics are designed for the long term, offering an attractive and costeffective solution that puts all other wall coverings in the shade.

Glass Fabric Combination for Acoustices of Building Interior

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

The different glass fabric having different Structures and GSM Value has been selected for experiment as shown in figure 2.The three woven glass fabrics, four samples of bi-axial glass fabrics and four multiaxial glass fabrics have been studied for sound reduction.

Figure 2: Different Structures of Glass Fabrics The sound reduction of the fabric has been measured by the Steady State Method a s per the ASTM E336 71. The glass and non woven fabric back up has been taken for the measuring the sound reduction. The measurement of sound absorption of fabrics first measured the sound level without mounting the sample between sound source and sound receiver and then with sample. The difference between these two results gives sound reduction by the samples. This project measured the sound reduction of samples by varying the distance between the sound source and fabric, and sound receiver and fabric. The instrument has been fabricated as shown in figure 3. The steps involves for experiments are mounting the sound source and sound receiver, adjust sound level, sample mounting, adjust the distance between the fabric and sound receiver, adjust the distance between the fabric and sound source and calculate the sound reduction value.

Figure 3: Experimental Setup

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

The three woven glass fabrics, four samples of bi-axial glass fabrics and four multiaxial glass fabrics have been studied for sound reduction the results are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Sound Reduction of Glass Fabrics Sr.No Sample Air GSM Sound Reduction in dB Permeability Woven Glass Fabric 5cm 10cm 15cm 20cm 250 360 6.8 7.3 8.4 10.3 1700 803 3.6 3.7 4 4.4 1800 905 3 3.2 3.8 5.2 Bi-Axial Glass Fabric

1 2 3

GW1 GW2 GW3

Hireni R. Mankodi

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

GB1 GB2 GB3 GB4 GM1 GM2 GM3 GM4

Table 1: Contd 1150 440 3.8 1600 450 2.7 2600 460 1 450 600 8.5 Multiaxial Glass Fabric 525 690 7.2 160 1180 11.7 185 1181 11.4 375 1290 7.8

3.9 3.2 2.4 9 6.6 12.6 11.5 8.2

4.9 4 2.7 9.7 7.7 12.9 12.7 8.9

5.7 4.3 3.2 10.8 8.8 14.5 14 9.4

The Figure 4(a) shows air permeability and GSM value of woven, biaxial and multi axial glass fabrics. GW1 and GW2 are plain weave fabric but it has a different GSM because it made from the different tex of roving. Roving tex of GW1 has 300 tex and GW2 has 2400 tex. GW1 shows low air permeability compared to GW2 because it has been made from the low tex of roving and different GSM. Another woven structure GW3 the twill weave fabrics show similar behavior as GW2. GW1 has been given highest sound reduction and lowest air permeability (Figure 4(b)).
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
GW1 GW2 GW3 GB1 GB2 GB3 GB4 GM1 GM2 GM3 GM4

Air permeability m /m /hr

Air permeability GSM

Different Samples

Figure 4(a): Air Permeability and GSM of Different Glass Fabric

Air permeability, m/m/hr

2000 1500

GW3 GW2

1000
500 GW1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Sound Reduction, dB
Figure 4(b): Air Permeability vs Sound Reduction (at 20 cm) (Woven Glass Fabric) The Bi-axial fabrics also have two directional laying of the glass roving but there is no interlacement between two layers. The stability of the structure is lesser compare to woven structure. Where GB1, GB2 and GB3 have less compact structure compare to GB4, hence GB4 gives the low air permeability and higher sound absorption value. Also the GB4 (45) and GB3 (0, 90) have extreme results due to difference in structure. As explain earlier in biaxial fabrics the laying direction of roving play important role to decide the compactness of the fabric. Generally diagonal laying in two layers give 45 or 60 better compactness (Figure 5).

Glass Fabric Combination for Acoustices of Building Interior

Air permeability, m/m/hr

3000 2500

GB3
GB2

2000
1500

1000
500 0 0 2

GB1
GB4 4 6 8 Sound Reduction, dB 10 12

Figure 5: Air Permeability Vs Sound Reduction (at 20 Cm) (Biaxial Glass Fabric) In multiaxial fabrics the number of layers can be up to 7 but in this study three layered fabric has been taken for study. The multiaxial glass fabric GM1 (90,45) shows the higher air permeability and lower sound reduction compare to GM2 (0,45). This significant difference mainly due to difference in structures, where GM3, GM4 have same structure (90,45) and nearer value of GSM but GM3 shows lower air permeability and higher sound reduction value. This difference may be due to the fabrics are from different companies (Figure 6).

