Pei Notes 1) Ethnicity; Could you explain for an international readership that a) there is no specific word in Chinese for

ethno-linguistic group as defined by ILO Convention 1 ! b) "ethnicity# in China has been discursively subsu$ed under the rubric of "%inority &ationality# which has very little ethno-linguistic basis' In order to deter$ine (nationality( China relied heavily on )talin*s theory of national identity+ %organ*s theory of social evolution+ and Engel,s* rewor-ing of %organ*s (Origin of the .a$ily+ /rivate /roperty and the )tate( in order to integrate the$ into the national state' 0)ee %c1hann 1!! 2arrell 1!!3a and 1!!3b 4runfeld 1!56 Eronen 1!! Cannon 1!5! 7ulag 1!!! 2oward 1!!89' China,s ethno-linguistic people groups were delineated according to state concerns about political stability in the border areas and ad$inistrative integration' : Ethnic groups in ;unnan< Could you explain that these statistics refer to "$inority nationalities# in ;unnan and that on the basis of ethno-linguistic groups there are in excess of : = ethnic groups with 135 ethnony$s > 16? exony$s @.ei Aiaotong 1!5= Li ;ouyi
1!5=+ Lin ;uehua 1!58)

3) Borship of trees+ ani$als and $ountains' I would have to Cuestion if the e$perors were "worshipping# the $ountain or the ethnic people of ;unnan "worship# the trees+ forests or hills' Dhe e$perors appear to be perfor$ing rituals to heaven and the ethnic people @I have studied) appear to be pri$arily placating the ani$istic spirits that reside in the forest or $ountains or in "tote$# ani$als' 8) .eng Chan ritual< Could you explain that according to the )hiEi the fengchan @) ritual co$prised two cere$onies @feng and chan) that were perfor$ed @at the top and botto$ of %ount Dai) by the Fin E$peror in :1! 7C and the 2an e$peror in 11= 7C' Its chief purpose according to the early literature was to ensure the longevity and to confer heaven*s abdication of authority on secular affairs in favor of the e$peror @Liu :==3)' It was a spiritual extension of the rigid hierarchy of the ancient Chinese socio-political real$ @Liu :==3) and predicated on a paradig$ that according to Duan @1! 5) *legiti$iGed* a social hierarchy and authoritarian control over nature and hu$an-ind+ and often resulted in deforested $ountains+ erosion+ clogged strea$s and totalitarianis$' @Dhe Shi Ji is the na$e given to the history of China*s dynastic e$pires+ written during the second century 7C)' http<HHwww'china-nowledge'deHLiteratureH2istoriographyHshiIi'ht$l 6) E$perors and environ$ental protection< Could you refer to the literature that does refer $ore specifically to the e$peror,s role in nature conservation @eg Ed$onds 1!!8)

6) Eco-spiritual paradig$s' Could you refer to the literature which differentiates between the eco-spiritual paradig$ found a$ong ani$istic societies @such as the JaiGu) and Chinese religions and philosophies such as Jaois$+ Confucianis$ and 7uddhis$' @)ee Ec-el 1!!?+ 1ellert 1!!1 1!!6+ )eeland 1!!3 )tudley :==6+ Duan 1! 5) ?) Dhe Jai< Could you explain that you are referring here to the JaiGu which co$prises 6 ethno-linguistic groups with 6 dialects and 6 scripts 5) 2oly 2ills< Could you explain that the origin of the "holy-hill# forests lie in ani$istic+ pre-7uddhist beliefs of the JaiGu' Kccording to the Jai+ the spirits reside on certain hills' Kll the ani$als and plants inhabiting the sacred hills are considered to be either co$panions of the spirits or creatures of the sacred world' @2u 2uabin :==3) !) Could you refer to ethnic groups who have si$ilar beliefs @eg Dhe ;ul-lha pheno$ena a$ong the Dibetan people @)tudley :==6) and the sarna pheno$ena a$ong the Indian adivasi people /araIuli :==1) 1=) Dhe Jai< Could you say $ore about the ani$istic beliefs of the JaiGu; I -now the JaiGu were ani$ists before they e$braced Dheravada 7uddhis$ and their belief in the spirit world re$ains alive today' Kccording to Lheng Aiaoyun @:==1) Dhe Jai believe that biophysical pheno$ena are endowed with spirits and souls' Dhey believe that rivers+ $ountains+ woods and crops all e$body individual spirits that reCuire placating' Dhey pray+ for exa$ple+ before ploughing and before and after going hunting' @Lheng Aiaoyun :==1) 11) ;iGu < Could you explain that you are referring here to the ;i $inority nationality who $ainly live in )ichuan+ ;unnan+ 4uiGhou and 4uangxi /rovince' Dhey co$prise at least 88 ethnic groups with their own ethnony$ and 1== dialects @2attaway :===)' One source @2su Itang 1!88) even goes as far as to divide the ;i nationality into 856 ethnic groups each occupying a distinct territory' Mefs
7ulag+ N' 1!!!+ *Ethnic Mesistance with )ocialist Characteristics*+ in Chinese Society+ eds' E' /erry > )elden+ %+ Moutledge+ London+ pp' 1?5-1!?' Cannon+ D' 1!5!+ *&ational %inorities and the Internal .rontier*+ in China's Regional Development+ ed' 4ood$an+ J+ Moutledge for Dhe Moyal Institute of International Kffairs+ London+ pp' 1 8-1?!' Ec-el+ %' 1!!?+ *Is Dhere a 7uddhist /hilosophy of &atureO*+ in Buddhism and Ecology+ eds' %' Duc-er > Billia$s+ J+ 2arvard Nniversity+ Ca$bridge %K+ pp' 3:?-38!' Ed$onds+ M' 1!!8 Patterns of China's Lost Harmony+ Moutledge+ London Eronen+ E' 1!!5+ *K 4eopolitical Kpproach to China*s .uture as an E$pire*+ i!dschrift voor Economische en Sociale "eografie+ vol' 5!+ no' 1+ pp' 8-18'

