ML-530

Form Factor: Processor: Pentium III Xeon 866 MHz Processors Qty.: 1 Installed Memory: 128 MB (SDRAM) Platform: PC

Processor
Processor Manufacturer: Intel Processor Type: Pentium III Xeon Processor Speed: 866 MHz Installed Qty: 1 Max Supported Qty: 2 Processor p!rada"#l#ty: Upgr ! "le

Memory
Installed $%M: 128 MB $%M Tec&nolo!y: SDRAM Max#mum $%M: # $B

'ard (r#)e
*nd Stora!e +ontroller: ID% & %ID%

,et-or.#n!
,et-or.#n! Type: 'et(or) A! pter (ata L#n. Protocol: %t*ernet + , -t %t*ernet

Mot&er"oard
Installed L* +ac&e Memory: 2.6 /B /#deo 0utput Interface: PCI

+( 1 (/(
+( 1 (/( Type: CD0R1M

0t&er (r#)es
Floppy Type: 23.4 13## MB 5lopp6

%ud#o 1 /#deo
Max. /#deo $esolut#on: 1677 8 1277

Installed /#deo Memory: # MB

(#mens#ons
: 2 9e r-

M#scellaneous
2xter#or +olor: :*ite Product I(: 27121868

More Informat#on
(eta#ls: Comp ; Pro<i nt M<.27 i- one o5 t*e (orl!=- 5 -te-t 20( 6 -er>ert* t ?om"ine- m 8imum per5orm n?e (it* ultim te e8p n-ion n! m n ge "ilit6 5e ture-3 :it* t*e ne8t0gener tion Hig*l6 P r llel S6-tem Ar?*ite?ture@ t*e M<.27 pro>i!e- t*e 5 -te-t o>er ll 20( 6 -6-tem per5orm n?e3AAIn !!ition to it- le !ing per5orm n?e@ t*e M<.27 i- l-o optimize! 5or m 8imum intern l -6-tem e8p n-ion3 Com"ine! (it* it- per5orm n?e n! e8p n-ion ? p "ilitie-@ t*e M<.27 5e ture- in!u-tr60le !ing m n gement tool- in?lu!ing Comp ; Remote In-ig*t <ig*t-01ut m n gement -upport@ Comp ; In-ig*t M n ger@ n! Sm rtSt rt gu r nteeing m 8imum net(or) uptime n! -impli?it6 o5 o(ner-*ip3 :it* le !ing 20( 6 per5orm n?e@ e8p n-ion@ n! m n ge "ilit6 5e ture-@ t*e M<.27 it*e i!e l -olution to run 6our ?riti? l 5ile@ ! t " -e@ n! ?omple8 :e" ppli? tion-3

ML530T02 X3.0-512KB, Processor 1024MB, 1P Processor System Bus 271243-xx1 Processor Memory Memory Net or! "o#tro$$er Stor%&e "o#tro$$er '%r( )r*+e ,#ter#%$ Stor%&e Po er Su--$*es System .%# )r*+e "%&es O-t*c%$ )r*+e )*s!ette )r*+e .orm .%ctor ML530T02 X3.0-512KB, Processor 1024MB, 2P Processor System Bus 271245-xx1 Processor Memory Memory

One Intel Xeon 3.0 GHz Processor standard (up to 2 supported) 400 MHz system bus !2"#$ le%el 2 cac&e per processor !024 M$ ('tandard) !()3*4 M$ (Ma+,mum) P-!(00 .d%anced /-'01.M2 23! ,nterlea%ed memory NOTE: Ma+,mum memory ac&,e%ed us,n4 204* M$ 0IMMs. /mbedded 5-3!(3 6ast /t&ernet 5I- P-I !07!00 8,t& 9O: (9a;e On :.5) Inte4rated 0ual -&annel 9,de <ltra3 '-'I .dapter 5one s&,p standard !2 != &ot plu4 &ard dr,%e bays standard One (009 Hot Plu4 Po8er 'upply Hot Plu4 'ystem 6ans >8o ( + != 0r,%e -a4es standard 40+ or &,4&er I0/ -0"1OM 0r,%e !.44 M$ 0,s;ette 0r,%e >o8er

>8o Intel Xeon 3.0 GHz Processor standard 400 MHz system bus !2"#$ le%el 2 cac&e per processor !024 M$ ('tandard) !()3*4 M$ (Ma+,mum) P-!(00 .d%anced /-'01.M2 23! ,nterlea%ed memory

Net or! "o#tro$$er Stor%&e "o#tro$$er '%r( )r*+e ,#ter#%$ Stor%&e Po er Su--$*es System .%# )r*+e "%&es O-t*c%$ )r*+e )*s!ette )r*+e .orm .%ctor ML530T02 X2./0512KB, 1024MB, 1P 306487-xx1 Processor Processor System Bus Processor Memory Memory Net or! "o#tro$$er Stor%&e "o#tro$$er '%r( )r*+e ,#ter#%$ Stor%&e Po er Su--$*es System .%# )r*+e "%&es O-t*c%$ )r*+e )*s!ette )r*+e .orm .%ctor ML530T02 X2./0512KB, 1024MB, 2P 306489-xx1 Processor Processor System Bus Processor Memory Memory Net or! "o#tro$$er Stor%&e "o#tro$$er '%r( )r*+e ,#ter#%$ Stor%&e Po er Su--$*es System .%# )r*+e "%&es O-t*c%$ )r*+e )*s!ette )r*+e .orm .%ctor ML530T02 X2.40512KB, 1024MB, 1P Processor Processor System Bus

NOTE: Ma+,mum memory ac&,e%ed us,n4 204* M$ 0IMMs. /mbedded 5-3!(3 6ast /t&ernet 5I- P-I !07!00 8,t& 9O: (9a;e On :.5) Inte4rated 0ual -&annel 9,de <ltra3 '-'I .dapter 5one s&,p standard !2 != &ot plu4 &ard dr,%e bays standard 1edundant (009 Hot Plu4 Po8er 'uppl,es (!? ! redundancy) 1edundant Hot Plu4 'ystem 6ans >8o ( + != 0r,%e -a4es standard 40+ or &,4&er I0/ -0"1OM 0r,%e !.44 M$ 0,s;ette 0r,%e >o8er

One Intel Xeon 2.*0 GHz Processor standard (up to 2 supported) 400 MHz system bus !2"#$ le%el 2 cac&e per processor !024 M$ ('tandard) !()3*4 M$ (Ma+,mum) P-!(00 .d%anced /-'01.M2 23! ,nterlea%ed memory NOTE: Ma+,mum memory ac&,e%ed us,n4 204* M$ 0IMMs. /mbedded 5-3!(3 6ast /t&ernet 5I- P-I !07!00 8,t& 9O: (9a;e On :.5) Inte4rated 0ual -&annel 9,de <ltra3 '-'I .dapter 5one s&,p standard !2 != &ot plu4 &ard dr,%e bays standard One (009 Hot Plu4 Po8er 'upply Hot Plu4 'ystem 6ans >8o ( + != 0r,%e -a4es standard 40+ or &,4&er I0/ -0"1OM 0r,%e !.44 M$ 0,s;ette 0r,%e >o8er

>8o Intel Xeon 2.*0 GHz Processor standard 400 MHz system bus !2"#$ le%el 2 cac&e per processor !024 M$ ('tandard) !()3*4 M$ (Ma+,mum) P-!(00 .d%anced /-'01.M2 23! ,nterlea%ed memory NOTE: Ma+,mum memory ac&,e%ed us,n4 204* M$ 0IMMs. /mbedded 5-3!(3 6ast /t&ernet 5I- P-I !07!00 8,t& 9O: (9a;e On :.5) Inte4rated 0ual -&annel 9,de <ltra3 '-'I .dapter 5one s&,p standard !2 != &ot plu4 &ard dr,%e bays standard 1edundant (009 Hot Plu4 Po8er 'uppl,es (!? ! redundancy) 1edundant Hot Plu4 'ystem 6ans >8o ( + != 0r,%e -a4es standard 40+ or &,4&er I0/ -0"1OM 0r,%e !.44 M$ 0,s;ette 0r,%e >o8er One Intel Xeon 2.40 GHz Processor standard (up to 2 supported) 400 MHz system bus

Processor Memory Memory Net or! "o#tro$$er Stor%&e "o#tro$$er '%r( )r*+e ,#ter#%$ Stor%&e Po er Su--$*es System .%# )r*+e "%&es O-t*c%$ )r*+e )*s!ette )r*+e .orm .%ctor Processor Processor System Bus Processor Memory Memory Net or! "o#tro$$er Stor%&e "o#tro$$er '%r( )r*+e ,#ter#%$ Stor%&e Po er Su--$*es System .%# )r*+e "%&es O-t*c%$ )r*+e )*s!ette )r*+e .orm .%ctor

