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Formulas for IPhO a/ sin α = b/ sin β = 2R 2.

a/ sin α = b/ sin β = 2R 2. If in the problem’s text is an extraordinary co- the points, are equal; if one connects two points
7. Inscribed angles with identical endpoints are incidence (e.g. two things equal), then look for with a line and projects the velocities of these
I Mathematics the solution’ s key there. points on the drawn line, then the projections of
equal. They equal half of the corresponding cent-
1. Taylor’s series: ral angle. 3. Read carefully the recommendations in prob- the velocities equal; b) the instantaneous center
s text. Pay attention to problem’s formulation of rotation can be found via two velocity vectors
X
F (x) = F (x0 ) + F (n) (x − x0 )n /n! Conclusions: hypotenuse of a right triangle is lem’
Special case — linear approximation: the diameter of circumventer; if the sum of quad- — sometimes insignificant details may carry vi- (either from the intersection point of perpendic-
F (x) ≈ F (x0 ) + F ′ (x − x0 ) rangle’s opposite angles is a straight angle, then tal information. If you have solved for some time ulars or from similar triangles).
Applications are simpler, if x ≪ 1: it’s apexes lie on a circumference. unsuccessfully, then read the text again — per- 5. Non-inertial reference system:
2 x 8. Taking derivatives: haps you misunderstood the problem. ~ + ~aCor
~v2 = ~v0 + ~v1 , ~a2 = ~a0 + ~a1 + ω 2 R
sin x ≈ x, cos x ≈ 1 − x /2, e ≈ 1 + x
ln(1 + x) ≈ x, (1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx (f g)′ = f g ′ + f ′ g, f [g(x)]′ = f ′ [g(x)]g ′ 4. Make long and time-consuming transforma- 6. Ballistic problem:
tions then, when everything else is done. BUT y ≤ v02 /(2g) − gx2 /2v02 .
2. Perturbation method: next and more precise (sin x)′ = cos x, (cosx)′ = − sin x
always write down all initial expressions, what
solution is based on the previous one. (ex )′ = ex , (ln x)′ = 1/x, (xn )′ = nxn−1
need to be transformed.
3. Solutions of the linear differential equation (arctan x)′ = 1/(1 + x2p ) IV Dynamics
′′ ′ ′ ′ 5. If the problem seems to be hopelessly diffi-
with constant coefficients ay + by + cy = 0 (arcsin x) = −(arccos x) = 1/ 1 − x2 rd
cult, then it usually has an extremely simple solu- 1. Newton’s 3 law for translational and rota-
can be represented as: 9. Integration: the formulas are the same as for tion (and a simple answer). This is valid only for tional motion:
y = A exp(λ1 x) + B exp(λ2 x), derivation, but in reverse order (inverse opera- F~ = m~a, M ~ = I~ε (M ~ = ~r × F~ ).
Olympiad problems, because they definitely have
where λ1,2 is the solution of the so called charac- tion!), e.g. a solution. ~ and ~ε are basically
In case of 2D geometry M
teristic equation aλ2 + bλ + c = 0 if λ1 6= λ2 .
Z
xn dx = xn+1 /(n + 1). 6. In experiments a) sketch schema of the ex- scalars and M = F l, where l is arm of a force.
If the solution of the characteristic equation is
periment; b) think, how to increase the precision 2. Newton’s 3rd law: if system’s state is de-
complex, while a, b and c are real numbers, then Special case of substitution method:
of the results. scribed by one parameter ξ, its derivative over
λ1,2 = γ ± iω and
Z
f (ax + b)dx = F (ax + b)/a. time ξ,˙ potential energy Π(ξ) and kinetic energy
y = Ceγx sin(ωx + ϕ0 ).
