Transport

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Ximen Station of the Taipei Metro in Taiwan

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French "ational olice use several modes of transport, each with their distinct advantages
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Transport
Modes

#nimal$powered #viation %a!le &uman$powered ipeline Ship Space 'ail 'oad

Lists

Transport topics

Transport portal

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Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another( Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, ca!le, pipeline, and space( The field can !e divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations( Transport infrastructure consists of the fi)ed installations necessary for transport, and may !e roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, !us stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots *including fueling docks and fuel stations+, and seaports( Terminals may !e used !oth for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance( ,ehicles traveling on these networks may include automo!iles, !icycles, !uses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, and aircraft( -perations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies( .n the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can !e either pu!lic or private, depending on the country and mode( assenger transport may !e pu!lic, where operators provide scheduled services, or private( Freight transport has !ecome focused on containeri/ation, although !ulk transport is used for large volumes of dura!le items( Transport plays an important part in economic growth and glo!ali/ation, !ut most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land( While it is heavily su!sidi/ed !y governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain ur!an sprawl(

Contents
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2 Mode o 2(2 &uman$powered o 2(3 #nimal$powered o 2(4 #ir o 2(5 'ail o 2(6 'oad o 2(7 Water

2(8 -ther 3 9lements o 3(2 .nfrastructure o 3(3 ,ehicles o 3(4 -peration 4 Function o 4(2 assenger o 4(3 Freight 5 &istory 6 .mpact o 6(2 9conomic o 6(3 lanning o 6(4 9nvironment 7 See also 8 "otes : ;i!liography
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< 9)ternal links

[edit] Mode
Main article: Mode of transport # mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a particular type of vehicle, infrastructure and operation( The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several modes, with the latter case !eing called intermodal or multimodal transport( 9ach mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will !e chosen for a trip on the !asis of cost, capa!ility, route, and speed(

&uman$powered transport remains common in developing countries(

[edit] Human-powered
Main article: &uman$powered transport

&uman powered transport is the transport of people and=or goods using human muscle$power, in the form of walking, running and swimming( Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human$power( &uman$powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost$saving, leisure, physical e)ercise and environmentalism( &uman$powered transport is sometimes the only type availa!le, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessi!le regions( .t is considered an ideal form of sustaina!le transportation( #lthough humans are a!le to walk without infrastructure, the transport can !e enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as !icycles and inline skates( &uman$powered vehicles have also !een developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, !y watercraft rowing and skiing> even the air can !e entered with human$powered aircraft(

[edit] Animal-powered
Main article: #nimal$powered transport #nimal$powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods( &umans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles( #nimals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity> prior to the .ndustrial 'evolution they were used for all land transport impractica!le for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world(

[edit] Air
Main article: #viation

#n #ir France #ir!us #42: lands at ?ondon &eathrow #irport # fi)ed$wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier$than$air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift( The term is used to distinguish from rotary$wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift( # gyroplane is !oth fi)ed$wing and rotary$wing( Fi)ed$wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft( Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing( The ma@ority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers( While the vast ma@ority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capa!le of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water(

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket( %ommercial @ets can reach up to <66 kilometres per hour *6<4 mph+, single$engine aircraft 666 kilometres per hour *456 mph+( #viation is a!le to Auickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, !ut incur high costs and energy use> for short distances or in inaccessi!le places helicopters can !e used(021 W&- estimates that up to 6BB,BBB people are on planes at any time(031

[edit] Rail
Main article: 'ail transport

.nter%ity9)press, a Cerman high$speed passenger train 'ail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad( The rails are anchored perpendicular to ties *or sleepers+ of tim!er, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge( The rails and perpendicular !eams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a !ed of !allast( #lternative methods include monorail and maglev( # train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails( ropulsion is commonly provided !y a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight( The locomotive can !e powered !y steam, diesel or !y electricity supplied !y trackside systems( #lternatively, some or all the cars can !e powered, known as a multiple unit( #lso, a train can !e powered !y horses, ca!les, gravity, pneumatics and gas tur!ines( 'ailed vehicles move with much less friction than ru!!er tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships( .ntercity trains are long$haul services connecting cities>041 modern high$speed rail is capa!le of speeds up to 46B km=h *33B mph+, !ut this reAuires specially !uilt track( 'egional and commuter trains feed cities from su!ur!s and surrounding areas, while intra$ur!an transport is performed !y high$capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the !ack!one of a cityDs pu!lic transport( Freight trains traditionally used !o) cars, reAuiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo( Since the 2<7Bs, container trains have !ecome the dominant solution for general freight, while large Auantities of !ulk are transported !y dedicated trains(