180285-xx1

!2"#$ le%el 2 cac&e per processor !024 M$ ('tandard) !()3*4 M$ (Ma+,mum) P-!(00 .d%anced /-'01.M2 23! ,nterlea%ed memory NOTE: Ma+,mum memory ac&,e%ed us,n4 204* M$ 0IMMs. /mbedded 5-3!(3 6ast /t&ernet 5I- P-I !07!00 8,t& 9O: (9a;e On :.5) Inte4rated 0ual -&annel 9,de <ltra3 '-'I .dapter 5one s&,p standard !2 != &ot plu4 &ard dr,%e bays standard One (009 Hot Plu4 Po8er 'upply Hot Plu4 'ystem 6ans >8o ( + != 0r,%e -a4es standard 40+ or &,4&er I0/ -0"1OM 0r,%e !.44 M$ 0,s;ette 0r,%e >o8er

ML530T02 X2.40512KB, 1024MB, 2P 226608-xx1

>8o Intel Xeon 2.40 GHz Processors standard 400 MHz system bus !2"#$ le%el 2 cac&e per processor !024 M$ ('tandard) !()3*4 M$ (Ma+,mum) P-!(00 .d%anced /-'01.M2 23! ,nterlea%ed memory NOTE: Ma+,mum memory ac&,e%ed us,n4 204* M$ 0IMMs. /mbedded 5-3!(3 6ast /t&ernet 5I- P-I !07!00 8,t& 9O: (9a;e On :.5) Inte4rated 0ual -&annel 9,de <ltra3 '-'I .dapter 5one s&,p standard !2 != &ot plu4 &ard dr,%e bays standard 1edundant (009 Hot Plu4 Po8er 'uppl,es (!? ! redundancy) 1edundant Hot Plu4 'ystem 6ans >8o ( + != 0r,%e -a4es standard 40+ or &,4&er I0/ -0"1OM 0r,%e !.44 M$ 0,s;ette 0r,%e >o8er

Recommended Use Corporate business Product Form Factor Rack-mountable Built-in Devices Status LCD Server Scalability 4-way Front Accessible Bays Qty 4 Hot-Swap Bays Qty 12

Processor

Type Intel Pentium III Xeon 9 nstalled Qty 2

!"#

!a" Supported Qty 4 Up#radability $p%ra&able

!ainboard

$%ipset type Ser'er(orks Ser'erSet III ") Data bus speed 1 !"#

$ac%e !emory

Type L2 cac*e - +&'ance& ,rans-er Cac*e nstalled Si&e 4 !. /installe&0 1 2 !. /ma30

RA!

nstalled Si&e 1 4. 1 15 4. /ma30 Tec%nolo#y SDR+! - )CC !emory Speed 1 !"# Form Factor DI!! 152-pin Features Re%istere& Up#rade Rule 4 mo&ules at a time

Stora#e $ontroller

Type 1 3 SCSI - Inte%rate& - PCI $ontroller nter'ace Type $ltra2 (i&e SCSI $%annel Qty 2 RA D (evel 6one

Stora#e $ontroller )*nd+

Type 1 3 ID) - Inte%rate& - PCI RA D (evel 6one

Stora#e

Floppy Drive 789: 1844 !. -loppy Hard Drive none8 Hard Drive )*nd+ 6one

,ptical Stora#e

Type CD-R;! - ID) -rite Speed 61+ Rewrite Speed 61+ !edia (oad Type ,ray

.rap%ics $ontroller

Type PCI - Inte%rate& .rap%ics Processor / 0endor +,I R+4) IIC 0ideo !emory 4 !. Supported Display .rap%ics <4+ /54 342 0= S<4+ /2 35 0= X4+ /1 243>520= SX4+ /122 31 240 0ideo ,utput Supported 6one Di#ital 0ideo Standard 6one

"pansion / $onnectivity

1"pansion Bays 7 /total0 1 2 /-ree0 3 ?ront accessible - 9829: 3 112"= 1 /total0 1 /-ree0 3 ?ront accessible - 789: 3 117"= 12 /total0 1 12 /-ree0 3 "ot-swap - 789: 3 117" 1"pansion Slot)s+ 4 /total0 1 2 /-ree0 3 Processor - Slot 2= 15 /total0 1 12 /-ree0 3 !emory - DI!! 152-pin= 4 /total0 1 4 /-ree0 3 PCI 54 *ot-plu%= 1 /total0 1 /-ree0 3 PCI 54= 1 /total0 1 1 /-ree0 3 PCI nter'aces 2 3 Serial - RS-272 - 9 pin D-Sub /D.-90= 1 3 Parallel - I))) 1224 /)PP1)CP0 - 29 pin D-Sub /D.-290= 1 3 Display 1 'i&eo - <4+ - 19 pin "D D-Sub /"D-190= 1 3 6etwork - )t*ernet 1 .ase-,11 .ase-,X - R@-49= 1 3 Aeyboar& - 4eneric - 5 pin mini-DI6 /PS12 style0= 1 3 !ouse - 4eneric - 5 pin mini-DI6 /PS12 style0

Power

Device Type Power supply - *ot-plu% 1 re&un&ant nstalled Qty 2 !a" Supported Qty 7 Power +C 12 127 < / 9 15 "# 0 Power Provided 49 (att $ompliant Standards )P+ )ner%y Star

1nvironmental Parameters

!in operatin# temperature 9 BCD? !a" operatin# temperature 99 BCD? ,peratin# %umidity ran#e 2 - 2 E Sound emission 99 &.+

,peratin# System / So'tware

,S Provided CD-R;! ,S $erti'ied !icroso-t (in&ows 2 6o'ell 6et(are= !icroso-t (in&ows 6,= SunSo-t Solaris= Linu3= I.! ;S12 (arp= SC; ;penSer'er= .anyan <I6)S= $ni3(are So'tware CompaF SmartStart= Dri'ers G $tilities= CompaF Insi%*t !ana%er

3&y s&ould I care a"out P+I-2xpress4

B*ere re t(o m in re -on- to ? re "out PCI0%8pre--C 1) PCI i- no( n ol! -t n! r! ! ting " ?) to t*e e rl6 D7=- n! no longer 5it- our nee!- in term- o5 -pee!&per5orm n?e3 2) A$P l-o iin -imil r po-ition - PCI no(@ n! ?*ip-et m nu5 ?turer- re )illing A$P mot*er"o r! -upport in 5 >or o5 t*e mu?* 5 -ter PCI %8pre-- inter5 ?e3 B*i- me n- 6ou re loo)ing t 5or?e! tr n-ition in t*e gr p*i? -e?tor@ t*u- 6ou re ll6 !on=t * >e lot o5 ?*oi?e in t*e ?oming 6e r-3 At t*i- point (Augu-t@ 2778) ?*oi?e- in A$P ? r!- repre-ent le-- t* n .E o5 > il "le ? r!-@ n! t*e l te-t ?*ip-et- ? n not "e 5oun! in t*e 5orm 5 ?tor3 :*ile (e=>e -pent plent6 o5 time n! energ6 impro>ing t*e -pee! o5 pro?e--or-@ memor6@ n! ot*er p rt- o5 t*e PC (e=>e !one >irtu ll6 not*ing (it* t*e m in ?onne?tion "et(eern m n6 !e>i?e-0PCI3 A- -u?* (e re -tu?) (it* te?*nolog6 in our PC- n! Ser>er- t* t -till run- t t*e -pee!- n! " n!(i!t* (e (ere ?om5ort "le (it* in t*e D7=-3 PCI - (e )no( it i- *ol!ing u- " ?) 0 it i- "ottle ne?) 0 limit tion to t*e m 8imum per5orm n?e o5 our -6-tem-3

:e ll ( nt t*e mo-t 5rom our PC3 Bo get t*e mo-t out o5 our PC (e mu-t remo>e ll "ottlene?)(o"-t ?le- to per5orm n?e)3 Bo t* t en! (e mu-t turn to t*e ne8t "e-t ltern ti>eC PCI %8pre--3

2as#n! #nto It - %ll a"out t&e 3&y4

I5 6ou * >e re ! m6 gui!e to t*e ,ront Si!e Bu- t*en 6ou re 5 mili r (it* t*e n log6 o5 PC "eing li)e ?it6 (it* m n6 ro ! ("u-e-) in it t* t mo>e ? r- (! t ) to n6 num"er o5 !e-tin tion-3 <et=- ;ui?)l6 re>i-it m6 e8pl n tion o5 PCI 5rom t* t rti?leC PCI Bus- The PCI bus connects your expansion cards and drives to your processor and other sub systems. On most systems the bus speed of the PCI bus is 33MHz. If you o hi her than that! then cards! drives! and other devices can have prob"ems. The exception to this is found in servers. In some servers you have a specia" #$-bit %extra &ide' ##MHz PCI s"ots that can accept specia" hi h-speed cards. Thin( of this as a doub"e sized passin "ane on a ma)or road that a""o&s hi her speed cars to o throu h. 'o( in m6 pre>iou- rti?le I mentione! -pe?i l t6pe o5 PCI (6# "it)3 B*e re -on 6# "it *elp- it* t it impro>e- t*e "and-#dt& o5 t*e PCI Bu-3 B n!(i!t*@ norm ll6 e8pre--e! in MB per -e?on!@ i- " -i? ll6 me -ure o5 t*e mount o5 ! t t* t ? n "e pu-*e! t*roug* -omet*ing t one time3 I5 6ou e>er * >e - t in 6our ? r loo)ing t t*e " ?) "umper o5 not*er ? r !uring ru-* *our t*en 6ou pro" "l6 * >e goo! i!e o5 (* t=- going on in t*e mo!ern PCI Bu-3 9ou=>e got too m n6 ? r- (! t ) going t*roug* too n rro( n! too -lo( ro ! (p?i "u-) t one time3

