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BENTUK MINERAL DENGAN SUSUNAN KRISTAL YANG SAMA MEMILIKI KETERATURAN SISTEM KRISTAL YANG SAMA PULA
Symmetry
Motif: the fundamental part of a symmetric design that, when repeated, creates the whole pattern Operation: some act that reproduces the motif to create the pattern
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
A Symmetrical Pattern
6 6
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements Operation 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
= the symbol for a two-fold rotation
Motif
Element
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
= 360o/2 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
= the symbol for a two-fold rotation
6 6
second operation step
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation a. Two-fold rotation
Some familiar objects have an intrinsic symmetry
180o rotation makes it coincident
Second 180o brings the object back to its original position Whats the motif here??
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation b. Three-fold rotation
= 360o/3 rotation to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation b. Three-fold rotation
step 1
step 3
step 2
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 1. Rotation
6
6
6 6
6 6
6
1-fold
2-fold
3-fold
4-fold
6-fold
a
identity
5-fold and > 6-fold rotations will not work in combination with translations in crystals (as we shall see later). Thus we will exclude them now.
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 2. Inversion (i)
inversion through a center to reproduce a motif in a symmetrical pattern = symbol for an inversion center
inversion is identical to 2-fold rotation in 2-D, but is unique in 3-D (try it with your hands)
6 6
2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements 3. Reflection (m)
Reflection across a mirror plane reproduces a motif
2-D Symmetry
We now have 6 unique 2-D symmetry operations:
1 2 3 4 6 m
Rotations are congruent operations reproductions are identical Inversion and reflection are enantiomorphic operations reproductions are opposite-handed
2-D Symmetry
Combinations of symmetry elements are also possible To create a complete analysis of symmetry about a point in space, we must try all possible combinations of these symmetry elements
In the interest of clarity and ease of illustration, we continue to consider only 2-D examples
2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror
2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Step 1: reflect
(could do either step first)
2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Step 1: reflect
2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Step 1: reflect
2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Step 1: reflect
2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Step 1: reflect
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Step 1: reflect
Step 2: rotate 1
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Step 1: reflect
Step 2: rotate 2
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
Step 1: reflect
Step 2: rotate 3
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
2-D Symmetry
3-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 3m Why not 3mmm?
2-D Symmetry
6-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 6mm
2-D Symmetry
All other combinations are either: Incompatible (2 + 2 cannot be done in 2-D) Redundant with others already tried m + m 2mm because creates 2-fold This is the same as 2 + m 2mm
2-D Symmetry
The original 6 elements plus the 4 combinations creates 10 possible 2-D Point Groups: 1 2 3 4 6 m 2mm 3m 4mm 6mm
Any 2-D pattern of objects surrounding a point must conform to one of these groups
3-D Symmetry
New 3-D Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
a. 1-fold rotoinversion ( 1 )
3-D Symmetry
New 3-D Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
a. 1-fold rotoinversion ( 1 )
3-D Symmetry
New 3-D Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
a. 1-fold rotoinversion ( 1 ) Step 1: rotate 360/1 (identity) Step 2: invert
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 )
Step 1: rotate 360/2 Note: this is a temporary step, the intermediate motif element does not exist in the final pattern
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 )
The result:
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
b. 2-fold rotoinversion ( 2 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) 1
Step 1: rotate 360o/3 Again, this is a temporary step, the intermediate motif element does not exist in the final pattern
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
3
Complete second step to create face 3 2
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
4
2
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) Fifth step creates face 6 (5 (3) 6) Sixth step returns to face 1 5 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
c. 3-fold rotoinversion ( 3 ) 3
This is unique
5 4 6
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
1: Rotate 360/4
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3: Rotate 360/4
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
5: Rotate 360/4
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
d. 4-fold rotoinversion ( 4 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3
2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3
2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3
2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3
2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3
5 2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3
5 2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
3
5 2 1
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
Note: this is the same as a 3-fold rotation axis perpendicular to a mirror plane
Top View
3-D Symmetry
New Symmetry Elements 4. Rotoinversion
e. 6-fold rotoinversion ( 6 )
A simpler pattern
Top View
3-D Symmetry
We now have 10 unique 3-D symmetry operations:
1 2 3 4 6 i 2 3 4 6
Combinations of these elements are also possible A complete analysis of symmetry about a point in space requires that we try all possible combinations of these symmetry elements
3-D Symmetry
3-D symmetry element combinations d. Combinations of rotations 2 + 2 at 90o 222 (third 2 required from combination) 4 + 2 at 90o 422 ( ) 6 + 2 at 90o 622 ( )
3-D Symmetry
As in 2-D, the number of possible combinations is limited only by incompatibility and redundancy There are only 22 possible unique 3-D combinations, when combined with the 10 original 3-D elements yields the 32 3-D Point Groups
3-D Symmetry
But it soon gets hard to visualize (or at least portray 3-D on paper)
Fig. 5.18 of Klein (2002) Manual of Mineral Science, John Wiley and Sons
3-D Symmetry
The 32 3-D Point Groups
Every 3-D pattern must conform to one of them. This includes every crystal, and every point within a crystal
Increasing Rotational Symmetry Rotation axis only Rotoinversion axis only Combination of rotation axes One rotation axis mirror One rotation axis || mirror Rotoinversion with rotation and mirror Three rotation axes and mirrors Additional Isometric patterns 2/m 2/m 2/m 23 2/m 3 1 1 (= i ) 2 2 (= m) 222 2/m 2mm 3 3 32 3/m (= 6) 3m 3 2/m 4 4 422 4/m 4mm 4 2/m 4/m 2/m 2/m 432 43m 6 6 (= 3/m) 622 6/m 6mm 6 2/m 6/m 2/m 2/m 4/m 3 2/m
Table 5.1 of Klein (2002) Manual of Mineral Science, John Wiley and Sons
3-D Symmetry
The 32 3-D Point Groups Regrouped by Crystal System
(more later when we consider translations)
Crystal System Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Hexagonal No Center 1 2, 2 (= m) 222, 2mm 4, 4, 422, 4mm, 42m 3, 32, 3m 6, 6, 622, 6mm, 62m Isometric 23, 432, 43m Center 1 2/m 2/m 2/m 2/m 4/m, 4/m 2/m 2/m 3, 3 2/m 6/m, 6/m 2/m 2/m 2/m 3, 4/m 3 2/m
Table 5.3 of Klein (2002) Manual of Mineral Science, John Wiley and Sons
3-D Symmetry
The 32 3-D Point Groups