[edit] Road
Main article: 'oad transport

.nterstate :B near ;erkeley, %alifornia, Enited States( # road is an identifia!le route, way or path !etween two or more places(051 'oads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel>061 though they need not !e, and historically many roads were simply recogni/a!le routes without any formal construction or maintenance(071 .n ur!an areas, roads may pass through a city or village and !e named as streets, serving a dual function as ur!an space easement and route(081 The most common road vehicle is the automo!ile> a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor( -ther users of roads include !uses, trucks, motorcycles, !icycles and pedestrians( #s of 3BB3, there were 6<B million automo!iles worldwide( #utomo!iles offer high fle)i!ility and with low capacity, !ut are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities> !uses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced fle)i!ility( 0:1 'oad transport !y truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport(

[edit] Water
Main article: Ship transport

#utomo!ile ferry in %roatia Water transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a !arge, !oat, ship or sail!oat, makes over a !ody of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river( The need for !uoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance( .n the 2<th century the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship( The steam was produced using wood or coal( "ow most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called !unker fuel( Some ships, such as su!marines, use nuclear power to produce the steam( 'ecreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal com!ustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of @et !oats, an in!oard water @et( .n shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled !y large pusher$prop fans(

#lthough slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large Auantities of non$perisha!le goods( %ommercial vessels, nearly 46,BBB in num!er, carried 8(5 !illion tons of cargo in 3BB8(0<1 Transport !y water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping>02B1 short sea shipping and ferries remain via!le in coastal areas(
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[edit] Other

Trans$#laska ipeline for crude oil ipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liAuid and gases are sent, !ut pneumatic tu!es can also send solid capsules using compressed air( For liAuids=gases, any chemically sta!le liAuid or gas can !e sent through a pipeline( Short$distance systems e)ist for sewage, slurry, water and !eer, while long$distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas( %a!le transport is a !road mode where vehicles are pulled !y ca!les instead of an internal power source( .t is most commonly used at steep gradient( Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts> some of these are also categori/ed as conveyor transport( Spaceflight is transport out of 9arthDs atmosphere into outer space !y means of a spacecraft( While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used e)cept to put satellites into or!it, and conduct scientific e)periments( &owever, man has landed on the moon, and pro!es have !een sent to all the planets of the Solar System( Su!or!ital spaceflight is the fastest of the e)isting and planned transport systems from a place on 9arth to a distant other place on 9arth( Faster transport could !e achieved through part of a ?ow 9arth or!it, or following that tra@ectory even faster using the propulsion of the rocket to steer it(

[edit] Elements

;ridges, such as Colden Cate ;ridge, allow roads and railways to cross !odies of water

[edit] In rastru!ture
Main article: .nfrastructure .nfrastructure is the fi)ed installations that allow a vehicle to operate( .t consists of !oth a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance( For rail, pipeline, road and ca!le transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must !e !uilt up( #ir and water craft are a!le to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to !e !uilt up( &owever, they reAuire fi)ed infrastructure at terminals( Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations where passengers and freight can !e transferred from one vehicle or mode to another( For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each modeDs advantages( For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and su!ur!s( The terminals for automo!iles are parking lots, while !uses and coaches can operates from simple stops(0241 For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use( The financing of infrastructure can either !e pu!lic or private( Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the pu!lic> roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through ta)ation( "ew infrastructure pro@ects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through de!t( Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll pla/as on roads( .ndependent of this, authorities may impose ta)es on the purchase or use of vehicles(

# eugeot 3B7 participating in the World 'ally %hampionship

[edit] "ehi!les
Main article: ,ehicle # vehicle is any non$living device that is used to move people and goods( Enlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders( ,ehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called crafts( Enless !eing pulled !y a ca!le or muscle$power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion> this is most commonly done through a steam engine, com!ustion engine, electric motor, a @et engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also e)ist( ,ehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement> this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and pressure(

,ehicles are most commonly staffed !y a driver( &owever, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully automated( For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the passengers( Simple vehicles, such as automo!iles, !icycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver(

[edit] Operation

.ncheon .nternational #irport, South Forea rivate transport is only su!@ect to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle themselves( For pu!lic transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or !y governments( The infrastructure and vehicles may !e owned and operated !y the same company, or they may !e operated !y different entities( Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national railway( Since the 2<:Bs, many of these have !een privati/ed( .nternational shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,0251 !ut ports can !e pu!lic owned(0261