5and-#dt&
PCI %8pre-- in ll it=- 5l >or-C 18@ 28@ #8@ 88@ 168 n! 228 ll * >e mu?* gre ter " n!(i!t* t* n " -i? PCI3

+ommon 5uses and t&e#r Max 5and-#dt& PCI A$P 8X PCI %8pre-- 18 PCI %8pre-- 28 PCI %8pre-- #8 PCI %8pre-- 88 PCI %8pre-- 168 PCI %8pre-- 228 USB 237 (M 8 Po--i"le) ID% (ABA177) ID% (ABA122) SABA SABA II $ig "it %t*ernet I%%%12D#B F,ire(ire 877G

122 MB&2@177 MB&2.7 F.77GH MB&.77 F1777GH MB&1777 F2777GH MB&2777 F#777GH MB&#777 F8777GH MB&8777 F16777GH MB&67 MB&177 MB&122 MB&1.7 MB&277 MB&12. MB&I177 MB&-H

* +ote , - -ince PCI .xpress is a seria" based techno"o y! data can be sent over the bus in t&o directions at once. +orma" PCI is Para""e"! and as such a"" data oes in one direction around the "oop. .ach ,x "ane in PCI .xpress can transmit in both directions at once. In the tab"e the first number is the band&idth in one direction and the second number is the combined band&idth in both directions. /"so p"ease note that in PCI .xpress band&idth is not shared the same &ay as in PCI! so there is "ess con estion on the bus.

pdateC B "le "o>e ?ont in- -pee!- 5or PCI %8pre-- 137 "u-3 ,or >er-ion 237@ multipl6 ll " n!(i!t*- "6 23 ,or e8 mple PCI %8pre-- 237 168 -lot * - m 8 " n!(i!t* o5 8777 MB&one ( 6 or 16777 MB&- "ot* ( 6-3
* +ote 0 - 1ire&ire 233 has a band&idth of 42#.$30 Mbit5s this converts over to bet&een 62 and 66 M75s. In?re -e! " n!(i!t* ? n "e e;u te! into in?re -e! -6-tem per5orm n?e3 :e=>e long )no(n t* t to get t*e mo-t out o5 6our pro?e--or 6ou nee! to get - mu?* in5orm tion into it - po--i"le@ - ;ui?)l6 - po--i"le3 C*ip-et !e-igner- * >e ?on-i-tentl6 !!re--e! t*i- "6 in?re -ing ,ront Si!e Bu- -pee!-3 B*e pro"lem (it* t*i- i- t* t 5ront -i!e "u- -pee! in?re -e- t*e -pee! o5 tr n-5er "et(een t*e memor6 n! CPU "ut o5ten 6ou=>e got ! t t* t=- ?oming 5rom ot*er -our?e- t* t nee!- to get to t*e memor6 or CPU li)e !ri>e-@ net(or) tr 55i?@ >i!eo@ et?3 PCI %8pre-- !!re--e- t*i- pro"lem *e ! on "6 m )ing it mu?* 5orm- t*en 6ou * >e gr p*i?- ?*ip-et t* t ( -

Basic Differences
PCI-X uses a parallel interconnect along a bus that is shared with other PCI-X devices, just like PCI. In fact, PCI-X is best thought of as "PCI-eX tended", as it is simpl an e!tension of the legac PCI "#-bit format, with which it is backward-compatible. It differs mainl in the fact that the bus is now $%-bits wide, and runs at higher fre&uencies 'now up to ("")*+, compared to $$)*+ - the fastest PCI fre&uenc ,. PCI-Express, on the other hand, uses a serial interconnect along a switched bus dedicated e!clusivel to that slot. In this respect, and most others, it uses radicall new architecture, having little to do with old PCI. -urthermore, PCI-.!press has the uni&ue capabilit of multiplying up individual data "lanes", to produce aggregate interconnects that can deliver up to /$ times the bandwidth of a single lane. 0his is wh ou will alwa s see PCI.!press slots referred to as "PCI-.!press1%" or

S$S
,*e icon1lo%o use& -or SCSI8

Small $omputer System nter'ace /S$S = &-)zi& SKUZ-ee0H1I is a set o- stan&ar&s -or p*ysically connectin% an& trans-errin% &ata between computers an& perip*eral &e'ices8 ,*e SCSI stan&ar&s &e-ine comman&s= protocols= an& electrical an& optical inter-aces8 SCSI is most commonly use& -or *ar& &isks an& tape &ri'es= but it can connect a wi&e ran%e o- ot*er &e'ices= inclu&in% scanners an& CD &ri'es8 ,*e SCSI stan&ar& &e-ines comman& sets -or speci-ic perip*eral &e'ice typesJ t*e presence o- :unknown: as one ot*ese types means t*at in t*eory it can be use& as an inter-ace to almost any &e'ice= but t*e stan&ar& is *i%*ly pra%matic an& a&&resse& towar& commercial reFuirements8 SCSI is an intelli%ent= perip*eral= bu--ere&= peer to peer inter-ace8 It *i&es t*e comple3ity o- p*ysical -ormat8 )'ery &e'ice attac*es to t*e SCSI bus in a similar manner8 $p to 2 or 15 &e'ices can be attac*e& to a sin%le bus8 ,*ere can be any number o- *osts an& perip*eral &e'ices but t*ere s*oul& be at least one *ost8 SCSI uses *an& s*ake si%nals between &e'ices= SCSI-1= SCSI-2 *a'e t*e option o- parity error c*eckin%8 Startin% wit* SCSI-$15 /part o- SCSI-70 all comman&s an& &ata are error c*ecke& by a CRC72 c*ecksum8 ,*e SCSI protocol &e-ines communication -rom *ost to *ost= *ost to a perip*eral &e'ice= perip*eral &e'ice to a perip*eral &e'ice8 "owe'er most perip*eral &e'ices are e3clusi'ely SCSI tar%ets= incapable o- actin% as SCSI initiatorsKunable to initiate SCSI transactions t*emsel'es8 ,*ere-ore perip*eral-to-perip*eral communications are uncommon= but possible in most SCSI applications8 ,*e Symbios Lo%ic 97C21 c*ip is an e3ample o- a PCI *ost inter-ace t*at can act as a SCSI tar%et8

History
SCSI was &eri'e& -rom :S+SI:= t*e :S*u%art +ssociates System Inter-ace:= &e'elope& c8 19>2 an& publicly &isclose& in 19218H2I + S+SI controller pro'i&e& a bri&%e between a *ar& &isk &ri'eLs low-le'el inter-ace an& a *ost computer= w*ic* nee&e& to rea& blocks o&ata8 S+SI controller boar&s were typically t*e si#e o- a *ar& &isk &ri'e an& were usually p*ysically mounte& to t*e &ri'eLs c*assis8 S+SI= w*ic* was use& in mini- an& early microcomputers= &e-ine& t*e inter-ace as usin% a 9 -pin -lat ribbon connector w*ic* was a&opte& as t*e SCSI-1 connector8 S+SI is a -ully compliant subset o- SCSI-1 so t*at many= i- not all= o- t*e t*en e3istin% S+SI controllers were SCSI-1 compatible8 H7I Larry .ouc*er is consi&ere& to be t*e :-at*er: o- S+SI an& SCSI &ue to *is pioneerin% work -irst at S*u%art +ssociates an& t*en at +&aptec8H4I $ntil at least ?ebruary 1922= +6SI &e'elope& t*e speci-ication as :S+SI: an& :S*u%art +ssociates System Inter-aceJ:H9I *owe'er= t*e committee &ocumentin% t*e stan&ar& woul& not allow it to be name& a-ter a company8 +lmost a -ull &ay was &e'ote& to a%reein% to name t*e stan&ar& :Small Computer System Inter-ace=: w*ic* .ouc*er inten&e& to be pronounce& :se3y:= but )6DLLsH5I Dal +llan pronounce& t*e new acronym as :scu##y: an& t*at stuck8H4I