III Kinematics K = µξ˙2 /2, then µξ¨ = −dΠ(ξ)/dξ. Conclu-
4. Complex numbers 10. Numerical methods sion: force is potential energy derivative over co-
z = a + bi = |z|eiϕ , z̄ = a − ib = |z|e−iϕ Newton’s formula for finding function’s 1. Translational motion — derivatives, integrals:
ordinate.
d~x
Z Z
b f (x) = 0 zero crossing points: ~v = , ~x = ~v dt (x = vx dt jne.)
|z|2 = z z̄ = a2 + b2 , ϕ = arg z = arcsin dt 3. If system consists of mass points mi :
|z| xn+1 = xn − f (xn )/f ′ (xn ). mj , P~ =
X X X
2 ~
r = mi~ri / mi~vi
d~v d ~v
Z
Rez = (z + z̄)/2, Imz = (z − z̄)/2 c
Trapezoidal rule: ~a = = 2 , ~v = ~adt
dt Z dt ~ =
X X
|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |, arg z1 z2 = arg z1 + arg z2 Z b Z Z
vx L mi~ri × ~vi , K = mi vi2 /2
eiϕ = cos ϕ + i sin ϕ a−b −1
t = vx dx = ax dvx , x = −1
dvx
Z
f (x)dx ≈ [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + . . . ax Iz =
X
mi (x2i + yi2 ) = (x2 + y 2 )dm.
2 cos ϕ = e + e−iϕ , 2i sin ϕ = eiϕ − e−iϕ

a 2n
If a = Const., then previous integrals can be
5. Vector and scalar products of vectors are dis- +2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )] found easily, e.g. 4. In a system, which moves relative to mass
tributive: a(b + c) = ac + bc. Cross product is 11. Derivatives and integrals of vectors: either 2 2 2
x = v0 t + at /2 = (v − v0 )/2a. center with velocity ~vc (index c marks system re-
anticommutative: ~a × ~b = −~b × ~a. by components or (in case of derivative) geomet-
2. Rotary motion — analogy to translational lated to mass center):
~a · ~b = ab cos ϕ, |~a × ~b| = ab sin ϕ. rically — according to triangle rule.
motion; e.g. ω = dϕ/dt, ε = dω/dt;
~ =L
L ~ c + MΣ R~ c × ~vc , K = Kc + MΣ vc2 /2
Definition of the mixed product: ~a = ~τ dv/dt + ~nv 2 /R 5. Steiner’s theorem (b — distance of point mass
(~a, ~b, ~c) ≡ (~a · [~b × ~c]) = ([~a × ~b] · ~c). II General recommendations 3. Curvilinear motion — same as point 1, but from rotational axis): I = Ic + mb .
2

In case of double vector product:


1. Check all formulas for veracity: a) exam- vectors must be replaced by linear velocities, ac- 6. Changeover from one reference system to an-
~a × [~b × ~c] = ~b(~a · ~c) − ~c(~a · ~b). ine dimensions; b) test simple special cases (e.g. celerations and path lengths. other: P~ = P~c + MΣ~vc
6. Cosine and sine laws: asymptotes); c) verify the plausibility of solu- 4. Motion of rigid body: a) projections of velo- 7. For a system as a whole:
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos ϕ tion’s qualitative properties. cities of two points on the line, which connects F~Σ = dP~ /dt, M
~ Σ = dL/dt
~
8. Inertial momentum relative to mass cen- if sliding stops, then the velocities of collision 3. N coupled oscillators have N natural oscil- 3. If refraction index changes continuously, then
ter and z-axis can also be calculated so: Iz0 = planes of both impacting bodies were equal in lations ωi (all oscillators oscillate with same fre- we imaginarily divide the media into layers of
2 2
P
i,j mi mj [(xi − xj ) + (yi − yj ) /2MΣ ]. collision point; d) if sliding does not stop, then quency ωi , but with different amplitudes: xj = constant n and apply Snell’s law. Light ray can
9. Inertial momentum relative to the origin of the momentum is delivered relative to surface xj0 sin(ωi t + ϕj ). General solution is superpos- travel along a layer of constant n, if the require-
coordinates: 2θ = Ix + Iy + Iz . normal under angle arctan µ. ition of all natural oscillations and contains op- ment of total internal reflection is fulfilled, n′ =
10. Physical pendulum: 16. Every motion of rigid body can be represen- tional constants X and φi : n/r (where r is curvature radius).