[edit] #un!tion
'elocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of transport( &owever, other uses e)ist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mo!ility construction or emergency eAuipment(

;orivali station platform num!ers 4 and 5 during peak hours *:$< a(m(+( "ote the crowd waiting on the left platform( From this platform trains depart for %hurchgate, where the offices are located( ?ocation: ;orivali Station, Mum!ai, .ndia

# local transit !us operated !y #%T.-" in %an!erra, #ustralia

[edit] $assen%er
Main articles: Travel and u!lic transit assenger transport, or travel, is divided into pu!lic and private transport( u!lic is scheduled services on fi)ed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire( The latter offers !etter fle)i!ility, !ut has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact( Travel may !e as part of daily commuting, for !usiness, leisure or migration( Short$haul transport is dominated !y the automo!ile and mass transit( The latter consists of !uses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger cities( ?ong$haul transport involves the use of the automo!ile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have !ecome predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, travel( .ntermodal passenger transport is where a @ourney is performed through the use of several modes of transport> since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can !e considered intermodal( u!lic transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hu!, such as a !us or railway station( Ta)is and ;uses can !e found on !oth ends of u!lic Transport spectrum, whereas ;uses remain the cheaper mode of transport !ut are not necessarily fle)i!le, and Ta)is !eing very fle)i!le !ut more e)pensive( .n the middle is Gemand responsive transport offering fle)i!ility whilst remaining afforda!le( .nternational travel may !e restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa reAuirements(

[edit] #rei%ht
Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing(0271 With increased speciali/ation and glo!ali/ation, production is !eing located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport(0281 While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation !etween the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is chosen(02:1 ?ogistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material$handling and packaging, with associated e)change of information(02<1 .ncoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsi!ility of risk during transport(03B1

Freight train with shipping containers in the Enited Fingdom( %ontaineri/ation, with the standardi/ation of .S- containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutioni/ed international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment costs( Traditionally, all cargo had to !e manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car> containeri/ation allows for automated handling and transfer !etween modes, and the standardi/ed si/es allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle operation( This has !een one of the key driving factors in international trade and glo!ali/ation since the 2<6Bs(0321 ;ulk transport is common with cargo that can !e handled roughly without deterioration> typical e)amples are ore, coal, cereals and petroleum( ;ecause of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous Auantities to !e handled Auickly and efficiently( The low value of the cargo com!ined with high volume also means that economies of scale !ecome essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport !ulk( ?iAuid products with sufficient volume may also !e transported !y pipeline( #ir freight has !ecome more common for products of high value> while less than one percent of world transport !y volume is !y airline, it amounts to forty percent of the value( Time has !ecome especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and @ust$in$time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for Auick delivery of key components or items of high value$to$weight ratio(0331 .n addition to mail, common items send !y air include electronics and fashion clothing(

[edit] Histor&
Main article: &istory of transport

;ullock team hauling wool in #ustralia &umansD first means of transport were walking and swimming( The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the !urden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to !e hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration(

.nventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles( #lso water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates !ack to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large Auantities or over large distances prior to the .ndustrial 'evolution( The first forms of road transport were horses, o)en or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails( aved roads were !uilt !y many early civili/ations, including Mesopotamia and the .ndus ,alley %ivili/ation( The ersian and 'oman empires !uilt stone$paved roads to allow armies to travel Auickly( Geep road!eds of crushed stone underneath ensured that the roads kept dry( The medieval %aliphate later !uilt tar$paved roads( The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks( 9arly water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a com!ination of the two( The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, !eing located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two !odies of water( Entil the .ndustrial 'evolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasi!le(

The Wright ;rothersD first flight in 2<B4 The .ndustrial 'evolution in the 2<th century saw a num!er of inventions fundamentally change transport( With telegraphy, communication !ecame instant and independent of transport( The invention of the steam engine, closely followed !y its application in rail transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles( ;oth speed and capacity increased rapidly, allowing speciali/ation through manufacturing !eing located independent of natural resources( The 2<th century also saw the development of the steam ship, that sped up glo!al transport( With the development of the com!ustion engine and the automo!ile at the turn into the 3Bth century, road transport !ecame more via!le, allowing the introduction of mechanical private transport( The first highways were constructed during the 2<th century with macadam( ?ater, tarmac and concrete !ecame the dominant paving material( .n 2<B4, the first controlla!le airplane was invented, and after World War ., it !ecame a fast way to transport people and e)press goods over long distances(0341 #fter World War .., the automo!ile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing rail and water to freight and short$haul passenger(0351 Spaceflight was launched in the 2<6Bs, with rapid growth until the 2<8Bs, when interest dwindled( .n the 2<6Bs, the introduction of containeri/ation gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, permitting glo!ali/ation(0321 .nternational air travel !ecame much more accessi!le in the 2<7Bs, with the commerciali/ation of the @et engine( #long with the growth in automo!iles and motorways, this introduced a decline for rail and water transport( #fter the introduction of the Shinkansen