+ number o- companies suc* as 6CR Corporation= +&aptec an& ;ptimem were early supporters o- t*e SCSI stan&ar&8H9I ,*e 6CR -acility in (ic*ita= Aansas is wi&ely t*ou%*t to *a'e &e'elope& t*e in&ustryLs -irst SCSI c*ipJ it worke& t*e -irst time8 H>I ,*e :small: part in SCSI is *istoricalJ since t*e mi&-199 s= SCSI *as been a'ailable on e'en t*e lar%est o- computer systems8 Since its stan&ar&i#ation in 1925= SCSI *as been commonly use& in t*e +mi%a= +pple !acintos* an& Sun !icrosystems computer lines an& PC ser'er systems8 +pple starte& usin% Parallel +,+ /also known as IDE0 -or its low-en& mac*ines wit* t*e !acintos* Mua&ra 57 in 1994= an& a&&e& it to its *i%*-en& &esktops startin% wit* t*e Power !acintos* 47 in 199>8 +pple &roppe& on-boar& SCSI completely /in -a'or o- ID) an& ?ire(ire0 wit* t*e /.lue G (*ite0 Power !ac 47 in 19998 Sun *as switc*e& its lower en& ran%e to Serial +,+ /S+,+08 SCSI *as ne'er been popular in t*e low-price& I.! PC worl&= owin% to t*e lower cost an& a&eFuate per-ormance o- +,+ *ar& &isk stan&ar&8 SCSI &ri'es an& e'en SCSI R+IDs became common in PC workstations -or 'i&eo or au&io pro&uction8 Recent 'ersions o- SCSI K Serial Stora%e +rc*itecture /SS+0= SCSI-o'er-?ibre C*annel Protocol /?CP0= Serial +ttac*e& SCSI /S+S0= +utomation1Dri'e Inter-ace N ,ransport Protocol /+D,0= an& $S. +ttac*e& SCSI /$+S0 K break -rom t*e tra&itional parallel SCSI stan&ar&s an& per-orm &ata trans-er 'ia serial communications8 +lt*ou%* muc* ot*e &ocumentation o- SCSI talks about t*e parallel inter-ace= most contemporary &e'elopment e--ort is on serial SCSI8 Serial SCSI *as a number o- a&'anta%es o'er parallel SCSIO -aster &ata rates= *ot swappin% /some but not all parallel SCSI inter-aces support it0= an& impro'e& -ault isolation8 ,*e primary reason -or t*e s*i-t to serial inter-aces is t*e clock skew issue o- *i%* spee& parallel inter-aces= w*ic* makes t*e -aster 'ariants o- parallel SCSI susceptible to problems cause& by cablin% an& termination8 Serial SCSI &e'ices are more e3pensi'e t*an t*e eFui'alent parallel SCSI &e'ices= but t*is is likely to c*an%e soonHcitation neededI8 iS$S preser'es t*e basic SCSI para&i%m= especially t*e comman& set= almost unc*an%e&= t*rou%* embe&&in% o- SCSI-7 o'er ,CP1IP8 SCSI is popular on *i%*-per-ormance workstations an& ser'ers8 R+IDs on ser'ers almost always use SCSI *ar& &isks= t*ou%* a number o- manu-acturers o--er S+,+-base& R+ID systems as a c*eaper option8 Desktop computers an& notebooks more typically use t*e +,+1ID) or t*e newer S+,+ inter-aces -or *ar& &isks= an& $S.= eS+,+= an& ?ire(ire connections -or e3ternal &e'ices8

SCSI is a'ailable in a 'ariety o- inter-aces8 ,*e -irst= still 'ery common= was parallel SCSI /now also calle& SPI0= w*ic* uses a parallel electrical bus &esi%n8 +s o- 2 2= SPI is bein% replace& by Serial +ttac*e& SCSI /S+S0= w*ic* uses a serial &esi%n but retains ot*er aspects o- t*e tec*nolo%y8 iSCSI &rops p*ysical implementation entirely= an&

instea& uses ,CP1IP as a transport mec*anism8 !any ot*er inter-aces w*ic* &o not rely on complete SCSI stan&ar&s still implement t*e SCSI comman& protocol8 SCSI inter-aces *a'e o-ten been inclu&e& on computers -rom 'arious manu-acturers -or use un&er !icroso-t (in&ows= !ac ;S= $ni3 an& Linu3 operatin% systems= eit*er implemente& on t*e mot*erboar& or by t*e means o- plu%-in a&aptors8 (it* t*e a&'ent oS+S an& S+,+ &ri'es= pro'ision -or SCSI on mot*erboar&s is bein% &iscontinue&8 + -ew companies still market SCSI inter-aces -or mot*erboar&s supportin% PCIe an& PCI-X8

Parallel S$S
Alternative Speci'ication -idt% $onnector $loc2H9I names document H2I )bits+ 6arrow SCSI SCSI-1 /19250 H19I SCSI-2 /19940 SCSI-2J SCSI-7 SPI /19950 H19I ?ast-2 SCSI-7 SPI
H19I

nter'ace

!a"imum (en#t% (e Bandwidt% Bandwidt% )sin#le ( )!B/s+ H1 I )!bit/s+ H11I ended+H12I H 9 !.1s 4 !bit1s 2 !bit1s 5m 7m

SCSI-1 ?ast SCSI ?ast-(i&e SCSI $ltra SCSI $ltra (i&e SCSI $ltra2 SCSI $ltra2 (i&e SCSI $ltra7 SCSI

IDC9 J Centronics 2 C9 IDC9 J Centronics 2 C9 2 3 9 -pin /SCSI-20J 15 1 3 52-pin /SCSI-70 IDC9 52-pin 2 15 2 15

9 !"#

6+

1 !"# 1 !.1s

6+

1 !"# 2 !.1s

15 !bit1s 7 m 189 m 7m 6+ 72 !bit1s 189 m 7m 15 !bit1s 72 !bit1s 6+ 54 !bit1s 6+

6+

2 !"# 2 !.1s 2 !"# 4 !.1s 4 !"# 4 !.1s 4 !"# 2 !.1s

SCSI-7 SPI
H19I

6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+

?ast-4

$ltra-15 J ?ast-2 wi&e

$ltra-72 $ltra-4J SCSI ?ast-15 $ltra-54 $ltra-9

SCSI-7 SPI-2 9 -pin /199>0 52-pinJ 2 pin SCSI-7 SPI-2 /SC+1SC+20 52-pinJ 2 SCSI-7 SPI-7 pin /19990 H19I /SC+1SC+20 52-pinJ 2 SCSI-7 SPI-4 pin /2 20 H19I /SC+1SC+20 SCSI-7 SPI-9 52-pinJ 2 -

12m

12m

15

4 !"# 15 !.1s DDR 2 !"# 72 !.1s DDR 15 !"# 54 !.1s

122 !bit1s 6+

12m

15 15

295 !bit1s 6+ 912 !bit1s

12m

SCSI

/2

70

pin

DDR

,t%er S$S inter'aces

!a"imum Alternative Speci'ication -idt% H9I nter'ace $onnector $loc2 T%rou#%put T%rou#%put names document )bits+ (en#t%H12I )!B/s+H1 I )!bit/s+H11I SS+ 1 2 !"# 4 !.1sH1>IH12I 72 !bit1s 29 m SS+ 4 1 4 !"# 2 !.1sH1>IH12I 54 !bit1s 29 m ?C-+L 1 !.1sH12I 1 1 4"# 2 !bit1s 9 m17 kmH2 H19I 14b ?C-+L 2 !.1sH12I 1 2 4"# 15 !bit1s 9 m17 kmH2 H19I 24b ?C-+L 4 !.1sH12I 1 4 4"# 72 !bit1s 9 m17 kmH2 H19I 44b 7 !.1sH12I S+S 1 7 4"# 24 !bit1s 5 m H19I iSCSI Implementation- an& network-&epen&ent

Traditional S$S Parallel nter'ace

Internal parallel SCSI cables are usually ribbons= wit* two or more 9 P= 52P= or 2 Ppin connectors attac*e&8 )3ternal cables are typically s*iel&e& /but may not be0= wit* 9 P or 59Ppin connectors at eac* en&= &epen&in% upon t*e speci-ic SCSI bus wi&t* supporte&8H22I ,*e 2 Ppin Sin%le Connector +ttac*ment /SC+0 is typically use& -or *ot-plu%%able &e'ices= w*ere e3ternal cables are not usually reFuire&8

Serial attac%ed S$S

Serial attac*e& SCSI uses a mo&i-ie& Serial +,+ &ata an& power cable8

iS$S
iSCSI /Internet Small Computer System Inter-ace0 usually uses )t*ernet connectors an& cables as its p*ysical transport= but can run o'er any p*ysical transport capable otransportin% IP8

USB Attac%ed S$S

$S. +ttac*e& SCSI allows SCSI &e'ices to use t*e $ni'ersal Serial .us8

Automation/Drive nter'ace

,*e +utomation1Dri'e Inter-ace N ,ransport Protocol /+D,0 is use& to connect remo'able me&ia &e'ices= suc* as tape &ri'es= wit* t*e controllers o- t*e libraries /automation &e'ices0 in w*ic* t*ey are installe&8 ,*e +DI stan&ar& speci-ies t*e use oRS-422 -or t*e p*ysical connections8 ,*e secon&-%eneration +D,-2 stan&ar& &e-ines i+D,= use o- t*e +D, protocol o'er IP /Internet Protocol0 connections= suc* as o'er )t*ernet8 ,*e +utomation1Dri'e Inter-ace N Comman&s stan&ar&s /+DC= +DC-2= an& +DC-70 &e-ine SCSI comman&s -or t*ese installations8