X i
2 2 2 xj = Xi xj0 sin(ωi t + ϕj + φi )
ω (l) = g/(l + q b /l), b = I/m ted as rotation around the instantaneous center 4. If refraction index depends only on z-
ω(l) = ω(l̃ − l) = g/l̃, l̃ = l + b /l 2 of rotation (in the sense of velocity field). NB! j coordinate, then
11. Coefficients of inertial momentum: cylinder Distance of the point from the instantaneous 4. If system can be described by one2parameter kx , ky = Const., |~k|n = Const.
1/2, solid sphere 2/5, thin spherical shell 1/3, center of rotation is not its radius of curvature ξ and it is known, that Π(ξ) = κξ /2 [where
of trajectory. κ = Π′′ (0)] and K = µξ˙2 /2, then ω 2 = κ/µ. 5. The thin lens equation (pay attention to
rod 1/12 (about end 1/3), square 1/6.
signs):
12. Often applicable conservation laws: 17. Tension in a string: in case of a massive 5. If in a fixed point wave’s frequency is ν and
string hanging, tension’s horizontal component wavelength is λ, then phase velocity is 1/a + 1/b = 1/f = D.
energy (elastic, no friction),
momentum (sum of external forces is zero; also is constant and vertical changes according to vf = νλ = ω/k. 6. Newton’s equation (binds distances of image
the string’ s mass underneath. Pressure force and original from focal plane): x1 x2 = f 2 .
only in the direction of one axis), 6. For linear waves (electromagnetic waves,
angular momentum (if sum of external torques of a string resting on a smooth surface is de- sound and surface waves with small amplitude) 7. Parallax method for determination of the im-
is zero, e.g. there are no external forces or their termined by its radius of curvature and tension: arbitrary wavelet is superpositions of single si- age position: find auxiliary body’s position where
arm of force is zero; also applicable with respect N = T /R. Analogy: surface tension pressure nusoidal waves. Standing wave is the sum of two it is at standstill, if viewpoint shifts relative to im-
to one point). p = 2σ/R; to derive, investigate pressure force age.
identical waves traveling in opposite directions.
along diameter. 8. Geometrical constructions for finding path of
13. Non-inertial reference systems: in them acts 7. Speed of sound in gas
additional inertial force m~a, centrifugal force 18. Adiabatic invariant: if parameters of a peri- c =
p
(∂p/∂ρ) =
p
γp/ρ = v̄
p
γ/2.
light ray through lenses:
s adiab
mω 2 R~ and Coriolis force (is zero, if body is at odically moving system change very little during a) ray passing through center of lens does not re-
standstill; work is zero, because it is perpendicu- one period, then the area of the shape on phase p 8. Speed of sound in elastic material cs = fract;
lar to velocity). plane (in p-x coordinate system) is very precisely E/ρ. b) ray parallel to optical axis (or its elongation)
14. Tilted coordinate system: in case of an in- constant (though not absolutely constant). 9. Doppler’s effect: if cs ≫ vk , then passes through focus;
clined plane it is often practical to choose axes 19. For investigating stability use a) principle ∆ν = ν0 vk /cs . c) parallel rays converge in focal plane;
along and perpendicular to the plane; gravita- of minimum potential energy or b) principle of d) Image of a plane through a lens is a plane, im-
10. Huygens’ principle: wavefront can be con-
tional acceleration has then both x- and y- com- small virtual displacement. age of a line is a line and image of a point is a
structed step by step, placing an imaginary wave
ponents. Axes may not be perpendicular, but 20. Virial theorem for finite movement: point. Line and elongations of its image converge
source in every point of previous wave front. Res-
then are finding the components of a vector in a) F ∝ |~r|, then hKi = hΠi; in lens’ plane.