.ei Aiaotong' 1!5=+ *On the Fuestion of Identification of &ationalities in China*+ Chinese Social Sciences# no$ %+ vol' 1' 4runfeld+ D' 1!56+ *In )earch of ECuality< Melations 7etween China*s Ethnic %inorities and the %aIority 2an*+ Bulletin of Concerned &sian Scholars+ vol' 1?+ no' 1+ pp' 68- ?' 2arrell+ ) ed' 1!!3a he Civili'ing Pro!ect ( Peripheral Peoples of China Encounter Confucianism Christians and Communists+ Nniversity of Bashington /ress+ )eattle BK 2arrell+ )' 1!!3b+ *Linguistics and 2ege$ony in China in Language in /ower*+ )nt Journal of the Sociology of Language+ vol' 1=3+ pp' !?-118' 2attaway+ /' :=== *peration China( )ntroducing all the peoples of China+ /iCuant+ Carlisle N1 2oward+ /' 1!!8+ *Dhe confrontation of $odern and traditional -nowledge syste$s in develop$ent*+ Canadian Journal of Communication+ vol' 1!+ p 2su Itang 0Au ;itang9' 1!88 Lei+o ,iaolaingshan 'hi Lomin -& Report of the Lolo in Lei+o# ,iaoliang .ountains/ + Nniversity of &anIing Institute of Chinese Cultural )tudies+ Chengdu 2u 2uabin' :==3+ *)acred &atural )ites in Aishuangbanna+ in )outh-Bestern China*+ in he )mportance of Sacred 0atural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation + ed' N&E)CO-%K7+ N&E)CO+ /aris' 1ellert+ )' 1!!6+ *Concepts of &ature East and Best*+ in Reinventing 0ature1 Responses to Post2modern Deconstruction+ eds' %' )oule > Lease+ 4+ Island /ress+ Bashington JC+ pp' 1=3-1:1' 1ellert+ )' 1!!1+ *Eapanese perceptions of Bildlife*+ Conservation Biology+ vol' 6+ pp' :!?-3=5' Li ;ouyi' 1!5= Ethnology in China+ 4riffith Nniversity /ress Lin ;uehua' 1!58+ *Lhongguo Ainan JiCu Je %inGu )hibie# 0Ethnic )tudies in )outhwest China9*+ 3unnan Shehui 4e5ue+ vol' :+ no' 1' Liu+ 2' :==3+ *Dhe Kbduction of %odernity*+ &sia imes 6*nline7' http<HHwww'ati$es'co$Hati$esHChinaHE411Kd=1'ht$l %c1hann+ C' 1!! + *Dhe &axi and the &ationalities Fuestion*+ in Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic 8rontiers+ ed' )' 2arrell+ 2ong 1ong Nniversity /ress+ pp' 3!- :' /araIuli+ /' :==1+ *&o &ature Kpart< Kdivasi Cos$ovision and Ecological Jiscourses in Ehar-hand India*+ in Sacred Landscapes and Cultural Politics( Planting a tree+ eds' /' Krnold > 4old+ K + Kshgate+ Kldershot 7urlington )ingapore )ydney+ pp' 53-113' )eeland+ 1' 1!!3+ *)ans-ritisation and Environ$ental /erception K$ong Dibeto-7ur$an )pea-ing 4roups*+ in &nthropology of i+et and the Himalaya+ eds' C' Ma$ble > 7rauen+ %+ Nniversity of Lurich+ Lurich+ pp' 368-3 3' )tudley+ E' :==6+ Sustaina+le 4no9ledge Systems and Resource Ste9ardship( )n search of ethno2forestry paradigms for the indigenous peoples of Eastern 4ham$+ /hJ thesis+ Loughborough Nniversity' Duan ;i-.u' 1! 5+ *Jiscrepancies between environ$ental attitude and behaviour< Exa$ples fro$ Europe and China*+ Canadian "eographer+ vol' 1:+ pp' 1? -1!1'

Aiaoyun+ L' + Dhe Culture Of Dhe 2uayaodai Knd Its /rospects< Co$parative Mesearch On Dhe Cultural Characteristics Of Dhe Jai /eoples Living In Dhe Npper Meaches Of Dhe Med Miver+ 0Online9+ Kvailable fro$< Phttp<HHwww'channelwest'co$HfilesHyns-yHfilesH=?'ht$Q'