S$S command protocol

!ain articleO SCSI comman& In a&&ition to many &i--erent *ar&ware implementations= t*e SCSI stan&ar&s also inclu&e a comple3 set o- comman& protocol &e-initions8 ,*e SCSI comman& arc*itecture was ori%inally &e-ine& -or parallel SCSI buses but *as been carrie& -orwar& wit* minimal c*an%e -or use wit* iSCSI an& serial SCSI8 ;t*er tec*nolo%ies w*ic* use t*e SCSI comman& set inclu&e t*e +,+ Packet Inter-ace= $S. !ass Stora%e class an& ?ire(ire S.P-28 In SCSI terminolo%y= communication takes place between an initiator an& a tar%et8 ,*e initiator sen&s a comman& to t*e tar%et w*ic* t*en respon&s8 SCSI comman&s are sent in a Comman& Descriptor .lock /CD.08 ,*e CD. consists o- a one byte operation co&e -ollowe& by -i'e or more bytes containin% comman&-speci-ic parameters8 +t t*e en& o- t*e comman& seFuence t*e tar%et returns a Status Co&e byte w*ic* is usually * -or success= 2* -or an error /calle& a C*eck Con&ition0= or 2* -or busy8 (*en t*e tar%et returns a C*eck Con&ition in response to a comman&= t*e initiator usually t*en issues a SCSI ReFuest Sense comman& in or&er to obtain a Aey Co&e Muali-ier /ACM0 -rom t*e tar%et8 ,*e C*eck Con&ition an& ReFuest Sense seFuence in'ol'es a special SCSI protocol calle& a Contin%ent +lle%iance Con&ition8 ,*ere are 4 cate%ories o- SCSI comman&sO 6 /non-&ata0= ( /writin% &ata -rom initiator to tar%et0= R /rea&in% &ata0= an& . /bi&irectional08 ,*ere are about 5 &i--erent SCSI comman&s in total= wit* t*e most common bein%O

,est unit rea&yO Mueries &e'ice to see i- it is rea&y -or &ata trans-ers /&isk spun up= me&ia loa&e&= etc808 InFuiryO Returns basic &e'ice in-ormation= also use& to :pin%: t*e &e'ice since it &oes not mo&i-y sense &ata8 ReFuest senseO Returns any error co&es -rom t*e pre'ious comman& t*at returne& an error status8 Sen& &ia%nostic an& Recei'e &ia%nostic resultsO runs a simple sel--test= or a specialise& test &e-ine& in a &ia%nostic pa%e8 Start1Stop unitO Spins &isks up an& &own= loa&1unloa& me&ia8 Rea& capacityO Returns stora%e capacity8

?ormat unitO Sets all sectors to all #eroes= also allocates lo%ical blocks a'oi&in% &e-ecti'e sectors8 SCSI Rea& -ormat capacitiesO Retrie'e t*e &ata capacity o- t*e &e'ice8 Rea& /-our 'ariants0O Rea&s &ata -rom a &e'ice8 (rite /-our 'ariants0O (rites &ata to a &e'ice8 Lo% senseO Returns current in-ormation -rom lo% pa%es8 !o&e senseO Returns current &e'ice parameters -rom mo&e pa%es8 !o&e selectO Sets &e'ice parameters in a mo&e pa%e8

)ac* &e'ice on t*e SCSI bus is assi%ne& a uniFue SCSI i&enti-ication number or ID8 De'ices may encompass multiple lo%ical units= w*ic* are a&&resse& by lo%ical unit number /L$608 Simple &e'ices *a'e Qust one L$6= more comple3 &e'ices may *a'e multiple L$6s8 + :&irect access: /i8e8 &isk type0 stora%e &e'ice consists o- a number o- lo%ical blocks= usually re-erre& to by t*e term Lo%ical .lock +&&ress /L.+08 + typical L.+ eFuates to 912 bytes o- stora%e8 ,*e usa%e o- L.+s *as e'ol'e& o'er time an& so -our &i--erent comman& 'ariants are pro'i&e& -or rea&in% an& writin% &ata8 ,*e Rea&/50 an& (rite/50 comman&s contain a 21-bit L.+ a&&ress8 ,*e Rea&/1 0= Rea&/120= Rea& Lon%= (rite/1 0= (rite/120= an& (rite Lon% comman&s all contain a 72-bit L.+ a&&ress plus 'arious ot*er parameter options8 + :seFuential access: /i8e8 tape-type0 &e'ice &oes not *a'e a speci-ic capacity because it typically &epen&s on t*e len%t* o- t*e tape= w*ic* is not known e3actly8 Rea&s an& writes on a seFuential access &e'ice *appen at t*e current position= not at a speci-ic L.+8 ,*e block si#e on seFuential access &e'ices can eit*er be -i3e& or 'ariable= &epen&in% on t*e speci-ic &e'ice8 ,ape &e'ices suc* as *al--inc* 9-track tape= DDS /4 mm tapes p*ysically similar to D+,0= )3abyte= etc8= support 'ariable block si#es8

How Parallel S$S wor2s

,*is section does not cite any re'erences or sources8
Please *elp impro'e t*is section by a&&in% citations to reliable sources8 $nsource& material may be c*allen%e& an& remo'e&8 (June 2008)

SCSI uses a protocol met*o& to trans-er &ata between &e'ices on t*e bus8 It is a circular process w*ic* starts an& en&s up in t*e same layer8 ?rom t*e -irst layer= all a&&itional layers o- protocol must be e3ecute& be-ore any &ata is trans-erre& to or -rom anot*er &e'ice an& t*e layers o- protocol must be complete& a-ter t*e &ata *as been trans-erre& to t*e en& o- t*e process8 ,*e protocol layers are re-erre& to as :SCSI bus p*ases:8 ,*ese p*ases areO

.$S ?R)) +R.I,R+,I;6 S)L)C,I;6

!)SS+4) ;$, C;!!+6D ;$, D+,+ ;$,1I6 S,+,$S I6 !)SS+4) I6 R)S)L)C,I;6

,*e SCSI bus can be in only one p*ase at a %i'en time8 6ot all controllers use all t*e p*ases an& a well written &ri'er will not assume t*at p*ases will occur but rat*er comman& an operation t*en rea& status to &etermine t*e p*ase t*at t*e &e'ice wants to &o ne3t8 ,*is tec*niFue allows a sin%le &ri'er to work wit* a 'ariety o- controllers t*at may 'ary in w*et*er t*ey &rop unnee&e& p*ases or not8 In early implementations o- SCSI= writin% a sin%le &ri'er to work wit* Xebec an& D,C reFuire& t*is approac* &e'elope& by Dou%las 4oo&all w*ile a&&in% SCSI support to t*e +mpro Little .oar& R2 8 Data si%nals in parallell SCSIOH27I D./ ->0 D./P0 ,)R!P(R +,6 .SS +CA RS, !S4 S)L C1D R)M I1; ,*e sin%le en&e& SCSI .us lines *as a c*aracteristic impe&ance o- 172 T8 Data trans-er is per-orme& by t*e transmitter setup &ata si%nals D. ->=D.P8 ,*en acti'ate R)M= await +CA= an& repeat t*e seFuence8H27I

SuperSpeed USB 'rom t%e USB- F

+s tec*nolo%y inno'ation marc*es -orwar&= new kin&s o- &e'ices= me&ia -ormats= an& lar%e ine3pensi'e stora%e are con'er%in%8 ,*ey reFuire si%ni-icantly more bus ban&wi&t* to maintain t*e interacti'e e3perience users *a'e come to e3pect8 In a&&ition= user applications &eman& a *i%*er per-ormance connection between t*e PC an& t*ese increasin%ly sop*isticate& perip*erals8 $S. 78 a&&resses t*is nee& by a&&in% an e'en *i%*er trans-er rate to matc* t*ese new usa%e an& &e'ices8 $S. continues to be t*e answer to connecti'ity -or PC= Consumer )lectronics= an& !obile arc*itectures8 It is a -ast= bi&irectional= low-cost= &ynamically attac*able inter-ace t*at is consistent wit* t*e reFuirements o- t*e PC plat-orms o- to&ay an& tomorrow8 SuperSpee& $S. brin%s si%ni-icant per-ormance en*ancements to t*e ubiFuitous $S. stan&ar&= w*ile remainin% compatible wit* t*e billions o- $S. enable& &e'ices currently