ults are curves separated by distance ∆x =
the direction of axes and projecting the vector to b) F ∝ |~r|−2 , then 2 hKi = − hΠi. cs ∆t, where ∆t is time step and cs is the velo- 9. Luminous flux Φ [unit is lumen (lm)] char-
axes very different procedures. city in given point. Waves travel perpendicular acterizes the intensity of light, which is per-
15. Collision of bodies: maintained are a) total V Oscillations and waves to wavefront. ceived by the eye, while light passes through
momentum, b) total angular momentum, c) an- some (imaginary) surface. Luminous intensity
gular momentum of each body relative to point 1. Dissipated oscillator: VI Geometrical optics. Photometry. [unit is candela (cd)] is luminous flux radiated by
of collision immediately before and after the col- ẍ + 2γ ẋ + ω02 = 0 (γ < ω0 ). light source into solid angle: I = Φ/Ω. Illumin-
lision (for the last body, this equation could be Solution of this equation is (look I.2.): 1. Fermat’s principle: waves path from point A ance [unit is lux (lx)] is luminous flux incident
deduced from previous equations [a)–c)], d) total q to point B is such, that the wave travels the least upon a surface per unit area: E = Φ/S.
x = x0 e−γt sin( ω02 − γ 2 t − ϕ0 ). time.
energy (for elastic collision); kinetic energy may 10. Gauss theorem for luminous flux: if ima-
be maintained only along one axis (elastic col- 2. Coupled oscillator’s general equation of mo- 2. Snell’s law: ginary surface surrounds point sources of light,
P
lision with friction). Additional equations: e) tion: ẍi = i aij xj . sin α1 / sin α2 = n2 /n1 = v1 /v2 . that radiate equally in every direction, then Φ =
7. Reflection from optically denser dielectric I2. Gauss’ theoremI
P
4π Ei ; illuminance irradiated by point source ϕ = arg Z, Ueff = |Z|Ieff I
of light E = I/r2 .
X
media: phase shift π. P = |U ||I| cos(arg Z) = Ii2 Ri . ~ S
εε0 Ed ~ = Q, ~ S
Bd ~ = 0, ~gdS
~ = 4πM.
11. If a grease stain on a paper is as bright as 8. Fabri-Perot interferometer: two parallel 6. Characteristic times:
the surrounding paper, then the paper is equally semitransparent mirrors with reflection index r, √ 3. Circulation theorem
τRC = RC, τLR = L/R, ωLC = 1/ LC. I I ~
Bdl
I
illuminated from both sides. 1 − r ≪ 1. Width of transmission spectra is ~ ~l = 0 (= Φ̇),
Ed = I, ~gd~l = 0.
λ(1 − r). Can be derived by a) adding reflections, Approach to stationary current distribution hap- µµ0
reflections of reflection, etc. (geometric progres- pens exponentially, ∝ e−t/τ . 4. Magnetic field caused by current element:
VII Wave optics
sion) or b) finding amplitudes of waves traveling 7. Energy conservation for electric circuits: µµ0 I ~er × d~l
~ =
dB .
1. Diffraction — general method (is based on in opposite directions from limit condition. ∆W + Q = U q, 4π r2
Huygens’ principle): if obstacles divide wavefront 9. Coherent electromagnetic waves: electric
where q is charge, which traveled through po- 5. F~ = e(~v × B
~ + E),
~ F~ = I~ × Bl. ~
into one or more pieces of plane wave, then the fields are added; vector diagram can be used,
tential drop U ; work of electromotive force is 6. Simple conclusions of Gauss’ and circulation
pieces of wavefront can be filled by imaginary angle between vectors is phase shift; NB! refrac-
A = Eq. theorem:
light sources and their interference can be in- tion index n = n(ω).
vestigated.
