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a/ sin α = b/ sin β = 2R 2. If in the problem’s text is an extraordinary co- the points, are equal; if one connects two points
7. Inscribed angles with identical endpoints are incidence (e.g. two things equal), then look for with a line and projects the velocities of these
I Mathematics the solution’ s key there. points on the drawn line, then the projections of
equal. They equal half of the corresponding cent-
1. Taylor’s series: ral angle. 3. Read carefully the recommendations in prob- the velocities equal; b) the instantaneous center
s text. Pay attention to problem’s formulation of rotation can be found via two velocity vectors
X
F (x) = F (x0 ) + F (n) (x − x0 )n /n! Conclusions: hypotenuse of a right triangle is lem’
Special case — linear approximation: the diameter of circumventer; if the sum of quad- — sometimes insignificant details may carry vi- (either from the intersection point of perpendic-
F (x) ≈ F (x0 ) + F ′ (x − x0 ) rangle’s opposite angles is a straight angle, then tal information. If you have solved for some time ulars or from similar triangles).
Applications are simpler, if x ≪ 1: it’s apexes lie on a circumference. unsuccessfully, then read the text again — per- 5. Non-inertial reference system:
2 x 8. Taking derivatives: haps you misunderstood the problem. ~ + ~aCor
~v2 = ~v0 + ~v1 , ~a2 = ~a0 + ~a1 + ω 2 R
sin x ≈ x, cos x ≈ 1 − x /2, e ≈ 1 + x
ln(1 + x) ≈ x, (1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx (f g)′ = f g ′ + f ′ g, f [g(x)]′ = f ′ [g(x)]g ′ 4. Make long and time-consuming transforma- 6. Ballistic problem:
tions then, when everything else is done. BUT y ≤ v02 /(2g) − gx2 /2v02 .
2. Perturbation method: next and more precise (sin x)′ = cos x, (cosx)′ = − sin x
always write down all initial expressions, what
solution is based on the previous one. (ex )′ = ex , (ln x)′ = 1/x, (xn )′ = nxn−1
need to be transformed.
3. Solutions of the linear differential equation (arctan x)′ = 1/(1 + x2p ) IV Dynamics
′′ ′ ′ ′ 5. If the problem seems to be hopelessly diffi-
with constant coefficients ay + by + cy = 0 (arcsin x) = −(arccos x) = 1/ 1 − x2 rd
cult, then it usually has an extremely simple solu- 1. Newton’s 3 law for translational and rota-
can be represented as: 9. Integration: the formulas are the same as for tion (and a simple answer). This is valid only for tional motion:
y = A exp(λ1 x) + B exp(λ2 x), derivation, but in reverse order (inverse opera- F~ = m~a, M ~ = I~ε (M ~ = ~r × F~ ).
Olympiad problems, because they definitely have
where λ1,2 is the solution of the so called charac- tion!), e.g. a solution. ~ and ~ε are basically
In case of 2D geometry M
teristic equation aλ2 + bλ + c = 0 if λ1 6= λ2 .
Z
xn dx = xn+1 /(n + 1). 6. In experiments a) sketch schema of the ex- scalars and M = F l, where l is arm of a force.
If the solution of the characteristic equation is
periment; b) think, how to increase the precision 2. Newton’s 3rd law: if system’s state is de-
complex, while a, b and c are real numbers, then Special case of substitution method:
of the results. scribed by one parameter ξ, its derivative over
λ1,2 = γ ± iω and
Z
f (ax + b)dx = F (ax + b)/a. time ξ,˙ potential energy Π(ξ) and kinetic energy
y = Ceγx sin(ωx + ϕ0 ).
III Kinematics K = µξ˙2 /2, then µξ¨ = −dΠ(ξ)/dξ. Conclu-
4. Complex numbers 10. Numerical methods sion: force is potential energy derivative over co-
z = a + bi = |z|eiϕ , z̄ = a − ib = |z|e−iϕ Newton’s formula for finding function’s 1. Translational motion — derivatives, integrals:
ordinate.
d~x
Z Z
b f (x) = 0 zero crossing points: ~v = , ~x = ~v dt (x = vx dt jne.)
|z|2 = z z̄ = a2 + b2 , ϕ = arg z = arcsin dt 3. If system consists of mass points mi :
|z| xn+1 = xn − f (xn )/f ′ (xn ). mj , P~ =
X X X
2 ~
r = mi~ri / mi~vi
d~v d ~v
Z
Rez = (z + z̄)/2, Imz = (z − z̄)/2 c
Trapezoidal rule: ~a = = 2 , ~v = ~adt
dt Z dt ~ =
X X
|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |, arg z1 z2 = arg z1 + arg z2 Z b Z Z
vx L mi~ri × ~vi , K = mi vi2 /2
eiϕ = cos ϕ + i sin ϕ a−b −1
t = vx dx = ax dvx , x = −1
dvx
Z
f (x)dx ≈ [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + . . . ax Iz =
X
mi (x2i + yi2 ) = (x2 + y 2 )dm.
2 cos ϕ = e + e−iϕ , 2i sin ϕ = eiϕ − e−iϕ
iϕ
a 2n
If a = Const., then previous integrals can be
5. Vector and scalar products of vectors are dis- +2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )] found easily, e.g. 4. In a system, which moves relative to mass
tributive: a(b + c) = ac + bc. Cross product is 11. Derivatives and integrals of vectors: either 2 2 2
x = v0 t + at /2 = (v − v0 )/2a. center with velocity ~vc (index c marks system re-
anticommutative: ~a × ~b = −~b × ~a. by components or (in case of derivative) geomet-
2. Rotary motion — analogy to translational lated to mass center):
~a · ~b = ab cos ϕ, |~a × ~b| = ab sin ϕ. rically — according to triangle rule.
motion; e.g. ω = dϕ/dt, ε = dω/dt;
~ =L
L ~ c + MΣ R~ c × ~vc , K = Kc + MΣ vc2 /2
Definition of the mixed product: ~a = ~τ dv/dt + ~nv 2 /R 5. Steiner’s theorem (b — distance of point mass
(~a, ~b, ~c) ≡ (~a · [~b × ~c]) = ([~a × ~b] · ~c). II General recommendations 3. Curvilinear motion — same as point 1, but from rotational axis): I = Ic + mb .
2