&eploye& in t*e market8 SuperSpee& $S. will &eli'er 1 3 t*e &ata trans-er rate o- "i-Spee& $S.= as well as impro'e& power e--iciency8
SuperSpee! USB * - . $"p- -ign ling r te o55ering 178 per5orm n?e in?re -e o>er Hi0 Spee! USB3 SuperSpee! USB i- S6n?0'0$o te?*nolog6 t* t minimize- u-er ( it0time3 SuperSpee! USB (ill pro>i!e 1ptimize! Po(er %55i?ien?63'o !e>i?e polling n! lo(er ?ti>e n! i!le po(er re;uirement-3 SuperSpee! USB i- " ?)( r!- ?omp ti"le (it* USB 2373 De>i?e- interoper te (it* USB 237 pl t5orm-3 Ho-t- -upport USB 237 leg ?6 !e>i?e-3

T%e USB system

+ $S. system *as an asymmetric &esi%n= consistin% o- a *ost= a multitu&e o- &ownstream $S. ports= an& multiple perip*eral &e'ices connecte& in a tiere&-star topolo%y8 +&&itional $S. *ubs may be inclu&e& in t*e tiers= allowin% branc*in% into a tree structure wit* up to -i'e tier le'els8 + $S. *ost may *a'e multiple *ost controllers an& eac* *ost controller may pro'i&e one or more $S. ports8 $p to 12> &e'ices= inclu&in% *ub &e'ices i- present= may be connecte& to a sin%le *ost controller8H11I H12I $S. &e'ices are linke& in series t*rou%* hubs8 ,*ere always e3ists one *ub known as t*e root *ub= w*ic* is built into t*e *ost controller8 So-calle& sharing hubs= w*ic* allow multiple computers to access t*e same perip*eral &e'ice/s0= also e3ist an& work by switc*in% access between PCs= eit*er automatically or manually8 S*arin% *ubs are popular in small-o--ice en'ironments8 In network terms= t*ey con'er%e rat*er t*an &i'er%e branc*es8Hcitation neededI + p*ysical $S. &e'ice may consist o- se'eral lo%ical sub-&e'ices t*at are re-erre& to as device functions8 + sin%le &e'ice may pro'i&e se'eral -unctions= -or e3ample= a webcam /'i&eo &e'ice -unction0 wit* a built-in microp*one /au&io &e'ice -unction08 Suc* a &e'ice is calle& a compound device in w*ic* eac* lo%ical &e'ice is assi%ne& a &istincti'e a&&ress by t*e *ost an& all lo%ical &e'ices are connecte& to a built-in *ub to w*ic* t*e p*ysical $S. wire is connecte&8 + *ost assi%ns one an& only one &e'ice a&&ress to a -unction8

$S. en&points actually resi&e on t*e connecte& &e'iceO t*e c*annels to t*e *ost are re-erre& to as pipes8 $S. &e'ice communication is base& on pipes /lo%ical c*annels08 + pipe is a connection -rom t*e *ost controller to a lo%ical entity= -oun& on a &e'ice= an& name& an endpoint8 .ecause pipes correspon& 1-to-1 to en&points= t*e terms are sometimes use& interc*an%eably8 + $S. &e'ice can *a'e up to 72 en&pointsO 15 into t*e *ost controller an& 15 out o- t*e *ost controller8 ,*e $S. stan&ar& reser'es one en&point o- eac* type=

lea'in% a t*eoretical ma3imum o- 7 -or normal use8 $S. &e'ices sel&om *a'e t*is many en&points8 ,*ere are two types o- pipesO stream an& messa%e pipes &epen&in% on t*e type o- &ata trans-er8

isochronous transfersO at some %uarantee& &ata rate /o-ten= but not necessarily= as -ast as possible0 but wit* possible &ata loss /e8%8 realtime au&io or 'i&eo08 interrupt transfersO &e'ices t*at nee& %uarantee& Fuick responses /boun&e& latency0 /e8%8 pointin% &e'ices an& keyboar&s08 bulk transfersO lar%e spora&ic trans-ers usin% all remainin% a'ailable ban&wi&t*= but wit* no %uarantees on ban&wi&t* or latency /e8%8 -ile trans-ers08 control transfersO typically use& -or s*ort= simple comman&s to t*e &e'ice= an& a status response= use&= -or e3ample= by t*e bus control pipe number 8

+ stream pipe is a uni-&irectional pipe connecte& to a uni-&irectional en&point t*at trans-ers &ata usin% an isochronous= interrupt= or bulk trans-er8 + messa%e pipe is a bi&irectional pipe connecte& to a bi-&irectional en&point t*at is e3clusi'ely use& -or control &ata -low8 +n en&point is built into t*e $S. &e'ice by t*e manu-acturer an& t*ere-ore e3ists permanently8 +n en&point o- a pipe is a&&ressable wit* tuple (device_address endpoint_number) as speci-ie& in a ,;A)6 packet t*at t*e *ost sen&s w*en it wants to start a &ata trans-er session8 I- t*e &irection o- t*e &ata trans-er is -rom t*e *ost to t*e en&point= an ;$, packet /a speciali#ation o- a ,;A)6 packet0 *a'in% t*e &esire& &e'ice a&&ress an& en&point number is sent by t*e *ost8 I- t*e &irection o- t*e &ata trans-er is -rom t*e &e'ice to t*e *ost= t*e *ost sen&s an I6 packet instea&8 I- t*e &estination en&point is a uni-&irectional en&point w*ose manu-acturerLs &esi%nate& &irection &oes not matc* t*e ,;A)6 packet /e8%8= t*e manu-acturerLs &esi%nate& &irection is I6 w*ile t*e ,;A)6 packet is an ;$, packet0= t*e ,;A)6 packet will be i%nore&8 ;t*erwise= it will be accepte& an& t*e &ata transaction can start8 + bi-&irectional en&point= on t*e ot*er *an&= accepts bot* I6 an& ;$, packets8 ,wo $S. receptacles on t*e -ront o- a computer8 )n&points are %roupe& into interfaces an& eac* inter-ace is associate& wit* a sin%le &e'ice -unction8 +n e3ception to t*is is en&point #ero= w*ic* is use& -or &e'ice con-i%uration an& w*ic* is not associate& wit* any inter-ace8 + sin%le &e'ice -unction compose& o- in&epen&ently controlle& inter-aces is calle& a composite device8 + composite &e'ice only *as a sin%le &e'ice a&&ress because t*e *ost only assi%ns a &e'ice a&&ress to a -unction8 (*en a $S. &e'ice is -irst connecte& to a $S. *ost= t*e $S. &e'ice enumeration process is starte&8 ,*e enumeration starts by sen&in% a reset si%nal to t*e $S. &e'ice8 ,*e &ata rate o- t*e $S. &e'ice is &etermine& &urin% t*e reset si%nalin%8 +-ter reset= t*e $S. &e'iceLs in-ormation is rea& by t*e *ost an& t*e &e'ice is assi%ne& a uniFue >-bit a&&ress8 I- t*e &e'ice is supporte& by t*e *ost= t*e &e'ice &ri'ers nee&e& -or

communicatin% wit* t*e &e'ice are loa&e& an& t*e &e'ice is set to a con-i%ure& state8 It*e $S. *ost is restarte&= t*e enumeration process is repeate& -or all connecte& &e'ices8 ,*e *ost controller &irects tra--ic -low to &e'ices= so no $S. &e'ice can trans-er any &ata on t*e bus wit*out an e3plicit reFuest -rom t*e *ost controller8 In $S. 28 = t*e *ost controller polls t*e bus -or tra--ic= usually in a roun&-robin -as*ion8 ,*e slowest &e'ice connecte& to a controller sets t*e ban&wi&t* o- t*e inter-ace8 ?or !uper!peed "!# /&e-ine& since $S. 78 0= connecte& &e'ices can reFuest ser'ice -rom *ost8 .ecause t*ere are two separate controllers in eac* $S. 78 *ost= $S. 78 &e'ices will transmit an& recei'e at $S. 78 &ata rates re%ar&less o- $S. 28 or earlier &e'ices connecte& to t*at *ost8 ;peratin% &ata rates -or t*em will be set in t*e le%acy manner8

LTO Tape Drives #P

*P 2torage3orks 405 ( "#67 -ull *eight 0ape 8rives *P 2torage3orks 405 ( "777 -ull *eight 0ape 8rives *P 2torage3orks 405-% /6%7 -ull *eight 0ape 8rive

Native C!mpresse" Capacity Capacity & & Transfer Transfer ate ate
/.(09 at /%7)9:sec /.(09 at /%7)9:sec 677;9 at /#7)9:s "09 at #67)9:sec "09 at #67)9:sec /.$09 at #%7)9:s

IB$
I9) 02#"(7 I9) 02##(7 I9) 02#"%7 I9) 02##%7 405( -ull *eight 405( *alf *eight 405% -ull *eight 405% *alf *eight /.(09 at "09 at /%7)9:sec #67)9:sec /.(09 at "09 at /%7)9:sec #67)9:sec 677;9 at /.$09 at /#7)9:sec #%7)9:s 677;9 at /.$09 at /#7)9:sec #%7)9:s Native Capacity C!mpresse" & Capacity & Transfer Transfer ate ate 677;9 at /$77;9 at $7)9:s "#7)9:s