2
8. WC = CU /2, WL = LI /2. 2 a) charged wire E ∝ 1/r, direct current B ∝
I ∝ nE 2 . 1/r, b) planar current B = Const., charged
2. Two slit interference (width of the slit is 9. E = −dΦ/dt = −LdI/dt, Φ = BS.
10. Malus’ law: for linearly polarized light I = plane E = Const.;
a ≪ d): angles of maximum are sin ϕmax k = 10. Nonlinear elements: graphical method — c) inside a charged sphere and inside an infinite
I0 cos2 ϕ, where ϕ is angle between planes of po-
kλ/d, k ∈ Z. find solution in U -I coordinates as a intersec-
larization. cylindric surface E = 0, if current flows along
3. Single slit with width d: angles of minimum tion point of a nonlinear curve and a line repres-
11. Brewster’s angle: reflected and refracted cylindrical surface, then also B = 0,
are sin ϕmin k = kλ/d, k ∈ Z, k 6= 0. Central enting Ohm/Kirchoff laws. In case of many solu-
rays are perpendicular; reflected ray is totally po- d) if charge and current volume density is uni-
maximum is twice as wide. To derive divide the tions investigate stability — some of the solu-
larized; incident angle form, the field is ∝ r (∝ x) for sphere, cylinder
slit imaginarily into halves, quarters, eighths etc.; tions are usually unstable.
and layer.
look point 1. ϕB = n. 11. Approximate solving: if τobservable ≫ τRC 7. Long solenoid: inside B = Inµµ , out-
0
4. Diffraction grating with step d: location 12. Newton’s biprism: if diffraction picture is or τLR . Quasiequilibrium is formed — either
side 0, elsewhere Bk ∝ Ω; Φ = N BS and
of main maximums is the same as in point 2. to be considered, then lenses and prisms can be IC ≈ 0 (wire is ”broken” near C) or EL ≈ 0 (L is
L = Φ/I = V n2 µµ0 .
Diffraction grating is analyzed the same way neglected and only images investigated. short-circuited). If ≪, then according change of
charge or current is small, ∆Q ≪ Q or ∆I ≪ I;
8. Measuring magnetic field with a small coil
as single slit interference. Spectral resolution
in pulsed operating mode of galvanometer: q =
(waves with wavelengths λ and λ + ∆λ can be VIII Circuits potential of C and flow of current in L are prac- R U
tically constant. R dt = N S∆B/R.
distinguished; N is the number of slits and k —
1. U = IR, P = U I. 12. If L 6= 0, then I(t) is continuous function. 9. Potential
energy of system of charges:
diffraction order of main maximum): X qi qj 1
Z
2. Kirchoff ’s laws:
∆λ = λ/kN. X X 13. If in a superconducting contour L = Π = rij
=
2
ϕ(~r)dq, dq = ρ(~r)dV.
I = 0, U =0 Const, then according contour current I = i>j
5. Resolution of an ideal telescope (lens): points node contuor
Const (more universally: magnetic flux through 10. To find force between surface parts of uni-
are distinguishable, if angle between them is 3. Methods of solution: a) method of potentials; contour Φ = Const.). formly charged sphere or cylindrical surface, in-
ϕ = 1,22λ/d. b) method of contour currents; c) equivalent cir-
14. Mutual inductance: magnetic flux through vestigate equivalent pressure force.
In case of that angle the diffraction maximum of cuits (3-terminals: triangle, star; 2-terminal: r a contour Φ = L I + L I (I — current in 11. In a point located in equal distance of all
1 1 1 12 2 2
the first point overlaps with the first minimum of and E in series). second contour). Theorem: L12 = L21 ≡ M . charges (e.g. inside a sphere or on an axis of cyl-
the second point. 4. Special methods: resistivity of infinite circuit, inder), ϕ = kQ/r.
