International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN(P): 2249-6890; ISSN(E): 2249-8001 Vol.

4, Issue 1, Feb 2014, 47-54 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

THE RESULT OF HOT EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) ON THE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE WITH PALM OIL METHYL ESTER
S. NAGA KISHORE1, SIKINDAR BABA2 & T. V. RAO3
1

Associte Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DBS Institute of Technology, Kavali, Andhra Pradesh, India

Associte Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, CVSR College of Engineering, Ghatkesar, Andhra Pradesh, India

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DBS Institute of Technology, Kavali, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Transesterified fuels (biodiesel) from vegetable oils are alternative fuels for diesel engines. They are renewable and offer potential reduction in CO and HC emissions due to higher O2 contents in vegetable oil. Many research studies have reported that exhaust from biodiesel fuel has higher NOx emissions while HC and PM emissions are significantly lower than operated with diesel fuel. The aim of the present investigation is to reduce NOx emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one of the most effective techniques for reducing NOx emissions in compression ignition engines. A Single cylinder four stroke water cooled direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used for conducting test with (Palm methyl ester: PME) biodiesel blends with diesel fuel combined with EGR technique. The results showed that for a 7.5kW power output, B10 and B20 PME with 8% EGR rate produce less NOx emissions compared to diesel fuel for the same level smoke emissions.

KEYWORDS: Diesel Engine, EGR, Palm Methyl Ester, NOx, Pollution

INTRODUCTION
Over recent past years, stringent emission legislations have been imposed on NOx, smoke and particulates emitted from automotive diesel engines world wide. Diesel engines are typically characterized by low fuel consumption and very low CO emissions. However, the NOx emissions from diesel engines still remain high. Hence, in order to meet the environmental legislations, it is highly desirable to reduce the amount of NOx in the exhaust gas. NOx is formed by an endothermic reaction in the burned gas regions of the cylinder. The formation of Nox is very sensitive to higher temperature. Availability of Oxygen and longer burn duration further increase the formation of NOx. Peak combustion temperatures are greately suppressed when the oxygen concentration in the combustion chamber is reduced (Ladommatos et al., 1998). Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the effective diluents which reduce flame temperature (Abd-alla et al, 2001). EGR Involves routing a fraction of engine exhaust gas into the intake manifold where it mixes with the incoming fresh air before being taken into cylinder. On using EGR, some of the oxygen in the cylinder is replaced by exhaust gas constituents like CO2 and H2O. These high specific heat constituents absorb heat released by combustion. Reduced availability of oxygen increases the ignition delay, extending the combustion to expansion stroke causing early quenching of the flume and thus reducing total combustion duration (Gao and Schreiber, 2001). Thus the net effect is to reduce the peak combustion temperature there by reducing the chances of NOx formation.

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Md. Nurun Nabi et al conducted experiments in a four stroke naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine and observed that dieselbiodiesel blends gives lower carbon monoxide and smoke emissions but higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission as compared with conventional diesel fuel [1]. Experimental studies were conducted by V. Pradeep and R. P. Sharma on the performance, emission and combustion parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine running on bio-diesel from rubber seed oil (B100) and its diesel blends viz. B20, B60, B80 and compared with that of pure diesel. Results indicated that the lower brake thermal efficiency for B100 is mainly due to its high viscosity compared to diesel. However, its diesel blends showed reasonable efficiencies, lower smoke and comparable CO and HC emissions. B100 indicated higher smoke, CO, HC and lower peak power NOx emission, compared to its blends and diesel. Significant changes in the combustion parameters were also observed for bio-diesel blends compared to base diesel fuel [2]. Even though bio diesel is a good alternative for diesel, its NOx emissions were found to be higher than diesel engines. This could be reduced by the use of EGR in bio diesel fuelled engines. Deepak Agarwal et al modified a two-cylinder, air-cooled, constant speed direct injection diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel to implement EGR. HCs, NOx, CO, and opacity of the exhaust gas were measured to estimate the emissions. Various engine performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), etc. was calculated from the acquired data. Application of EGR with biodiesel blends resulted in reductions in NOx emissions without any significant penalty in particulate matter emissions or BSEC [3]. k. Rajan and K.R. Senthil kumar et al studied twin cylinder water cooled DI diesel engine with sunflower methyl ester blends with hot EGR. They performed experiments on 15% EGR at their full and partial loads and their results showed increase in brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and reduction in CO, HC and NOx emissions compared to diesel [4]. K. Rajan and K.R. Senthil Kumar et al investigated the effect of Exhaust gas recirculation and internal jet piston on twin cylinder diesel engine with Palm oil Methyl Ester blends and conducted experiments for studying exhaust gas temperature , NOx and smoke emissions at different percentages of EGR rates [5].The main objective of the present research is to investigate the result of exhaust gas recirculation with Palm methyl ester (PME) blends and diesel fuel and also is to investigate the emissions and performance parameters of a diesel engine with biodiesel as fuel. For this experimental study, 8 % EGR has been taken for analysis.

EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION

Figure 1 shows the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) set up in the test engine used for controlling the NOx emissions. EGR is an effective technique of reducing NOx emissions from the diesel engine exhaust. EGR involves replacement of oxygen and nitrogen of fresh air entering in the combustion chamber with the carbon dioxide and water vapour from the engine exhaust. The recirculation of part of exhaust gases into the engine intake air increases the specific heat capacity of the mixture and reduces the oxygen concentration of the intake mixture. These two factors combined lead to significant reduction in NOx emissions. EGR (%) is defined as the mass percentage of the recirculated exhaust (MEGR) in total intake mixture (Mi).

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The test engine which is used in this present investigation was a single cylinder four stroke water cooled, NA, DI diesel engine coupled with mechanical loading. An orifice box is connected to the inlet manifold and the air mass flow rate

The Result of Hot Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Palm oil Methyl Ester

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is measured using the U-tube manometer connected to the orifice box. The EGR system consists of a piping system taken from the engine exhaust pipe and filter is used to prevent smoke from re-entering the cylinder. Thermocouples are connected to inlet and exit of Manifolds. The probe of exhaust gas analyzer is inserted into the exhaust pipe for emission measurement. The engine is loaded using an rope brake dynamometer and the load on the engine is noted down. Instrumentation is provided for the measurement of fuel consumption and load on brake drum. The arrangement of experimental set up is shown in figure 1. The specifications of the test engine are as given in Table 1. The experiment was conducted with conventional diesel fuel, and palm methyl ester (PME).The properties of the diesel fuel and palm methyl ester are shown in Table 2.

Figure 1: Experimental Setup Using EGR Table 1: Engine Specifications Make Engine BHP RPM Fuel Bore Stroke length Starting Working Cycle Method of Cooling Method of Ignition Topland Four stroke Single cylinder 5HP 1500 Diesel 80mm 110mm Cranking Four stroke Water cooled Compression Ignition

Table 2: Properties of Diesel and Palm Methyl Ester Property Kinematic Viscosity at 380C (mm2/s) Density (Kg/m3) Calorific value (MJ/Kg) Flash Point (0C) Cetane Number Diesel 2.7 840 42.5 52 47 PME 4.5 855 41.3 174 53

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Experiments on compression ignition engine were carried out using diesel at 1500 rpm and 8% EGR rate in order to study the smoke density and NOX concentration in the exhaust emissions. Advanced amount of smoke is observed at exhaust when the engine is operated with EGR compared to without EGR. Smoke emissions increase with increasing engine load and EGR rate. EGR decreases availability of oxygen for combustion of fuel, which results in relatively

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incomplete combustion and increased formation of PME and reducing NOX emissions from diesel engine. Using biodiesel in diesel engine, smoke is decreased with increase in NOX. Thus, biodiesel with EGR can be used to reduce NOX and smoke intensity simultaneously. A number of experiments were carried out at 8% EGR using diesel, B20 and B10 PME of biodiesel. The performance and emission data were analyzed when compared to without EGR for thermal efficiency, Mfc, HC, CO and NOX.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Brake Thermal Efficiency

Graph 1: Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Load Graph 1 shows the variations of brake thermal efficiency of diesel and palm methyl ester blends (PME) with and without EGR. It is observed that from the figure the brake thermal efficiencies are increased with increase in load with EGR at lower load due to re-burning of hydrocarbons that enter in to the combustion chamber with the recirculated exhaust gases and at full load operation the brake thermal efficiency not affected by exhaust gases. The brake thermal efficiencies are improved with increasing concentration of bio diesel and its diesel blends due to the higher oxygen present in the bio diesel. B20 PME, B10 PME with 8% EGR show 10% and 7% increase in brake thermal efficiency at lower loads compared to diesel without EGR Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)

Graph 2: Variation of BSFC with Load Graph 2 shows the variations of BSFC for diesel and biodiesel blends with and without EGR. The brake specific fuel consumptions for diesel are almost similar at lower loads when engine is operated with EGR compared to without EGR. However, at higher engine loads, the brake specific fuel consumptions with EGR are higher to that of without EGR for diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumptions are decreased with increasing concentration of biodiesel blends when the engine is operated on biodiesel blends with EGR due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of the sunflower methyl ester when compared to diesel with and without EGR. The brake specific fuel consumptions are decreased about 11 % for B10 and 12.5 % for B20 palm methyl ester blends with EGR. Exhaust Gas Temperature Graph 3 shows the variations of exhaust gas temperature with diesel and blends of biodiesel with EGR. It can be

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observed that with increase in load, exhaust gas temperature also increases. The exhaust gas temperature was found to be lower for EGR operated engine with diesel due to lower availability of oxygen for combustion and higher specific heat of intake exhaust gas air mixture. The temperature of the exhaust gases for B10 and B20 palm methyl ester were observed lower than the diesel without EGR.

Graph 3: Variation of Exhaust Gas Temperature with Load Volumetric Efficiency

Graph 4: Variation of Volumetric Efficiency with Load Graph 4 shows that variation of volumetric efficiency of the engine at different loads it was to found that the volumetric efficiency is lower for EGR operated engine with diesel and biodiesel blends due to high specific heat of intake exhaust gas in mixture. The volumetric efficiencies of Biodiesel blends are almost similar to diesel using EGR. The volumetric efficiencies for diesel and biodiesel blends at loads with 8% EGR are lower than diesel without EGR.

EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS

Unburnt Hydro Carbon Emissions (UBHC)

Graph 5: Variations of Hydrocarbon Emission with Load Graph 5 shows the variations of UBHC emissions of diesel and palm methyl ester blends with and without EGR. The UBHC increases with increase in load and EGR rate. because of lower oxygen content available for combustion, that is lower excess oxygen concentration results rich mixture which results incomplete combustion and results higher hydro carbon emission. It is also observed from the graph the 10% and 20%biodiesel blend with 8% EGR gives 30% and 45 % lower UBHC emissions compared to diesel with EGR.

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Carbon Monoxide Emissions (CO)

Graph 6: Variations of CO Emissions with Load Graph 6 shows the variations of CO emissions of diesel and palm methyl ester with EGR and without EGR. The CO increases with increase in load and EGR rate. However, CO emissions of PME were comparatively lower. Higher values of CO were observed at loads for both diesel and biodiesel fuels with EGR. For biodiesel, the excess oxygen content is believed to have partially compensated for the oxygen deficient operation under EGR. Dissociation CO2 to CO at peak loads where high combustion temperatures and comparatively fuel rich operation exists, can also contribute to higher CO emissions. It is observed that from the graph CO emissions are 8% and 25% lower for B10and B20 biodiesel blends respectively compared with diesel when the engine is operated with EGR. Nitrogen Oxides Emission (NOX)

Graph 7: Formation of Nox Emissions with Load Figure 7 shows the variations of NOx emissions of diesel and Palm oil methyl ester with and without EGR. The degree of reduction in NOx at higher at higher loads. The reasons for reduction in NOx emissions using EGR in diesel engines are reduced oxygen concentration and decreased the flame temperatures in the combustion chamber. However, NOx emissions in case of biodiesel blends without EGR are higher than diesel due to higher temperatures prevalent in the combustion chamber. It is also observed from the graph the 10 % and 20 % biodiesel blends have 15 % and 10 % lower NOx emissions respectively when compared to diesel fuel without EGR.

CONCLUSIONS
In this report the performance and emission characteristics of diesel fuel and PME blends with exhaust gas recirculation were investigated. The results of this study may be summarized as follows: The brake thermal efficiency was increased to 7% when engine is operated with biodiesel blends (B10) of 8% EGR compared to diesel without EGR. The Brake Specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was decreased to 11% due to lower calorific value of the biodiesel

The Result of Hot Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Palm oil Methyl Ester

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when engine is operated with biodiesel blends (B10) of 8% EGR compared to diesel without EGR. The volumetric efficiency was reduced due to high specific heat of gases when engine is operated with EGR compared to without EGR The total un burnt HC and CO emissions were decreased by 30% and 8% for 10% biodiesel blends respectively compared to diesel fuel with EGR and smoke emissions were observed as increases, due to incomplete combustion. Compared with conventional diesel fuel, the exhaust NOx was reduced about 15% at 10 % biodiesel blends with 8% EGR due to less oxygen available in the recirculated exhaust gases which lowers the flame temperature in the combustion chamber.

REFERENCES
1. Md. Nurun Nabi , Md. Shamim Akhter, Mhia Md. Zaglul Shahadat, Improvement of engine emissions with conventional diesel fuel and dieselbiodiesel blends, Bio resource Technology, vol. 97,pp 372- 378, 2006. 2. V. Pradeep and R. P. Sharma, Evaluation of Performance, Emission and C ombustion Parameters of a CI Engine Fuelled with Bio-Diesel from Rubber Seed Oil and its Blends, Proceedings of International Mobility Engineering Congress and exposition 2005, SAE Technical Paper No. 2005-26-353, pp 339-346, 2005 3. Deepak Agarwal, Shailendra Sinha and Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Experimental investigation of control of NOx emissions in biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engine, Renewable Energy, pp 960-1481, 2005. 4. K. rajan and K.R. Senthil Kumar, The Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Sunflower Oil Methyl Ester, International Journal of Chemical Engineering Research Volume 1, Number 1 pp 3139, 2009. 5. K. rajan and K.R. Senthil Kumar, Reduction of NOx and Smoke emissions on diesel engine with internal jet piston with bio diesel with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) technique, International Journal on Design and manufacturing Technologie, Volume 6, Number 1, pp 4147, 2012. 6. Ladommatos, N., Abdelhalim, S. M., Zhao, H. and Hu, Z., The effects of carbon dioxide in exhaust gas recirculation on Diesel engine emission. Proc. Institution of Mechanical Engineering , pp 212225, 1998. 7. Abd-Alla. G.H, Soliman. H.A, Badr O.A, Rabbo. M.F, Effects of diluents and intake air temperature in exhaust gas recirculation of an indirect injection dual fuel engine, Energy Conversion Management Vol. 42 pp 1033- 1045, 2001. 8. Gao. Z. and Schreiber. W, The effects of EGR and split fuel injection on diesel engine emission. Internation Jounal on Automotive Technology 2, 4, pp 123133, 2001.