%DLT & DLT Tape Drives

840-2%

"77;9 at "$)9:s /$7;9 at 2840 "#7 /$)9:s //7;9 at 2840 ##7 //)9:s %7;9 at 840 6777 $)9:s /$7;9 at 840 =% /7)9:s %7;9 at 840/ ")9:s Native Capacity %L Tape Drives & Transfer ate (7;9 at 24>/77 /6;9:hr "7;9 at 24>$7 /%;9:hr LTO- >eads and writes 405 " media, reads & 405 # media. LTO- >eads and writes 405 # and 405 " ' media, reads 405 / media. LTO- >eads and writes 405 / ( %DL >eads 2840 "#7, 2840 ##7 and 840 T =2/$7 )** %DL >eads ? writes 2840 ##7. >eads 840 T 6777, 840 <777, 840 %777, 840/ ? 840 '(* =267 %DL >eads 840 6777, 840 <777, 840 %777, T 840/ ? 840 =2 67 ((* DLT >eads ? writes 840 <777, 840 %777, +*** 840 #777X0 2840 $77

$77;9 at <#)9:s "#7;9 at "#)9:s ##7;9 at ##)9:s 67;9 at /#)9:s "#7;9 at #7)9:s 67;9 at /#)9:s C!mpresse" Capacity & Transfer ate /77;9 at "$;9:hr $7;9 at #6.6;9:hr

Di--rences between DL, an& L,;

Durin% t*e secon& *al- o- 1999= tape users will *ear muc* about t*e merits o- two competin% tape -ormats= Super Di%ital Linear ,ape /SDL,0 an& Linear ,ape ;pen /L,;08 + si%ni-icant &i--erence in t*e implementation o- t*ese two -ormats can be -oun& in t*e track--ollowin% ser'o system= t*e mec*anism responsible -or enablin% t*e e3tremely *i%* capacities &esire& by tape customers8 (*ile t*e optical trackin% tec*niFue bein% implemente& on SDL, is still in a &e'elopment p*ase= t*is article will attempt to contrast t*e merits o- t*e two track--ollowin% ser'o systems use& by SDL, an& L,; tape -ormats8 Anowin% more about t*e &i--erences between t*e two -ormats will *elp tape customers to make more in-orme& an& e&ucate& c*oices w*en up%ra&in% current systems or in'estin% in new ones8 In linear tape recor&in%= &ata is written on many a&Qacent tracks t*at run parallel to t*e e&%e o- t*e tape8 $sin% Di%ital Linear ,ape /DL,0 tec*nolo%y= it *as been possible to pus* t*is tec*nolo%y to recor& 2 2 tracks across a one-*al--inc* tape= allowin% eac* tape to store up to 794.8 "owe'er= to ac*ie'e ne3t %eneration tape capacities o- 1 4. an& %reater= si%ni-icantly more tracks must be written on t*e me&ia8 ,ape en%ineers reco%ni#e& t*e nee& -or a track--ollowin% ser'o= a mec*anism t*at allows a tape *ea& to &ynamically -ollow a tape track= because track positions -luctuate &ue to sli%*t me&ia 'ariations= mec*anical tolerances= an& ot*er en'ironmental -actors8 ,*e track--ollowin% ser'o is crucial to reali#in% t*e -ull capacity o- tape stora%e solutions an& ac*ie'in% reliable &ata stora%e8 + ser'o is similar to a carLs cruise control= w*ic* allows t*e car to automatically maintain a constant spee&8 ,*e carLs ser'o compares t*e actual 'elocity a%ainst t*e &esire& spee& an& re%ulates t*e accelerator accor&in%ly8 Similarly= a tape &ri'e usin% a track--ollowin% ser'o will constantly mo'e t*e *ea&= t*e component t*at actually per-orms t*e rea& an& write -unction= an& ali%n it to t*e &esire& track8

,*ree years a%o= I.! intro&uce& t*e !a%star 799 tape &ri'e= a main-rame stora%e pro&uct t*at uses tape wit* pre-written re-erence tracks to %ui&e t*e track--ollowin% ser'o8 Returnin% to t*e automobile metap*or= re-erence tracks are like lane markers on a roa&8 ,*ey pro'i&e t*e &ri'er wit* a continuous re-erence as to w*ere t*e car s*oul& be positione&8 Similarly= on a tape &ri'e= t*e *ea& *as special sensors t*at monitor t*e re-erence tracks8 I- t*e sensors &etect t*e *ea& mo'in% o-- t*e track= t*e ser'o will automatically mo'e t*e *ea& to re%ain position8 +&&itional recor&in% elements on t*e *ea& are locate& at precise &istances -rom t*e ser'o sensors= allowin% accurate writin% an& rea&in% o- &ata tracks8 Le'era%in% t*e track--ollowin% ser'o met*o& &eploye& in t*e !a%star 799 = in 6o'ember 199>= I.!= "ewlett Packar&= an& Sea%ate announce& a new linear tape -ormat -or mi&-ran%e tape pro&uct customers calle& L,;8 ,o%et*er= t*ese companies &e-ine& an a%%ressi'e tec*nolo%y roa& map -or L,; an& ma&e it a'ailable to any &ri'e or me&ia

manu-acturer t*rou%* a licensin% process= supportin% t*e belie- t*at multiple competin% manu-acturers will assure lon%-term stability= better pro&uct a'ailability= an& more competiti'e pricin%8 L,;-compliant &ri'es are e3pecte& -rom I.!= ?uQitsu= "ewlett Packar&= an& Sea%ate= an& -i'e me&ia manu-acturers *a'e purc*ase& licenses to make t*e L,;--ormat me&ia8 Concurrently= Muantum Corporation *as &esi%nate& SDL,= base& on its DL, tec*nolo%y= as t*e -ormat o- c*oice -or its ne3t si%ni-icant tape pro&uct8 ?urt*er= Muantum *as in&icate& t*at t*ey will implement a new optical ser'o tec*niFue calle& Laser 4ui&e& !a%netic Recor&in% /L4!R0= w*ic* pro'i&es t*e ser'o wit* position in-ormation by s*inin% a laser on a re-lecti'e strip manu-acture& on t*e back o- t*e tape8 Proponents oL4!R claim t*at t*is tec*niFue eliminates t*e cost an& incon'enience o- writin% ser'o re-erence tracks on t*e me&ia an& allows more tape sur-ace area to be a'ailable -or &ata stora%e8 +lt*ou%* t*e L4!R met*o& may sa'e incon'enience= me&ia manu-acturers can easily eliminate a&&itional costly steps in t*e L,; met*o& by writin% t*e ser'o tracks as t*ey loa& t*e tape into t*eir cartri&%es8 (*ile ser'o re-erence tracks occupy se'en percent ot*e tape area= t*e loss o- space is amply compensate& by t*e &ata inte%rity t*ey pro'i&e8 +&&itionally= wit* planne& impro'ements in track spacin% an& bit &ensity alon% a track= t*e L,; -ormat will allow -uture &ri'es to o--er capacities up to 2 4.8 "owe'er= t*e most crucial &i--erence between tape ser'o systems is t*e issue oreliability8 $sin% t*e L4!R optical trackin% met*o& is like &ri'in% a car on a roa& wit*out 'isible lanes w*ile watc*in% a me&ian o'er 182 miles away8 ,*is calculation is &eri'e& by scalin% up t*e track wi&t*= assume& to be appro3imately 2>HmicroIm= to a stan&ar& lane wi&t* o- 14 -eet8 ,*e conseFuences o- a *ea& mo'in% o-- track un&er t*ese circumstances can be &isastrous--in less t*an a secon&= 1 !. o- &ata coul& be obliterate&8 ,*e track--ollowin% ser'o met*o& use& on L,;-compliant &ri'es o--ers a more robust approac* by locatin% re-erence tracks close to t*e recor&e& &ata rat*er t*an on t*e ot*er si&e o- t*e me&ia8

D0D Features3
D<D starte& as t*e Di%ital <i&eo Disc but now means Di%ital <ersatile Disc or Qust D<D8 It is a multiapplication -amily o- optical &isc -ormats -or rea&-only= recor&able an& re-writable applications8 ,*e main -eatures o- t*e D<D -ormats areO Desi%ne& -rom t*e outset -or 'i&eo= au&io an& multime&ia= not Qust au&io8 +ll -ormats use a common -ile system /$D?08

Di%ital an& analo%ue copy protection -or D<D-<i&eo an& D<D-+u&io built into stan&ar&8 .ackwar&s compatibility wit* current CD me&ia8 +ll D<D *ar&ware will play au&io CDs an& CD-R;!s /alt*ou%* not all *ar&ware will play CD-Rs or CD-R(s08 $p to 48> 4. rea&-only capacity per layer= 289 4. per si&e ma3imum8 P*ysical &imensions i&entical to compact &isc but usin% two 85 mm t*ick substrates= bon&e& to%et*er8 Sin%le-layer1&ual-layer an& sin%le1&ouble si&e& options8 Recor&able an& re-writable 'ersions are part o- t*e -amily8