6. Bragg theory: if distance between ion planes resistance between neighbour nodes in infinite 12. To find the charge (or potential) induced by
is a, then x-ray reflects, if incidence angle meets grid. IX Electromagnetism
an electric wire divide a single charge between
the restriction: 5. Alternating current: same as direct current; 1. F = kq1 q2 /r2 , Π = kq1 q2 /r — Kepler’s symmetric positions: problem becomes sym-
2a sin α = kλ. ZR = R, ZC = 1/iωC, ZL = iωL; laws are applicable (Ch. XII). metrical.
~ = εε0 E
~ =
R
13. Conductor shields charges and electric 26. Fields in substances: D 19. Heat capacity: Q = c(T )dT . 6. In case of small ellipticity ε = d/a ≪ 1 tra-
fields, e.g. locations of charges inside a hollow ~ + P~ , where P~ is dielectric polarization vec-
ε0 E 20. Surface tension: jectory can be considered as a circle, but focuses
sphere can not be seen from outside (it seems as tor (volume density of dipole moment); H ~ = U = Sσ, F = lσ, p = 2σ/R. are shifted.
were the total charge Q located on conductor’s ~ ~ ~ ~
B/µµ0 = B/µ0 − J, where J is magnetization 7. Properties of ellipse: l1 + l2 = 2a, α1 = α2 ,
surface) vector (volume density of magnetic moment). XI Quantum mechanics S = πab.
14. Capacitances: C = εε0S/d (plane), 27. In an interface between two substances En , 8. Contact point of an ellipse and a circle with
4πεε0 r(sphere), 2εε0 l(ln R/r)−1 (coaxial). Dt (= εEt ), Ht (= Bt /µ) and Bn are continu-
1. p~ = h̄~k (modulus is h/λ), E = h̄ω = hν.
common focuses can only be in the end point of
15. Dipole moment: ous. 2. Interference: as in wave optics. the longer axis.
d~e = qi~ri = ~lq, d~µ = I S.
~ 3. Uncertainty:
X
28. Energy density: W = εε0 E 2 + B 2 /µµ0 . 9. Galilei invariant:
∆p∆x ≈ h̄, ∆E∆t ≈ h̄. ~ × ~v
16. Energy and torque of dipole: L
W = d~ · E ~ (B),
~ ~ = d~ × E
M ~ (B).
~ 4. Spectra: hν = En − Em ; width of line and ~ε = + ~er .
X Thermodynamics γM m
17. Dipole field: ϕ = d~ · ~er /r ; E, B ∝ r−3 .
2 lifetime: Γτ ≈ h.
1. pV = m µ RT 5. Oscillator’s (e.g. molecule) natural frequency XIII Theory of relativity
18. Forces acting on a dipole: F = (E~ d~e )′ ,
F = (B ~ d~µ )′ ; interaction between two dipoles: 2. Internal energy of one mole U = 2i RT . ν0 : En = (n + 12 )hν0 . If there are many natural
P 1. Lorentz transformations p(turns of 4-
F ∝ r4 . 3. Volume of one mole at standard conditions is frequencies, then E = i hni νi .
dimensional space-time), β = 1/ 1 − v 2 /c2 :
22,4 l. 6. Tunneling effect: barrier Γ with width
19. Electric and magnetic images: grounded pl is eas- x′ = β(x − vt), y ′ = y, t′ = β(t − vx/c2 )
γ γ−1
(superconducting for magnets) planes act as 4. pV = Const. (and T V = Const.). ily penetrable, if Γτ ≈ h, where τ = l/ Γ/m.