Air permeability, m/m/hr

600

500
400

GM1 GM4
GM3

300
200

100
0

GM2

Figure 6: Air Permeability vs Sound Reduction (at 20 cm) (Multiaxial Glass Fabric) The sound reduction increases as the distance between the sound source and sample have been increases. The relation between sound reduction and fabric to source distance has been shown in Figure 7 (a), (b), (c). The GW1,GB4 and GM2 shows similar trend where sound reduction increases with distance from the sound source and gives the highest sound reduction at 20cm for all three samples
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
0 5 10 15 20 25

10 Sound Reduction, dB

15

20

Sound Reduction, dB

GW1 GW2 GW3

Fabric to Sound Source Distance, cm

Figure 7(a): Distance vs Sound Reduction (Woven Glass Fabric)

Hireni R. Mankodi

Sound Reduction, dB

12 10 8 6 4 2 0
0 5 10 15 20 25

GB1

GB2
GB3 GB4

Figure 7(b): Distance vs Sound Reduction (Biaxial Glass Fabric) Fabric to Sound Source Distance, cm
20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Sound Reduction, dB

GM1 GM2
GM3 GM4

Fabric to Sound Source Distance, cm

Figure 7(c): Distance vs Sound Reduction (Multi Axial Glass Fabric) The different structure of glass fabric like woven, biaxial and multiaxial fabric has taken as wall cover fabric (Table 1). The result it clearly shown that at distance 20 cm all sample give better sound reduction and GM2 the multiaxial fabric shows best result. The best of woven, biaxial, and multiaxial glass fabrics has been taken for study based on earlier results. The woven (GW1), biaxial (GB4), and multiaxial (GM2) glass fabric have been combined with the N1(500 GSM) , N2(750GSM) and N3(1000 GSM) non woven for measuring the sound reduction the result is given in Table 2 Table 2: Sound Reduction of Glass Fabrics + Nonwoven Fabrics Sr.No Sample Sound Reduction dB 5cm 10cm 15cm 20cm N1 10.8 12.5 13.2 14.1 9.9 10.4 11.5 11.8 12.8 13.9 15.3 16.6 N2 10.5 11.5 14 12.6 8.6 9.4 11.8 10.8 12.5 13.6 16.6 15 N3 7.2 11.8 13.2 12 8.2 9.3 11.4 11.4 11.3 12.4 15.5 14.5

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

N1 + GW1 N1 + GB4 N1 + GM2 N2 + GW1 N2 + GB4 N2 + GM2 N3 + GW1 N3 + GB4 N3 + GM2

The above results conclude that the multi axial glass fabric GM2 gives the best sound absorption compare to the woven and biaxial glass fabric with all combination of nonwoven.

Glass Fabric Combination for Acoustices of Building Interior

REFERENCES
1. Michael Coates, Marek Kierzkowski (2002), Acoustic Textile-Lighter, Thinner and more Sound absorbent Technical Textile International, Pg 15-18. 2. Youneung Lee, Changwhan Joo (2003) ,Sound Absorbing Properties of Recycled Polyester Fibrous Assembly Absorbers, AUTEX Research Journal, Vol.3, No.2. 3. Vijayanand S. Moholkar And Marijn M.C.G Warmoeskerken (2003) . Acoustical Characteristics of Textile Materials, Textile Research Journal, Pg 827-837. 4. M.D. Teli, Y. N. Rane (2004) , Evaluation of Non Woven Textile As Sound Absorbents, HPTEX 2004, Pp 352-357. 5. Goran Hudec, Bojan Ivancevic, et al(2007) , Nonwoven Fabric Acoustical Properties 3rd Congress of the Alps Adria Acoustics Association. 6. Surajit Sengupta (2010) , Sound Reduction by Needle Punched Non Woven Fabrics, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 35 , Pg 237-242. 7. Merve KUCUKALI OZTURK, Banu UYGUN NERGIS, et al (2010), A Study on yhe Influence of Fabric Structure on Sound Absorption Behavior of Spac er Knitted Structure, 7th International Conference TEXSCI 2010. 8. Abdel Fattah, A. Mahmoud, et al (2011), Using Nonwoven Hollow Fibers to Improve Car Interior Acoustic Properties, Life Science Journal, Vol 8, Pg 344 -351. 9. Stanciu M.D, Curtu I, et al (2012), Research Regarding Acoustical Properties of Recycled Composites 8th International DAAAM Baltic Conference Industrial Engineering. 10. H. Rammohan, T. Ramachandran (2010), Development and Investigation of Recycled Fibre Nonwovens for Acoustic Absorbing Materials, Journal of the Textile Association, Pg 96 -104.