D0D Applications3 Despite t*e success o- t*e compact &isc t*ere *as been a clear nee& -or a *i%*er capacity -ormat to meet a&&itional application reFuirements8 D<D tec*nolo%y o--ers an optical &isc wit* a muc* lar%er capacity t*an t*e compact &isc an& is a'ailable as a -amily o- pre-recor&e&= recor&able an& re-writable -ormats to meet t*e reFuirements o- t*e in&ustries an& applications mentione& abo'e8 D<D-R;! is be%innin% to replace t*e CD-R;! an& pro'i&e a new *i%* capacity &isc -ormat -or t*e computer in&ustry8 6ew PCs are now pro'i&e& wit* D<D &ri'es instea& o- CD &ri'es8 ,*e entertainment in&ustry *as &e'elope& new %ames consoles /e% SonyLs PS2 an& !icroso-tLs X-.o30 w*ic* incorporate D<D-R;! &ri'es -or more sop*isticate& an& realistic %ames applications8 D<D-<i&eo= w*ic* was launc*e& in 199> in t*e $S+= *as become t*e most success-ul o- all t*e D<D -ormats= as it *as pro'e& to be an i&eal 'e*icle -or &istributin% 'i&eo content -rom t*e mo'ie in&ustry8 It can store a -ull-len%t* mo'ie o- *i%* Fuality 'i&eo wit* surroun& soun& au&io on a &isc t*e same si#e as a CD8 D<D-+u&io= w*ic* was launc*e& in 2 = is slowly %at*erin% momentum to become t*e -ormat -or 'ery *i%* Fuality= surroun& soun& music= o--erin% t*e music in&ustry new re'enue opportunities8 D<D-<i&eo an& D<D-R;! *ar&ware an& so-tware *a'e been a'ailable since 199>8 D<D-+u&io was launc*e& in 2 8 D<D writers an& D<D 'i&eo recor&ers are now a'ailable at a--or&able prices8 Recor&able -ormats suc* as D<D-R+!= D<D-R( an& D<D-R are now bein% e3tensi'ely use& in PCs -or computer backup an& s*ort runs o- D<Ds an& in stan&alone pro&ucts suc* as 'i&eo recor&ers an& camcor&ers8 D<Ds can now be unlocke& to make t*em re%ion -ree= allowin% you to play -ilms -rom all o'er t*e worl&8 Sou can learn *ow to &o t*is by usin% simple *an&set co&es8 ,o %i'e your player multi-re%ion capacity= take a look at t*e rest o- t*is siteU D0D ,verview 4 Features3

D<D= t*e Di%ital <ersatile Disc= is a *i%* capacity CD-si#e &isc -or 'i&eo= multime&ia= %ames an& au&io applications8 Capacities -or t*e rea&-only &isc ran%e -rom 48>4. to 1>814.8 D<D &iscs o--er muc* *i%*er capacity t*an CDs -or *i%* Fuality 'i&eo= au&io an& so-tware8 ,*e *i%* Fuality o- 'i&eo an& au&io *as *elpe& D<D-<i&eo to replace <"S -or pre-recor&e& titles an& to increase t*e o'erall 'i&eo market in most re%ions8 Statistics s*ow t*at D<D is %rowin% -aster t*an any ot*er consumer electronics -ormat in t*e $S+ an& )urope8 PCs wit* D<D capability are also sellin%= but multime&ia an& %ames applications o- D<D *a'e been slow to start8 ,*e a&'ent o- new %ames consoles usin% D<D is also *elpin% to stimulate -urt*er sales8

,*ere are -our basic types o- optical recor&in%= s*own in ?i% 18 +ll -our are currently in use an& alt*ou%* t*ey are all applicable to bot* &isc an& tape= only &isc pro&ucts are a'ailable at t*e moment8

;ptical recor&in%
18 C*an%e o- p*ysical &imensionO Data recor&in% c*an%es t*e &imension= %enerally t*e t*ickness= o- t*e me&ia8 ,*e 1Vs are t*icker t*an t*e Vs= or vice versa8 Remo'in% t*e material= or replicatin% a master recor&in% by inQection mol&in%= w*ic* pro&uces a me&ium wit* t*ickness 'ariations representin% t*e recor&e& &ata= can make t*e recor&in%8 CD-+u&io= CD-R;!= D<D-<i&eo an& D<DR;! me&ia are 'olume pro&uce& t*rou%* t*e inQection mol&in% process8 ,*e material remo'al recor&in%= use& since at least t*e be%innin% o- recor&e& *istory= may become -as*ionable a%ain in t*e -uture= usin% nanoscale tec*nolo%y8 28 !a%netic Recor&in%O .y raisin% t*e temperature o- t*e me&ium to close to its Curie point= a weak ma%netic -iel& can be use& to re'erse t*e e3istin% polarity ot*e bit cell on a track8 ,*e recor&e& pit si#e an& s*ape are &e-ine& by t*e &iameter an& t*e on-time &uration o- t*e laser beam use& as t*e *eat source8 ,*is is t*e basic -orm o- !a%neto-;ptical /!;0 recor&in%8 78 State ,ransitionO Certain alloys o- elements -rom t*e %roup <I o- t*e perio&ic table can be cause& to transition between amorp*ous an& crystalline states by controlle& *eatin% an& coolin%8 ,*ese alloys are stable in bot* states at room temperature8 ,*is tec*niFue is o-ten re-erre& to as P*ase C*an%e /PC0 recor&in%8 ;n t*e me&ium= w*ic* is in t*e polycrystalline state= recor&in% is accomplis*e& by rapi&ly *eatin% t*e material wit* a laser an& lettin% it cool Fuickly to t*e amorp*ous state8 +s wit* !; recor&in%= t*e PC process is completely re'ersible8 PC recor&in% is t*e basis -or D<D-R+!= an& t*e propose& newer -ormat= WD<D<i&eo Recor&in%X8 48 Polymer Dye .urn-InO In t*is irre'ersible process= &ata is burne& onto t*e me&ium w*ose sur-ace contains a polymer &ye8 CD-R= an& D<D-R belon% to t*is recor&in% cate%ory8

0pt#cal $ecord#n! +&aracter#st#cs *

J Re?or!ing B6peC M gnetiz tion Re>er- l J Re?or!ing Met*o!C Spot temper ture ele> tion ne r Curie point J Re !ing Met*o!C /err Angle !i55erenti tion J Pro!u?t-C M1 (M gneto0opti? l)

Fi#ure 5b6 ,ptical Recordin# $%aracteristics3 !a#neto-optical recordin#

Re?or!ing B6pe 23 St te C* nge #3 Pol6mer D6e ?* r ?teriti? ?* nge Re?or!ing Met*o! 23 Pit temper ture ele> tion #3 Pit temper ture ele> tion Re !ing Met*o! 23 Re5le?ti>it6 !i55erenti tion #3 Re5le?ti>it6 !i55erenti tion Pro!u?t23 PC (p* -e ?* nge) DKD0RAM #3 CD0R

DKD0R

2# 0pt#cal $ecord#n! +&aracter#st#cs 3 6 7 Fi#ure 5c6 ,ptical Recordin# $%aracteristics3 Polymer Dye and P%ase $%an#e 292 Data Recovery In tec*nolo%ies 1= 7 an& 4= t*e re-lecti'ity &i--erence between recor&e& an& unrecor&e& areas is &etecte& an& use& to %enerate an electronic si%nal8 In CD-+u&io= CD-R;!= D<D-'i&eo an& D<D-R;!= w*ic* are replicate& by inQection mol&in%= t*e e--ecti'e ele'ation &i--erence between recor&e& /pit0 an& unrecor&e& /lan&0 areas is 14= lea&in% to near cancellation o- li%*t re-lecte& -rom t*e recor&in% areaJ *ere is t*e laser wa'elen%t*8 In PC me&ia= t*e polycrystalline state *as a *i%*er re-lecti'ity t*an t*e amorp*ous state8 ;n polymer &ye me&ia= t*e burne&-in spots *a'e lower re-lecti'ity t*an t*e unrecor&e& areas8 (*en re-lecte& o-- a ma%neti#e& sur-ace= t*e plane o- polari#ation o- a polari#e& beam is rotate& wit* respect to t*e incomin% beam= a p*enomenon known as t*e $err effect= &isco'ere& in 12>> by @o*n Aerr8 In !; recor&in%= t*is small rotation is use& to %enerate t*e rea& si%nal8 Factors determinin# ,ptical Recordin# Density ,*e &iameter o- t*e -ocuse& laser beam is t*e &eterminant o- areal &ensity e3cept in t*e case o- inQection-mol&e& me&ia8 ,*e &i--raction-limit