p′x = β(px − mv), m′ = β(m − px v/c2 )
mirrors. Field of a grounded or not grounded 5. γ = cp /cv = (i + 2)/i. 7. Bohr’s model: En ∝ 1/n2. In a circular
sphere can be found as a field of fictive charge 6. Boltzman’s distribution: orbit there are integer number of wavelengths 2. Length of 4-dimensional vector:
2 2 2 2 2 2
inside one or two spheres. ρ = ρ0 e−µgh/RT = ρ0 e−U/kT . λ = h/mv. s =c t −x −y −z
20. Sphere’s (cylinder’s) polarization in homo- 7. Maxwell’s distribution (how many molecules 8. Compton effect — photon is scattered from m20 c2 = m2 c2 − p2x − p2y − p2z
2
geneous (electric) field: superposition of two ho- have speed v) ∝ e−mv /2kT . electron, ∆λ = λC (1 − cos θ). 3. Adding velocities:
mogeneously charged spheres (cylinders), d ∝ 8. If ∆p ≪ p, then ∆p = ρg∆h. 9. Photoeffect: A + mv2 /2 = hν. I-U -graph: w = (u + v)/(1 + uv/c2 ).
E. 9. p = 13 mnv̄2 , v̄ = 2kT /m, dν = v · dn.
p current begins already, if U < 0, near large U 4. Doppler effect:
21. Momentum of Eddy’ currents: ∆p ∝ B /a, 10. Carnot’s cycle: 2 adiabats, 2 isotherms. η = saturates.
2
ν ′ = ν0
p
(1 − v/c)/(1 + v/c).
where a is characteristic geometrical measure. (T − T )/T . Derivation in S-T -coordinates. 10. Stefan-Boltzman: P = σT 4 .
1 2 1 5. Space turns: tanh ϕ = v/c; sinh, cosh, tanh
22. In case of fast processes inside a conductor 11. Inverse cycle: η = T1 /(T1 − T2 ) instead of sin, cos, tan. Property: cosh2 ϕ −
and always inside a superconductor B = 0 and XII Kepler laws
12. Entropy: dS = dQ/T . sinh2 ϕ = 1.
thus I = 0 (current flows in surface layer). 2
13. I law of thermodynamics: δU = δQ + δA 1. F = γM m/r , Π = −γM m/r. 6. Shortening of length: l′ = l0 /β.
23. Charge in homogeneous magnetic field:
generalized momentum is constant 14. II law of thermodynamics: ∆S ≥ 0 (and 2. Gravitational pull of two point masses: tra- 7. Lengthening of time: t′ = t0 β.
ηreal ≤ ηCarnot ). jectory of both of them is ellipse, which center is 8. Simultaneity is relative.
p′x = mvx + Bye, p′y = mvy − Bxe.
system’s mass center.
Moving along cycloid with average speed 15. Gas Zwork (look also p. 10) 9. F~ = d(m~v )/dt, where m = m0 β.
v = E/B = F/eB. i 3. While moving in a central force field, radius 10. Ultrarelativistic approximation: v ≈ c,
A= pdV, adiabatic: A = ∆(pV )
24. MHD generator (a — measure along the dir- 2 vector covers equal areas in equal times. p p
p ≈ mc, 1 − v 2 /c2 ≈ 2(1 − v/c).
16. Dalton’s law: p = pi .
P
~
ection of E): 4. Two planets’ revolution periods squares are
E = vBa, r = ρa/bc. 17. Boiling: pressure of saturated vapour is p0 . as cubes of longer semiaxis:
25. Hysteresis: S-shaped curve in B-H- or 18. Heat flux P = kS∆T /l (k — thermal con- T12 /T22 = a31 /a32 .
(for coil with core) U -I-coordinates: surface sur- ductivity factor); analogy to direct current cir- 5. Total energy of a body moving in an elliptical
rounded by it is proportional to thermal loss (en- cuits (in correspondence are P and I, ∆T and orbit: Composed by J. Kalda — kalda@ioc.ee, 6204174,
ergy dissipated in core during one period). U ). E = −γM m/2a. 56214406; Translated by U. Visk — visk@ut.ee

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