in 2<75, high$speed rail in #sia and 9urope started taking passengers on long$haul routes from airlines(0351 9arly in E(S( history, most aAueducts, !ridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels were owned !y private @oint$stock corporations( Most such transportation infrastructure came under government control in the late 2<th and early 3Bth centuries, culminating in the nationali/ation of inter$city passenger rail service with the creation of #mtrak( 'ecently, however, a movement to privati/e roads and other infrastructure has gained some ground and adherents(0361 Further information: Timeline of transportation technology

[edit] Impa!t
Main article: sustaina!le transport

[edit] E!onomi!

Transport is a key component of growth and glo!ali/ation, such as in Seattle, Enited States Transport is a key necessity for speciali/ationHallowing production and consumption of products to occur at different locations( Transport has throughout history !een a spur to e)pansion> !etter transport allows more trade and a greater spread of people( 9conomic growth has always !een dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of transport(0371 ;ut the infrastructure and operation of transport has a great impact on the land and is the largest drainer of energy, making transport sustaina!ility a ma@or issue( Modern society dictates a physical distinction !etween home and work, forcing people to transport themselves to places of work or study, as well as to temporarily relocate for other daily activities( assenger transport is also the essence of tourism, a ma@or part of recreational transport( %ommerce reAuires the transport of people to conduct !usiness, either to allow face$ to$face communication for important decisions or to move specialists from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed(

[edit] $lannin%
Main article: Transport planning Transport planning allows for high utili/ation and less impact regarding new infrastructure( Esing models of transport forecasting, planners are a!le to predict future transport patterns( -n the operative level, logistics allows owners of cargo to plan transport as part of the supply chain( Transport as a field is studied through transport economics, the !ack!one for the

creation of regulation policy !y authorities( Transport engineering, a su!$discipline of civil engineering, and must take into account trip generation, trip distri!ution, mode choice and route assignment, while the operative level is handles through traffic engineering(

The engineering of this rounda!out in ;ristol, Enited Fingdom, attempts to make traffic flow free$moving ;ecause of the negative impacts made, transport often !ecomes the su!@ect of controversy related to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity( #utomotive transport can !e seen as a tragedy of the commons, where the fle)i!ility and comfort for the individual deteriorate the natural and ur!an environment for all( Gensity of development depends on mode of transport, with pu!lic transport allowing for !etter spacial utili/ation( Cood land use keeps common activities close to peoples homes and places higher$density development closer to transport lines and hu!s> minimi/e the need for transport( There are economies of agglomeration( ;eyond transportation some land uses are more efficient when clustered( Transportation facilities consume land, and in cities, pavement *devoted to streets and parking+ can easily e)ceed 3B percent of the total land use( #n efficient transport system can reduce land waste( Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for ma)imum vehicle throughput means that in many cities there is too much traffic and manyHif not allHof the negative impacts that come with it( .t is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to !e Auestioned in many places, and as a result of new types of analysis which !ring in a much !roader range of skills than those traditionally relied onHspanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, pu!lic health, sociologists as well as economists who increasingly are Auestioning the via!ility of the old mo!ility solutions( 9uropean cities are leading this transition(

[edit] En'ironment

Traffic congestion persists in SIo aulo, ;ra/il despite the no$drive days !ased on license num!ers( Main article: Transport and the environment

Transport is a ma@or use of energy, and !urns most of the worldDs petroleum( This creates air pollution, including nitrous o)ides and particulates, and is a significant contri!utor to glo!al warming through emission of car!on dio)ide,0381 for which transport is the fastest$growing emission sector(03:1 ;y su!sector, road transport is the largest contri!utor to glo!al warming(03<1 9nvironmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission> however, this has !een offset !y an increase in the num!er of vehicles, and more use of each vehicle(0381 Some pathways to reduce the car!on emissions of road vehicles considera!ly have !een studied(04B10421 9nergy use and emissions vary largely !etween modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human$powered transport, and increase transport electrification and energy efficiency( -ther environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automo!ile$ oriented ur!an sprawl, which can consume natural ha!itat and agricultural lands( ;y reducing transportation emissions glo!ally, it is predicted that there will !e significant positive effects on 9arthDs air Auality, acid rain, smog and climate change(0431